Статті в журналах: "Passive protection systems"

1

Babashov, V. G., and N. M. Varrik. "Trends in the development of flexible thermal protection systems for modern aircraft." Perspektivnye Materialy, no. 11 (2020): 10–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.30791/1028-978x-2020-6-10-21.

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The emergence of new types of space and aviation technology necessitates the development of new types of thermal protection systems capable of operating at high temperature and long operating times. There are several types of thermal protection systems for different operating conditions: active thermal protection systems using forced supply of coolant to the protected surface, passive thermal protection systems using materials with low thermal conductivity without additional heat removal, high-temperature systems, which are simultaneously elements of the bearing structure and provide thermal protection, ablation materials. Heat protection systems in the form of rigid tiles and flexible panels, felt and mats are most common kind of heat protecting systems. This article examines the trends of development of flexible reusable heat protection systems intended for passive protection of aircraft structural structures from overheating.

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WALENTYNOWICZ, Jerzy. "PROBLEMS CONNECTED WITH PASSIVE AND ACTIVE PROTECTION OF FIGHTING VEHICLES." Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces 160, no. 2 (April 1, 2011): 218–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0002.2989.

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Basic problems relating to the passive and active protection of present fighting vehicles were introduced in this paper. The scripts of the working of armed strengths and threat what were self- characterized briefly they result from the applied at present armour-piercing guns, such armour-piercing grenade hand launcher, armour-piercing missiles, subcaliber bullets, kinetic bullets, ground mines and improvised explosive devices. Applied at present passive and reactive protections of fighting vehicles were introduced, protecting crews while hitting bullets in vehicles. The stages of detecting the threat and reaction on stepping out threats were analyzed, and this indispensable time on the effective answer of the system of the protection. The means of the counteraction were self- characterized the threats of vehicles, applied in the arrangements of the active protection. Proprieties some of worked out systems of the active protection of fighting vehicles and their basic tactical and technical parameters were introduced.

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3

Dammacco, Giada, Dirk Wenzel, and Christian Hennigs. "Prosys-Laser: Smart Laser Protective Textile Systems." Advances in Science and Technology 80 (September 2012): 156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.80.156.

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“Passive” and “active” laser-protective clothing and curtains are hardly available on the market today for the use with hand-held laser processing devices (HLD) and automated laser machines. However, the fact that serious laser injuries of the skin happen shows that skin protection against laser radiation is necessary. Thus, key developments described in this paper are on the one hand highly innovative functional multi-layer technical textiles, providing a high level of passive laser resistance. On the other hand, active systems, containing functional multi-layer smart fabrics which detect laser exposure and, by means of a safety control, deactivate the laser beam automatically, are depicted. Furthermore, test methods and testing set-ups to qualify such passive and active functional technical textiles and tailored personal protective equipment (PPE) are developed. The passive laser-protective textile system will be realized using the best combination of materials, providing, at the same time, laser, fire, and heat protection together with other properties. Designing active system means the realization of functionalized fabrics and to exploit their physical properties. The electronics which interface the active system, providing signal conditioning, acquisition, on-body pre-processing, local data storage and wireless communication, is a major part of the active approach. The electronics will provide alarms and ultimately enforce laser shutdown upon defined conditions.

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4

N. Vinky Rahman and Elky Fernanda. "EVALUATION OF PASSIVE FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEMS IN SUPERMALL BUILDINGS." Jurnal Koridor 10, no. 1 (July 25, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/koridor.v10i1.1382.

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Evaluation of a passive fire protection system is an effort to find out how feasible a fire protection system is in a building. One of the main problems arising from fire hazards in mall buildings is fire protection systems that do not meet standards. This study aims to analyze the building fire protection system, with the Sun Plaza Medan case study with a total of six floors and one basement, and located in the city center. The method used in this study is descriptive qualitative and quantitative, with a variable observation stage which is then carried out by a comparison process using the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This AHP method is helpful for researchers to get the results needed. Evaluation results obtained at shopping centers (case studies: Sun Plaza Medan) can be categorized as good, although several components do not meet the standards. Several recommendations were made for changes by testing, to obtain an increase in the value of the reliability of the passive fire protection system in the case study.

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5

Tan, Jie, Peng Zhang, Qian Feng, and Gangbing Song. "Passive Seismic Protection of Building Piping Systems — A Review." International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics 20, no. 03 (February 27, 2020): 2030001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219455420300013.

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Piping systems are typical nonstructural components of a building. Previous investigations have reported many cases that earthquake causes damages or failures of piping system, resulting in secondary disasters. Therefore, this paper conducts a survey of the seismic damage of the piping systems of buildings and then reviews the state-of-the-art of the passive seismic protection methods. This paper proposes to classify the building piping system into rigid connected pipes, flexible connected pipes and semi-rigid connected pipes. Typical seismic damages of building pipes are presented following this classification. Then, several current seismic protection methods (including constructional measures, seismic braces, damping techniques and base isolation methods) are discussed regarding the theoretical mechanism and feasibility. Furthermore, the state-of-the-art of the building piping system and the passive protection methods with application prospects are evaluated. Based on the review, the flexible piping systems are most commonly used in existing old buildings and are more vulnerable in earthquakes due to their high flexibility. New buildings prefer the rigid connections which tend to restrain the motion of the pipe. However, the excessive stiffness of the rigid connection may cause overlarge internal stresses in both the connection and the pipe. Semi-rigid piping systems have sufficient overall stiffness and a degree of local deform ability and thus have the best seismic performance. In future studies, more research should be devoted to propose and develop new dampers suitable for piping systems, which will improve the seismic safety of building piping systems.

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6

Palacios-Quiñonero, Francisco, Josep Rubió-Massegú, Josep M. Rossell, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "Distributed Passive Actuation Schemes for Seismic Protection of Multibuilding Systems." Applied Sciences 10, no. 7 (March 31, 2020): 2383. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10072383.

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In this paper, we investigate the design of distributed damping systems (DDSs) for the overall seismic protection of multiple adjacent buildings. The considered DDSs contain interstory dampers implemented inside the buildings and also interbuilding damping links. The design objectives include mitigating the buildings seismic response by reducing the interstory-drift and story-acceleration peak-values and producing small interbuilding approachings to decrease the risk of interbuilding collisions. Designing high-performance DDS configurations requires determining convenient damper positions and computing proper values for the damper parameters. That allocation-tuning optimization problem can pose serious computational difficulties for large-scale multibuilding systems. The design methodology proposed in this work—(i) is based on an effective matrix formulation of the damped multibuilding system; (ii) follows an H ∞ approach to define an objective function with fast-evaluation characteristics; (iii) exploits the computational advantages of the current state-of-the-art genetic algorithm solvers, including the usage of hybrid discrete-continuous optimization and parallel computing; and (iv) allows setting actuation schemes of particular interest such as full-linked configurations or nonactuated buildings. To illustrate the main features of the presented methodology, we consider a system of five adjacent multistory buildings and design three full-linked DDS configurations with a different number of actuated buildings. The obtained results confirm the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed design approach and demonstrate the high-performance characteristics of the devised DDS configurations.

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7

Vujanovic, Miodrag, Pavao Begovic, Miljko Eric, and Stojan Ninic. "Security protection and area monitoring by passive multi-sensor systems." Vojnotehnicki glasnik 52, no. 3-4 (2004): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojtehg0404367v.

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8

Soneji, B. B., and R. S. Jangid. "Passive hybrid systems for earthquake protection of cable-stayed bridge." Engineering Structures 29, no. 1 (January 2007): 57–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2006.03.034.

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9

Maharani, Fandita Tonyka, Azizah Musliha Fitri, and Arga Buntara. "THE ANALYSIS OF FIRE ENGINEERING AND ADMINISTRATIVE CONTROL AT BUILDING X UNIVERSITY Y YEAR 2018." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 8, no. 1 (March 26, 2019): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v8i1.2019.57-65.

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Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency mentioned that the capital approximately has 900 high building, however only 20 % of them possessed adequate safety precaution. Data from the Jakarta Provincial Fire and Rescue Agency show that in 2018, 1,106 fire cases caused economic loss worth around Rp 151,498,186,111. Building X University Y is used every day with more than 500 occupants for education purpose. The aim of this study was to analyze fire engineering and administrative controls in the building according to the standards (National Fire Protection Association standards and the Regulation of Minister of Public Works No. 26/PRT/M/2008). This study used analytical descriptive design with direct observation as study method. The study was conducted in July 2018. The study found that the building has not met the adequate standards yet, such as active and passive protection systems, and the means of the evacuation system. There were no active protection systems. The only implemented passive protection system was a compartmentation system which divided the building into cells designed to resist the fire spread when it happens. There were no other passive protection systems found in the structure. All doors and windows were made of woods and glasses. There were no means of evacuation in the building. There were no administrative controls in the building. Appropriate controls are required in the building, involving fire engineering and administrative controls because the building lack of fire protective and precaution systems.Keywords: evacuation system, fire control, protection system

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10

Palacios-Quiñonero, Francisco, Josep M. Rossell, Josep Rubió-Massegú, and Hamid R. Karimi. "Structural Vibration Control for a Class of Connected Multistructure Mechanical Systems." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2012 (2012): 1–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/942910.

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A mathematical model to compute the overall vibrational response of connected multistructure mechanical systems is presented. Using the proposed model, structural vibration control strategies for seismic protection of multibuilding systems can be efficiently designed. Particular attention is paid to the design of control configurations that combine passive interbuilding dampers with local feedback control systems implemented in the buildings. These hybrid active-passive control strategies possess the good properties of passive control systems and also have the high-performance characteristics of active control systems. Moreover, active-passive control configurations can be properly designed for multibuilding systems requiring different levels of seismic protection and are also remarkably robust against failures in the local feedback control systems. The application of the main ideas is illustrated by means of a three-building system, and numerical simulations are conducted to assess the performance of the proposed structural vibration control strategies.

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11

Fuente, Marta, Le Chi Hung, Jamie Goggins, and Mark Foley. "RESEARCH ON PASSIVE SOIL DEPRESSURIZATION SYSTEMS: STATE OF THE ART AND LAB TEST ON-GOING." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 191, no. 2 (September 2020): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncaa149.

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Abstract There is strong evidence both internationally and in Ireland that the correct installation of passive prevention systems in new buildings is the most cost-effective way of protecting the population against radon. Previous work considering membranes, granular fill material in the aggregate layer beneath the slab and sump system has been conducted in Ireland to improve the protection of buildings from radon. The implications of research on passive sumps potential to reduce radon concentrations are significant, as if it can be shown that the installation of passive sumps in Irish building is effective; this could constitute a low-cost, passive, sustainable method for minimizing radon levels in buildings. On-going experimental tests investigating the performance of different common cowls used for passive soil depressurization systems are presented, in addition to the impact of different vertical heights and horizontal lengths of pipe with a number of bends investigated.

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12

Pastawski, F., A. Kay, N. Schuch, and I. Cirac. "Limitations of passive protection of quantum information." Quantum Information and Computation 10, no. 7&8 (July 2010): 580–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.26421/qic10.7-8-3.

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The ability to protect quantum information from the effect of noise is one of the major goals of quantum information processing. In this article, we study limitations on the asymptotic stability of quantum information stored in passive $N$-qubit systems. We consider the effect of small imperfections in the implementation of the protecting Hamiltonian in the form of perturbations or weak coupling to a ground state environment. We thus depart from the usual Markovian approximation for a thermal bath by conce ntrating on models for which part of the evolution can be calculated exactly. We prove that, regardless of the protecting Hamiltonian, there exists a perturbed evolution that necessitates a final error correcting step for the state of the memory to be read. Such an error correction step is shown to require a finite error threshold, the lack thereof being exemplified by the 3D XZ-compass model \cite{bacon-2006}. We go on to present explicit weak Hamiltonian perturbations which destroy the logical information stored in the 2D toric code in a time $O(\log(N))$.

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Akila, Abdelrahman Ahmed, Ahmed Helal, and Hussein Eldesouki. "Protection of Active Distribution Systems with DGs." International Journal of Emerging Electric Power Systems 16, no. 5 (October 1, 2015): 399–411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijeeps-2015-0033.

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Abstract Distribution systems are traditionally designed as radial passive systems fed from a single source. Protection coordination of such systems has been easily established assuming the system radiality. Insertion of distributed generators (DGs) into distribution systems makes the distribution system to be more active which causes redistribution of fault currents magnitudes and directions. This causes negative impacts on the original protection system coordination, since the distribution system losses its radiality and passiveness. Recently protection coordination in the presence of distributed generation has been paid a great attention. Researchers proposed various solutions to solve the protection coordination problem caused by adding DG into the distribution network. In this paper, the proposed solutions for the protection coordination problem considering the DG insertion will be illustrated, classified, and criticized.

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14

Ismail, I., M. Taib, and M. A. Othuman Mydin. "Appraisal of Passive and Active Fire Protection Systems in Student’s Accommodation." MATEC Web of Conferences 10 (2014): 06002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/20141006002.

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15

Romadhon, Bery. "ANALISIS PROTEKSI KEBAKARAN PADA PERUSAHAAN PRODUKSI GAS DAN PEMBANGKIT LISTRIK." Indonesian Journal of Occupational Safety and Health 7, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 142. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/ijosh.v7i2.2018.142-151.

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PT. Gresik Gases Indonesia and PT. Gresik Power Indonesia is a company engaged in the production of gas and power plants with natural gas and diesel power. This production site has a potential fire hazard so it must be implemented active and passive fire protection system. This research held to determine the suitability of active fire protection systems, passive in the workplace based on with several standards such as the SNI 03-3985-2000, NFPA 13, Permenaker no. 04/1980, Permen PU no. 26/PRT/M/2008, SNI 03-1745-2000. Observational data collection used regulated checklists, with cross-sectional research design. This production site was the potential for serious hazards to cause large area fire and in a short time. Classification of fire in this production of type A, B, C were derive from fuel oil storage tanks, T 80 C, T 80 D, MCC 20 KV, SHEQ and admin office, ware house, gas compressor area, gas engines, combustion turbine, control room, centrifuge pump, and regent heater. Active fire protection was several assessments such as alarm, detector, sprinkler, exhaust, and hydrant. On passive fire protection, the assessment was based on buildings. Field observations obtained the following results active protection system such as alarm with enough categories, detector with enough categories, sprinkler with enough categories, a fire extinguisher with a good category, hydrants with good categories and on passive fire protection systems with sufficient category.Keywords: fire protection, gas production, power plant

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16

Chinyaev, I. R., A. V. Fominykh, and E. A. Ilinykh. "The Valve is a Shutoff for the Passive Protection Systems of Pipelines." Procedia Engineering 150 (2016): 220–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2016.06.750.

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17

Marley, Christopher D., and James F. Driscoll. "Optimization of Active and Passive Thermal Protection Systems for a Hypersonic Vehicle." Journal of Aircraft 59, no. 1 (January 2022): 173–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2514/1.c036411.

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SHEINA, Tatyana V., and Elena A. AVDEEVA. "TECHNOLOGIES OF PROTECTION OF HIGHWAYS FROM ROCKFALLS." Urban construction and architecture 8, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.17673/vestnik.2018.01.5.

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The technology of the device of certain anti-dump structures for the sections of mountain roads subject to collapses is considered. A comprehensive analysis of rockfall risk factors has been identifi ed and justifi ed in order to select the most eff ective protection system. The measures on passive protection (catching structures and devices, anti-galleries galleries, simple drapery systems) and active protection (restraining structures and drapery systems with additional reinforcement) have been analyzed. The materials used in advanced anti- dump systems are distinguished, they are characterized by increased strength, enhanced corrosion protection, relatively low weight, which makes it possible to use light technology.

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19

Wang, C. H., C. H. Yeh, F. Y. Shih, C. W. Chow, K. C. Hsu, Y. Lai, and S. Chi. "Self-Protection Multi-Ring-Architecture Fiber Sensing System." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 793–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.793.

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In this investigation, we propose and experimentally investigate a simply self-restored ring-based fiber Bragg grating (FBG) based sensor system. This proposed multi-ring passive sensing architecture is without any active components in the entire network. In this experiment, the network survivability and capacity for the multi-point sensor systems are also enhanced. Besides, the tunable laser source (TLS) is adopted in central office (CO) for FBG sensing. The survivability of a eight-point FBG sensor is examined and analyzed. Due to the passive sensor network, the cost-effective and intelligent sensing system is entirely centralized by CO. As a result, the experimental results show that the proposed system can assist the reliable FBG sensing network for a large-scale and multi-point architecture.

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20

Carlin, G. P., M. S. Mirza, and M. Gaudreault. "Rehabilitation measures for Champlain Bridge, Montreal, Canada." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 23, no. 6 (December 1, 1996): 1326–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l96-941.

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Major rehabilitation of the Champlain Bridge, Montreal, Quebec, has been undertaken with the goal of restoring its overall integrity. The bridge is a major transportation link carrying over 42 million vehicle transits annually. Repairs to all elements of the structure have recently been under way, such as deck replacement, pier repairs including submerged regions, restoration to prestressed girders, implementation of cathodic protection to control corrosion, new drainage provisions, and crash barriers. Rehabilitation of the main steel truss spans over the St. Lawrence Seaway is presented elsewhere. Testing of two cathodic protection systems on prestressed concrete beams has been undertaken with the goal of full-scale installation on all 50 affected spans. A possible pilot project is being examined, which incorporates the use of zinc anode spray applied to the concrete surface to act as passive, or induced current type, or as a combination of active and passive systems on the different sections of the bridge. Key words: bridge rehabilitation, cathodic protection systems, condition survey, corrosion protection strategy, external prestressing, honeycombing and spalling, impervious membrane, injection of cracks, prestressed concrete beams, underwater pier repairs.

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21

Dudykevych, Valery, Ivan Opirskyy, Nazariy Dzianyi, Larysa Rakobovchuk, and Petro Garanyuk. "RESEARCH OF OPTIMIZATION OF LAMES OF THE LASER SENSOR OF VIBRATION TO COUNTER LASER INTELLIGENCE SYSTEMS." Cybersecurity: Education, Science, Technique 3, no. 15 (2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.28925/2663-4023.2022.15.110123.

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One of the most vulnerable issues in the technical protection of information is the receipt of data, private or confidential, due to leakage through the optoelectronic channel, the main source of data is laser acoustic intelligence systems or laser microphones. There are active and passive methods of protection against laser acoustic reconnaissance systems (ACS). Active methods use various noisy or vibrating devices that pose a danger to human health. With passive protection, it is recommended to use either special corrugated windows or completely closed shutters, which create some inconvenience now. Detecting a working laser microphone is very difficult and in some cases technically impossible. For example, the removal of information using ACS occurs through glass building structures, usually windows. This article is devoted to the analysis of the principle of operation of laser systems of acoustic intelligence and passive methods of reading acoustic information. Triangulation laser sensors are designed for non-contact measurement and control of position, movement, size, surface profile, deformation, vibration, sorting, recognition of technological objects, measuring the level of liquids and bulk materials. Accordingly, they can be used to study the vibrational properties of glass and films applied to them. It is described the method of working with laser triangulation vibration sensors, which allows to study the deviations of glass from different manufacturers from sound vibrations, thereby investigating the anti-laser properties of existing glass, as well as different types of spraying and films. In addition, this method allows you to conduct and test deviations from sound vibrations for new types of glass, films and spraying, proving the results of spectral studies and their impact on the amplitude of vibration of the glass. The vibration sensor was adjusted and the software parameters were experimentally optimized to obtain the truest deviation values required to work with sprayed samples for passive protection.

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Robinson, B. J. "Protection of Passive Bands in Australia, India, and Japan." International Astronomical Union Colloquium 112 (1991): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100003973.

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ABSTRACTThe problems of protecting passive bands in Australia, India, and Japan reflect the variety of research activities and radio telescopes in those countries, colored by the degree of user friendliness of the frequency management authorities.In India, it is important to protect frequencies below 1400 MHz (for high redshift hydrogen line absorption or emission) and continuum bands at 327 MHz and 150 MHz (the latter currently allocated to cordless phones, paging systems, and rural communication).In Japan, protection from harmful interference has been sought and refused at 4.8 and 5 GHz (microwave network), 10 and 15 GHz (mobile relay service), and 22 GHz (mobile data relay service). But extensive radio astronomy usage of mm to sub-mm bands has established priority for their use and allocation.In Australia, there are major problems at 408 MHz (telephone links), 1.6 GHz (GLONASS, RDSS, and Land Mobile Service), 4.9 to 5 GHz (RDSS), and 22 GHz (satellite broadcasting and high definition TV service).The degree of user friendliness of the frequency management administration appears to rate: 1. Australia, 2. India, 3. Japan on a diminishing scale of cooperation and concern. This affects the awareness of the radio astronomy community of conflicting allocations and the level of input into CCIR and the WARC.

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Борисова, А. В., Б. Д. Гармаев, И. Б. Бобров, С. С. Негодяев та И. В. Синильщиков. "Анализ эффективности методов защиты от атак активного оптического зондирования на волоконные системы квантового распределения ключей в спектральном диапазоне 1260-1650 nm". Журнал технической физики 128, № 11 (2020): 1758. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/os.2020.11.50182.4-20.

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In this paper, the results of research of spectral features of several passive fiber optic components are presented. There are spectra of isolators, circulators, spectral filters, and WDM, that are used in quantum key distribution (QKD) systems, and contribute to the protection of these systems against active optical probing attacks. We also provide an estimate of the degree of isolation required to protect the QKD system from Trojan-horse attacks. Based on the isolation requirements and measurement data we analyzed the efficiency of the QKD system protection through the use passive isolating components. As an example, we have shown the achievement of the required isolation level (150 dB) in the considered spectral range in the system presented in the article.

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Dąbrowski, Józef. "Systems of protection against stray currents, their monitoring and protection against electric shock in the second metro line in Warsaw." Transportation Overview - Przeglad Komunikacyjny 2017, no. 6 (June 1, 2017): 46–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.35117/a_eng_17_06_05.

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The paper presents a system of passive protection against stray currents that was applied to the central section of the second metro line in Warsaw. Stray currents monitoring system deployed on this stretch of metro line was described. The assessment of the criteria for abnormal states and electrochemical corrosion risks of the underground infrastructure were given. The author also presented the principles used in Stray Current Monitoring (SCM) for signalling short circuits between subway rails and subway construction. Passenger and staff safety system was described too.

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Vargas Martínez, Cyntia, and Birgit Vogel-Heuser. "Towards Industrial Intrusion Prevention Systems: A Concept and Implementation for Reactive Protection." Applied Sciences 8, no. 12 (December 2, 2018): 2460. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8122460.

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System intrusions violate the security of a system. In order to maintain it, it is necessary to decrease the chances of intrusions occurring or by detecting them as soon as they ensue in order to respond to them in a timely manner. These responses are divided in two types: passive or reactive responses. Passive responses are limited to only notification and alerting; whereas, reactive responses influence the intrusion by undoing or diminishing its consequences. Unfortunately, some reactive responses may influence the underlying system where the intrusion has occurred. This is especially a concern in the field of Industrial Automation Systems, as these systems are critical and have a well-defined set of operational requirements that must be maintained. Hence, automatic reactive responses are often not considered or are limited to human intervention. This paper addresses this issue by introducing a concept for reactive protection that integrates the automatic execution of active responses that do not influence the operation of the underlying Industrial Automation System. This concept takes into consideration architectural and security trends, as well as security and operational policies of Industrial Automation Systems. It also proposes a set of reactive actions that can be taken in the presence of intrusions in order to counteract them or diminish their effects. The feasibility and applicability of the presented concept for Industrial Automation Systems is supported by the implementation and evaluation of a prototypical Reactive Protection System.

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Heidrich, J., D. Brenk, J. Essel, S. Schwarzer, R. Herschmann, B. Geck, G. Fischer, and R. Weigel. "Local positioning with sensor-enabled passive multistandard RFID transponders." Advances in Radio Science 8 (November 17, 2010): 263–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-8-263-2010.

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Abstract. RFID is used today in many fields of every day life like access control, anti-theft protection or logistics. Within this article a short overview of the basic RFID principles and the EPC protocol flow is given at first. Afterwards new design approaches for RFID systems within the scope of the research project RFID-S are presented.

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Saras Ayu Faradita and Vinky Rahman. "Study of Interior Materials as Passive Fire Protection in Karaoke Building (Case Study: Masterpiece Signature Family KTV Medan)." International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 4, no. 1 (June 28, 2020): 30–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v4i1.3855.

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The fire incident in karaoke buildings in Indonesia which claimed many lives has occurred several times. According to the National Academy of Science US, the smoke toxins that come out of the fire disaster cause 50-80% of deaths. Refers to the data, it is necessary to check further about the building material response to fire during a fire incident. Masterpiece Signature Karaoke is a karaoke building that classified as large and magnificent in the city of Medan which has various material so that it is necessary to study the interior material as passive fire protection. The purpose is to find out how to assess the reliability of fire passive protection regard to the interior materials and recommendations or descriptions of right interior material planning using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). This method is efficacious to solve the problem of reliability in using interior materials as passive fire protection in Masterpiece Signature Family KTV Medan building with the results of an Adequate Level of reliability. Then, design recommendations were given for the use of interior materials in karaoke building to improve the reliability results to be better.The results are useful as information for other researchers and karaoke buildings regarding passive fire protection systems at the Masterpiece Signature Family KTV Medan.

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Grodzki, Wojciech, and Wojciech Gąsienica Fronek. "The European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus (L.) in wind-damaged stands of the eastern part of the Tatra National Park – the population dynamics pattern remains constant." Folia Forestalia Polonica 61, no. 3 (September 1, 2019): 174–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ffp-2019-0017.

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Abstract In March 2017, in the eastern part of the Tatra National Park in Poland, large windthrowns affected the passively and actively protected Norway spruce Picea abies stands. In early 2018, a set of 12 small research plots (20 trees on each plot) was established in the Norway spruce stands next to the windblown area – 6 in the stands under active nature protection (broken and fallen trees processed in 2017), and 6 in the stands under passive nature protection (trees left on the ground). Living trees on the plots were regularly checked during the growing season in order to identify and register the spruces infested by Ips typographus, which were dissected in 2 or 4 half-meter sections. 155 spruces (64%) infested by I. typographus were recorded on all 12 plots: 118 out of 120 (98%) in passive and 37 out of 120 trees (31%) in active protection. Mean infestation density calculated on 128 samples from 47 trees was higher under passive than under active protection (1.23 and 0.92 mating chamber per 1 dm2, respectively). Among 1709 gallery systems, those with 2 maternal galleries prevailed (63.0%); the mean share of females was higher in passive than in active protection zone (63.1 and 59.6% respectively). The mean number of progeny per one female was higher in active than in passive protection zone (20.23 and 19.12 respectively). I. typographus attack on standing trees had lower intensity in the stands previously subjected to the processing and removal of fallen and broken trees, which indicates positive effect of implemented active protection procedures. The parameters describing I. typographus population on attacked trees, as well as low activity of natural enemies, demonstrate its reproduction potential and resulting high risk of a new outbreak, according to the pattern known earlier from the other areas in Poland and Europe.

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Jankowski, Łukasz, Cezary Graczykowski, Piotr Pawłowski, Grzegorz Mikułowski, Marian Ostrowski, Blazej Poplawski, Rami Faraj, Grzegorz Suwała, and Jan Holnicki-Szulc. "Adaptive Self-Protection against Shock and Vibration." Advances in Science and Technology 101 (October 2016): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.101.133.

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This contribution reviews the challenges in adaptive self-protection of structures. A proper semi-active control strategy can significantly increase structural ability to absorb impact-type loads and damp the resulting vibrations. Discussed systems constitute a new class of smart structures capable of a real-time identification of loads and vibration patterns, followed by a low-cost optimum absorption of the energy by structural adaptation. Given the always surging quest for safety, such systems have a great potential for practical applications (in landing gears, road barriers, space structures, etc.). Compared to passive systems, their better performance can be attributed to the paradigm of self-adaptivity, which is ubiquitous in nature, but still sparsely applied in structural engineering. Being in the early stages of development, their ultimate success depends on a concerted effort in facing a number of challenges. This contribution discusses some of the important problems, including these of a conceptual, technological, methodological and software engineering nature.

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Марценюк, В., A. Сверстюк, І. Андрущак, В. Кошелюк, and М. Потейчук. "Features of technology of protection against unauthorizedly installed monitoring software products." COMPUTER-INTEGRATED TECHNOLOGIES: EDUCATION, SCIENCE, PRODUCTION, no. 41 (December 16, 2020): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.36910/6775-2524-0560-2020-41-13.

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The article considers the problem of software products (modules) designed to ensure the observability of computer systems, recording the activities of users and processes, the use of passive objects, as well as clearly identified identifiers of users and processes involved in certain events - to prevent security and / or ensuring responsibility for certain actions.

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Kozhukharov, Stephan V., Vassil I. Samichkov, Christian A. Girginov, and Maria S. Machkova. "Actual trends in the elaboration of advanced multifunctional coating systems for the efficient protection of lightweight aircraft alloys." Corrosion Reviews 35, no. 6 (December 20, 2017): 383–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2017-0026.

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AbstractOne of the pillars of developed economics is modern transport, where there is always a high demand for the elaboration of lightweight efficient vehicles and transport facilities. Aluminum and magnesium alloys encounter continuously increasing applications in high-performance aircraft, automobile, and marine vehicles. Various advanced multilayered corrosion protective coating systems have recently been proposed to provide a reliable long-term corrosion protection combined with a number of supplemental beneficial properties. The present brief review is an attempt to summarize the basic trends and concepts regarding the elaboration of environmentally friendly multilayered and multifunctional corrosion protective coating systems. Our work summarizes these recent trends, including recently accepted environmental requirements. We have also distinguished the concepts for active and passive corrosion protection capabilities. The basic approach for the achievement of efficient active corrosion protection properties are outlined with suitable examples, such as inhibitor incorporation into ceramic or carbon nanoparticles, encapsulation of active self-healing compounds, reinforcing phase involvement and coating, finished by ultraviolet absorbers and hydrophobic compounds. As a main result, an entire conceptual model has been proposed based on the state-of-the-art analysis.

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He, Wan-Long, and A. K. Agrawal. "Passive and hybrid control systems for seismic protection of a benchmark cable-stayed bridge." Structural Control and Health Monitoring 14, no. 1 (2007): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/stc.81.

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Jahmeerbacus, M. I., and K. M. S. Soyjaudah. "Design of a Microcontroller-Based Passive Standby Uninterruptible Power Supply." International Journal of Electrical Engineering & Education 38, no. 4 (October 2001): 330–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7227/ijeee.38.4.6.

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This paper describes the design of a microcontroller-based passive standby Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS), where the student applies a top-down systems approach to produce a working system. Such a project involves hardware-software co-design for realizing the relatively large number of detection, protection and control functions within the UPS.

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Mikolai, Imrich, and Ján Tkáč. "Firefighting Systems and Video Smoke Detection as a Significant Part of Fire Safety in the Building." Advanced Materials Research 1057 (October 2014): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1057.196.

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Full functionally fire safety in the building is very important and significant factor of well designed, built and used building. The safety of persons in the building increases except passive fire protection (fire splitting building by fire protection structure) also by proposition and realization of active firefighting equipment; which are not designed only for detection of fire, but also for fire localization and people security against hot of fire and against combustion products and smoke. Lately, the phenomenon of human life protection begins consistently monitored in the building. Major factor in the monitoring of fire and smoke is video smoke detection.

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Parsons, Antony, Timothy Faber, and Mark A. Metzdorf. "Enhancing Worker and Equipment Protection Through Passive Arc-Fault Mitigation." IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications 56, no. 3 (May 2020): 2196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tia.2020.2980489.

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Novrial and WH Novi. "Reliability Level Evaluation of Passive Fire Protection System in Hospital Buildings (Case Study: Grandmed Lubuk Pakam Hospital)." International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism 3, no. 2 (August 30, 2019): 218–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v3i2.3736.

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This research focuses only on passive fire protection systems in-hospital buildings because the Hospital is public buildings that many people use as facilities for health needs. Hospital residents are not only healthy people, but most sick people are not able to save themselves because of that the building safety system must be reliable especially fire protection systems. This study uses descriptive analysis method by checking directly in the field against the variables that have determined and then analyzed, based on the weight of the AHP method after that each variable and sub-variable will be assessed with a Likert scale according to its suitability with regulations and standards, then weights will be multiplied by the value of conformity to get the reliability value. The results are the level of reliability of the building fire passive protection system 2,250 it includes which in the category enough. This is to increase the value of the level of reliability, it must fulfill the design guidelines in the form of standards.

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Palacios-Quiñonero, Francisco, Josep Rubió-Massegú, Josep M. Rossell, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "Optimal Design of Complex Passive-Damping Systems for Vibration Control of Large Structures: An Energy-to-Peak Approach." Abstract and Applied Analysis 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/510236.

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We present a new design strategy that makes it possible to synthesize decentralized output-feedback controllers by solving two successive optimization problems with linear matrix inequality (LMI) constraints. In the initial LMI optimization problem, two auxiliary elements are computed: a standard state-feedback controller, which can be taken as a reference in the performance assessment, and a matrix that facilitates a proper definition of the main LMI optimization problem. Next, by solving the second optimization problem, the output-feedback controller is obtained. The proposed strategy extends recent results in static output-feedback control and can be applied to design complex passive-damping systems for vibrational control of large structures. More precisely, by taking advantages of the existing link between fully decentralized velocity-feedback controllers and passive linear dampers, advanced active feedback control strategies can be used to design complex passive-damping systems, which combine the simplicity and robustness of passive control systems with the efficiency of active feedback control. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, a passive-damping system for the seismic protection of a five-story building is designed with excellent results.

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Bordyug, Alexander Sergeevich. "Application of distributed optical control technology in ship power systems." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2021, no. 2 (May 31, 2021): 75–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2021-2-75-81.

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The article considers the point sensor technology for onshore power systems, which has a significant potential in providing new and effective solutions for monitoring and protecting marine electrical systems. These technologies can reduce the risk levels associated with marine electrical systems by providing comprehensive monitoring and protection functions that benefit from the distributed nature of the metering system. There has been described a system that consists of a data collecting device with optical fiber to collect multiple readings from a distributed passive array of sensors connected along a fiber length up to 100 km (applicable for any marine systems). There have been illustrated the variants of distributed monitoring and protection system in marine electrical systems. It has been stated that in the advanced marine systems there are used all-electric propulsion systems that distribute electricity between the ship's propulsion plants and other consumers. The power distribution has been proved necessary to rise efficiency, controllability, flexibility and cost of the system. Application of the new DC systems with zoned architecture, the emergence of batteries and other forms of power storage, and studying the superconducting cables and machines add to the importance of having knowledge of system operability and timely and safe response to failures and damages of the system.

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39

Gašpercová, Stanislava, and Linda Makovická Osvaldová. "Fire Protection in Various Types of Wooden Structures." Civil and Environmental Engineering 11, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2015-0007.

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Abstract Design of new modern systems for low energy efficient construction in a passive, zero standard or energy-autonomous buildings, as well as the increased popularity of solid wood construction means intervention into the very structure of its statics, building physics, but also fire properties. Some prototype design solutions are not verified whether the tests, by good computational analysis or verification of long-term use of the building. In the context of changing standards in building design, new approaches are needed. If in wooden buildings the potential risk of fire is higher than other buildings, we need special methods, materials and practical skills.

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Jehl, Pierre, Bernd Halbedel, Marianne Lerp, Udo Schmidt, Gerd Teichert, and Frank Schlütter. "Entrapment of Hard Particles into Cr(VI)-Free Conversion Layers of Electrodeposited Zinc Coatings to Improve Corrosion Resistance." Key Engineering Materials 742 (July 2017): 434–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.742.434.

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Due to the restriction of passive layers containing Cr6+ [1], which were characterized by excellent corrosion protection due to their self-healing effect for scratches on metal surfaces, current corrosion protection systems consist of chromium (III) -containing thick layer passivation. Due to their lower hardness, current corrosion protection systems are susceptible to mechanical stress. This is particularly critical at barrel plating of screws, rivets etc. where the manufacturing process leads to damages of the corrosion protection layer and consequently to reduced corrosion resistance.To counter this problem, we point out one approach to install hard particles into the passivation layer. The entrapment of the hard particles into the passivation is detected by Glow Discharge Optical Emission Spectrometry. Comparative investigations in the corrosion chamber prove the improvement of the corrosion protection of steel parts with passivation layers containing hard particles.

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Edwards, Mervyn, Andrew Nathanson, Jolyon Carroll, Marcus Wisch, Oliver Zander, and Nils Lubbe. "Assessment of Integrated Pedestrian Protection Systems with Autonomous Emergency Braking (AEB) and Passive Safety Components." Traffic Injury Prevention 16, sup1 (June 2015): S2—S11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15389588.2014.1003154.

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Sobolevska, M. B., D. V. Horobets, and S. A. Syrota. "Determination of the force characteristic of head car’s passive safety system – large road vehicle interaction in a collision." Technical mechanics 2021, no. 4 (December 7, 2021): 118–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/itm2021.04.118.

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One of the priorities of the National Economic Strategy of Ukraine for the Period up to 2030 is the development of the transport sector, in particular railway vehicle renewal, the introduction of high-speed railway passenger transport, and railway traffic safety improvement. The home motor-car trains must be renewed in compliance with new home standards harmonized with European ones, among which one should mention the Ukrainian State Standard DSTU EN 15227, which specifies the passive safety of a passenger train in its emergency collisions with different obstacles. New car designs must provide not only effective up-to-date braking systems to prevent emergency collisions, but also passive safety systems with energy-absorbing devices. The main purpose of these devices is to reduce the longitudinal forces in the intercar connections and the car accelerations to an acceptable level for the three collision scenarios specified in the DSTU EN 15227. The Department of Statistical Dynamics and Multidimensional Mechanical Systems Dynamics, Institute of Technical Mechanics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the State Space Agency of Ukraine, developed a passive protection concept for home high-speed passenger trains in emergency collisions by the DSTU EN 15227 scenarios, proposals on the passive protection of a motor-car train head car, and honeycomb designs of lower- and upper-level energy-absorbing devices (EAD 1 and UL EAD, respectively), which are integrated into the head car front part and serve to damp the major part of the impact energy in front collisions with obstacles. This paper considers DSTU EN 15227 Scenario 3: a collision of a reference motor-car train at a speed of 110 km/h at a railway crossing with a large 15 t road vehicle, which is simulated as a large-size deformable obstacle (LSDO). The aim of the paper is to determine the force characteristic of the interaction of energy-absorbing devices mounted on the head car front part with a large road vehicle in a collision to assess the compliance of the proposed passive protection with the normative requirements. Finite-element models were constructed to analyze the plastic deformation of the elements of the EAD 1 – LSDO, UL EAD – LSDO, and EAD 1 – UL EAD –LSDO systems in a collision with account for geometric and physical nonlinearities, steel dynamic hardening as a function of the impact speed, and varying contact interaction between the elements of the systems considered. The studies conducted made it possible to determine the force characteristics of energy-absorbing device – obstacle interaction and the total characteristic of the contact force between two lower-level devices and two upper-level ones as a function of the obstacle center of mass displacement in a collision. The proposed mathematical models and the calculated force characteristics may be used in the study of the dynamics of a reference motor-car train – large road vehicle collision with the aim to assess the compliance of the passive protection of the home head car under design with the DSTU EN 15227 requirements.

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Rubió-Massegú, Josep, Francisco Palacios-Quiñonero, Josep M. Rossell, and Hamid Reza Karimi. "A Novel Iterative Linear Matrix Inequality Design Procedure for Passive Inter-Substructure Vibration Control." Applied Sciences 10, no. 17 (August 24, 2020): 5859. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10175859.

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In vibration control of compound structures, inter-substructure damper (ISSD) systems exploit the out-of-phase response of different substructures to dissipate the kinetic vibrational energy by means of inter-substructure damping links. For seismic protection of multistory buildings, distributed sets of interstory fluid viscous dampers (FVDs) are ISSD systems of particular interest. The connections between distributed FVD systems and decentralized static output-feedback control allow using advanced controller-design methodologies to obtain passive ISSD systems with high-performance characteristics. A major issue of that approach is the computational difficulties associated to the numerical solution of optimization problems with structured bilinear matrix inequality constraints. In this work, we present a novel iterative linear matrix inequality procedure that can be applied to obtain enhanced suboptimal solutions for that kind of optimization problems. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology, we design a system of supplementary interstory FVDs for the seismic protection of a five-story building by synthesizing a decentralized static velocity-feedback H∞ controller. In the performance assessment, we compare the frequency-domain and time-domain responses of the designed FVD system with the behavior of the optimal static state-feedback H∞ controller. The obtained results indicate that the proposed approach allows designing passive ISSD systems that are capable to match the level of performance attained by optimal state-feedback active controllers.

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Tavits, Gaabriel. "Social Protection and New Forms of Work: Expansion of Unemployment Insurance Benefits’ Coverage in Estonia." Studia z zakresu Prawa Pracy i Polityki Społecznej 28, no. 1 (2021): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/25444654spp.21.006.13200.

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Ensuring social protection for people having lost their jobs is an important part of the social protection system. Although health insurance and pension insurance have traditionally been the most important social protection systems, then social guarantees (both passive and active measures) for the unemployed cannot be underestimated in the changed forms of employment. New forms of work necessitate attention to whether and how people working under new forms of employment, e.g. platform workers, can register as unemployed and whether short-term employment may worsen their standing compared to other unemployed. This article analyses the Estonian social protection system for the unemployed and the planned changes in connection with platform work.

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Bazhenov, Viktor, and Yurii Heraimovych. "General classification of seismic protection systems of buildings and structures." Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures, no. 105 (November 30, 2020): 3–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2410-2547.2020.105.3-12.

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The issues of ensuring the seismic resistance of buildings and structures hold a leading position despite significant achievements in this area. This is confirmed by the significant loss of human life and destruction caused by strong earthquakes. According to the principle of operation (properties of ensuring seismic resistance), all seismic protection systems can be conditionally divided into three groups: traditional, special and combined. Traditional methods of seismic protection of buildings and structures are mainly associated with reducing the mass of structures, increasing their strength and stiffness characteristics, as well as with the choice of rational planning and design solutions. The second group of seismic protection includes approaches associated with reducing the intensity of seismic loads on buildings and structures. Special seismic protection today is one of the most promising areas in the field of earthquake-resistant construction. The largest subgroup of this seismic protection – this is a passive seismic protection aimed at changing the dynamic scheme of a buildings or structures, which, in turn, is divided into seismic isolation and seismic suppression. The combined system implies a combination of traditional and nontraditional seismic protection systems. The massive use of seismic protection systems by design engineers is constrained by the lack of practical calculation methods. This is due to the fact that most seismic protection systems are characterized by a nonlinear deformation diagram, which does not allow the use of the standard linear-spectral methodology for the calculation. This article clarifies the general classification of seismic protection systems of buildings and structures. The use of seismic protection systems during strong earthquakes can significantly reduce the amplitude of vibrations, provide less damage to buildings and structures. Seismic protection systems are one of the most effective ways to increase the level of seismic resistance of buildings and structures, although the share of seismic-protected buildings in construction in relation to traditional ones is still very small.

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Vinogradova, Svetlana S., Ramilya F. Tazieva, and Anna N. Akhmetova. "Sacrificial Protection Efficiency Calculations Based on the Results of Stochastically Simulating the Parameters." Defect and Diffusion Forum 410 (August 17, 2021): 566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.410.566.

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Unique corrosion conditions in oil refining processes lead to the necessity of using passive and active protection systems, aimed at preventing from damages and ensuring the correct operating conditions of machines. To prevent from the development of corrosion processes on the internal surfaces of horizontal settlers, sacrificial protection is used. Before installing such a protection, they usually calculate the number of protectors to be installed in parallel. Some inputs are stochastic by their nature, which should be considered in assessing the risk of non-achieving the required protection level. The probabilistic model proposed to calculate the parameters of sacrificial tank protection that allows performing an exploratory design based on considering various environmental aspects to decide on the efficiency of sacrificial protection and to assess the achievement of the required protection level.

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47

Nelson, F. C. "Vibration Isolation: A Review, I. Sinusoidal and Random Excitations." Shock and Vibration 1, no. 5 (1994): 485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1994/576705.

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This article reviews the engineering theory and technology associated with the use of dicrete Isolators to protect Vibration-sensitive equipment or machinery against sinusoidal or random excitation. Special attention is given to protection against low frequency (<5 Hz) and high-frequency (>100 Hz) excitation. Both passive and active isolators systems are discussed.

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Djunaidi, Z., N. A. A. Tuah, and G. Rafifa. "Analysis of the Active and Passive Fire Protection Systems in the Government Building, Depok City, Indonesia." KnE Life Sciences 4, no. 5 (June 19, 2018): 384. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v4i5.2569.

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49

Metsios, Giorgos S., Andreas D. Flouris, Manuela Angioi, and Yiannis Koutedakis. "Passive Smoking and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Children: A Systematic Review." Cardiology Research and Practice 2011 (2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4061/2011/587650.

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Passive smoking may be implicated in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in children because of their partially developed physiological systems. The aim of the present systematic paper is to investigate whether passive smoking is associated with factors that influence the development of CVD in children. Data sources included Medline, Cochrane Library, Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health (CINAHL) research database, Google Scholar, Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), the 2006 Office of the Surgeon General's report, and the 2005 report from the California Environmental Protection Agency. We identified a total of 42 relevant articles (i.e., 30 reviews and 12 observational). Results revealed that passive smoking may be implicated in deteriorating cardiovascular status in children in terms of unfavorable high-density lipoprotein levels and deteriorated vascular function.

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Effendie, Moch Ichwan Nur. "Penerapan Fire Safety Management Pada Bangunan Gedung Grand Slipi Tower Dikaitkan Dengan Pemenuhan Peraturan Dan Standar Teknis Proteksi Kebakaran." Jurnal Media Teknik dan Sistem Industri 1 (December 26, 2017): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.35194/jmtsi.v1i0.114.

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Abstract - Fire protection systems are basically consist of active fire protections which need energy (energized system), passive fire protection named as Built-in system, and Fire Safety Management (FSM), which is known as Human system. This thesis investigated the FSM aspect, since from many fire incidences, the main problems are often caused by less attention in applying this aspects. The research was focused on Grand Slipi Tower building, Jakarta where research variables comprises the influences of Human Systems, Equipment Systems and Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) either partially or simultaneously. To resolve this issues, a questionnaire was designed in respectively 15 questions for each variable. The questionnaire was distributed randomly to 55 respondents of 122 staff personels of Grand Slipi Tower. The responds of questionnaires resulted in scores for all variables that have been studied. To show the significance results of the simple regression, t-test was conducted and for multiple regression, F-test was conducted. The final results shows that Human System, Equipment System and SOP, either simultaneously or partially, affecting the compliances of fire protection codes and technical standards of the Grand Slipi Tower building with 99% data accuracy. The effect of Human System partially, in percent was 71,3%. The effect of Equipment System partially, in percent was 64.8%. The SOP effect in percent was 48.5%. While the effects of Human System, Equipment System and SOP simultaneously to the compliance of Fire regulations, codes and standards of the Grand Slipi Tower building in percent was 83.1%Keywords : Human System, Equipment System, SOP, fire protection regulations, codes and standards

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