Дисертації з теми "Pastoral agriculture"
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Wilson, Thomas McDonald. "Vulnerability of Pastoral Farming Systems to Volcanic Ashfall Hazards." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Geological Sciences, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/5978.
Повний текст джерелаBoag, Franca Elise. "Integrated Mediterranean farming and pastoral systems : local knowledge and ecological infrastructure of Italian dryland farming /." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk3/ftp04/nq22954.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаBencherif, Slimane. "L'élevage pastoral et la céréaliculture dans la steppe algérienne Évolution et possibilités de développement." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00586977.
Повний текст джерелаArthur, Jarred Bradley. "The influence of upstream forest on macroinvertebrate communities in pastoral landscapes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4925.
Повний текст джерелаLeseeto, Saidimu. "The role of risk management in pastoral policy development and poverty measurement : system dynamics simulation approach." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2012. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/344349/.
Повний текст джерелаMekpo, Goh Damien. "Agriculture éco-spirituelle pour un développement durable en Afrique à l'ère de la crise écologique : le projet agro-pastoral "Songhaï" du Bénin." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014STRAK012/document.
Повний текст джерелаCan eco-spiritual agriculture develop Africa in this era of ecological crisis ? This present thesis tries to answer the above question through the study of Songhaï development Project whose objective is to be for Benin Republic a breeding ground for socio-economic development from the man which profile is “a new type of entrepreneur”, “morally equipped” endowed with an important human resources. This type of man is to be fully assembled with the “behavioural skills”, the “know-how”, and simply the “knowledge” by an in-depth practical training based on the double pedagogical principle : “Learn by doing” and “Use what you have to get what you need”. Learning to do what ? Transforming agriculture into the gear lever of economic progress. An ecological and entrepreneurial agriculture of which the productive and management methods take into account culture, breeding and fish farming in one hand, and production, transformation and marketing on the other, and finally its spiritual, social and economical dimensions
Petersson, Maria Billeson Göran Wrang Laura. "Djurhållning och betesdrift : djur, människor och landskap i västra Östergötland under yngre bronsålder och äldre järnålder /." Stockholm : Uppsala : Riksantikvarieämbetet ; Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, Uppsala universitet, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6803.
Повний текст джерелаVan, der Merwe Sarel Johannes. "The impact of pastoral farming and wildlife management practices on lion-livestock interactions in the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/118.
Повний текст джерелаAll over the African continent south of the Sahara Desert, African lion numbers are plummeting to levels where, over large areas of their remaining distribution range, extinction has become a real threat. The main reason for the decreasing numbers is the increasing conflict between livestock farmers and lions. Lions are forced to kill livestock where their natural prey has been squeezed out by livestock and associated farming practices, and the farmers find it necessary to protect their livelihoods, often through the indiscriminate killing of lions. In the Kgalagadi-South region of Botswana, lion/livestock interactions present a challenge to livestock owners and wildlife managers alike. The relatively low ecological carrying capacity and occupied lion habitats in the Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park (KTP) force some expelled young adult and sub-adult lions southwards into the adjoining Wildlife Management Area (WMA) KD/15, which separates the KTP and the communal grazing area. This WMA most likely also contains resident prides. Some of these predators sporadically enter the livestock grazing area. Similarly, large stock often enters the WMA. It is mostly these boundary transgressions that result in livestock killing, and the reaction of livestock owners often leads to the killing of lions. To gather information concerning the nature and extent of the situation, two questionnaires were prepared with the assistance of the Department of Biostatistics of the University of the Free State, South Africa. One questionnaire targeted livestock owners while the other was aimed at wildlife officials of the Department of Wildlife and National Parks in Botswana and SANParks in South Africa. Both covered the five-year period 2002-2006. A trial run was carried out to adjust to problem-specific circumstances before fieldwork commenced. Fieldwork was done during four consecutive seasons – in January, February, April and December 2007. Thirty livestock respondents and 13 wildlife officials were interviewed during the first two excursions into the study area. The third visit was to plot the cut-line between the WMA and the grazing area (by means of a Global Positioning System or GPS) and to make first-hand observations regarding movement over the cut-line. During all four visits the environmental (including grazing) conditions and density and distribution of wildlife and stock were observed in both the WMA and the grazing areas. The information gathered points towards a seemingly unsolvable situation. The exceptionally high daytime temperatures and food scarcity, brought about by erratic rainfall, overgrazing near boreholes, generally low carrying capacity and low phosphorus (P) levels, force large stock, i.e. cattle, horses, donkeys and mules, to graze far away from the safety of the cattle-posts during the cool hours of the night, thus making kraaling impractical. Such circumstances enhance exposure to lion predation especially in or near the WMA and the KTP fence. Some lions also penetrate deep into the grazing areas, especially in the arid western part of the study area. This study revealed certain weaknesses in current wildlife and livestock management practices in the study area, the sum of which put both farmers and the lion population under extreme pressure. Most of these shortcomings can be rectified without drastic invasive methods. Such adjustments can result in improved livestock and wildlife utilisation and protection of the lions. For example: the placement of mixed phosphorus and salt licks near cattle-posts to fulfil the need for vital micro and macro elements; addressing unnecessary livestock losses, which contribute to a lower income and less tolerance towards predation (e.g. botulism, which may stem from stock chewing on bones in their desire for more phosphorus, and losses to black-backed jackal, Canis mesomelas, in poorly maintained kraals); more drinking troughs at boreholes to prevent unnecessary shoving and minimise energy waste; and the introduction of more bulls to herds to increase the calving percentage. The study further concluded that there is little reason why stockowners should consider protecting lions. It suggests that significant value can be added to the wildlife (and the protection of lions) in the specific area by making farmers and other local residents share in the relatively untapped ecotourism potential of the area.
Guzmán, Matas Gonzalo. "Le développement agro-pastoral et son impact sur le couvert forestier et le milieu dans le bassin hydrologique de Patzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexique : utilisation des données satellitaires et statistiques pour appréhender la dynamique du paysage." Paris 4, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA040023.
Повний текст джерелаFreitas, Elisa Pinheiro de. "Agricultura camponesa no território do agronegócio: um estudo sobre os sem terra de Serra Azul e Ribeirão Preto (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8136/tde-11062010-101535/.
Повний текст джерелаThis research deals with arrangement of Sepé Tiaraju settlement among Serrana and Serra Azul countys and the development of the fight for the land in Ribeirão Preto s region. In this sense, the objective was to demonstrate the pastoral agricultural recreation in a area that the expansion of the capitalist agricultural became dominate. Meanwhile, with the measurement agency performance of the fight for the land as FERAESP, MST and MLST the settlements of the agrarian reform constitute a new form of the territory usage. This research also favoured how was the process of the building of a positive identity of the rural workers sem terra when became rural setted accomplished not only the land for the work, but a identity marked by the dignity and conscience rights. This way, when the measurement agency organized and formed the rural workers sem terra it favoured the social stigma difficulty, that they were market. In short, we discuss the dilemmas that the pastoral agricultural faces when entersides the mercantile and financial circuit, that is, the subjection to the commercial and financial capital. This way, the settled rural, even with the ownership of the land, they continue to face the trade imposition. Yet, the research shows, in spite of, the income subjection from the land to the capital the settled rural have been asserted the reproduction of an agricultural with rural character related to the area of capitalism agricultural or in the agrobusiness territoriy.
McLaren, Dorothy Kathleen. "By the book? : farming manuals, animal breeding and the English 'agricultural revolution'." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31005.
Повний текст джерелаArts, Faculty of
History, Department of
Graduate
Gwaze, Francisca Rumosa. "Communal production systems of goats raised by resource-poor farmers in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/172.
Повний текст джерелаSamantar, Mohamed Said. "The conditions for successful pastoral common property regimes in Somalia." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359200.
Повний текст джерелаLane, Charles Robert. "Alienation of Barabaig pasture land : policy implications for pastoral development in Tanzania." Thesis, University of Sussex, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.335175.
Повний текст джерелаKalyntschuk, Mathieu. "Entre agricolisation et pastoralisation : Histoire sociale du développement agricole et de ses acteurs dans le département du Doubs, XIXe siècle – première moitié du XXe siècle." Thesis, Lyon 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011LYO20113/document.
Повний текст джерела« There is nowhere such a large number of agronomists who devote their talents and their days to discover and spread useful truths, nor such a large number of excellent works on agriculture, and there is nowhere such a large number of ignorant farmers, incapable of understanding what it would be important for them to appreciate ». Such is the panorama of French agriculture drawn up in 1821 by Désiré Ordinaire, member of the Agricultural Society of the Doubs. This picture of agricultural France with little ability to innovate – except for the great landowner agronomists – has long been fixed in the minds of researchers, who have often considered that agriculture started to develop with the high productivity of the 1960s. We believe that « agricultural development »is, however, an older process, rooted in individual or collective initiatives which were sometimes very early. After clarifying the concept of « agricultural development », we therefore seek to prove that French agriculture had already been dynamic during the nineteenth century. The example of the Doubs department enables us to study how it moved on to pastoral specialization. The analysis of the actors of the agricultural development during the 19th and 20th centuries, backed by prosopographical and micro-historical methods, allows us to throw light on the changes in agriculture, on their chronology.Finally, the monitoring of over 800 people – members of the Agricultural Society, of the country fair and consultative chambers, of the trade unions and mutual insurance companies, or else prizewinners – enables us to specify and date the periods when the agrarian elite, the actors in this development, emerged. This elite did not necessarily choose pastoral specialization, thus showing a complex relationship between agriculturalisation and pastoralization
Patterson, R. G. "A study of the soils and agronomy of a high country catchment." Lincoln University, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1315.
Повний текст джерелаCastel, Vincent Gabriel Pierre Raymond. "Determinants of activity choice at the interface between pastoral and agricultural communities : evidence from Tanzania." Thesis, University of Reading, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.553657.
Повний текст джерелаValencia, Hernández Manuela. "Agricultura, comercio y ética : ideología económica y economía en Roma, IIa a.e.-I d.e. /." Zaragoza : Departamento de las ciencias de la antigüedad, Universidad de Zaragoza, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb366833322.
Повний текст джерелаSartori, Carlos Ernesto. "Rentabilidade das atividades agrícolas e pastoris e seu modelo de gestão na metade sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul no período de 1995-1996." Florianópolis, SC, 2001. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/81836.
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A realização deste estudo teve como principal objetivo identificar a rentabilidade das atividades agrícolas e pastoris, na Metade Sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul dos dados secundários do censo agropecuário de 1995-1996 publicado pelo IBGE em 1998. A dissonância entre o desenvolvimento da parte Norte de Estado em relação à parte Sul são as motivações básicas para esta exploração de dados na busca de informações para o planejamento e para processo administrativo rural. Para fins de análise foi utilizada a Margem Brutta, por hectare, das seguintes atividades: Lavoura Temporária, Lavoura Permanente, Pecuária, Produção Mista, Silvicultura, Horticultura e Produtos de Viveiro, Pesca e Aqüicultura e Produção de Carvão Vegetal. Estudaram-se as associações entre esta rentabilidade com a área plantada e a área irrigada, em 75 municípios estudados. Conforme a rentabilidade e o período de recuperação do capital investido e a taxa de retorno foram criadas faixas de rentabilidade para cada atividade estudada. Em função das atividades foram criados mapas demonstrativos dos resultados. Estes permitiram concluir que o setor agropastoril tem uma rentabilidade muito baixa. O estudo classificando a rentabilidade por atividades agropastoril, foi significativo, apresentando rentabilidades bem diferentes entre estas atividades praticadas em cada município, o que permite um melhor planejamento do uso dos recursos do setor
Marie, Jérôme. "Le territoire de mare d'Ossolo : diversité culturelle et systèmes agro-pastoraux dans l'ouest du Sahel nigérien /." Talence : Centre d'études de géographie tropicale, 1993. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb35711021p.
Повний текст джерелаMcHenry, Mark. "Australian agricultural, energy & climate change policies & trends in performance of stand-alone power supply systems in pastoral Western Australia." Thesis, McHenry, Mark (2006) Australian agricultural, energy & climate change policies & trends in performance of stand-alone power supply systems in pastoral Western Australia. Honours thesis, Murdoch University, 2006. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/6037/.
Повний текст джерелаMoreira, Vinicius Silva. "TERRITORIALIDADES RURAIS EM JÚLIO DE CASTILHOS RS: DA PECUÁRIA EXTENSIVA À AGRICULTURA FAMILIAR." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/9276.
Повний текст джерелаJúlio de Castilhos City has undergone significant transformations in its rural space last decades. It has happened because of large lands retraction and extensive cattle ranching in favour of Soya new agriculture. The partial fragmentation of cattle breeding and its reorganization has occurred in three main forms: land rent, land sell and expropriation when non-productive land. It was carried out by Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária (INCRA) because they were not taking their social function. The rural settlements made possible the introduction and the development of family farm in Júlio de Castilhos City and consequently the diversification of agricultural production. This research aimed at understanding the processes held responsible for the dynamics of Júlio de Castilhos rural space and its resulting conflits from 1960 to 2007. Moreover, it was analyzed productive, landing and socioeconomic transformations responsible for the formation of rural lands. The methodology is analytical and descriptive, based on field researches, through observation and interviews with farmers, landowners and other qualified informants.
O município de Júlio de Castilhos sofreu transformações significativas em seu espaço rural nas últimas décadas. Isso ocorreu devido à retração do latifúndio, domínio da pecuária extensiva, em favor da agricultura moderna da soja. A fragmentação parcial dos criatórios de gado e sua reestruturação ocorreram através de três formas predominantes: o arrendamento, a venda das propriedades e a desapropriação das terras improdutivas, realizada pelo Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária INCRA, pois não estavam exercendo sua função social. Os assentamentos rurais possibilitaram a introdução e o desenvolvimento da agricultura familiar no Município e a conseqüente a diversificação da produção agrícola. Compreender os processos responsáveis pela dinâmica do espaço rural do Município e os conflitos decorrentes, no período entre 1960 a 2007, analisando as transformações produtivas, fundiárias e socioeconômicas responsáveis pela formação dos territórios rurais constituem os objetivos desta pesquisa. A metodologia é analítica-descritiva, fundamentada em trabalhos de campo, através de observações e entrevistas com os agricultores e proprietários rurais, além de outros informantes qualificados.
Bouaré-Trianneau, Kadidia Nianti. "Dynamiques spatiales et mobilités paysannes : les relations agriculture/élevage dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux du Delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5041.
Повний текст джерелаThe analysis of the relationship agriculture - livestock production in two agro-pastoral lands was carried out according to a systemic approach putting into interaction the areas of agro-pastoral operations. How is the sharing of the same space by two systems of activities performed by various actors? Because of this, the objective of this research is to understanding the relationships between actors by examining the mastery of space, and the practices of each type of player. Based on of qualitative analysis and semi-structured interviews carried out in two agro-pastoral lands, we show in particular that the existing interdependencies between the two systems of production (agriculture and livestock) in the space and the schedule of practices the environment are linked to climatic conditions and to seasons, but also to the power differential between the various actors. With spatial division resulting from the process of decentralization, new actors and elected officials are involved in decision making at the level of villages. Our findings illustrate the complex inner and external interplay of interactions between agriculture and livestock, and how the latter is crystallizing or partially mitigating the issue of sharing space and resources. The history of the settling of the residents and the first division confers on this area a very profound social foundation that regulates the access to and the management of the various resource areas. These analyses indicate a certain permanence of agricultural and pastoral practices but also their adjustment to an administrative and climate change
Thébaud, Brigitte. "Gestion de l'espace et crise pastorale au Sahel : étude comparative du Niger oriental et du Yagha burkinabé." Paris, EHESS, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999EHES0079.
Повний текст джерелаOberlander, Erin Marissa. "Reaching Arcadia: Rural and Agricultural Themes in Vocal Art Music including Plans to Introduce this Music to a Rural Audience." Diss., North Dakota State University, 2011. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29768.
Повний текст джерелаSarandji, Simplice Mathieu. "Les Mbororo de la Nana-Mambéré et de l'Ouham-Pendé en République Centrafricaine : organisations pastorales et civilisations rurales." Bordeaux 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995BOR30048.
Повний текст джерелаServera, Vives Gabriel. "Evolución del paisaje holoceno y movilidad de las prácticas humanas en el Mont Lozère (Macizo Central, Francia): estudio paleoambiental multi-proxy a alta resolución espaciotemporal = Dynamique holocène du paysage et mobilités des pratiques territoriales au mont Lozère (Massif central, France) : approche paléoenvironnementale multi-indicateurs à haute résolution spatio-temporelle." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/671884.
Повний текст джерелаFive sedimentary sequences have been studied in the Mont Lozère with the aim to reconstruct the landscape dynamics and the land-use through the longue durée. The use of a multi-proxy analysis has allowed us both to identify distinct rhythms of human-induced landscape shift and to establish the local/regional extent of these changes. The use of high spatial, chronological and analytical resolution has enabled a correct integration of the results of this research with those supplied by the PCR-Mont Lozère project. As a result, a series of land-uses in a mountain environment from the Neolithic to present time has been proposed. A long history of socio-environmental interactions in Mont-Lozère is evidenced. A first shepherding phase in Early Neolithic (4550-4400 cal BC) has been evidenced. During Late Neolithic pastoral practices and related slash-and-burn strategies attain its highest activity. In the Iron Age Period a noticeable deforestation of both foothills and higher environments takes place as a consequence of the overall increase farming and metallurgical activities. Forest clearances increase even more during High-Medieval times, at the same time that farming activities reinforce. During the Middle Ages a more complex and diversified land-use system, including farming, metallurgy, mining and charcoal production, is recorded. The development of farming activities in the Late Medieval resulted in a more evident forest clearance of the Massif. This area remained unchanged until the 19th century, when the decay of agriculture and shepherding occurs and forest replanting in Mont Lozère is recorded. The history of highland herb communities of Nardus stricta correctly matches the main phases of land-use and underlines the key-role of farming in the genesis and evolution of this cultural landscape.
Romdhane, Abderrazak. "Evolution des systèmes agro-pastoraux et dynamiques locales dans la délégation d'El Hamma-Gabès Sud tunisien." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100045.
Повний текст джерелаThe district of el Hamma in the north east of Tunisia has known socio-economic changes reflecting the agro-pastoral customs of the beni-zid people. The changes found expression in the privatization of land collectives, the creation of new irrigated perimeters and the expense of the covered lands, the planning of some steppes where we can see olivers and fruit trees behind the tabias near the jebels and the construction of many habitations. New strategies of agro-pastoral production in the south of Tunisia are dominated but next ways of managing natural resources like buying animal feeds, sale of water for animals and transhumance towards the north of the country. This investigation is an attempt to analyses and value all these changes "pastoral breeding continues of play an important economic role». Agriculture in the frequent difficulties for farmers whose viability never seems assured. The climatic conditions and the tribal traditions were not considerate in the different actions of management. Nevertheless, the improve use of water, better defense of animals and showing the advantages of Oglet Marteba and el Bhaier could be able to augment the revenues and prevent further exodus from rural areas and defend against desertification
Zine, Sonia. "Contribution de la télédétection satellitale radar pour le suivi des paramètres de surface d’une zone sahélienne agro-pastorale." Marne-la-Vallée, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009644.
Повний текст джерелаWind scatterometers (WSC) are radar sensors that operate at coarse spatial resolution (50 km) and high temporal resolution (one acquisition every 3-4 days approximately). They are well suited to land surface monitoring at global and regional scales. Due to their high sensitivity to strong biomass and soil moisture seasonal variations, they show good potential for the monitoring of semi-arid regions such as the Sahel in West Africa. Previous studies conducted over the relatively homogeneous Sahelian pastoral areas have led to the output of herbaceous mass maps derived from WSC data. In order to extend those studies to the entire Sahelian belt, the objective of this thesis is to investigate the potential of scatterometers for the monitoring of agro-pastoral zones, which are characterized by greater spatial heterogeneity at the scale of a resolution cell. The study area, where numerous in situ measurements have been carried out during the 1992 2000 period, is located in the Fakara region, Niger. First, the influence of the study area’s spatial heterogeneity is investigated by comparison with ERS synthetic aperture radar data, whose spatial resolution is higher (around 20 m). Then, a quantitative analysis is carried out by coupling a Sahelian ecosystem process model, which describes the evolution of the observed scene, with a backscattering model that simulates the signal as a radar sensor would measure it. Results show that the influence of vegetation on the signal is negligible due to low vegetation cover in agro-pastoral areas. This allows the retrieval of surface soil moisture from WSC data alone over such areas
Picard, Jérôme. "Espaces et pratiques paysannes : les relations élevage-agriculture dans deux terroirs cotonniers du Nord Cameroun." Paris 10, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA100063.
Повний текст джерелаFREITAS, Janierk Pereira de. "Análise das vulnerabilidades dos assentamentos rurais e o papel da comissão pastoral da terra/sertão no processo de reforma agrária no município de Cajazeiras/PB." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2017. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1680.
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A presente pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar as vulnerabilidades social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política dos sete assentamentos rurais do município de Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha e Santa Cecília, como também a história de vida dos assentados que se dispuseram a relatar suas histórias no sentido de rememorá-las. O diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens reconstitui suas experiências cotidianas vividas, levando para uma compreensão detalhada das crenças, atitudes, lembranças e valores dos mesmos. Analisou-se também o papel da Comissão da Pastoral da Terra no processo de Reforma Agrária no Alto Sertão e sua participação no processo de desapropriação dos assentamentos pesquisados e sua contribuição nas práticas materiais de vida, de trabalho que esses agricultores vêm utilizando para a permanência nestes assentamentos rurais, a importância do ambiente e suas formas de proteção. Para a realização da pesquisa utilizou-se da metodologia de História Oral apresentada como fio condutor dos caminhos delineados, permitindo o diálogo entre o passado e o presente dos personagens, assim os mesmos podem reconstituir suas experiências cotidianas vividas. Para analisar os fatores de vulnerabilidades utilizou-se da metodologia aplicada para o Diagnóstico de Vulnerabilidades, uma vez que esta metodologia responde pelo o resultado levantado dos Fatores de Vulnerabilidades (social, econômica, à seca, ambiental, tecnológica, cultural e política) nos assentamentos pesquisados. Quanto à técnica para coleta de dados, utilizou-se o estudo de campo, entrevistas semiestruturadas (temáticas e de história de vida), questionários semiestruturados e observação participante. Para a sistematização dos resultados levantados procedeu-se com uma abordagem quali-quantitativa de forma comparativa, tratando-se de uma aproximação entre a análise qualitativa e quantitativa, e tendo uma abordagem quantitativa na sistematização de parte dos dados, estes sendo compilados em gráficos, tabelas e também discutidos à luz da narrativa descritiva. Os resultados obtidos no estudo atestam a importância da existência de iniciativas e reais mudanças na vida dos moradores dos assentamentos pesquisados. Para às famílias entrevistadas, a Comissão Pastoral da Terra/Sertão foi a entidade principal pelos resultados das conquistas alcançadas por eles, tanto no momento inicial pela desapropriação, como nos anos iniciais de assentamento pelas mudanças significativas no modo de vivência dos assentados. Por outro lado, o estudo das vulnerabilidades aponta que a maioria dos assentamentos apresenta vulnerabilidade alta e muito alta. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade, algo preocupante para política de Reforma Agrária do INCRA, pois atestam que as condições socioeconômicas, ambiental políticas e cultural das comunidades assentadas são precárias. O alto índice de vulnerabilidade é atribuído à escassez de chuvas nos últimos anos, à suspensão da assessoria técnica rural por parte do INCRA e à demora da liberação de empréstimo das linhas de crédito do Pronaf para alguns assentamentos. As linhas de crédito do Pronaf são de suma importância para a manutenção dos assentados nas comunidades rurais, pois criam condições para o alcance, por parte dos agricultores assentados, de uma qualidade de vida digna no campo. A assessoria técnica rural deve interagir e capacitar as famílias assentadas de forma a orientar e facilitar a execução de suas ações, tornando-as mais fortalecidas e enraizadas no lugar.
The present research aims to analyze the social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political vulnerabilities of the seven rural settlements of the municipality of Cajazeiras – PB, Santo Antônio, Frei Damião, Frei Beda, Edvaldo Sebastião, Valdecir Santiago, Mãe Rainha and Santa Cecilia, as well as the life history of the settlers who set out to report their stories in order to recall them. The dialogue between the past and the present of the characters reconstitutes their lived daily experiences, leading to a detailed understanding of their beliefs, attitudes, memories and values. The role of the Pastoral Land Commission in the process of Agrarian Reform in Alto Sertão and its participation in the process of expropriation of the settlements surveyed and its contribution to the material life-work practices that these farmers have been using for the permanence in these settlements, the importance of the environment and its forms of protection. In order to carry out the research, Oral History methodology was used as the guiding thread of the outlined paths, allowing the dialogue between the past and the present of the characters, so that they can reconstruct their lived experiences. In order to analyze the vulnerability factors, the methodology used for the Vulnerability Diagnosis was used, since this methodology responds by the result of the Vulnerability Factors (social, economic, drought, environmental, technological, cultural and political) in the settlements researched. As for the technique for data collection, field study, semi-structured interviews (thematic and life history), semi-structured questionnaires and participant observation were used. In order to systematize the results obtained, a qualitative-quantitative approach was carried out in a comparative way, being an approximation between the qualitative and quantitative analysis, and taking a quantitative approach in the systematization of part of the data, being compiled in graphs, tables and also discussed in the light of descriptive narrative. The results obtained in the study attest to the importance of the existence of initiatives and real changes in the life of the inhabitants of the researched settlements. For the interviewed families, the Land/Sertão Pastoral Commission was the main entity because of the results achieved by them, both at the time of expropriation, and in the initial years of settlement due to the significant changes in the way the settlers lived. On the other hand, the study of vulnerabilities indicates that the majority of the settlements present high and very high vulnerability. The high index of vulnerability, something of concern for INCRA's Agrarian Reform policy, because they attest that the socioeconomic, political, and cultural conditions of settled communities are precarious. The high level of vulnerability is attributable to the scarcity of rainfall in recent years, the suspension of rural technical assistance by INCRA and the delay in the loan release of the PRONAF credit lines for some settlements. The PRONAF credit lines are of great importance for the maintenance of the settlers in the rural communities, as they create the conditions for settled farmers to have a decent quality of life in the countryside. The rural technical advisory must interact and train the settled families in order to guide and facilitate the execution of their actions, making them more strengthened and rooted in the place.
Mestre, Irene. "La contribution de la gestion communautaire des ressources pastorales à la résilience des communautés rurales post-soviétiques, le cas du Kirghizistan." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSE3006.
Повний текст джерелаMy research looked at pastoral resources and agropastoral systems after the implementation in 2009 of community-based pasture management over all the territory of Kyrgyzstan. I investigated how the community-based pasture management contributes to the resilience of rural communities. I used multiple embedded case-studies in order to comprehensively embrace the linkages between land-use, resource dynamics and governance. The case-studies were three rural municipalities and their pastures, which form socio-ecological systems. National level was also examined. Data-collection was conducted through extensive field-work in the rural communities, participant observation in NGOs implementing projects in the domain of pasture management at national level, and literature review. I used qualitative data analysis through thematization and basic statistic analysis for quantitative data. The theoretical framework combines the approach of Common-pool resource management by Ostrom (1990) and the resilience of spatial socio-ecological systems by Aschan-Leygonie (2000). Based on them I elaborated a qualitative framework to analyze the contribution of Community-Based Pasture Management (CBPM) on spatial resilience of socio-ecological systems. As pasture, I understand the pastures them-selves as well as all the other resources necessary for their use, e.g. water and access infrastructure. My results show that community-based management fails to create feed-back loops between the environment, the practices and the management measures. Pasture Committees do not carry out formal data collection on resource dynamics, neither on the impacts of use. Their actions merely follow pasture user interests which are potentially led by indigenous knowledge on pasture condition, although there is a need for more research on this point. However, in general, community-based pasture management positively affects the resilience of rural communities. First, by its open-nature, remote and marginalized households can take part in the decision-making. Second, the investment generated allows for repair and maintenance of infrastructure (roads, bridges) giving access to remote pasture, thereby limiting livestock concentration on most accessible pastures. Third, it creates interactions of a new type between agropastoral and non-agropastoral pasture users, as well as between local stakeholders and national-level stakeholders. Thus, community-based pasture management is a factor of the expansion of local socio-ecological systems and of the diversification and intensification of their interactions, within the systems, as well as across scales
Raimond, Christine. "Terres inondées et sorgho repiqué : évolution des espaces agricoles et pastoraux dans le bassin du lac Tchad." Paris 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA010536.
Повний текст джерелаIn the chad basin, the spectacular expansion of transplanted sorghum at the end of the rainy season has deeply modified land use patterns and landscape structures. Simultaneously, mutations occurred in agrarian systems and land management have led to various development perspectives, for sedentary people as much as for transhumant populations. Actually, the multiple uses of space by different social groups produces the fitting of various spaces together, which means in fact the meeting and the overlay of both agricultural and pastoral spaces. In the chad Arabian context, the absence of conflict is explained by the use of crops residuals by droves. But this situation can evolve from the emergence of landownership market
Le, Garignon Christophe. "Activités pastorales et paysages agraires méditerranéens : méthodologie d'étude des liens entre facteurs humains et organisation de l'espace dans une petite vallée de la Corse : le Curtinese." Paris 10, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA100171.
Повний текст джерелаThis work aims for making light on the matter of relationships between agriculture and agrarian landscapes particularly Mediterranean and pastoral ones. This issue is more and more current in a background of redefinition of agriculture functions. So we built a transdisciplinary methodology, choosing on agro-geographical approach. We have supposed that pastoral activity and spatial organisation of land proper~, and cadastre are explanation factors. From an encased level hierarchical analysis of the spatial objects of agrarian' landscape, ground organisation and of the organisational objects of agriculture, we have proposed transversal concepts, connecting the watched object, landscape, and human factors. We have identified four hierarchical levels and three transversal concepts by level, whose relevance has been tested. We have chosen to work in a county of inner Corsica, Curtinese (Corti). Information has been collected by mean of aerial photograph analysis, investigation and follow up of shepherds ground inquiry. Connections appear at three levels. At the elementary level, we notice a ground recombining in order to build field paving, whose appearance depends on their technical itinerary, and fossilisation of parcel borders in the form of hedge. At second level, establish a reorganisation of land estates into pastoral territories according to technical logic, with a Von Thünen organisation of them which explains landscape modules. Cadastre modules explain morphological appearance of landscape modules. At third level, settlement nucleus and their successive extensions explain glade structure and distribution, where appear ground weft. Our results show great resemblance with other works dealing with pastoral Mediterranean landscapes and with milking goat systems of these countries. Therefore, our approach brings some inventive elements about ground and cadastre part in agrarian landscape morphology, I distinction between organisation levels, and technical factors integration. Limits of this work. I draw lines for future researches in matter of agrarian history and rural sociology
Polignano, Giacomo. "Il territorio et i poteri : conflitti per l'uso dello spazio nella Puglia agro-pastorale di età moderna : il caso di Barletta." Paris, EHESS, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006EHES0154.
Повний текст джерелаThis research focuses on the process of organization and representation of space in a peripheral area of the «ancient régime» Mezzogiorno through the analysis of the relationship between institutions and the territory. The case study is Barletta, a populous town in the old province of Terra di Bari, near the Capitanata province boundary and near the mouth of river Ofanto. The town builds up in the Middle Ages its territory, almost entirely destined to pasture and corn growing. By the end of the XV and up to the XVIII centuries this territory is subject to different agrarian and juridical regimes. The main historiographie argument is that, in a social political context overweighed with authorities, norms and boundaries, territorial construction is the result of a confrontation among institutions who uphold different solutions when it comes to land exploitation. This confrontation is characterized to a great depth by conflicts, thus revealing dynamic elements within the social body
Baldacchino, Frédéric. "Écologie des Tabanidae en zones pastorales méditerranéennes et perspectives de lutte." Phd thesis, Université Paul Valéry - Montpellier III, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00942818.
Повний текст джерелаGrillot, Myriam. "Modélisation multi-agents et pluri-niveaux de la réorganisation du cycle de l’azote dans des systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux en transition : le cas du bassin arachidier au Sénégal." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NSAM0006/document.
Повний текст джерелаAgro-sylvo-pastoral systems (systèmes agro-sylvo-pastoraux - SASP) of West Africa are agroecosystems limited in biomass and nutrients. Nutrient recycling and fertility transfer are traditionally driven by the mobility of ruminant herds led in extensive practices. Agro-pastoralists practice night corralling of their herds to concentrate the organic matter in the fields near the houses, in order to secure a sufficient food production for their needs. In a context of demographic growth and the reduction of natural rangelands in favor of cultivated areas, the "traditional" mobile livestock system, based on high mobility within the village is being called into question. The strategies adopted by the agro-pastoralists are: (i) keeping the herds away from the village for periods of varying lengths, by seasonal transhumance in less populated regions where forage resources are more important, or (ii) more recently, intensified practices with animals kept in the barn within the village and fed with concentrate feeds, bought on the local markets. These changes in livestock systems may have important consequences for biomass flows and nutrient cycling at the household and village landscape level. There was a need to assess their impact on the functioning and sustainability of SASP.To this end, the TERROIR multi-agent model has been developed and implemented on the GAMA modeling platform. It simulates the effect of changes in the organization of the landscape and livestock systems on biomass and nitrogen flows at different levels of organization in the village: plot, herd, household, village landscape. The model simulates the exchanges of biomasses between dozens of households with different strategies and practices. It includes the spatial transfers of biomasses between several hundred plots orchestrated by dozens of herds moving independently. The model synthesizes these flows with a set of indicators from two methods of analysis (Ecological Network Analysis and System Gate Balance) to describe the structure, functioning and sustainability of the agroecosystem, in terms of productivity, efficiency, autonomy, recycling, spatial transfers and nutrient balance. The model was designed and configured with available data on savannah agroecosystems in West Africa. It was evaluated from data observed in two villages of the Groundnut Basin in Senegal where the practices of agro-pastoralists are particularly contrasted. The TERROIR model was developed and implemented to explore the impacts of the village dynamics observed over the period 1920-2015 in the Groundnut Basin in Senegal, an agricultural zone in fast and advanced agrarian transition. The results highlight a reorganization of the nitrogen cycle and a general trend towards increased flows and increased dependence of agroecosystems on external sources of nutrients. However, the recycling and spatial transfers of nutrients internal to agroecosystems remain at high levels. The soil-plant-animal-human integration and the spatial heterogeneity of the distribution of fertilizing resources appear as two persistent properties of the studied agro-ecosystems. Consolidating this integration and spatial organization could guarantee for the sustainability of future farming systems that will emerge in a context of continued high-population growth and climate change
Bordessoule, Éric. "Les "montagnes" du Massif central : espaces pastoraux et transformations du milieu rural dans les monts d'Auvergne." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF20073.
Повний текст джерелаThe subject of this studie is the pastoral life in volcanic mountain's of massif central. After the great crisis, in the sixties, the system of "mountain" producing milk and cheese was replaced by cattle rearin g. This new economy of pasture mountains is based on the development of a cattle rearing systel on which the staple prod uce is the one year old calf (called "broutard"), together with the intensification in the milk areas and a new "transhu mance" wave strating from the aveyron in particular. The pastoral field has not a lot decreased in surface and there has being little change in the structures of farmings apart from the creation of "cooperation" or the buying of pastures by the aveyron reares. However, the links between mountains and staple farming are becoming more complex and today, the system seems to be frag ile and the risks of a partial pastoral neglect are numerous. In 1988, for the first time, the hirstock sent on to pastures decreased. Beside the fact that many economical or climatical problems seem to be linked with the present conjoncture, a lastinger crisis should be considered as, the crea tion of milk quotas, the decline of meat currency, the burden of financial obligations and the fact that a lot of financ ial obligations and the fact a lot of lands is being abandonned around the farms will probably result in a reduction of the practice of pasture
Carvalheira, de Maupeou Samuel. "La commission pastorale de la terre dans le nord de la zone de la canne à sucre du Pernambouc : "une nouvelle manière d'être Eglise" ? (de 1988 au début des années 2000)." Thesis, Toulouse 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012TOU20082/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis research analizes the social practice of the Northeast’s Pastoral Land Commission (CPT NE 2), a lay organization of the Catholic Church, in the Northeast region. Serving rural workers and landless people, in the struggle for agrarian reform, the organization operates in the septentrional part of the sugar-cane zone of the state of Pernambuco (Brazil). The analysis covers the period from 1988, the year of its foundation, and early 2000s, when its participation in land conflicts and occupancy movements decreases. The central issue is intended to question the actions of CPT in rural areas to understand whether it is an unprecedented form of social engagement or, as their own actors state, "a new way of being Church." In order to do so, we analyze, at first, from the standpoint of former Catholic organizations, created in the early 1960s, in the context of Rural Catholic Action. Comparing between JAC, MEB, SORPE, ACR, MER, on one side, and PR NE 2 and CPT, on another, which is the portion of continuities and disruptions? Then, the organization is discussed in terms of its engagement in the struggle for the agrarian reform, the social movements it participates and its relationship with other social actors: MST, STRs, FETAPE, the political sphere and public authorities, to identify its performance and define its originality. Finally, its practice is examined from the social environment, the socio-religious matrixes from which its actors and mediators who transmit the social memory of the Church in the region. At last, the research also aims to define how and to what extent the performance and the actors of CPT NE 2 result from the mobilization strategies of the New Social Movements (NMS) that operate in Latin America and, especially in Brazil, as of the 1980s
Esta pesquisa procura analisar a prática social da Comissão Pastoral da Terra Nordeste 2 (CPT NE 2), uma organização leiga da Igreja católica, na região Nordeste. A serviço dos trabalhadores rurais e sem terra, na luta pela reforma agrária, a organização atua na parte setentrional da zona canavieira do Estado de Pernambuco (Brasil). A análise abrange o período compreendido entre 1988, ano de sua fundação, e o início dos anos 2000, momento em que a sua participação nos conflitos de terra e nos movimentos de ocupação diminui. A problemática principal visa a interrogar as ações da CPT nomeio rural a fim de compreender se ela constitui uma forma inédita de engajamento social ou, segundo afirmam os seus próprios atores, “uma nova maneira de ser Igreja”. Para tanto, nós a analisamos, num primeiro momento, do ponto de vista das organizações católicas anteriores, nascidas no início dos anos 1960, no contexto da Ação Católica Rural. Entre, de um lado, JAC, MEB, SORPE, ACR, MER e, de outro, PR NE 2 e CPT, qual a parcela de continuidades e de rupturas ? Emseguida, a organização é abordada do ponto de vista do seu engajamento na luta pela reforma agrária, das mobilizações sociais das quais ela participa e da sua relação com os outros atores sociais: MST, STRs, FETAPE, esfera política e autoridades públicas, a fim de identificar as suas formas de atuação e de definir a sua originalidade. Em último lugar, a sua prática é analisada a partir do meio social, das matrizes socio-religiosas de onde provêm os seus atores e dos mediadores que transmitem a memória social da Igreja na região. Por fim, a pesquisa visa também a definir de que forma e até que ponto as formas de atuação e os atores da CPT NE 2 resultam das estratégias de mobilização dos Novos Movimentos Sociais (NMS) que atuam na América Latina e, especialmente no Brasil, a partir dos anos 1980
Babidge, Sally. "Family affairs an historical anthropology of state practice and Aboriginal agency in a rural town, North Queensland /." Click here for electronic access to document: http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/942, 2004. http://eprints.jcu.edu.au/942.
Повний текст джерелаThesis submitted by Sally Marie Babidge, BA (Hons) UWA June 2004, for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the School of Anthropology, Archaeology and Sociology, James Cook University. Bibliography: leaves 283-303.
Bois, Hélène. "Les aumôniers et la déconfessionnalisation des institutions économico-sociales québécoises (1940-1972)." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28460.
Повний текст джерелаClark, Anthony. "Simplified models for analysing the risk of climate change on Australia's sheep pastoral zone." Phd thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/150159.
Повний текст джерелаLin, Chun-liang, and 林春良. "Pastoral Landscape assessment and Modeling strategies of Leisure Agriculture Development- A Case Study of Tai-An Area in Houli Township." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/64887544822224649222.
Повний текст джерела國立中興大學
農村規劃研究所
92
Under motives of maintenance for agricultural production environment and value conversion, this study mainly researched on pastoral landscape. From the viewpoints of visual assessment of the users and their behavior habits, etc. the research studied further about current landscape difficulties faced by the villages. Moreover, aiming at land utilization management for development of the leisure agriculture, the rural architecture and agricultural production was combined together. Through landscape modeling concepts, the assessment criteria and measure policies were stipulated to facilitate the harmonious development for rural production and construction of village. Therefore, a quality pastoral landscape was created to promote the attraction for rural area, and the goal of leisure value was implemented successfully. In the study, a case of Tai-An area in Houli Township was adopted under investigation and research. Using the analytic methods of historical documents, fieldwork, landscape visual assessment and DEMATEL (Decision Making Trial Evaluation Laboratory), we discovered various issues for landscape modeling and construction of the leisure agriculture development. Under this research with analysis its preferential advantages, potential, and possible problems encountering, we drawn up further a rural planning for future development.
Man, Yu-Hin, and 文宇軒. "The Conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral Mixed District from 7th to 8th Century." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/54738103625779512737.
Повний текст джерела國立臺灣大學
歷史學研究所
104
This thesis dual with the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century and its influence. Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District was a long and narrow transitional area from Liaoning to the west of Inner Mongolia and the north of Shaanxi. This thesis would focus on the nowadays middle part of Inner Mongolia and North of Shanxi, which was the location of Chanyu Protectorate during the Gaozong reign. The conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District means, 1. fall of the First Turkic Khanate in early 7th century and the establishment of Jimifuzhou and 2. The war between Tang Dynasty and the Second Turkic Khanate in late 7th and the early 8th century. In history, nomadic states and agricultural China had conflicts in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District, if the latter won the war, it settled down the surrendered tribes in the same area to defense the outer nomadic tribes. Tang Dynasty created Jimifuzhou for the same reason. Tang Dynasty promoted the members of the Ashide clan(or tribe) and overheaded the members of the Ashina clan(or tribe), it caused the rise of Ashides that the Turks rebuilt their khanate under the leadership of Ashides. In the context of inner Asia history, the Turkic Alphabet was invented in the era of the second Turkic Khanate,, which mean the “civilizing” in the north of Gobi. The following Uyghurs built cities and introduced systemic religion, finished the progress of “civilizing”. Affected by Uyghurs, the Khitans displaced the original tribal communities, as a symbol of medieval period in inner Asia history. In the other hand, although the Tang Dynasty defensed itself from the invasion of Turks by organizing the Shuofang Army and building the three Shouxiangchengs, it came to weaken in 8th to 9th century, the local powers fall into the hands of warlords, Li Keyong controlled the north of Shanxi and the middle part of Inner Mongolia, his followers built the Sha-t’o dynasties. In conclusion, the path of Chinese and Inner Asian history in after 8th century was affected by the conflict between Tang Dynasty and the Turks in the Agricultural- Pastoral mixed District from 7th to 8th century in some reason.
Castro, Helena Isabel Ferreira de. "Effects of land use change on plant composition and ecosystem functioning in an extensive agro-pastoral system : plant functional traits and ecosystems processes." Doctoral thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/9680.
Повний текст джерелаAs a consequence of the industrial and socio-demographic changes of the last decades, the characteristic land use practices of extensive agro-pastoral systems in the region of Alentejo, Southern Portugal are being gradually abandoned and the consequences are still little understood. Land use changes are important drivers of environmental degradation, modification and fragmentation of habitats with the subsequent alterations of global carbon and hydrological cycles, global and regional climate, and decline in biodiversity. This work aims to contribute to a better understanding of the effects of abandonment in ecosystems with a long history of human management, as is the case of the agro-pastoral systems of Southern Portugal. Three land use categories were selected to represent a decrease in land use intensity (‘grazing’, ‘intermediate succession’ and advanced succession’). Following abandonment, secondary succession is expected to occur with consequent changes in soil characteristics and vegetation composition and structure. Because plant species differ in their functional traits and in their effects on ecosystem processes, an effect of land use change at this level may also be expected. Plant traits relate to universal plant functions of growth (e.g. light and nutrient acquisition, water use efficiency) and persistence (e.g. recruitment, dispersal, defence against herbivores and other disturbances). They provide a widely applicable framework for interpreting community shifts along environmental gradients, including secondary succession. The main objectives were to (1) identify changes in vegetation composition and structure in response to decreasing land use intensity; (2) Identify functional groups and changes in species traits in response to decreasing land use intensity; (3) Identify the effect of decreasing land use intensity in key ecosystem processes such as decomposition and above-ground net primary productivity (ANPP). Overall, the results from the present study showed that abandonment resulted in changes in species composition and richness, in plant functional traits and functional groups and in ecosystem processes (biomass, ANPP and decomposition). Secondary succession resulting from abandonment of grazing showed stronger changes in vegetation composition and structure than in soil characteristics. Among the soil chemical properties tested, only phosphorus, carbon and organic matter were affected by land use change. Phosphorus decreased with abandonment while organic matter and carbon showed an increase. Species richness decreased sharply after land abandonment, and this was associated with a strong turnover in species composition from grazed to abandoned sites as the vegetation changed from annual herbaceous to shrub-dominated communities. One single species (Cistus ladanifer) accounted for more than 50% of relative cover in the areas abandoned for a longer time, suggesting that this species might have an important role in possible changes in ecosystems processes. The species that colonized the different land use categories differed in plant functional traits. Therophyte life form, short canopy height, high specific leaf area (SLA), low leaf dry matter content (LDMC) and small seeds with dispersal structures were dominant at grazed plots. Within abandoned plots, chamaephytes dominanted at ‘intermediate succession’ plots and decrease in favour of nanophanerophytes in ‘advanced succession’ plots. Canopy height, LDMC and seed mass increase with abandonment time while SLA decreased. Functional response groups were found by combining life form and SLA and these were found to be sufficient to describe vegetation change. Therophytes with medium SLA were the dominant functional group in grazed areas, while nanophanerophytes with medium or low SLA were associated with later phases of abandonment. At intermediate stages of succession the dominant group was chamaephytes with medium SLA but functional diversity was highest as all the groups, except hemicriptophytes with medium SLA, were represented. Our study showed an increase in total above-ground biomass with abandonment indicating a positive effect of the shift to woody vegetation on total above-ground biomass. ANPP significantly increased in plots abandoned for longer time. This increase was strongly related with the increase in the cover of Cistus ladanifer. This is a pioneer species that colonises degraded areas and forms one of the first stages of succession of woody communities. Under favourable conditions, C. ladanifer can grow fast and attain large amounts of biomass in a short time and quickly spreads over recently disturbed areas. Regarding decomposition, shrub litter was found to be higher than herbaceous litter in nutrient content, especially nitrogen, which seemed to favour higher initial decomposition rates but lower decomposition rate in the longer term. Overall, decomposition was slower in abandoned than in grazed plots and this was positively correlated with the content of cellulose and hemicellulose of initial litter. Lower rates of decomposition were also found to be related to the increase in LDMC, a trait strongly linked to physical attributes of the leaves.
Em consequência da rápida evolução da indústria e alterações sócio-demográficas das ultimas décadas, assistiu-se a um abandono gradual das praticas de agricultura e pastorícia extensivas típicas dos sistemas agro-silvo-pastoris do Alentejo. Os efeitos desse abandono nas características da vegetação e no funcionamento do ecossistema são ainda pouco conhecidos. As alterações no uso do solo conduzem a perda, modificação e fragmentação de habitats e a consequentes alterações dos ciclos globais da agua e do carbono, do clima regional e global, bem como a uma diminuição da biodiversidade. Este trabalho pretende contribuir para um melhor conhecimento dos efeitos do abandono de praticas de gestão extensivas em áreas em que estas são praticadas há séculos, como e o caso dos sistemas agro-pastoris do sul de Portugal. Para tal, foram seleccionadas três áreas representativas de diferentes intensidades de uso do solo (‘pastoreio’, ’sucessão intermédia’ e ‘sucessão avançada’). O abandono das praticas agro-pastoris da inicio a um processo de sucessão secundaria, o qual, e geralmente, acompanhado por alterações físico-químicas do solo bem como por alterações da composição e estrutura da vegetação. As espécies vegetais diferem quer nos atributos funcionais que as caracterizam quer no modo como influenciam o funcionamento dos ecossistemas. Os atributos funcionais estao relacionados com aspectos como o crescimento (aquisição de luz e nutrientes, eficiência no uso da agua) e a sobrevivência (dispersão, regeneração, protecção contra herbívoros e outras perturbações). Estes permitem interpretar variações nas comunidades vegetais ao longo de gradientes ambientais, nos quais se pode incluir a sucessão secundaria. Em resposta ao abandono, foram objectivos deste trabalho identificar: (1) alterações na composição e estrutura da vegetação; (2) grupos funcionais e variações nos atributos funcionais; (3) efeitos na biomassa e produtividade primaria da parte aérea, bem como na taxa de decomposição da folhada. Os resultados deste estudo demonstraram que o abandono tem como consequências a alteração da composição e número de espécies, dos atributos funcionais e grupos funcionais, bem como das propriedades do ecossistema estudadas (biomassa e produtividade primaria da parte aérea, e decomposição da folhada). Os efeitos do abandono de praticas agro-pastoris extensivas nas áreas de estudo foram mais visíveis na composição e estrutura da vegetação do que nas características do solo. De entre os parâmetros do solo determinados, apenas se registaram alterações no conteúdo em fósforo, carbono e matéria orgânica. Observou-se uma diminuição de fósforo e um aumento de carbono e matéria orgânica em função do tempo de abandono. A riqueza específica diminuiu significativamente após o abandono e foi acompanhada por uma considerável alteração da composição florística, sendo que comunidades maioritariamente compostas por herbáceas anuais foram substituídas por comunidades arbustivas. Nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’ há dominância de uma espécie, Cistus ladanifer, responsável por mais de 50% da cobertura relativa, o que sugere que esta espécie pode ter um efeito importante no funcionamento destes ecossistemas. As espécies presentes nas diferentes categorias de uso do solo apresentaram diferenças nos atributos funcionais. Atributos associados as áreas com pastoreio incluem, forma de vida terofita, plantas de pequeno porte, área especifica da folha (SLA) elevada, teor de matéria seca da folha (LDMC) baixo, sementes pequenas com mecanismos de dispersão. Relativamente as areas abandonadas, os camefitos dominam nas areas de ‘sucessão intermédia’, diminuindo em favor dos nanofanerofitos nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’. Os atributos altura da copa, LDMC e massa da semente aumentaram com o tempo de abandono enquanto a SLA diminuiu. Através da combinação de dois atributos, forma de vida e SLA, foi possível identificar grupos funcionais de resposta. Terofitos com SLA media foram o grupo funcional dominante nas áreas de pastoreio, enquanto os nanofanerofitos com SLA media ou elevada foram o grupo dominante nas áreas de ‘sucessão avançada’. Em fases intermédias da sucessão o grupo dominante foram os camefitos com SLA média, mas a diversidade de grupos funcionais foi mais elevada do que nas restantes categorias pois todos os grupos, com excepção de hemicriptofitos com SLA média, estavam representados. O estudo apresentado mostrou um aumento da biomassa da parte aérea total com o aumento do tempo de abandono indicando um efeito positivo da substituição de espécies herbáceas por espécies arbustivas na biomassa aérea total. A produtividade primária líquida da parte aérea foi significativamente mais alta nas áreas abandonadas há mais tempo. Este aumento deveu-se em grande parte ao aumento da cobertura de Cistus ladanifer. Esta espécie e pioneira na colonização de solos degradados e forma um dos primeiros estados da sucessão de comunidades arbustivas. Em condições favoráveis esta espécie pode acumular grandes quantidades de biomassa em pouco tempo e rapidamente colonizar áreas recentemente perturbadas. A análise da qualidade inicial da folhada mostrou valores mais elevados de azoto na folhada das áreas abandonadas, o que parece ter contribuído para a decomposição rápida destes tipos de folhada em fases iniciais e mais lenta em fases mais tardias. Em termos gerais, a decomposição da folhada foi mais lenta nas áreas abandonadas do que nas áreas com pastoreio. Os resultados mostraram uma correlação positiva entre a taxa de decomposição e o conteúdo inicial de celulose e hemicelulose da folhada. Adicionalmente, registou-se uma correlação negativa entre a taxa de decomposição e a LDMC, um atributo relacionado com a composição estrutural das folhas.
Iermanó, María José. "Sistemas mixtos familiares de agricultura y ganadería pastoril de la Región Pampeana: eficiencia en el uso de la energía y rol funcional de la agrobiodiversidad." Tesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10915/46343.
Повний текст джерелаQuiroga, Mendiola Mariana. "Sociedades y agroecosistemas pastoriles de alta montaña en La Puna. Departamento Yavi, Provincia de Jujuy, República Argentina." Doctoral thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11086/1856.
Повний текст джерелаEste trabajo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la sustentabilidad ecológica y socio-cultural económica de los agroecosistemas pastoriles en ambientes áridos de alta montaña, y discutir la afirmación de que la Puna se encuentra en riesgo de desertización a causa del sobrepastoreo producido por el uso de los pastizales naturales. Se ha caracterizado las prácticas pastoriles de los pueblos de la Puna de Jujuy, como resultado de procesos históricos y sociales; y se ha explorado el efecto de la perturbación ocasionada por el pastoreo sobre la estructura y funcionalidad de la vegetación nativa. Los resultados muestran que los agroecosistemas pastoriles de la Puna se han constituido a lo largo de una historia económica signada por la exacción de mano de obra de la comunidad, y cambios sociopolíticos que generan el paulatino abandono de técnicas antiguas de aprovechamiento de la heterogeneidad espacio-temporal del paisaje. La trama social comunitaria e intercomunitaria mantiene su rol como amortiguadora del impacto de los vaivenes económicos, pero se observa el abandono paulatino de puestos de pastoreo, reducción de los rebaños e incremento relativo de los ingresos familiares por actividades extraprediales o transferencias del Estado. La vegetación no muestra cambios estructurales o funcionales como respuesta a las diferentes modalidades de presión de pastoreo. Se discutió un modelo de Estados y Transiciones para encontrar significancia a posibles riesgos de amenazas a la resiliencia y resistencia del ecosistema. Se fundamentó que las prácticas pastoriles en Suripujio gestionan de manera sustentable la variabilidad espacio-temporal de la vegetación nativa.
This study aimed to evaluate the ecological and socio-economic sustainability of the agro-pastoralists in arid high mountain, and discuss the claim that Puna is at risk of desertification through overgrazing caused by the use of natural grassland. We have characterized the pastoral practice of peasants in the Puna of Jujuy, as a result of historical and social processes, and we have explored the effect of the disturbance caused by grazing on the structure and function of native vegetation. The results show that pastoral agroecosystems of the Puna have been formed along an economic history marked by the exaction of labor from the community and socio-political changes that generate the gradual abandonment of old techniques of utilization of the space-temporary heterogeneity of landscape. The inter-community and social web maintains its role as a buffer on the impact of economic downturns, but there is a gradual abandonment of pastoral “puestos”, a reduction of herds and an increase of family income relative to extrapredial activities and transfers from the state. The vegetation shows no structural or functional changes in response to different forms of grazing pressure. We discussed a model of States and Transitions to find significance of possible risk of threats to ecosystem resilience and resistance. It is based here that pastoral practices Suripujio manage spatiotemporal variability of native vegetation in a sustainably way.
Almeida, Ana Sofia Vilarinho de. "A iniciativa "Sistemas Importantes do Património Agrícola Mundial (SIPAM/GIAHS)" como estratégia de preservação dinâmica de património: estudo de caso do sistema agro-silvo-pastoril do Barroso." Master's thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10071/19655.
Повний текст джерелаTraditional agricultural production systems have a key role to play in preserving the environment, culture, sustainable diets and knowledge relevant to various challenges that humanity faces. In an attempt to respond to these challenges, FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, launched in 2002 the initiative GIAHS – Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems with the aim of promoting the dynamic maintenance of these territories around the world (especially on the Asian and African continent). However, there is a lack of scientific research on this classification, including critical analysis of the contribution to the preservation of agricultural systems and its limits of applicability. This dissertation seeks to counter this absence by analyzing a set of assessments promoted by FAO and carrying out a preliminary assessment of the Portuguese SIPAM, in the Barroso region of Trás-os Montes. Barroso was the first Portuguese territory to be internationally recognized for the value of local agricultural practices, having received the SIPAM classification in 2008. The aim of the dissertation is to analyze the social, economic and cultural benefits of this classification, as well as its limitations. This study responds to the need for knowledge about the potential effects of this classification on territories and communities and may provide elements for its improvement. It may be a useful document for policy makers and civil society organizations that wish to preserve their agricultural heritage.
Bryant, Jeremy. "Quantifying genetic variation in environmental sensitivity of New Zealand dairy cattle to apply in the development of a dairy cattle simulation model for pastoral systems : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1588.
Повний текст джерелаSchreurs, Nicola Maria. "Effect of condensed tannin and fresh forage diets on the formation of indole and skatole in the rumen and on the pastoral odour and flavour of sheep meat : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Animal Science at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1512.
Повний текст джерела