Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Pasteurizer failure"

Introduction: Use of pasteurized donor milk is recommended in many situations when own mother’s milk is not available. One existing knowledge gap is access to donor milk for infants in government custody (foster care). Main issue: The focus of this case study is an infant born at 41 weeks who was discharged from the hospital into foster care. The infant soon developed failure to thrive due to formula intolerance. Management: After trying multiple formulas, which included elemental formulas, and hospitalization, the infant began pasteurized donor milk. Within 24 hr, the infant began gaining weight. Medicaid denied two authorization requests for payment, and the state’s Department of Human Services ultimately agreed to cover the discounted donor milk fees until the infant reached 1 year of age. Conclusion: This foster child suffered through months of failure to thrive and hospitalization before receiving human milk feedings. This care violated ethical principles of beneficence, autonomy, and justice. State officials should review their policies and regulations for providing human milk to children in their care and facilitate access to that milk when needed.

Introduction. Although several intercalary reconstructions after resection of a lower extremity malignant bone tumor are reported, there are no optimal methods which can provide a long-term reconstruction with fewest complications. We present the outcome of reconstruction using a devitalized autograft and a vascularized fibula graft composite.Materials and Methods.We conducted a retrospective review of 11 patients (7 males, 4 females; median age 27 years) undergoing reconstruction using a devitalized autograft (pasteurization (n=6), deep freezing (n=5)) and a vascularized fibula graft composite for lower extremity malignant bone tumors (femur (n=10), tibia (n=1)).Results. The mean period required for callus formation and bone union was 4.4 months and 9.9 months, respectively. Four postoperative complications occurred in 3 patients: 2 infections (1 pasteurized autograft, 1 frozen autograft) and 1 fracture and 1 implant failure (both in pasteurized autografts). Graft removal was required in 2 patients with infections. The mean MSTS score was 81% at last follow-up.Conclusions.Although some complications were noted in early cases involving a pasteurized autograft, our novel method involving a combination of a frozen autograft with a vascularized fibula graft and rigid fixation with a locking plate may offer better outcomes than previously reported allografts or devitalized autografts.

Milk pasteurization is a critical issue in the dairy industry, and failures in this process can affect final product safety. Scharer's enzymatic method is still traditionally used to verify pasteurization efficiency compliance, and it is based on screening for residual alkaline phosphatase in milk. Although several methods are used to quantify enzymatic activity to assess milk pasteurization efficiency, there is a small amount of published data regarding the use of these methods to quantify alkaline phosphatase in cheese. In this study, the Scharer's modified method was used to determine the levels of residual alkaline phosphatase in standard minas cheese, before and after 20 days of ripening. The cheeses were made using raw or pasteurized milk with the addition of different concentrations of raw milk (0; 0.05%; 0.10%; 0.20%; and 0.50%). In the fresh cheese samples, the method showed a sensitivity of only 0.50% with the addition of raw milk to the pasteurized milk used to make cheese. In addition, levels of up 0.20% of raw milk in pasteurized milk, the concentrations of phenol was inferior to 1μg phenol/g of dairy product which is the preconized indicator value for adequate pasteurization.

ABSTRACT The 1986 Food Research Institute–Tanaka et al. model predicts the safety of shelf-stable process cheese spread formulations using the parameters of moisture, pH, NaCl, and disodium phosphate (DSP) to inhibit toxin production by Clostridium botulinum. Although this model is very reliable for predicting safety for standard-of-identity spreads, the effects of additional factors have not been considered. The objective of this study was to create a predictive model to include the interactive effect of moisture, pH, fat, sorbic acid, and potassium-based replacements for NaCl and DSP to reflect modern reduced-sodium recipes. Eighty formulations were identified using a central composite design targeting seven factors: 50 to 60% moisture, pH 5.4 to 6.2, 0 to 0.2% sorbic acid, 10 to 30% fat, 1.7 to 2.4% NaCl, 0.8 to 1.6% DSP, and 0 to 50% potassium replacement for sodium salts. Samples were inoculated with proteolytic C. botulinum spores at 3 log spores per g, hot filled into sterile vials, and stored anaerobically at 27°C. Samples were assayed at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 8.5, 17.5, 26, and 40 weeks for the presence of botulinum toxin using the mouse bioassay. A parametric survival model was fit to the censored time-to-toxin data. All linear, quadratic, and pairwise effects were considered for model fit. As hypothesized, the effects of pH, sorbate, moisture, DSP, and NaCl were highly significant (P < 0.001). Fat concentration and potassium replacement effects were significant at P < 0.021 and P < 0.057, respectively. The model consistently predicted the safety failure of the toxic samples, but it also predicted failure for some samples that were not toxic. This model is an adjunct to existing models by adding the factors of potassium salts, fat, and sorbic acid to predict the botulinal safety of prepared process cheese products but is not intended to be a substitute for formulation evaluation by a competent process authority.

The sanitary evaluation of equipment and hands is fundamental to investigate the presence of pathogens in the dairy industry. Then, this study aims to evaluate the sanitization of equipment, workers’ hands, raw and pasteurized milk in goat milk dairies in the Cariri region, state of Paraíba. Collected 32 samples of four dairies represented by letters A, B, C, and D. The followings contents were analyzed: mesophiles, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Samonella spp. and Listeria monocytogenes in the reception tank, pasteurization tank, packing machine, package, wall, workers’ hand, and each dairy’s raw and pasteurized milk. After isolation, 84 colonies were confirmed by MALDI TOF. The indicator microorganisms presented variations for the workers’ hands, while A and B stayed within the patterns. For the equipment, only dairy B was within limits. They were out of the standard for mesophiles, total coliforms, and thermotolerant regarding raw and pasteurized milk. The microorganisms, the Enterobacteriaceae family presented a higher frequency, with 77.38%, and within this family, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., and Enterobacter spp. were the most prevalent. Gram-positive corresponded to 22.62%, Bacillus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Macrococcus caseolyticus. Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were not isolated. These demonstrate failures in goat milk processing with pathogenic bacteria in several dairy plants, indicating the need to adjust the product’s quality control.

The study proposes a process analytical technology (PAT) approach for the control of milk coagulation through near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), computing multivariate statistical process control (MSPC) charts, based on principal component analysis (PCA). Reconstituted skimmed milk and commercial pasteurized skimmed milk were mixed at two different ratios (60:40 and 40:60). Each mix ratio was prepared in six replicates and used for coagulation trials, monitored by fundamental rheology, as a reference method, and NIRS by inserting a probe directly in the coagulation vat and collecting spectra at two different acquisition times, i.e., 60 s or 10 s. Furthermore, three failure coagulation trials were performed, deliberately changing temperature or rennet and CaCl2 concentration. The comparison with fundamental rheology results confirmed the effectiveness of NIRS to monitor milk renneting. The reduced spectral acquisition time (10 s) showed data highly correlated (r > 0.99) to those acquired with longer acquisition time. The developed decision trees, based on PC1 scores and T2 MSPC charts, confirmed the suitability of the proposed approach for the prediction of coagulation times and for the detection of possible failures. In conclusion, the work provides a robust but simple PAT approach to assist cheesemakers in monitoring the coagulation step in real-time.

Background. Among various types of composite biological reconstruction, pasteurized autograft-prosthesis composite (PPC) is popular when allograft is unavailable. Previous limited cohort study indicated result comparable to tumor prosthesis. However, as case number and follow-up increase, we experienced more complications than anticipated. We questioned the usefulness of PPC as a viable reconstructive option. Methods. We reviewed 142 PPCs and analyzed overall and location-related survival and factors associated with the failure of PPC. Results. Twenty-year survival rate of 142 PPCs was 39.8 ± 10.0%. Fifty-two (36.6%) of 142 PPCs showed failure. Among various locations, the proximal femur showed best survival: 78.0 ± 9.9%. Final status of the 52 failed PPCs was modular tumor prosthesis in 23 (43%), arthrodesis in 11 (21%), pseudarthrosis in 7 (13%), amputation in 7 (13%), and allograft-prosthesis composite in 4 (8%). Tumor volume > 200 cc (p=0.001), pasteurization length ≤ 10 cm (p=0.002), male sex (p=0.02), and locations in pelvis or tibia (p=0.029) were poor prognostic factors. Conclusions. Long-term survival of PPCs was below expectations. Despite the complexity of the procedure, there is little survival gain over tumor prosthesis. PPC may be indicated when a modular prosthesis is not readily available.

Soft ripened cheese (SRC) caused over 130 foodborne illnesses in British Columbia (BC), Canada, during two separate listeriosis outbreaks. Multiple agencies investigated the events that lead to cheese contamination withListeria monocytogenes (L.m.), an environmentally ubiquitous foodborne pathogen. In both outbreaks pasteurized milk and the pasteurization process were ruled out as sources of contamination. In outbreak A, environmental transmission ofL.m.likely occurred from farm animals to personnel to culture solutions used during cheese production. In outbreak B, birds were identified as likely contaminating the dairy plant’s water supply and cheese during the curd-washing step. Issues noted during outbreak A included the risks of operating a dairy plant in a farm environment, potential for transfer ofL.m.from the farm environment to the plant via shared toilet facilities, failure to clean and sanitize culture spray bottles, and cross-contamination during cheese aging.L.m.contamination in outbreak B was traced to wild swallows defecating in the plant’s open cistern water reservoir and a multibarrier failure in the water disinfection system. These outbreaks led to enhanced inspection and surveillance of cheese plants, test and release programs for all SRC manufactured in BC, improvements in plant design and prevention programs, and reduced listeriosis incidence.

Breastfeeding is the best way to feed infants, but optimal milk transfer and weight gain depend on good latching. Tongue- and lip-tie can prevent successful latching and prevent adequate nutrition. Tongue- and lip-tied babies can either have slow weight gain (SWG) or failure to thrive (FTT). We examine the effect of a holistic supplementation regimen on tongue-tied babies with SWG and FTT. This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study of 55 tongue- and lip-tied babies with SWG and FTT at KMC Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia. All babies underwent frenotomy and received supplementation with formula (64%) or pasteurized donor breast milk, using either a modified lactation aid (78%) or the Medela Supplemental Nursing System (22%). All mothers received domperidone and acupuncture to improve milk supply. A majority of babies had type 3 tongue-tie (46%) and class 3 upper lip-tie. Twenty-five subjects (45%) had SWG, and 30 subjects (55%) had FTT. All mothers had low milk supply. At-the-breast supplementation improved the nutritional status of 44/55 subjects (80%,p< .001), whereas 11 subjects received early complementary feeding at 4 months of age. By the end of the study, all subjects were solely breastfed without at-the-breast supplementation. The holistic management of tongue- and lip-tied babies with SWG or FTT consisting of frenotomy, at-the-breast supplementation, domperidone, and acupuncture improved infant nutritional status and the mother’s milk supply. Babies could breastfeed without supplementation after treatment and gained weight.

Preterm and low birth weight infants require specific nutrition to overcome the accumulated growth deficit, and to prevent morbidities related to postnatal growth failure. In order to guarantee an adequate nutrient-intake, mother’s own milk, when available, or donor human milk, are usually fortified with additional nutrients, in particular proteins. Fortification with processed ingredients may result in additional intake in oxidative compounds, deriving from extensive heat treatments, that are applied during processing. The aim of the present work was to compare the in vitro antioxidant activity and oxidative compound content conveyed by different preterm infant foods and fortifiers, namely raw and pasteurized human milk, two different preterm infant formulas, three bovine milk-based fortifiers and two experimental donkey milk-based fortifiers. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses revealed significant differences between the different products. The use of human milk minimizes the intake of dietary oxidative compound in comparison to infant formulas, irrespective of pasteurization or fortification, especially as far as malondialdehyde content is concerned. The addition of fortifiers to human milk increases its antioxidant capacity, and the choice of the protein source (hydrolysed vs. whole proteins) differently impacted the resulting total antioxidant capacity of the diet.

Steady-state unit-operations are used globally in chemical engineering processing. Importantly however, there are naturally occurring (random) fluctuations in parameter values about a ‘set’ mean. These are not sufficient to be considered transient and a random change in one is often off-set by a change in another - with the result that the output remains seemingly steady. Significantly, traditional chemical engineering does not address these random fluctuations explicitly. Davey and co-workers (e.g. Abdul Halim and Davey, 2015; Zou and Davey, 2016) have shown that these natural fluctuations can combine and accumulate in one direction and leverage unexpected and surprise behaviour across a ‘failure - not failure’ boundary. Their hypothesis they titled Fr 13 (Friday 13th) to underscore the surprise element of the failure event. Their probabilistic Fr 13 framework has been usefully applied to a number of 1-step unit-operations including failure in: UV irradiation for potable water (Abdul-Halim and Davey, 2015; 2016); thermal efficiency of a commercial coal-fired boiler (Davey, 2015), metals pitting (Davey et al., 2016), and; failure to remove whey protein deposits in Clean-In-Place milk processing (Davey et al., 2015). A significant advantage is that the framework can be used in quantitative ‘second-tier’ studies (Abdul-Halim and Davey, 2016) to improve design and safety of unit-operations. A limitation however is that the framework had been applied to only 1-step (single) unit-operations until very recently when Zou and Davey (2016) demonstrated its applicability to integrated 2-step membranes processing. Generally however, it is not known if there is any benefit in developing the framework as a useful tool for integrated, greater multi-step unit-operations and its possible combination (Davey et al., 2013) with existing software to enhance design capability. Davey (2011) had suggested these integrated multi-step analyses be termed ‘global’ models. A research program is therefore undertaken with the aim to advance the Fr 13 framework to gain unique insight into how naturally occurring fluctuations in apparent steady-state plant parameters can be transmitted and impact in progressively complex (in the context of ‘integrated’ not ‘complicated’) multi-step processes, and to assess the framework as a new design tool. A logical and stepwise approach is implemented as a research strategy. Because foods processing is globally the largest manufacturing sector, and within it, pasteurization is the most widely used unit-operation, a typical 3-step pasteurization unit operation, consisting of individual 1) heat-up, 2) holding and 3) cool-down, unit-operations is selected as a prudent and stringent test of the Fr 13 risk thesis to multi-step unit-operations. An initial assessment, based on typical commercial pasteurization equipment for raw milk (plate heat exchangers and an external-coil holding tube) is synthesized for the first time (Chandrakash et al., 2015; 2014; Davey et al., 2014) and a generalized method of notation for the Fr 13 risk framework is developed to unambiguously identify particular unit-operations in integrated multi-step processes. Failure is defined in terms of not meeting a globally used Regulatory combination of temperature (T) - time (t) (72 °C, 15 s). Results revealed that pasteurization of raw milk is vulnerable to failure in 12.5 % of all cases over the long-term as a result of with-in system fluctuations in flows, and thermal conditions. If each simulation is (reasonably) considered a daily process this translated to some 46 failures each year with a 2 % design tolerance 2 to meet the required T - t pasteurization criteria. Results highlighted that apparent steady-state pasteurization is actually a combination of successful and (potential) failed operations. This insight could not be obtained from existing traditional risk and hazard approaches, with or without sensitivity analyses. A drawback soon acknowledged however, is that this equipment model did not explicitly address the reduction in unwanted levels of survival of potential contaminant microorganisms in the treated milk. To overcome this, a microbiological global risk model is developed for the first time for the 3-step pasteurization. The logarithmic reduction of viable Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a common bacterial contaminant and pathogen, is selected as an indicator of efficacy of process, and an inactivation model is then synthesized (Chandrakash and Davey, 2017 a). Results showed that for a design Regulatory reduction of log₁₀ = 5.5 in viable MAP the 3-step pasteurization is vulnerable to failure in 5.75 % of cases with a 2 % design tolerance averaged over the long term. This equated to ~ 21 failures with viable MAP each year based on a daily operation. To further test applicability of the risk framework to multi-step processing, a fourth integrated step, the storage of the pasteurized milk, is added for the first time (Chandrakash and Davey, 2017 b). A justification is that this simulated commercial practice more closely. Results of simulation of this 4-step model showed that with a design tolerance of 2 % for a Regulatory design reduction of log₁₀ = 5.5 in viable MAP on heat-up to 72 °C with 15 s holding in commercial plate equipment, there would be no further failures i.e. the rate of vulnerability to failure in a 4-step microbiological model for pasteurizing and storing milk remained 5.75 %, averaged over the long term. Results from investigative second-tier studies with the new 4-step Fr 13 model to improve design and safety, revealed vulnerability to microbiological failure can be readily mitigated by installing precise safety-integrity-level (SIL) mass flow control on the raw milk in existing plant to ensure a holding time of ≥ 15 s. It is concluded the Fr 13 framework appears generalizable to integrated multi-step steady-state processes without methodological problems and an advance over current existing risk/hazard methodologies. If properly developed, it is believed that this novel framework could be adopted as a new design tool for steady-state processing at both design and synthesis stages. Research findings will aid a detailed understanding of factors that contribute to failures, and to increased confidence in steady-state unit-operations processing. This research work is original and not incremental work. Findings will be of direct interest to risk analysts, milk processors and manufacturers of pasteurizer equipment.
Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Chemical Engineering, 2017.