Статті в журналах: "Particulate matte"

1

Benenati, Emma P., Joseph P. Shannon, Jessica S. Hagan, and Dean W. Blinn. "Drifting Fine Particulate Organic Matte below Glen Canyon Dam in the Colorado River, Arizona." Journal of Freshwater Ecology 16, no. 2 (June 2001): 235–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02705060.2001.9663808.

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Loss, Arcângelo, Marcos Gervasio Pereira, Sidinei Julio Beutler, Adriano Perin, Marisa de Cassia Piccolo, Shirlei Almeida Assunção, and Everaldo Zonta. "THE IMPACT OF AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS IN THE SOIL ORGANIC MATTER CONTENT IN BRAZILIAN CERRADO." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 7, no. 8 (August 31, 2019): 220–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i8.2019.662.

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Were quantified the plant residues on the soil, total soil organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN) contents and the different soil organic matte (SOM) fractions and to determine 13C and 15N isotopic soil composition and plant residues in the crop–livestock integration system (CLIS), pasture and Cerrado areas, in Goias, Brazil. TOC and TN, C and N light organic matter content (C-LOM/N-LOM); C and N of particulate organic matter (C-POM/N-POM); and mineral organic matter (C-MOM/N-MOM) were evaluated. δ13C and δ15N of soil and LOM, POM, and MOM fractions, as well as the δ13C of plant residues, were also determined. Plant residues from pasture were more enriched with nutrients and C, and CLIS which are richer in N. δ13C of pasture and CLIS soils indicated that the C from the Cerrado vegetation (typically C3) was replaced by vegetation with C4 photosynthetic mechanisms. CLIS accumulated more TOC than the pasture, and provided higher C-MOM and N-MOM values than pasture, and higher N-LOM levels than pasture and Cerrado. δ13C of LOM is associated with more recent origins of carbon. δ15N of POM and soil of the CLIS and pasture indicate greater mineralization of SOM.

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3

Száková, J., J. Sysalová, and P. Tlustoš. "Particular aspects of environmental impact of potentially risk elements from airborne particulate matter." Plant, Soil and Environment 51, No. 8 (November 19, 2011): 376–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3613-pse.

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Two simple experiments were carried out to demonstrate two possible ways of environmental impact of element contents in airborne particulate matter. In the first part of the experiment, the response of three rural dust samples applied into the soil were assessed in pot experiment to observe uptake of As, Cd, Pb, and Zn by aboveground biomass of oat (Avena sativa L.). Although the element contents in dust samples exceeded significantly total element contents in soil, the element content in plants was not affected by single-rate soil amendment with rural dust sample. Soil sorption capacity and neutral pH of the experimental soil (7.0) was sufficient for immobilization of the elements. However, potentially mobilizable portions (0.005 mol/l DTPA extractable) of elements significantly increased (Cd by 116%, Pb by 39%, Zn by 50%) in the treated soil, which suggests a possible release of these elements in long-term horizon. On the contrary, high percentages of potentially toxic elements (Cd, Zn, Ni) in the most mobile (exchangeable) fractions were determined in the second part of investigation in two urban dust samples collected in Prague Letná automobile tunnel, and Prague subway station Museum. These results suggest possible direct impact of mobile, and thus potentially bio-available, element fractions on human environment. The results of both particular experiments cannot give complete information concerning behavior of harmful pollutants in airborne particulate matter and their influence on human health. They can however indicate two of possible ways of environmental pollution with this material. Yet, it would require a more detailed investigation in future.

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4

Danciulescu, Valeriu, Luoana Florentina Pascu, Mihaela Petrescu, Andreea Cozea, Raluca Diodiu, Gheorghita Tanase, and Maria Pasca. "The influence of emission sources on particulate matter pollution in adjacent areas." SIMI 2019, SIMI 2019 (September 20, 2019): 253–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/simi.2019.fp33.

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Particulates generated by anthropogenic activities are found in the ambient air in varying amounts, in a wide range of sizes and in a wide variety of chemical composition. The concentration of particulates at one site, as well as their composition, are influenced by their origin and dispersion factors. By chemical and dimensional analysis of particulates in an area, we can draw preliminary conclusions about the origin and level of pollution in that area. This paper presents the results obtained by concomitant monitoring of particulates emissions and the concentration of particulate matter in ambient air in the adjacent area of an industrial plant. The result of the measurements obtained and their correlation with the specific conditions during the monitoring period lead us to the conclusion that the concentration of particulate matter at the emission sources directly influences the concentrations of particulate matter in the neighbouring area.

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5

Grimm, Christian, Agnès Feurtet-Mazel, Oleg S. Pokrovsky, and Eric H. Oelkers. "Riverine Particulate Matter Enhances the Growth and Viability of the Marine Diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii." Minerals 13, no. 2 (January 26, 2023): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min13020183.

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Riverine particulates dominate the transport of vital nutrients such as Si, Fe or P to the ocean margins, where they may increase primary production by acting as slow-release fertilizer. Furthermore, the supply of particulate surface area to the ocean is considered to be a major control of organic carbon burial. Taken together, these observations suggest a close link between the supply of riverine particulate material and the organic carbon cycle. To explore this link, we conducted microcosm experiments to measure the growth of the marine diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii in the presence and absence of different types and concentrations of riverine particulate material. Results demonstrate a strong positive effect of riverine particulate material on diatom growth with increased total diatom concentrations and slowed post-exponential death rates with increasing particulate concentration. Moreover, SEM and optical microscope investigations confirm that riverine particulates facilitate organic carbon burial through their role in the aggregation and sedimentation of phytoplankton. The supply of riverine particulate material has been shown to be markedly climate sensitive with their fluxes increasing dramatically with increasing global temperature and runoff. This pronounced climate sensitivity implies that riverine particulates contribute substantially in regulating atmospheric CO2 concentrations through their role in the organic carbon cycle.

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6

Fang, Guor-Cheng, Yuh-Shen Wu, Wen-Jhy Lee, Te-Yen Chou, and I.-Chen Lin. "Seasonal variation in concentration and metallic constituents of atmospheric particulates near the western coast of central Taiwan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, no. 5 (June 2006): 193–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th262oa.

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In addition to determining the concentration and metallic constituents of particulate matter at Taichung Harbor in central Taiwan, this study attempts to characterize the mass, metallic elements, composition and concentrations of total suspended particulates (TSP), fine particles and coarse particles. Statistical approaches, such as the Spearman tests, were also adopted to determine the seasonal variations of concentrations of these pollutants. Experimental results indicate that the mean TSP, fine particulate and coarse particulate concentrations in spring and winter are higher than in summer and autumn on the western coast of central Taiwan. Spearman statistical analysis of metallic elements Mn and Pb showed high concentration coefficients for fine and coarse particulates on the western coast of central Taiwan. The order of mean metallic concentrations in TSP, coarse particulates and fine particles was Fe-Zn-Mg-Cu-Cr-Mn-Pb in TSP, Fe-Cu-Zn-Mg-Mn-Pb-Cr in coarse particulates and Fe-Cu-Mg-Pb-Zn-Mn-Cr in fine particulates.

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7

Ida, Munfarida, Sofyan Asep, and Rezagama Arya. "Effect of Organic Particulate Matter on Vegetable Crops and their Control Potentials." E3S Web of Conferences 73 (2018): 05021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20187305021.

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Air pollution has an impact, include impact to the plants. The adverse effects of air pollution have been associated with three major sources. They are gaseous pollutant and particulates from fossil fuels, manufacturing plants and vehicles. Many studies reveal that plants absorb particulate pollutants can cause damage or decline in growth. This study analysed the effects of organic particulate matter exposure on vegetable crops that were lettuce (Lactuta sativa L) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L). Thus from the research we can control vegetable crops from particulate matter pollution. Growth parameters include the number of leaves, plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, number of chlorophyll and stomata index. This research was conducted on Padjadjaran University Greenhouse, Jatinangor. Lettuce and cucumber were given three treatment, those were: plant was contaminated with organic particulate matter derived from clay, plant inside and outside the chamber were not contaminated. The results showed that organic particulate matter exposure more affects the growth of lettuce than cucumbers for the following parameters: plant height, dry weight and fresh weight. Control potentials of organic particulate matter include regulation management, reducing field burning of vegetable residue, and implementation of particulate matter control devices in industry and vehicles.

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8

Min, Seonghee, and Yoosoo Oh. "A Study of Particulate Matter Area Division Using PM10 Data Clustering: Focusing on the Case of Korean Particulate Matter Observatory." Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems 11, no. 12-SPECIAL ISSUE (December 31, 2019): 959–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.5373/jardcs/v11sp12/20193300.

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9

Yu, Yun Jiang, Qiong Wang, Zhong Ren Nan, Yan Ping Zhang, Hai Peng Lin, and Sheng Li Wang. "Distribution Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollutants on Air Particulate Matters in Lanzhou City." Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (May 2012): 961–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.961.

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In order to learn the present situation of heavy metals on particulate matters and evaluate their health risk, this paper cites the examples of District Xigu which is severely polluted and Town Yuzhong which is slightly polluted in Lanzhou city, the concentration of heavy metals attached on particulate matters in different seasons and different regions is measured, and the distribution proportion of heavy metals in different diameters of particulates is analyzed. Based on the health risk evaluation model recommended by USEPA, this paper evaluates health risks of pollution caused by heavy metals on atmosphere particulates at different sampling places in Lanzhou city. The result shows that heavy metal attached on particulate matter in Lanzhou city is distributed seasonally and regionally. Heavy metals on particulate matters in Lanzhou city are mainly attached on particulates of which the diameters are less than 10μm(PM10). In terms of horizontal gradient, the hazard index of heavy metal in the total suspension particulates in severely-polluted district of Lanzhou city in winter is greater than 1. In terms of vertical gradient, the hazard index of heavy metals on total suspension particulates 15m above ground in winter is greater than 1. These polluted aspects should be treated. The carcinogenic risk of chromium exceeds 10-6~10-4which is acceptable scope stipulated by USEPA and should be well handled.

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10

Kuldeep, Kuldeep, Sohil Sisodiya, and Anil Mathur. "Environmental Risk Assessment Ascribed to Particulate Matter for Kota City, Rajasthan (India)." ECS Transactions 107, no. 1 (April 24, 2022): 543–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/10701.0543ecst.

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The present study analyses the current PM10 and PM2.5 pollution scenarios for Kota City (India) to evaluate human health and ecological environment risks associated with particulate matter pollution exposure. Particulate matter concentration revealed a falling trend during the research period, but PM10 and PM2.5 exceeded the Indian NAAQS and WHO standards. The dust ratio (PM10/PM2.5) has been increased over the years from 0.36 to 0.51. and continue to overgrow for Kota City, showing that fine particulates share more than 45% of total particulate matter. Kota exhibits a high exposure of population towards pollution compared to other megacities of the state. The ecological environment and health risk assessment showed the greater vulnerability of the people to potential risks caused by particulate matter as the risk level remained more than one throughout the research period. The exposure presents important conclusions to stakeholders and policymakers for the proper adoption of mitigation measures.

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11

Molik, Artur, Marzena Trojanowska, Monika Łożyńska, and Ryszard Świetlik. "Seasonal variations in chromium concentration in urban atmospheric aerosol in the city of Radom." E3S Web of Conferences 28 (2018): 01024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20182801024.

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This paper presents seasonal variations in the occurrence of chromium in urban particulate matter (PM). Radom is an interesting area for this type of research due to its typical antiquated heating infrastructure. PM samples of two particulate fractions PM2.5 (particulates ≤ 2.5 µm) and PM10 (particulates ≤ 10 µm) were collected using a Copley cascade impactor Hi-Flow MOUDI Model 130. Chromium was determined in the samples using the GF-AAS technique. The concentration of chromium in PM2.5 was in the range of 0.38 to 3.2 ng/m3, whereas in PM10 it ranged from 0.43 to 4.1 ng/m3.

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12

Lohr, Virginia I., Georgia K. Goodwin, and Caroline H. Pearson-Mims. "512 PB 286 EFFECTS OF INTERIOR PLANTS ON RELATIVE HUMIDITY AND AIR-BORNE PARTICULATE MATTER IN INDOOR ENVIRONMENTS." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 504g—504. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.504g.

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Foliage plants were added to different environments, including an office and a computer lab. Relative humidity and air-borne particulate matter were monitored in the presence and absence of the plants. When the relative humidity was low, the addition of plants increased the relative humidity slightly, but significantly, over that when no plants were present. Particulate matter accumulation was not increased in the presence of plants. Some have hypothesized that the growing medium could be a source of increased particulates when plants are used indoors. Some of our experiments used self-watering containers, irrigated from below, resulting in very dusty conditions in the top of the container. If the growing medium could contribute to increases in particulate matter, we should have detected it in this study.

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13

Zheng, Guozhong, Yuzhen Lu, Yajing Wang, Zhengzheng Zhao, Ke Li, and Xutao Zhang. "The Effects of Outdoor Source on Pollution Characteristics and Dynamic Changes of Particulate Matter in an Office." Advances in Civil Engineering 2018 (November 28, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4765406.

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The indoor air quality has a direct impact on human health. Particulate matter is one of the important factors affecting the indoor air quality. The paper selects an office as the study object and studies the pollution characteristics and dynamic changes of indoor particulate matter in different outdoor pollution levels. The mass concentration of outdoor PM10 is used as the evaluation basis of the outdoor pollution level. The outdoor PM10 concentration levels are divided into the range of 200–300, 300–400, 400–500, 500–600, 600–700 μg·m−3, individually. Firstly, the change characteristics of the mass concentration and the number concentration of the particulate matter in the five outdoor conditions are analyzed. Secondly, the maximum increase values and the maximum increase rates of the mass concentrations of different particle sizes in the five conditions are compared. Then, the penetration factors of the particulates in different sizes are compared among the five conditions. Finally, the correlation between indoor particulate matter and outdoor particulate matter is studied. The study results show that the effect of outdoor infiltration has a great influence on the indoor PM1 mass concentration, and the penetrating factors of the particulate matter between 0.3 μm and 0.5 μm are higher than 0.6; their permeability is the most obvious.

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14

Lu, Mei Fang, Mei Chuan Huang, Kuang Hung Cheng, and Jim Jui Min Lin. "Size and Composition of Ambient Particulates in the Yueguangshan-Tunnel, Taiwan." Advanced Materials Research 726-731 (August 2013): 2074–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.726-731.2074.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the characteristics of size distribution and chemical composition of ambient particulates inside a tunnel. Inside the tunnel, the average concentration of PM2.5and PM2.5-10was 479 and 444 μg/m3respectively. The average mass-size distribution showed a trimodal distribution (25-30, 4.0-5.0, and 2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM>10were 25%, 40%, and 35% of the total suspended particulates. Because of the poor air ventilation inside the tunnel, the particulates accumulate inside the tunnel. The dominated species of PM2.5were EC (average concentration 122.91 μg/m3, 25.78%), OC (47.68 μg/m3, 10.53%), SO42-(37.42 μg/m3, 8.24%), and NO3-(35.01 μg/m3, 7.95%), and were EC ( 131.77 μg/m3, 29.87%), OC (53.74 μg/m3, 12.15%), SO42-(31.35 μg/m3, 7.11%), and NO3-(28.10 μg/m3, 6.42%) for PM2.5-10. Results from this study showed that the concentrations of coarse particulate matter and several metals are apparently dominated by re-suspended matter rather than emissions from vehicles, e.g., Al, Ca, and Fe. Therefore, ambient particulate matter is caused by not only vehicle exhaust emission but also dusty roads and traffic-generated dust.

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15

Grant-Jacob, James A., and Ben Mills. "Deep learning in airborne particulate matter sensing: a review." Journal of Physics Communications 6, no. 12 (December 1, 2022): 122001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2399-6528/aca45e.

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Abstract Airborne particulate matter pollution is a global health problem that affects people from all demographics. To reduce the impact of such pollution and enable mitigation and policy planning, quantifying individuals’ exposure to pollution is necessary. To achieve this, effective monitoring of airborne particulates is required, through monitoring of pollution hotspots and sources. Furthermore, since pollution is a global problem, which varies from urban areas to city centres, industrial facilities to inside homes, a variety of sensors might be needed. Current sensing techniques either lack species resolution on a world scale, lack real-time capabilities, or are too expensive or too large for mass deployment. However, recent work using deep learning techniques has expanded the capability of current sensors and allowed the development of new techniques that have the potential for worldwide, species specific, real-time monitoring. Here, it is proposed how deep learning can enable sensor design for the development of small, low-cost sensors for real-time monitoring of particulate matter pollution, whilst unlocking the capability for predicting future particulate events and health inference from particulates, for both individuals and the environment in general.

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16

Chezganova, E. A., O. S. Efimova, S. A. Sozinov, A. R. Efimova, V. M. Sakharova, A. G. Kutikhin, M. V. Osnova, Z. R. Ismagilov, and E. B. Brusina. "Particulate Matter in a Hospital Environment: as Potential Reservoir for Hospital Strains." Epidemiology and Vaccinal Prevention 18, no. 4 (September 13, 2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31631/2073-3046-2019-18-4-82-92.

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Relevance. For decades, many aspects of aerosol transmission of hospital pathogens have been and remain the subject of scientific debate. Despite fairly detailed studies of the mechanism of microbial aerosols formation, distribution, the role of particulate matter in the formation of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistant hospital clones of microorganisms is still unclear. Aim. To investigate physicochemical properties and microbiological diversity of hospital particulate matter. Materials and Methods. Shape and size of particulates was assessed by means of scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering while elemental analysis was performed using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and high-temperature catalytic oxidation. Microbial profiling was conducted using polymerase chain reaction and Vitek 2 biochemical analyzer. Results. Hospital particulate matter included globular and fibrillary particles consisting of carbon, oxygen, calcium, silicon, aluminium, and sulfur. Intriguingly, microfiber particles had higher oxygen and calcium content along with the lower level of carbon in mineral but not organic component. Differential localisation of silicon and calcium in elemental mapping suggested that hospital particulate matter was composed of aluminosilicate minerals and calcium compounds. Among the microorganisms, we found multidrug-resistant strains Raoultella ornithinolytica, Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Pantoea spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecium and additionally Pasteurella canis in hospital particulate matter samples. Conclusions. Particulate matter in the hospital environment might be considered as a potential reservoir for the evolution of antibiotic resistance and multidrug-resistant strains.

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17

Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar, Krystian Szczepański, and Magdalena Zimakowska-Laskowska. "Assessment of Environmental Risks of Particulate Matter Emissions from Road Transport Based on the Emission Inventory." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 30, 2021): 6123. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11136123.

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The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental hazards posed by solid particles resulting from road transport. To achieve this, a methodology used to inventory pollutant emissions was used in accordance with the recommendations of the EMEP/EEA (European Monitoring and Evaluation Programme/European Economic Area). This paper classifies particulates derived from road transport with reference to their properties and sources of origin. The legal status of environmental protection against particulate matter is presented. The emissions of particulate matter with different properties from different road transport sources is examined based on the results of Poland’s inventory of pollutant emissions in the year 2018. This study was performed using areas with characteristic traffic conditions: inside and outside cities, as well as on highways and expressways. The effects of vehicles were classified according to Euro emissions standards into the categories relating to the emissions of different particulate matter types. The results obtained showed that technological progress in the automobile sector has largely contributed to a reduction in particulate matter emissions associated with engine exhaust gases, and that this has had slight effect on particulate matter emissions associated with the tribological processes of vehicles. The conclusion formed is that it is advisable to undertake work towards the control and reduction of road transport particulate matter emissions associated with the sources other than engine exhaust gases.

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18

Sakai, Mitsuaki, Yukio Sato, Shoko Sato, Satoshi Ihara, Masataka Onizuka, Yuzuru Sakakibara, and Hideto Takahashi. "Effect of relocating to areas of reduced atmospheric particulate matter levels on the human circulating leukocyte count." Journal of Applied Physiology 97, no. 5 (November 2004): 1774–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00024.2004.

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A high level of atmospheric particulate matter induces an increase in circulating polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) counts and an increase in serum inflammatory cytokine levels. The particulate level in Antarctica is extremely low compared with that in industrial countries. We hypothesized that this low level would reduce circulating leukocyte counts and serum inflammatory cytokine levels in people visiting Antarctica from industrial countries. The number density of particulates with aerodynamic diameters of <10.0 μm was measured in Japan and in Antarctica during the 41st Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition. Circulating leukocyte counts, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and interleukin-6 levels, and pulmonary function were determined at regular intervals in 39 expedition members. The particulate number density was <1% of that measured in Japan. Total leukocytes, segmented and band-formed PMN, monocyte counts, and serum interleukin-6 levels decreased in Antarctica compared with the initial values measured in Japan. Pulmonary function parameters did not change except for maximal voluntary ventilation. Particulate matter levels had more significant effects on segmented PMN, band-formed PMN, and monocyte counts than cigarette smoking and the type of work. Exposure to reduced atmospheric particulates is considered to be a major factor for decreasing circulating leukocyte counts and serum cytokine levels.

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19

Fullová, Daša, and Daniela Đurčanská. "Laboratory Measurements of Particulate Matter Concentrations from Asphalt Pavement Abrasion." Civil and Environmental Engineering 12, no. 2 (December 1, 2016): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cee-2016-0013.

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Abstract The issue of emissions from road traffic is compounded by the fact that the number of vehicles and driven kilometres increase each year. Road traffic is one of the main sources of particulate matter and traffic volume is still increasing and has unpleasant impact on longevity of the pavements and the environment. Vehicle motions cause mechanical wearing of the asphalt pavement surface - wearing course by vehicle tyres. The contribution deals with abrasion of bituminous wearing courses of pavements. The asphalt mixtures of wearing courses are compared in terms of mechanically separated particulate matter. The samples of asphalt mixtures were rutted in wheel tracking machine. The particulate matter measurements were performed in laboratory conditions. The experimental laboratory measurements make it possible to sample particulates without contamination from exhaust emissions, abraded particles from vehicles, resuspension of road dust and climate affects. The contribution offers partial results of measurements on six trial samples of asphalt mixtures with different composition. It presents particulate matter morphology and the comparison of rutted asphalt samples in terms of PM mass concentrations and chemical composition.

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20

Prasannavenkatesh, Ramachandran, Ramachandran Andimuthu, Palanivelu Kandasamy, Geetha Rajadurai, Divya Subash Kumar, Parthasarathy Radhapriya, and Malini Ponnusamy. "Assessment of Population Exposure to Coarse and Fine Particulate Matter in the Urban Areas of Chennai, India." Scientific World Journal 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/643714.

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Research outcomes from the epidemiological studies have found that the course (PM10) and the fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are mainly responsible for various respiratory health effects for humans. The population-weighted exposure assessment is used as a vital decision-making tool to analyze the vulnerable areas where the population is exposed to critical concentrations of pollutants. Systemic sampling was carried out at strategic locations of Chennai to estimate the various concentration levels of particulate pollution during November 2013–January 2014. The concentration of the pollutants was classified based on the World Health Organization interim target (IT) guidelines. Using geospatial information systems the pollution and the high-resolution population data were interpolated to study the extent of the pollutants at the urban scale. The results show that approximately 28% of the population resides in vulnerable locations where the coarse particulate matter exceeds the prescribed standards. Alarmingly, the results of the analysis of fine particulates show that about 94% of the inhabitants live in critical areas where the concentration of the fine particulates exceeds the IT guidelines. Results based on human exposure analysis show the vulnerability is more towards the zones which are surrounded by prominent sources of pollution.

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21

Chyc, Marek. "Air purifier – individual protection against indoor particulate matter." Health Promotion & Physical Activity 10, no. 1 (March 30, 2020): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.0663.

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The research work presents the findings of testing air purified using two commercial air purifiers available on the local market. Tests were carried out in the office and bedroom of a residential building. The results obtained show a high (75–93%) yield of air purification from particulate matter. Particulate matters fractions such as: PM1, PM2.5, PM4.0, PM10 and total suspended particulates (TSP) were analysed by means professional dust meter. A very strong correlation of particulate matter (PM) contents were found in individual particle classes during equipment operation. Obtained results approve high efficiency of equipment operation in the total range of measured values. This study is one of the first in the topic of assessing the effectiveness of PM purification, taking into account various dust fractions. This study should be useful for individual customers and for public utilities during purchase decisions.

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22

Samsonov, Y. N., V. A. Ivanov, D. J. McRae, and S. P. Baker. "Chemical and dispersal characteristics of particulate emissions from forest fires in Siberia." International Journal of Wildland Fire 21, no. 7 (2012): 818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf11038.

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Approximately 20 experimental fires were conducted on forest plots of 1–4 ha each in 2000–07 in two types of boreal forests in central Siberia, and 18 on 6 × 12-m plots in 2008–10. These experiments were designed to mimic wildfires under similar burning conditions. The fires were conducted in prescribed conditions including full documentation on pre-fire weather, pre-fire and post-fire forest fuels, fire intensities, and other biological, physical and chemical parameters. The amount of particulate matter emitted during a typical fire averaged 0.6 t ha–1 and ranged within 0.2–1.0 t ha–1 depending on burning conditions. Particulates accounted for ~1–7% of the total mass of the consumed biomass during a typical forest fire (10–30 t ha–1 based on our data from 2000–07). Most of the particulate matter consists of organic substances, 77% on average, with a range of 70–90%. Elemental carbon averaged 8%, with a range of 2–18%. Trace element compositions and amounts of particulates indicate that there was no actual difference in the element emissions sampled from the fires conducted in the two forest types (6–8% in larch forest and 8% in pine forest). Most of the particulate matter, 90–95%, consists of submicrometre and near-micrometre particles ~0.1–5 μm in diameter.

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23

Raina, Anil K., and Anita Sharma. "Ambient air quality of Katra Town (J&K): A Study with Reference to atmospheric particulates." Environment Conservation Journal 14, no. 1&2 (June 16, 2013): 113–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2013.141220.

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The monitoring of ambient air quality of Katra (one of the important town of Jammu from economic as well as religious point of view), at selected locations of residential areas, commercial areas and traffic crossings with respect to particulate matter (both respirable and non-respirable) has been conducted for a period of two years i.e. July 2010 – June 2012. Large variations in ambient particulate matter concentrations have been observed throughout the study period. Seasonally, the particulate matter exhibited low values during monsoon period and high values during post-monsoon period. The concentration of particulates (both respirable and non-respirable) in post monsoon season exceeded the concentrations than that of other seasons at most of the sites, thereby signifying the impact of local factors on pollutant concentrations, besides the impact of meteorological factors. Higher concentrations have been recorded in the year 2011-2012 as compared to 2010-2011 at all the sites except traffic crossings.

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Blom, Douglas A., and Ted A. Nolan. "Spark Ignition Motor Vehicle Exhaust Particulate Matter Characterization." Microscopy and Microanalysis 6, S2 (August 2000): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600032852.

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The Northern Front Range Air Quality Study concluded that for the Denver metropolitan area during 1996 and 1997, 55% of particles with an aerodynamic diameter 50% cutpoint of 2.5 μm (PM2.5) were attributable to motor vehicle exhaust particulates. The health effects of PM2.5 are currently unknown, but are under investigation. It is of vital interest to understand the chemistry, morphology, size distribution and microstructure of motor vehicle exhaust. The techniques of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) appear to be well suited for the analysis of the microstructure, morphology and microchemical composition of particulate matter. Previous electron microscopy observations of particulate matter from a variety of sources have found that the chemical composition and crystal structure are characteristics of the source of the particles.As part of an ongoing research project into the health effects of motor vehicle particulate matter, Southwest Research Institute (SWRI) is performing chassis dynamometer tests of a variety of vehicles and collecting samples from the exhaust stream for analysis.

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25

Cha, Yingying, Saeed Abbasi, and Ulf Olofsson. "Indoor and outdoor measurement of airborne particulates on a commuter train running partly in tunnels." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part F: Journal of Rail and Rapid Transit 232, no. 1 (April 7, 2016): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954409716642492.

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Wear processes from mechanical braking, rail/wheel contact, the railway electrification system and re-suspended materials due to the turbulence of passing trains in tunnels and stations have been suggested to be the main contributors to particulate matter levels inside trains. In this study, onboard monitoring was performed on a commuter train stopping at underground and aboveground stations. The concentration and size distribution of particulates were monitored for both indoor and outdoor levels. The results show that the levels of PM10 and PM2.5 inside the train were about one-fifth of the outdoor levels. Significant increases in indoor particulate number concentrations were observed in tunnel environments and there was a slight increase when the doors were open. Differences in the size distributions of micro- and nano-sized particulates could be identified for different tunnels.

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26

Hill, Alan R., and Angela M. Brooks. "Coarse particulate organic matter inputs to a headwater swamp stream." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137, no. 1 (July 18, 1996): 25–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/137/1996/25.

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27

Srimuruganandam, B. "Quantification of Size Segregated Particulate Matter Deposition in Human Airways." Journal of Advanced Research in Alternative Energy, Environment and Ecology 05, no. 04 (December 21, 2018): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.24321/2455.3093.201803.

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28

Wissel, Björn, and Brian Fry. "Sources of Particulate Organic Matter in the Mississippi River, USA." Large Rivers 15, no. 1-4 (December 19, 2003): 105–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/lr/15/2003/105.

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29

Wu, Yuh-Shen, Guor-Cheng Fang, Jum-Bo Lin, Jhih-Guang Lin, Shih-Han Huang, and Jui-Yeh Rau. "Atmospheric pollutants study of particles and metallic elements during high wind speed (wind speed >6 m/s) near Taiwan Strait around central Taiwan." Toxicology and Industrial Health 22, no. 1 (February 2006): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1191/0748233706th239oa.

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The purpose of this study was to characterize metallic elements associated with atmospheric particulate matter in total suspended particulate (TSP), fine particles (particle matter with an aerodynamic diameter of B / 2.5 mm, PM2.5) and coarse particles (particle matter with an aerodynamic diameter of 2.5-10 mm, PM2.5- 10), at high wind speed (wind speed-6 m/s) at Taichung Harbor (TH) and Wuci traffic (WT) in central Taiwan from March to December 2004. The correlation coefficient (R2) between TSP, coarse, fine particulate concentrations versus wind speed at the TH and WT sampling site during high wind speed (-6 m/s) are shown in this study. In addition, the correlation coefficients between TSP, coarse and fine particles of metallic species versus high wind speed were also observed. The results indicated that the correlation coefficient order was TSP-coarse-fine for particles at both sampling sites during high wind speed (-6 m/s) near central Taiwan. In addition, the concentrations of Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cr, Mg for TSP, coarse and fine particulates were also analysed in this study.

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Huboyo, Haryono S., and Sudarno Sudarno. "Analysis of Particulates and SO2 Removal from Coal Combustion Emissions Using Cyclone and Wet Scrubber With Textile Wastewater Feed." TEKNIK 41, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 239–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v41i3.33883.

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Reuse of wastewater in the industry is mostly accomplished for watering plants. In a closed cycle, however, industrial wastewater can be returned through treatment to save water usage. This study aims to analyze textile wastewater's ability to be used as scrubbing liquid in the SO2 gas and particulate removal from coal combustion using a packed wet scrubber. Usually, the textile industry uses boiler fueled by coal and discharging base/alkaline wastewater. The method is carried out experimentally using a prototype device using a combination of cyclone and scrubber, with a source of coal combustion gas emissions. We did experiments using textile wastewater four times and two times using clean water as a control. We monitor the SO2, particulate emission in the gas stream, and pH, sulfate levels, and TSS levels in collected wastewater according to SNI. SO2 gas and particulates from coal combustion will be absorbed by the scrubber's wastewater spray so that SO2 will dissolve into sulfate, particulate matter into TSS. The study results using textile wastewater showed the removal efficiency of particulates on cyclone by 34-78%. The removal efficiency of SO2 on wet scrubber was only 24.7%. There was an increase in TSS levels after passing through the scrubber by 46%. The rise in TSS and sulfate concentrations in the wastewater indicates the absorption of SO2 and particulates into wastewater. Based on this result, we can use textile wastewater for controlling the emission of SO2 and particulate from coal combustion by feeding it for the scrubber. However, the efficiency of this process is not optimal.

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Palhana Moreira, Patricia Simone, Rivanildo Dallacort, Idilaine De Fatima Lima, Rafael Cesar Tieppo, and Cristiano Santos. "Concentração de Material Particulado (PM10) na Região de Tangará da Serra-MT, Sul da Amazônia Legal (Particulate Matter Concentration in Tangará da Serra Region, Southern Legal...)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 7, no. 6 (February 25, 2015): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v7.6.p1145-1152.

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O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar as concentrações de material particulado presente na atmosfera de Tangará da Serra-MT, e correlacioná-los com as variáveis meteorológicas, informações de saúde e com o número de focos de queimada no Estado de Mato Grosso. Os dados de material particulado foram amostrados diariamente a cada 5 minutos, com auxilio do coletor DataRam4, no período de agosto de 2008 a julho de 2009. Os dados meteorológicos foram disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia - INMET, o qual possui uma estação meteorológica instalada na Universidade do Estado de Mato Grosso – UNEMAT. A média de concentração do período foi de 30,1 ug.m-3. Os meses de agosto, setembro e outubro apresentaram concentrações mais altas de material particulado, nestes meses também ocorreram os maiores números de queimadas no Estado. Nos meses em que foram registrados os picos de concentração, houve dias em que os padrões de qualidade do ar foram ultrapassados. No mês de outubro, que foi o de maior concentração, as médias diárias ultrapassaram 150 ug.m-3 em três dias. As concentrações de material particulado (PM10) foram altas apenas em um período relativamente curto, de apenas três meses, nos demais meses as concentrações foram baixas, não ultrapassando os limites de qualidade do ar. A B S T R A C T The aim of this work was to analyze the atmospheric particulate matter concentrations in Tangara da Serra MT, and correlate them with meteorological variables, health information and the number of fire spots in Mato Grosso State. The particulate matter data were sampled every five minutes daily with a DataRam4 collector, from August 2008 to July 2009. Meteorological data were acquired from the National Institute of Meteorology - INMET, which has a weather station at the Mato Grosso State University - UNEMAT. The average concentration for the period was 30.1 ug.m-3. The months of August, September and October showed higher concentrations of particulate matter, in these months also occurred the highest number of fire spots in the State. In the months that had the concentrations peak, there were days when the air quality standards were exceeded. In October, which had the highest concentration, the daily average exceeded 150 ug.m-3 in three days. The concentrations of particulate matter (PM10) were high, but only in a relatively short period of three months, in the remaining months the concentrations were low, not exceeding the limits of air quality. Keywords: Meteorological Variables, Fire Spots, Meteorology.

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32

Lee, Seonggu, and Jitae Shin. "Hybrid Model of Convolutional LSTM and CNN to Predict Particulate Matter." International Journal of Information and Electronics Engineering 9, no. 1 (March 2019): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/ijiee.2019.9.1.701.

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33

Janning, K. F., K. Mesterton, and P. Harremoës. "Hydrolysis and degradation of filtrated organic particulates in a biofilm reactor under anoxic and aerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0065.

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Two experiments were performed in order to investigate the anoxic and the aerobic degradation of filtrated organic matter in a biofilter. In submerged lab. scale reactors with Biocarbone media as filter material, accumulated particulate organic matter from pre-settled wastewater served as the only carbon source for anoxic and aerobic degradation respectively. In order to utilise the accumulated organic matter, the bacteria in the biofilm had to produce extracellular hydrolytic enzymes for the hydrolysis process. In the first experiment with anoxic degradation, a significant denitrification occurred. The maximum nitrate removal rate, with particulate organic matter as carbon source, was found to 1 g NO3-N/ (m2d), declining exponentially as rA.NO3-N = 1.04 e −4t g NO3-N/(m2d) (t = days). A significant release of soluble organic matter (< 0.45 μm) and production of inorganic carbon to the bulk liquid was observed as an indication of hydrolysis taking place. The second experiment was designed as a series of on-line OUR batch experiments in a biofilm reactor with recirculation, in order to investigate further the degradation of particulate organic matter. After the biofilm had been starved in order to remove the original organic matter, particulate organic matter was added and the degradation kinetics recorded. The initial removal rate was high, rA.02 = 2.1 g O2/(m2d) though fast declining towards endogenous respiration. The respiration ratio between removed oxygen and produced carbon dioxide was declining from 1.3 to 1.0 g O2/g CO2 during the degradation of organic particulates. The respiration ratio during endogenous respiration was determined to be 0.7 g O2/g CO2 indicating a thorough mineralisation of biomass.

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Cozzi, Stefano, та Carolina Cantoni. "Stable isotope (δ13C and δ15N) composition of particulate organic matter, nutrients and dissolved organic matter during spring ice retreat at Terra Nova Bay". Antarctic Science 23, № 1 (2 вересня 2010): 43–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102010000611.

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AbstractConcentration and isotope composition of particulate organic matter were analysed from five coastal sites on the annual fast ice and in the underlying water column at Terra Nova Bay. The highest increases of POC (< 2767 μM C) and PON (< 420 μM N) were reached in bottom ice and the unconsolidated platelet layer, linked with a large accumulation of nutrients and dissolved organic matter. Isotope POM composition in ice habitats was highly varied (δ13CPOC: -30.7 to -15.0‰, δ15NPON: 1.8–9.9‰). Constant negative δ13CPOC (> -29.3‰) and positive δ15NPON (< 9.4‰) values characterized the upper ice horizons, indicating the prevalence of aged detritus in these assemblages. By contrast, isotope composition (δ13CPOC: -15.0 to -29.7‰, δ15NPON: 1.8–9.6‰) and POC/PON ratios (6.2–12.6) changed markedly in bottom ice and interstitial water, even on short time scales, because of the combined effects of internal growth and mixing among freshly produced biomass. Sea ice breakout caused a large settling of particulates in the water column. It changed δ13CPOC (from 7.9 to 1.8‰) and δ15NPON (7.9–1.8‰) values in suspended particulate matter, indicating that inputs from fast ice strongly affect the isotopic signature of the particulate assemblage Antarctic coastal waters.

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35

Dong, Rui, Zhiqing Zhang, Yanshuai Ye, Huiqiong Huang, and Chao Cao. "Review of Particle Filters for Internal Combustion Engines." Processes 10, no. 5 (May 17, 2022): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10050993.

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Diesel engines have gradually become one of the main forces in the human transportation industry because of their high efficiency, good durability, and stable operation. However, compared with gasoline vehicles, the high emission of diesel vehicles forces manufacturers to introduce new pollutant control technologies. Although the particulate matter emissions of gasoline vehicles are lower than that of diesel vehicles, with the popularity of gasoline vehicles and the continuous rise of power, the impact of these particles on the environment cannot be ignored. Therefore, diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters have been invented to collect the fine particles in the exhaust gas to protect the environment and meet increasingly stringent emission regulations. This paper summarizes the research progress on diesel particulate filters and gasoline particulate filters at present and comprehensively introduces the diesel particulate filter and gasoline particulate filter from the mechanism, composition, and operation processes. Additionally, the laws and regulations of various countries and the impact of gas waste particulates on the human body are described. In addition, the mechanisms of the diesel particulate filter, gasoline particulate filter, and regeneration were studied. Finally, the prospects and future directions for the development of particle filters for internal combustion engines are presented.

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36

Sinha, Sohni, Rajdeo Kumar, Amit Ranjan Kumar, Vignesh Prabhu, Ram Pravesh Kumar, and Ashutosh Kumar Tripathi. "Elemental Characteristics of Respirable Particulate Matter in the Urban Atmosphere of Dehradun, Uttrakhand, India." Current World Environment 16, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 319–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.16.1.32.

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To evaluate the ambient air quality of the Dehradun city, respirable particulate matter was collected using respirable dust sampler (RDS) and analysed for the heavy metal content using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The morphology of particulates were determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the elemental composition was determined through SEM- energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Particulate matter mass concentration ranged from 65.00 µg m-3 to 337.33 µg m-3. Quantified heavy metals in particulate matter were Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Cobalt (Co), Manganese (Mn), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Chromium (Cr), Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd). The order of concentration of heavy metals were found to be in the trend of Fe>Zn>Cu>Pb>Cr>Ni>Mn>Co>Cd. Maximum concentration of PM10 was found at commercial site during summer, winter and monsoon season. Enrichment factor analysis showed substantial contribution of anthropogenic activities on PM10. Source apportionment (varimax rotated factor analysis method) showed dominance of incineration and uncontrolled burning of waste and refuses, resuspended dust with vehicular emission and crustal sources as the dominant sources in Dehradun. Plantation drive strategy have major role in ambient particulate matter mitigation measures and carbon sequestration from climate change and global problem worldwide. This study will be help to mitigate or decrease the load of air pollution by the using of various trees for sustainable human development on the marvellous earth planet.

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37

Janning, K. F., X. Le Tallec, and P. Harremoës. "Hydrolysis of organic wastewater particles in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilm reactors under anoxic and aerobic conditions." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 8-9 (October 1, 1998): 179–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0805.

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Hydrolysis and degradation of particulate organic matter has been isolated and investigated in laboratory scale and pilot scale biofilters. Wastewater was supplied to biofilm reactors in order to accumulate particulates from wastewater in the filter. When synthetic wastewater with no organic matter was supplied to the reactors, hydrolysis of the particulates was the only process occurring. Results from the laboratory scale experiments under aerobic conditions with pre-settled wastewater show that the initial removal rate is high: rV, O2 = 2.1 kg O2/(m3 d) though fast declining towards a much slower rate. A mass balance of carbon (TOC/TIC) shows that only 10% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 12 hour long experiment. The pilot scale hydrolysis experiment was performed in a new type of biofilm reactor - the B2A® biofilter that is characterised by a series of decreasing sized granular media (80-2.5 mm). When hydrolysis experiments were performed on the anoxic pilot biofilter with pre-screened wastewater particulates as carbon source, a rapid (rV, NO3=0.7 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) and a slowler (rV, NO3 = 0.3 kg NO3-N/(m3 d)) removal rate were observed at an oxygen concentration of 3.5 mg O2/l. It was found that the pilot biofilter could retain significant amounts of particulate organic matter, reducing the porosity of the filter media of an average from 0.35 to 0.11. A mass balance of carbon shows that up to 40% of the total incoming TOC accumulates in the filter at high flow rates. Only up to 15% of the accumulated TOC was transformed to TIC during the 24 hour long experiment.

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Kamboj, Kuldeep, and Anil K. Mathur. "Environmental Risk Assessment from 2018 To 2022 for Kota, Rajasthan (India)." Current World Environment 17, no. 3 (December 30, 2022): 698–713. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/cwe.17.3.18.

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Particulate matter pollution in the metropolis has become an international concern because of its dangerous short and long-term effects on humans and the environment. This research aims to quantify particulate matter's severe impact on inhabitants and identify the ecological environment risk category of Kota city, Rajasthan (India), throughout the selected study period from 2018 to 2022 for four years. Human health risk assessment has been assessed through AirQ+ software (WHO invented), while ecological hazard risk categories were recognised through risk quotient (RQ). The present scenario of particulate matter concentration is compared with standards given by different regulating agencies (WHO, USEPA, and Indian NAAQS) to verify particulate matter pollution. The current particulate matter concentration levels of Kota city are also compared with different regional cities of Rajasthan (India), namely, Jaipur, Udaipur, Ajmer, Pali, Alwar, and Jodhpur. The dust ratio (PM2.5/PM10) is computed for Kota and regional cities to validate the increasing levels of fine particulates than the larger ones. The four-year average concentration of PM10 and PM2.5 were 121 and 58 µg/m3, respectively, with a dust ratio of 0.48. Particulate matter concentrations (PM10 and PM2.5) are violating the standards set by environmental agencies during the study period. The mean risk quotient (RQ) is 2.02 for PM10 and 1.43 for PM2.5, which implies a high-risk hazard category (RQ > 1) in the ecological environment of Kota city. The mortality cases evaluated from AirQ+ software were 5024 for all natural causes, 885 for lung cancer, 272 for acute lower respiratory infection, 464 for COPD, 2060 for IHD, and 1880 for stroke. The number of hospital admissions was 1485 for respiratory disease, 58 for cardiovascular disease, and 784 for adult mortality (30+ years) to PM2.5. Chronic bronchitis incidence in adults was 14469, postneonatal infant mortality was 355816, and the prevalence of bronchitis in children was 767 due to PM10 exposure for a long time, while asthma symptoms in asthmatic children were 349 due to exposure for a short time. The results of this study are terrifying, and it is an earlier sign to government representatives and stakeholders to implement the new policies and technologies to curb the pollution level originating from particulate matter; otherwise, impacts on the environment become more acute.

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39

Yang, Wu, Deepak Pudasainee, Rajender Gupta, Wei Li, Ben Wang, and Lushi Sun. "Particulate matter emission during municipal solid waste combustion: Submicron particulates formation mechanism." Fuel 310 (February 2022): 122271. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122271.

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40

Mohammadpour, Gholamreza, Jean-Pierre Gagné, Pierre Larouche, and Martin A. Montes-Hugo. "Optical properties of size fractions of suspended particulate matter in littoral waters of Québec." Biogeosciences 14, no. 23 (November 29, 2017): 5297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-14-5297-2017.

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Abstract. Mass-specific absorption (ai∗(λ)) and scattering (bi∗(λ)) coefficients were derived for four size fractions (i = 0.2–0.4, 0.4–0.7, 0.7–10, and > 10 µm, λ = wavelength in nm) of suspended particulate matter (SPM) and with samples obtained from surface waters (i.e., 0–2 m depth) of the Saint Lawrence Estuary and Saguenay Fjord (SLE-SF) during June of 2013. For the visible–near-infrared spectral range (i.e., λ = 400–710 nm), mass-specific absorption coefficients of total SPM (i.e., particulates > 0.2 µm) (hereafter aSPM∗) had low values (e.g., < 0.01 m2 g−1 at λ = 440 nm) in areas of the lower estuary dominated by particle assemblages with relatively large mean grain size and high particulate organic carbon and chlorophyll a per unit of mass of SPM. Conversely, largest aSPM∗ values (i.e., > 0.05 m2 g−1 at λ = 440 nm) corresponded with locations of the upper estuary and SF where particulates were mineral-rich and/or their mean diameter was relatively small. The variability of two optical proxies (the spectral slope of particulate beam attenuation coefficient and the mass-specific particulate absorption coefficient, hereafter γ and Svis, respectively) with respect to changes in particle size distribution (PSD) and chemical composition was also examined. The slope of the PSD was correlated with bi∗(550) (Spearman rank correlation coefficient ρs up to 0.37) and ai∗(440) estimates (ρs up to 0.32) in a comparable way. Conversely, the contribution of particulate inorganic matter to total mass of SPM (FSPMPIM) had a stronger correlation with ai∗ coefficients at a wavelength of 440 nm (ρs up to 0.50). The magnitude of γ was positively related to FSPMi or the contribution of size fraction i to the total mass of SPM (ρs up to 0.53 for i = 0.2–0.4 µm). Also, the relation between γ and FSPMPIM variability was secondary (ρs = −0.34, P > 0.05). Lastly, the magnitude of Svis was inversely correlated with aSPM∗(440) (ρs = −0.55, P = 0.04) and FSPMPIM (ρs = −0.62, P = 0.018) in sampling locations with a larger marine influence (i.e., lower estuary).

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41

Molla, Salvador, Leonardo Maltchik, Carmen Casado, and Carlos Montes. "Particulate organic matter and ecosystem metabolism dynamics in a temporary Mediterranean stream." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 137, no. 1 (July 18, 1996): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/137/1996/59.

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42

Tang Junwu, 唐军武, 朱培志 Zhu Peizhi, 刘秉义 Liu Bingyi, 张洪玮 Zhang Hongwei, 胡连波 Hu Lianbo, 陶邦一 Tao Bangyi, 廖然 Liao Ran та ін. "海洋剖面激光雷达探测中颗粒物偏振散射问题". Acta Optica Sinica 42, № 12 (2022): 1200001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos202242.1200001.

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43

CUI Likai, 崔立凯, 宋小全 SONG Xiaoquan, 杨雅雯 YANG Yawen, 刘佳鑫 LIU Jiaxin, 李珍妮 LI Zhenni, 云龙 YUN Long та 张明棣 ZHANG Mingdi. "基于统计回归方法的多普勒激光雷达反演颗粒物浓度研究". ACTA PHOTONICA SINICA 50, № 12 (2021): 1201005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/gzxb20215012.1201005.

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44

Mathieu, Jacques, Khadija Essafi, and Sylvain Doledec. "Dynamics of particulate organic matter in bed sediments of two karst streams." Archiv für Hydrobiologie 122, no. 2 (September 9, 1991): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1127/archiv-hydrobiol/122/1991/199.

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45

Shancita, I., H. H. Masjuki, and M. A. Kalam. "Particulate Matter Emission Characteristics of a Biodiesel Fueled Engine at Idling Speed." Journal of Clean Energy Technologies 5, no. 1 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.18178/jocet.2017.5.1.334.

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46

Payment, Pierre, Eric Morin, and Michel Trudel. "Coliphages and enteric viruses in the particulate phase of river water." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 34, no. 7 (July 1, 1988): 907–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m88-158.

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The present study was undertaken to determine if indigenous enteric viruses and coliphages are free or associated with suspended particulate matter in natural waters. River water was filtered on filters of decreasing porosities (100–0.25 μm) that were pretreated with detergent to eliminate viral adsorption while retaining particulates. This filtered water was refiltered in virus-adsorbing conditions to retain free viruses. The virus-adsorbing filter retained most of the enteric viruses (77.4%) and coliphages (65.8%), which indicated that these viruses were probably free or associated with particles with a diameter of less than 0.25 μm. These observations are important because in water treatment plants small particulates are often the most difficult to eliminate.

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47

Danciulescu, Valeriu, Andreea Cozea, Elena Bucur, Gheorghita Tanase, and Mihai Bratu. "Concentration versus number of particles in the assessment of air pollution with particulate matters." Romanian Journal of Ecology & Environmental Chemistry 4, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.21698/rjeec.2022.107.

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In this paper, an assessment study was performed regarding air pollution with particulate matters including submicron particles. The evaluation of the contamination level was performed at a textile production unit in Pascani, Romania, which produces polyester knitwear. In the study, automatic determinations of total suspended particulate matters (TSP), PM 10, PM 2.5, and PM 1 (particle with nominal diameter <10 µm, <2.5 µm, and <1 µm), and submicron particulate matters (0.25, 0.35, 0.50 and 0.70) were performed both outdoor, in the ambient air, and indoor (workplace) in the area of the knitting machines. The correlation between the mass concentrations of submicronic particles (µg/m 3) and the numerical concentrations (number of particles/m3) was studied, too, to establish the most appropriate expression of the air pollution level with particulate matter. The results of the performed tests showed a level of ambient air pollution with particulate matters that exceed the limit values in the case of PM 2.5 and PM 10, the total suspended particulates still falling within the limits established by law. Likewise, in the case of workplace air, the level of inhalable particulate matter (particles with nominal diameter <100 µm), the concentration is below the limit values. Regarding the way of expressing the concentration of air particles, in µg/m3 or in no. particles/m3 the tests indicated better representativeness of the pollution level if the concentration in µg m3 is expressed for the dimensional fractions with diameter ≥ 1 µm and in no. particles/m3 for particles with a diameter of ≤1 µm.

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48

Khobragade, P. P., and A. V. Ahirwar. "Exploring temporal variation of PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ and their association with meteorological data in Raipur, Chhattisgarh." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1032, no. 1 (June 1, 2022): 012035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1032/1/012035.

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Abstract While significant efforts have been made to mitigate the negative health impacts of particulate matter, there are limited statistics on particle exposure in Raipur. A study was conducted to look at the short-term relationships between particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10) and meteorological variables in Raipur. The current research was based on an experimental study conducted at Chhattisgarh’s NIT Raipur. During the pre-monsoon, monsoon, post-monsoon, and winter seasons of 2021, a total of 125 air specimens were gathered from the campus. A respirable dust sampler and a fine particulate sampler were used to detect PM10 and PM2.5 on the building’s terrace. To assess the associations between PM2.5 and PM10 particulates and both sampling season and site, Pearson’s correlation study was used. The monthly mean mass concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in Raipur ranged from 28.0-334.0 μg/m3 to 56.0-448.0 μg/m3, respectively. Post-monsoon PM concentrations were highest, followed by pre-monsoon, winter, and post-monsoon. On more than 92 percent of days, PM2.5 concentrations exceeded NAAQS standards, while PM10 concentrations exceeded restrictions on 90 percent of days. There were seasonal changes identified in the relationships between PM concentrations and meteorological variables.

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49

TROMPETTER, W. J., A. MARKWITZ, and P. DAVY. "AIR PARTICULATE RESEARCH CAPABILITY AT THE NEW ZEALAND ION BEAM ANALYSIS FACILITY USING PIXE AND IBA TECHNIQUES." International Journal of PIXE 15, no. 03n04 (January 2005): 249–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129083505000581.

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PIXE and Ion Beam Analysis are one of the few techniques that can be used to identify the elemental composition of air particulates without destroying the filter sample. They are key tools for identifying the sources and determining the relative contribution of biogenic and anthropogenic sources of air particulate matter pollution in our environment. Over the last 8 years, specialised equipment has been designed and built at the New Zealand Ion Beam Analysis facility in Lower Hutt for semi automated analysis of air filters. The equipment and experimental techniques have been refined to improve sensitivities for many of the elements in the periodic table. At GNS, sensitivities have recently been further improved by using two X-ray detectors simultaneously with different amounts of X-ray filtering and collimation. The average limit of detection is improved from 66 ng/cm2 (typical for a setup using a single detector) to 35 ng/cm2 using two detectors simultaneously. The New Zealand Ion Beam Analysis facility now routinely analyses air particulate matter collected on filters from several locations around New Zealand. In this paper, results of air particulate studies from several locations in the Wellington region are presented.

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50

Roman, Monika, Michał Roman, and Kamil Krzysztof Roman. "Spatial differentiation of particulates emission resulting from agricultural production in Poland." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 65, No. 8 (August 26, 2019): 375–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/337/2018-agricecon.

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The article presents the spatial differentiation of particulates emission resulting from agricultural production in Poland. Some indicators of emission have been verified and adjusted to the Polish conditions. The paper estimates PM2.5 (particulate matter, aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 µm) and PM10 (particulate matter, aerodynamic diameter less than 10 µm) emission resulting from agricultural production and agricultural soil. The findings of the research conducted by the Institute of Ecology of Industrial Areas in Katowice in cooperation with the Institute for Chemical Processing of Coal in Zabrze were the main source of those alterations. Data concerning particular sources of emission also come from the information provided by the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw, the Bank of Local Data 2017. The estimation of PM2.5 and PM10 emission was conducted based on the structure of sources of emission resulting from agriculture contained in “EMEP/EEA Emission Inventory Guidebook” in accordance with the Tier 2 method.

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