Дисертації з теми "Participatory simulation"

Background: Mortality from colorectal cancer (CRC) in the Northwest Territories (NWT), a northern region of Canada, is nearly double the national rate. While mortality could be reduced with greater adherence to CRC screening, this requires colonoscopy access which is limited, and difficult to predict in a complex remote health system. Simulation modeling has been used to plan CRC screening but the impact on decision-making and utility in complex remote health system is unclear. Aim: This thesis aims to estimate the colonoscopy requirements and outcomes of CRC screening in the NWT using simulation modeling in a way that will inform feasible patient-centered strategies to enhance screening. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the validity and utility of simulation modeling in CRC screening delivery (Chapter 1, 2). Next, a retrospective cohort study of CRC screening participation and outcomes between 2014-2019 was conducted (Chapter 3). We used this data and the findings of the systematic review to inform our participatory simulation modeling approach (Chapter 4). With end-users of the simulation model (clinicians, administrators, and patients), we revised an existing simulation model, OncoSim-CRC, to estimate the resource requirements and outcomes of various strategies to deliver a CRC screening program in the NWT. Each scenario model was run for 500 million cases and model validity was assessed. To enhance ongoing collaboration, we shared the concepts of a Communities of Practice (CoP) framework with stakeholders and assisted in generating consensus on priorities for a CoP to address (Chapter 5). Results: The systematic review showed that simulation models have been used to generate evidence critical to informing decision making for a broad range of decisions related to CRC screening delivery. However, the impact of these models on decision making, end-user engagement, and model validity were rarely described. In the retrospective cohort study, we observed that fecal immunohistochemical test(FIT)-based CRC screening did not appear to prevent CRC or provide earlier detection, but did result in more frequent positive pathology results than anticipated for average risk screening. Factors associated with this include long wait times for colonoscopy, over 1 in 3 FIT positive individuals had clinical signs and symptoms of CRC, and higher relative risk of advanced neoplasia among indigenous individuals. These findings and the involvement of end-users, informed the simulation model study. Under the parameters of the model, we estimate that colonoscopy demand with a CRC screening program would surpass capacity within 1-2 years, and continue to increase over the next 10-15 years due to adenoma surveillance. If this colonoscopy demand is met, we estimate screen detected cancers would increase by 110%, and clinically detected cases reduce by 26%. Increasing the phase-in period or revising adenoma follow-up guidelines would reduce demand and still improve cancer detection and prevention. A framework for a CoP, and consensus on priorities among stakeholders were established. Conclusion: Participatory simulation modeling was a useful method of informing CRC screening delivery in a remote northern population. The simulated scenarios provide decision-makers with strategies to enhance programmatic screening while conserving colonoscopy resources. The findings of this thesis helps to characterize the current outcomes of CRC screening in the NWT, and identifies opportunities to improve CRC screening effectiveness for a remote and, largely indigenous population.

Research in automatic control has enabled trucks to use adaptive cruise control to drive very close to each other and form platoons. This reduces drag and improves efficiency by lowering fuel consumption. A central challenge to understanding the formation of these platoons is that not all trucks are emerging from the same origin or reaching the same destination; they only share parts of their joint trip. This study uses participatory design methodologies to create a design for an interactive visualization system to enable researchers to study the formation of platoons in simulated scenarios. Three transport researchers participated in interviews and a set of two workshops to establish their needs and formulate tasks that would improve their understanding of the simulations. The main research-through-design question was “when do platoons form and how large are they?” To forward and ground the discussion, I developed a prototype with increasing fidelity after each round of participatory design. The interface consists four panels: 1) a spatial panel that contains a map view; 2) a temporal panel with context and focus timelines: 3) an adaptation panel with details on inter-truck relationships; and 4) a filtering panel with a parallel coordinate system. The results indicate a need for a flexible interactive visualization system that enables researchers to study how trucks are affected by plan recalculations and how they adapt to their partners influencing the costs and benefits of platooning.
Forskning inom reglerteknik och fordonsstyrning har gett lastbilar och andra tunga fordon möjlighet använda adaptiv farthållning till att köra med ett litet mellanrum och bilda vägkolonner. De kan då utnyttja vindsuget från fordonet framför och på så vis sänka bränsleförbrukningen. En central utmaning i skapandet av dessa kolonner är att fordonen inte har gemensamma startpunkter och destinationer. De delar i de flesta fall endast stycken av sin rutt med andra fordon, och turerna behöver då sammanfalla i tid. Denna studie använder deltagande designmetodik för att designa ett interaktivt visualiseringsverktyg som kan hjälpa forskare att studera skapandet av lastbilskolonner i simulerade scenarion. Tre transportforskare deltog i intervjuer och två cykler av workshops för att synliggöra och formulera arbetsuppgifter som kunde förbättra deras förståelse av simulationerna. Den primära deltagande design-frågan var “när bildas kolonner och hur stora är de?” För att förankra och driva diskussionen kring designen framåt utvecklades en prototyp som viderutvecklades efter varje deltagande designcykel. Interfacet i den resulterande prototypen och består av fyra paneler: 1) en geografisk panel som innehåller en kartvy; 2) en panel med tidslinjer för både fokus och kontext; 3) en anpassningspanel med detaljer på fordonens relationer; och 4) en filtreringspanel med ett parallellt koordinatsystem. Resultatet av studien indikerar ett behov ett flexibel visuellt analysverktyg som tillåter forskare att studera hur fordonen påverkas av förändringar i resplaner och vilken anpassning som krävs för att möta upp andra fordon för kolonnbildning.

Le CERV constitue à Brest un pôle d'excellence en réalité virtuelle à vocation européenne. Les systèmes que l'on cherche à modéliser sont de plus en plus complexes, du fait essentiellement de la diversité des composants, de la diversité des structures et de la diversité des interactions mises en jeu. Un système est alors a priori un milieu ouvert (apparition/disparition dynamique de composants) et hétérogène (morphologies et comportements variés). La réalité virtuelle implique pleinement l'utilisateur humain dans la simulation, rejoignant ainsi l'approche de la conception. La majorité des travaux en réalité virtuelle concerne l'immersion sensorimotrice de l'utilisateur humain au sein d'univers. Ces univers virtuels offrent à l'utilisateur la sensation d'être dans l'environnement et lui donne la possibilité d'y agir. Pour être complet, il faut également "qu'il s'y passe quelque chose", et pas seulement en terme de résultat des actions de l'utilisateur. Les entités qui peuplent les univers virtuels doivent donc avoir un comportement autonome. Ceci soulève la question suivante : comment doter une entité d'un comportement autonome dans un environnement virtuel complexe auquel l'homme participe ? Des techniques d'intelligence artificielle symbolique ont déjà été appliquées pour définir ces comportements. Mais ces techniques montrent très vite leurs limites car elles sont principalement basées sur des règles de comportements mises a priori par le concepteur. Or, dans des mondes virtuels complexes (simulation ouverte, hétérogène et participative), plusieurs entités vont avoir des comportements imprédictibles (variabilité comportementale des entités autonomes, libre arbitre de l'utilisateur), créant ainsi des situations toujours nouvelles. Et face à une situation non prévue par le programmeur, les entités auront le plus souvent des comportements inadaptés. C'est pourquoi les méthodologies tirées des systèmes artificiels adaptatifs peuvent contribuer à pallier ces limitations. Le travail que je poursuis porte sur la thématique de l'adaptation de comportements d'entités autonomes en environnement virtuel participatif. Adapter son comportement, c'est effectuer des transformations conduisant à s'adapter à son environnement. Cette adaptation aura pour objectif de rendre le comportement de l'entité virtuelle le plus crédible possible (ressemblant à un comportement humain). Pour cela, nous prenons le parti de considérer que l'entité doit apprendre au fur et à mesure des expériences, elle doit anticiper le comportement des autres entités et les conséquences sur l'environnement, elle doit également exploiter la présence de l'utilisateur humain dans l'univers virtuel pour adapter son comportement. Imaginons un monde virtuel où chaque entité, au même titre qu'un humain, aurait son propre comportement qui évolue automatiquement pendant la simulation. C'est tout l'enjeu des travaux de recherche présentés ici.

This thesis examines the use of actor-based Applied Theatre methods within the workplace. Typically such methods are employed for behavioural skills training with the intention of enabling staff to effectively perform their work roles in a context of rapid and fundamental change to work practices and structures. This research uses case studies and mixed methods and finds that whilst work-based Applied Theatre may be commissioned for reasons of efficiency, in practice there is also the potential for individual efficacy. Whilst competitive forces drive the imperative for increased efficiency, the practice opens a space where the human consequences of this pressure can be explored. Studies of Applied Theatre have ignored or excluded the workplace as a site of research and consequently applications of these methods are under researched and little understood. This thesis questions the exclusive assumptions of the academic field, presenting a more complex picture of the practice than currently appears in the literature. Whilst the workplace presents many tensions that must be negotiated, this research finds that the participative, embodied and dialogic qualities of the practice can enable a space for catharsis, negotiation, expression and learning not possible through other methods. These dialogic and participatory qualities are found to promote a social model of leadership and interaction that is progressive, facilitating a shift away from pervasive mechanistic command and control approaches to management and leadership. A central quality of this efficacy and impact was found to be the role of the workplace actor which has evolved beyond the delivery of performance and into innovative approaches that aim to increase the actor’s contribution to learning. This emerging hybrid role is defined here as the ‘pedagogical actor’, drawing on skills of calibration, feedback and facilitation in addition to delivering a credible performance. Case Studies include an examination of the use actor-based role-play within financial services company Friends Provident and Forum Theatre used by the multi-national 3M, in addition to numerous case examples.

With growing cultural diversity in the United States (U.S.), health disparities continue to exist among many ethnic minority populations impacting the U.S. economy. Health disparities are health differences that are noted in a particular cultural group in respect to higher rates of diseases and deaths in comparison to others. These cultural groups have common attributes and can be based on race, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, income, residential location and many others. One such example is individuals of Puerto Rican heritage, the second largest Hispanic group living in the U.S. mainland. Puerto Ricans are identified to have multiple health disparities in comparison to other Hispanic and non-Hispanic population groups living in the U.S. Among other factors, common cultural health care beliefs and practices of individuals impact health outcomes. Healthcare professionals like nurses are expected to provide culturally competent care to vulnerable populations with known health disparities. Culturally competent care refers to delivering care congruent with patients' cultural beliefs and practices. Therefore, it is important to educate health professionals regarding caring for vulnerable populations. The purpose of this community-based participatory research (CBPR) study was to develop content for an educational tool, an online virtual interactive simulation (OVIS) case for developing cultural competency of nursing students in caring for the Puerto Rican population of New York City (NYC). The content development for OVIS was guided by the framework for Cultural Competency Simulation Experiences (CCSE), which was developed as a part of this dissertation. The CCSE framework guided the content development of OVIS using a CBPR approach. A community advisory board was developed which consisted of cultural, clinical and educational experts, residing in New York and Puerto Rico.

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Understanding the work in order to transform it is the concern of ergonomics. To expand its capacity of effective intervention this discipline gets closer to the field of engineering, especially the production engineering, searching for methods, techniques and tools, which assist it in the design process of productive facilities. The knowledge domains related to the engineering design and, specifically, the workspace design might be of a substantial contribution to the effectiveness of the incorporation of the activity’s perspective (according to the concept of situated ergonomics) in this process. From a theoretical and conceptual articulation, which laid the foundation to the field research in an oil refining company, is sought the comprehension of how the different simulation supports were determinant to the incorporation of rationale, interests, constraints and expectations from the actors participating in the conception process. To achieve this comprehension is used the concept of intermediary objects of conception and their theoretical stances in the axis “commissioning-mediator” and “closed-open”. The research makes evident the role the simulation supports play in the creation of simulation situations allowing divergent (and innovative) processes in the action of designing technical systems and convergent processes in the conduction of the project. The prescriptive propositions (from the practical world, including the activity’s perspective) and descriptive (from the theoretical world, containing in it the exact sciences and related technical questions) are also incorporated in the articulation, allowing a dialogic process of conception. The research presents recommendations which enable the design of productive facilities to entail an ongoing and distributed conception, having the simulation as an instrument oriented to the object (design action of the technical system), to the other (coordinated action) and to the self (when encompassing space to its development, learning and transformation).
A ergonomia se preocupa em compreender o trabalho para transformá-lo. Para aumentar sua capacidade de intervenção efetiva esta disciplina se aproxima da engenharia, em especial da engenharia de produção, buscando métodos, técnicas e ferramentas que a auxiliem no processo de concepção de situações produtivas. As áreas do conhecimento relacionadas ao design de engenharia e, em especial, do projeto do trabalho, podem colaborar substancialmente para a efetividade da incorporação da perspectiva da atividade (segundo conceito da ergonomia situada) neste processo. A partir de uma articulação teórica e conceitual, que serviu como referencial da pesquisa de campo em uma indústria de refino de petróleo, busca-se compreender como diferentes suportes de simulação foram determinantes para a incorporação das racionalidades, interesses, restrições e expectativas dos atores participantes do processo de concepção. Utilizou-se o conceito de objetos intermediários de concepção e suas posturas teóricas nos eixos “comissionário-mediador” e “fechado-aberto”. A pesquisa evidencia o papel que os suportes de simulação possuem na criação de situações de simulação ao permitirem processos divergentes (e inovadores) na ação projetual dos sistemas técnicos e processos convergentes para a condução do projeto. As proposições prescritivas (do mundo da prática, incluindo a perspectiva da atividade) e descritivas (do mundo teórico, contendo neste as ciências exatas e questões técnicas derivadas) também são incorporadas na articulação de forma a permitir um processo dialógico de concepção. A pesquisa apresenta recomendações para que o projeto de situações produtivas comporte uma concepção continuada e distribuída, tendo a simulação como instrumento orientado ao objeto (ação projetual do sistema técnico), ao outro (ação coordenada) e ao próprio sujeito (ao comportar espaço para seu desenvolvimento, aprendizado e transformação).

En France, la gestion des risques côtiers suscite des débats sur les modes d’adaptation des littoraux au changement climatique. Celle-ci repose depuis les années 2010 sur la promotion de mesures alternatives à la défense dure, à travers les solutions douces et le recul stratégique des biens et des activités. Toutefois, ces mesures sont encore difficilement mises en œuvre par les acteurs locaux en raison de facteurs sociotechniques et institutionnels. L’originalité de cette thèse est d’interroger les conditions de « réception sociale » des mesures alternatives à travers une simulation participative durant laquelle les participants expérimentent différentes stratégies de gestion du risque de submersion marine. Celle-ci est fondée sur des archétypes de territoire et déployée en partenariat avec des structures de terrain. A partir de méthodes mixtes qui croisent le quantitatif et le qualitatif, les cadres du jeu et de la « réalité », l’approche territoriale au design, ce travail analyse de manière exploratoire la portée du dispositif sur les dynamiques de réception sociale de gestionnaires des risques locaux de différents territoires métropolitains. Nous étudions ainsi la pluralité des usages du dispositif par les partenaires pour mettre en œuvre voire valoriser des politiques locales sur la submersion ; les conditions offertes au débat et à l’expérimentation réflexive en fonction de l’ancrage territorial du dispositif ; les facteurs de réception des mesures, notamment liés aux échelles temporelles et au poids des configurations géographiques ; et les effets individuels du dispositif sur les représentations de la complexité, des stratégies de gestion et pour l’identification de leviers d’adaptation
In France, coastal risk management is a central topic in discussions regarding the adaptation of coastal areas to climate change. Since the 2010s, this has been based on the promotion of alternative measures to hard defense, through soft solutions and the managed retreat of goods and activities. However, the implementation of these measures remains challenging for local stakeholders due to socio-technical and institutional factors. The originality of this thesis lies in examining the conditions of “social reception” of alternative measures, through a participatory simulation (PS) during which participants experiment with various strategies for managing the risk of coastal flooding. The PS is based on territorial archetypes and deployed in partnership with field organizations. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, game and “reality” frameworks, and a territorial approach to design, this study provides an exploratory analysis of how the PS influences the social reception dynamics among local risk managers in different metropolitan areas. We study the various ways in which the PS can be used by partners to implement or enhance local policies on coastal flooding and to explore the conditions offered for debate and reflexive experimentation according to the territorial anchoring of the PS. We examine the factors that influence the reception of measures, notably related to temporal scales and the weight of geographical configurations. Finally, we investigate the individual effects of the PS on representations of complexity, management strategies and the identification of adaptation levers

The understanding and conceptualization of cities and its constituent systems such as transportation and healthcare as open and complex is shifting the debates around the technical and communicative rationales of planning. Viewing cities in a holistic manner presents methodological challenges, where our understanding of complexity is applied in a tangible fashion to planning processes. Bridging the two rationales in the tools and methodologies of planning is necessary for the emergence of a 'non-linear rationality' of planning, one that accounts for and is premised upon complexity. Simulations representing complex systems provide evidence and support for planning, and have the potential to serve as an interface between the more abstract and political decision making and the material city systems. Moving beyond current planning methods, this thesis explores the role of simulations in planning. Recognizing the need for holistic representations, the thesis integrates multiple disparate simulations into a holistic whole achieving complex representations of systems. These representations are then applied and studied in an interactive environment to address planning problems in different contexts. The thesis contributes an approach towards the development of complex representations of systems; improvements on participatory methods to integrate computational simulations; a nuanced understanding of the relative value of simulation constructs; technologies and frameworks that facilitate the easy development of integrated simulations that can support participatory planning processes. The thesis develops contributions through experiments which involved problems and stakeholders from real world systems. The approach towards development of integrated simulations is realized in an open source framework. The framework creates computationally efficient, scalable and interactive simulations of complex systems, which used in a participatory manner delivers tangible plans and designs.

QC 20170602

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Decision making in public management is associated with a high degree of complexity due to insufficient financial resources to meet all the demands emanating from various sectors of society. Often, economic activities are in conflict with social or environmental causes. Another important aspect in decision making in public management is the inclusion of various stakeholders, eg public management experts, small business owners, shopkeepers, teachers, representatives of social and professional classes, citizens etc. The goal of this master thesis is to present two computational agents to aid decision making in public management as part of ADGEPA project: Miner Agent (MA) and Agent Decision Support (DSA). The MA uses data mining techniques and DSA uses multi-criteria analysis to point out relevant issues. The context in which this work fits is ADGEPA project. The ADGEPA (which means Digital Assistant for Participatory Public Management) is an innovative practice to support participatory decision making in public resources management. The main contribution of this master thesis is the ability to assist in the discovery of patterns and correlations between environmental aspects that are not too obvious and can vary from community to community. This contribution would help the public manager to make systemic decisions that in addition to attacking the main problem of a given region would decrease or solve other problems. The validation of the results depends on actual data and analysis of public managers. In this work, the data were simulated.
Tomada de decisão em gestão pública é associada ao alto grau de complexidade devido à insuficiência de recursos financeiros para atender todas as demandas provindas de diversos setores da sociedade. Frequentemente, atividades econômicas estão em conflito com causas sociais ou ambientais. Outro aspecto importante em tomadas de decisão em gestão pública é a inclusão dos diversos stakeholders, por exemplo especialistas em gestão pública, pequenos empresários, pequenos comerciantes, professores, representantes de classes sociais e profissionais, os próprios cidadãos etc. Diante disto, o objetivo deste trabalho de mestrado é apresentar uma proposta de Agente Minerador (AM) e Agente de Suporte à Decisão (ASD) para Gestão Pública Participativa e como fazer a interface entre eles. O AM faz uso de técnicas de mineração de dados para se encontrar regras de associação entre dados socioambientais, temporais e espaciais e o ASD faz uso de análise multicritério para ranquear problemas socioambientais que devem ser solucionados com prioridade. O contexto em que este trabalho se insere é o projeto ADGEPA (Assistente Digital para Gestão Pública Participativa), um projeto inovador para suporte à tomada de decisão participativa em gestão pública. Entende-se que a contribuição principal deste trabalho de mestrado é a possibilidade de auxiliar na descoberta de padrões e correlações entre aspectos socioambientais que não são muito óbvias e que podem variar de comunidade para comunidade. Esta contribuição poderá auxiliar o gestor público a tomar decisões sistêmicas que além de atacar o problema principal de uma determinada região diminuirá ou solucionará também problemas de outros aspectos. A validação dos resultados depende de dados reais e de análise de gestores públicos. Neste trabalho os dados foram simulados.

n modern democratic consumer societies, decentralized, participative, and consensus-oriented forms of multi-stakeholder governance are supplementing, and often replacing, conventional forms of state-centered environmental government. The engagement in all phases of the policy process of diverse social actors has become a hallmark of environmental good governance. This does not mean to say, however, that these modes of policy-making have proved particularly successful in resolving the widely debated multiple sustainability crisis. In fact, they have been found wanting in terms of their ability to respond to democratic needs and their capacity to resolve environmental problems. So why have these participatory forms of environmental governance become so prominent? What exactly is their appeal? What do they deliver? Exploring these questions from the perspective of eco-political and sociological theory, this article suggests that these forms of environmental governance represent a performative kind of eco-politics that helps liberal consumer societies to manage their inability and unwillingness to achieve the socio-ecological transformation that scientists and environmental activists say is urgently required. This reading of the prevailing policy approaches as the collaborative management of sustained unsustainability adds an important dimension to the understanding of environmental governance and contemporary eco-politics more generally.

L'intensification et l'homogénéisation des paysages agricoles a rendu les agrosystèmes plus sensibles aux bioagresseurs. Pour limiter les impacts de ces bioagresseurs sans recourir de manière intensive aux pesticides, une solution efficace est l'utilisation de variétés résistantes. La durabilité de ces résistances peut être faible, en lien avec l'adaptation des populations pathogènes. Il est donc nécessaire de concevoir des systèmes de culture permettant le contrôle des bioagresseurs et la préservation des ressources variétales. Ces stratégies de gestion peuvent reposer sur la combinaison de pratiques agricoles et d'organisation spatiale de ces pratiques, pour des pathosystèmes dont les agents sont dispersés par le vent. D'une part, la conception de ces stratégies peut bénéficier d'une approche participative, prenant en compte les conditions de culture et l'organisation des acteurs locaux. D'autre part, l'évaluation de ces stratégies, dont l'expérimentation est délicate du fait des échelles spatiale et temporelle requises, peut bénéficier d'une approche modélisatrice. Dans ce cadre, ce travail de thèse a mis au point et testé, sur deux régions d'étude, une méthode participative de construction de scénarios d'organisation spatiale des systèmes de culture, évalués vis-à-vis du contrôle du phoma du colza et de la gestion des résistances. Les scénarios co-construits explorent les futurs agricoles possibles en identifiant les tendances possibles d'évolution du contexte (économique, politique, règlementaire, épidémique), de manière prédictive ou plus exploratoire. Ils ont ensuite été évalués numériquement à l'aide d'un modèle préexistant, vis-à-vis de trois critères pertinents pour les acteurs : les pertes de rendement, la taille de la population pathogène et sa structure. Ces scénarios ont ensuite été évalués à l'aide de régressions linéaires, de manière à identifier les pratiques agricoles les plus influentes sur les trois critères d'évaluation considérés. Cette analyse a été réalisée à deux échelles spatiales complémentaires : l'échelle d'une petite région agricole et l'échelle locale, considérant plusieurs centaines de mètres autour des parcelles de colza pouvant être infectées. Ces analyses ont permis de mettre en évidence la prépondérance des rotations, des variétés et de la gestion des résidus de colza dans l'évolution de la maladie et sur la durabilité des résistances. Elles ont également montré la nécessité de prendre en compte plusieurs échelles pour la gestion de la maladie : si la taille de la population pathogène et les pertes de rendement peuvent être déterminées à partir de la composition en termes de systèmes de culture à l'échelle du paysage, une échelle plus locale est nécessaire pour évaluer l'évolution de la structure génétique de la population. Cet indicateur est en effet très lié aux variétés et aux pratiques présentes dans les 500 mètres autour des parcelles porteuses de la résistance considérée. Finalement, l'exploration de règles spatiales (isolement) et temporelles (maximisation des surfaces un an sur deux) des parcelles de colza ou des types variétaux a mis en exergue le fort potentiel de stratégies basées sur ces règles pour la gestion des résistances. La mise en place de ces stratégies nécessiterait une coordination entre les différents acteurs, à l'échelle du territoire agricole, qui pourrait s'avérer nécessaire en cas d'épidémie importante de phoma. La méthode mise en place pourrait être utilisée pour explorer la gestion d'autres thématiques à composante spatiale, comme par exemple l'érosion ou la gestion d'autres bioagresseurs. Ceci pourrait permettre une évaluation multicritère, prenant par exemple en compte les bioagresseurs de différentes cultures composant une même rotation, identifiant ainsi les pratiques les plus à mêmes de gérer simultanément les différentes thématiques locales.

Notre recherche-action se réfère à la pédagogique active et de projet. Nous avons réfléchi aux moyens de développer en milieu scolaire, grâce à un environnement numérique, les débats participatifs ; nous avons fondé cette réflexion sur une expérience concrète menée à partir d’un lycée parisien : une simulation multilingue de parlements internationaux que nous avons baptisée « Parlement des futurs citoyens ». Nous avons d’abord souligné le rôle de ces discussions et concertations dans la prise de conscience par les élèves de la nécessité de construire un monde plus humain. Nous avons complété cette formation aux débats par la création d’une Organisation Non Gouvernementale dans le domaine de la santé. L’objectif était de conférer à l’éducation à la citoyenneté son sens profond en permettant à des élèves espagnols, français, italiens, roumains et turcs de passer d’un espace virtuel de discussion à un espace associatif de médiation qui œuvre pour des actions solidaires. Enfin, à travers la mise en place d’un Hackathon avec des élèves européens, nous avons démontré que la compétition et les débats démocratiques visant l’inclusion scolaire sont complémentaires et se nourrissent mutuellement.Gérer un espace éducatif international de discussions en ligne et hors ligne en milieu scolaire exige du professeur la mise en place d’une ingénierie sociale, de formation et éducative rigoureuse, pensée en termes d’outils, de planification et de gestion de ressources humaines. Cette organisation d’un enseignement hybride doit pouvoir conjuguer des dispositifs en ligne avec des outils dédiés allant des agrégateurs de contenu, du forum, du site de formation, du vote en ligne jusqu’à l’organisation de la plateforme dédiée à l’e-learning
Our action-research refers to active and project pedagogy. We have considered ways of developing participatory debates in schools, using a digital environment; we have based this reflection on a concrete experience conducted from a Parisian high school: a multilingual simulation of international parliaments that we have named "Parliament of Future Citizens".We first highlighted the role of these discussions and consultations in raising students' awareness of the need to build a more humane world. We have complemented this training in debates with the creation of a Non-Governmental Organization in the field of health. The objective was to give citizenship education its deep meaning by allowing Spanish, French, Italian, Romanian and Turkish pupils to move from a virtual space of discussion to an associative space of mediation that works for solidarity actions. Finally, through the establishment of a Hackathon with European students, we have demonstrated that competition and democratic debates aimed at inclusive education are complementary and mutually developing.Managing an international educational environment for online and offline debates in high-school requires the teacher to implement rigorous social engineering, training and education, thought in terms of tools, planning and human resources management. This hybrid education organization must be able to combine online devices with dedicated tools ranging from content aggregators, forums, training sites, online voting to the organization of the platform dedicated to e-learning

碩士
中原大學
建築研究所
94
“A Web of Identification” --The Participatory Design of Reality Simulation in Tieban ,Matsu By Tei Chen Chou Thesis Adviser： Professor Yu, Chao-Ching Submitted to the Graduate School of Architecture, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taiwan, 2005, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Architecture Abstract Under modern society’s specialized labor division, the originally complex "living" subject matter is divided in the different specialized domain, lives mutually overlap with each specialized subject into compound relations, and the subject each specialty produces all may be touched in a spot of living, but actually is unable to describe "the authentic living" as a whole. The identity to “place” for different race group, the age division, is the establishment in their daily living process and experience, therefore the cognition of "living" is dissimilar. All people have a common "structure of feeling ", also a personal special memory, imagination or identity. The local life has its unique facet and experience, and the community participation in building constructs and returns to the original state this kind of feeling structure. However, it is under the different narrow specialized subject divisions, ‘living as a whole’ has instead lost its originality, the inhabitant and specialized professionals in the meantime have also slowly lost the "identity" to place. Therefore this article discusses the deficiency in the present specialized profession, as well as the questions and opportunities of "the Tieban community" in Matsu at present stage, in attempt to seek the participatory type design tool which are possible to be operated in the community. The first part of the paper reviews and elaborates on the place and the feeling structure, as well as Alexander's construction pattern vocabulary essence with the non-spoken language exchange pathway, as the theoretical foundation, inquired into the situation simulation tool affiliation by "seeing" behavior, has the approval relations with the place, after proposed the research supposition standpoint, the transformation for might carry out above the action which the community will participation. The second part is, in the Tieban community's participation experience , the research presupposes that a new relationship in the community can be established through the process of constructing the images of the community's memories, in order to condenses the identification of the different generation's in the community, achieved the populace participation goal. As well as the reform specialized many errors which does not produce to the community literature and history understanding.And induced "the action" by "the past subject" mobilization process, and "the past reality simulation" will do for with the community inhabitant's communication platform, confirmed the community "The Memory Puzzle" to be able the establishment "the identification" supposition proof. The researcher discovers "the reality simulation" in a participation document the tool regarding the participation -like characteristic, just like the “prism” is same, lets the author and the community inhabitants "seeing" it was regard to the place identification. Unless lets the inhabitant penetrate participation recollected and the description, lets himself remember the cognition changes most by way of the reality simulation specifically, also because exchanges, the individual memory can extend enters each other living field, also specialized lets return in the world which the nowadays lives. Besides loose the internal part of the community’s stable structure, also weaves, patches a web that the specialty and the living can be identify with. This research participation case still at develops carries on, therefore experience the present paper recording cannot be a complete document, but the future locality research participation will continue to operate, the following development will be worth further observing and the analysis. Keyword: structure of feeling, reality simulation, the approval/place identity, the participatory type design, in Tieban of Matsu

Zhao Yibin.
Thesis submitted in: November 2001.
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-111).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V
Table of Contents --- p.VIII
List of Tables --- p.IX
List of Figures --- p.X
Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Research background and problem statement --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Research objectives --- p.6
Chapter 1.3 --- Methodology --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Significance of this study --- p.9
Chapter 1.5 --- Organization of the thesis --- p.10
Chapter Chapter 2 --- "Literature review: wildfire behavior simulation, Web GIS and public participation GIS" --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Investigating wildfire behavior --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Modeling wildfire with GIS --- p.20
Chapter 2.4 --- Emergence of the Web GIS --- p.27
Chapter 2.5 --- New agenda from public participation --- p.28
Chapter 2.6 --- Summary --- p.31
Chapter Chapter 3 --- System design: requirements analysis and feasibility analysis --- p.34
Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.34
Chapter 3.2 --- Analysis of functions requirement --- p.35
Chapter 3.3 --- A host of solutions --- p.41
Chapter 3.4 --- Summary --- p.52
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Simulating the wildfire --- p.53
Chapter 4.1 --- Physical Setting of experiment area and data preparation --- p.53
Chapter 4.2 --- Adaptation and formularization of the Rothermel's fire behavior model --- p.60
Chapter 4.3 --- Fire spreading algorithm --- p.66
Chapter 4.4 --- Defining wildfire with Object Oriented Design (OOD) method --- p.71
Chapter 4.5 --- Summary --- p.74
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Participation process with interactive tools empowered by IT technologies --- p.76
Chapter 5.1 --- Comprehending the problem in an interactive way --- p.76
Chapter 5.2 --- Performing wildfire simulation --- p.81
Chapter 5.3 --- Submitting of end users comments --- p.84
Chapter 5.4 --- Discussion bulletin board --- p.94
Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.96
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Discussions and conclusions --- p.98
Chapter 6.1 --- Research limitations and discussions --- p.98
Chapter 6.2 --- Conclusions --- p.99
BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.103
Appendix 1 .Defining MapService with ArcXML --- p.112
Appendix 2.Defining MapNotes with ArcXML --- p.112

A systems approach in research offers to examine the bio-physical constraints and decision-making of farmers exposed to climate variability. In this project, a systems perspective was achieved by combining computer-based simulation modelling, farmer surveys, and field experimentation to explore current and potential agronomic management practices crucial to smallholder maize (Zea mays L.) farmers to manage climate risks in the semi-arid regions of Ethiopia. The study aimed at investigating a suit of management options to identify opportunities that can improve crop productivity while reducing the production risk in smallholder maize-based cropping systems in the Central Rift Valley (CRV) Ethiopia. To establish better insights into farmers’ perceptions of, and management responses to climate variability, farmer surveys or rapid rural appraisal (RRAs) were conducted. The RRAs were conducted in three villages from two districts (Bosset and Adamitulu Jido-Kombolcha (AJK) in the CRV region of Ethiopia. Information collected from the interviews of 60 farmers and two focus group discussions in the study area were used to acquire baseline information of how farmers in the CRV perceive climate variability, particularly rainfall variability, and how their understanding of climate variability translates into farm management decisions and actions. During RRAs, assessments were made regarding farmers’ perceptions of the local climate variability, along with how farmers’ observation and knowledge of the seasonal climate affect their agronomic decisions. Generally, farmers gave similar criteria to describe seasonal climatic conditions and to distinguish seasons as ‘good’, ‘average’ or ‘bad’ indicating a shared experience. Farmers’ perceptions of seasonal climate variability and risk were mainly related to seasonal rainfall parameters in regards to crop growth and yield. Furthermore, in most cases, farmers’ ratings of season ‘types’ were in agreement with the official classification published by the National Meteorological Service of Ethiopia. Of the rainfall characteristics, total amount of seasonal rainfall was rated less critical than variations in the timing of rainfall onset and dry spells during the growing season. The historical pattern, local weather observations, and other indicators allowed farmers to form expectations of what the rainfall conditions are likely to be in the season ahead. Many of the farmers agronomic decisions are based on the actual and expected seasonal rainfall, however, not all farmers respond in the same way. Farmers indicated that rainfall indicators are particularly important as many of the key management decisions (i.e., sowing date, cultivar choice, the portion of land allocated to maize and other crop species) are flexible according to the timing of the onset of the seasonal rains. Historically, farmers used to sow their late maturing maize if rain started early in the Belg season (March/April–May), however, many farmers stated that they had noticed that the onset and distribution of early seasonal rainfall had become less reliable and more variable from the 1990s onwards. Farmers explained Belg season as unreliable due to post-sowing dry spells of varying length that can risk their crop to fail and they often need to re-sow. Still, around 30% of the respondents at Bosset and 60% at AJK opted to sow a late-maturing cultivar if Belg rain did occur, while the remaining 60% of farmers would wait until June if rain established well in the Kiremt season (June–September). In this study, less than 30% of the respondents applied mineral nitrogen (N) fertiliser, at sub-optimal rates, while 70% did not apply N fertiliser at all. Of the 70% of respondents who did not apply N fertiliser, nearly 40% of the respondents assumed that their fields were sufficiently fertile or non-responsive at all and there would be no yield advantage from applications of commercial N fertiliser. In 2012, a maize field experiment was conducted season at Melkassa, in the CRV, to obtain a comprehensive quality data set suitable for modelling purposes and to evaluate the responses of two locally adapted maize cultivars to contrasting sowing dates and N fertiliser application rates. Data included daily weather, crop properties (phenology, growth pattern, plant N concentration, grain and biomass yield of the locally adapted and medium-maturing maize cultivar, Melkassa-2), soil water and N characteristics and crop management details, along with the initial conditions of the soil profile (soil water and mineral N content and surface residue). These data were used to parameterise the Agricultural Production Systems sIMulator (APSIM) for one of dominant soil type representative of ‘good cropping conditions’ in the region. The parameterised model was evaluated against independent data from six maize experiments conducted between 2006 and 2012 at Melkassa. The model was evaluated by comparing the simulated and observed phenology, grain and biomass yields of maize cv. Melkassa-2 across a range of production situations at Melkassa. Generally, evaluation of the parameterised model against independent data showed that it was able to predict key crop responses including crop phenology, grain yield and biomass production as evidenced by different statistical indices for the goodness of fit between the simulated and observed values. The results demonstrated that APSIM-Maize is reliable and suitable for scenario analyses of maize production systems in semi-arid environments of Ethiopia. Subsequently, the APSIM-Maize model was configured to run long-term simulation experiments to explore the maize yield response to agronomic factors, which farmers who participated in the RRAs had identified as being important in managing climate risks. In the long-term simulations, a combination of varying sowing window, cultivar type and N fertiliser rates were considered to represent local management practices of typical farmers. In addition, agronomic recommendations of research and extension services were simulated along with other agronomic management measures. Simulations of maize yield were run for each year of the available historical weather records from weather stations nearby to the study villages (i.e., 34 years ranging from 1982 to 2015 at Adamitulu and 39 years ranging from 1977 to 2015 at Melkassa). For the sowing windows, early, normal and late sowing dates were considered. Cultivar choices included early-, medium- and late-maturing maize cultivars and three rates of N fertiliser were applied: 0 kg N ha\(^{-1}\) (N0), 25 kg N ha\(^{-1}\) (N25), and 50 kg N ha\(^{-1}\) (N50). Altogether, there were 54 simulation scenarios to analyse for both Adamitulu and Melkassa. The production risk associated with each combination of agronomic factors were estimated thereby creating best management options that farmers may possibly consider in the future when making decisions related to maize production under their local environment, which is characterised by highly variable and uncertain climate. Early sowing (March/April–May) ensured a sowing opportunity in more years compared to normal or late sowing, however, the likelihood of complete crop failure was greatest for early sowing (10%), due to a false start of rain or a risk of post-sowing dry spells, with risk decreasing as sowing was delayed from a normal (5%) to late window (<5%) during the Kiremt season. For late sowing, crop failure was unlikely, except for the late-maturing cultivar at Adamitulu where crop failure was ~15% more likely. For the early sowing, the late-maturing cultivar out-yielded the earlier cultivars at all levels of cumulative probability in 90% of the years. For the normal sowing, there was at least 88% likelihood of yield gain from selecting late-maturing cultivars compared to earlier cultivars irrespective of the N rate applied. At Adamitulu, the yield advantage of the late-maturing cultivar was greater if sown early (1 March–30 May) instead of later (early- to mid-June or mid- to end-June). At Melkassa, the yield gain was greater if the late-maturing cultivar was sown during the normal (1–15 June) and late (16–30 June) sowing window rather than early (1 April–30 May). For both locations, the long-term median yield of the late cultivar was greater than the early or normal cultivar, especially in high to average yielding years. In contrast, selecting an early cultivar reduced median yield. Irrespective of sowing time, there was at least an 85% likelihood of a yield loss from using an early cultivar than the medium and the late cultivars. However, for the late sowing at Adamitulu, the likelihood of yield penalties was only 65% when using an early or medium cultivar instead of the late one. Application of N fertiliser produced greater yields compared to unfertilised maize in at least 85% of the years regardless of the sowing window and cultivar type. With application of N50, there was a 65% likelihood that the yield gain would be more than the maximum yield that could ever be achieved with the application of N25. Averaged across locations, application of fertiliser could result in increases in the long-term median yields of 77% at N25 and 133% at N50 (2.7 and 3.5 t ha\(^{-1}\) vs. 1.7 t ha\(^{-1}\)) compared to the baseline N0. There were large shifts in cumulative distribution functions towards greater yields with application of either N25 or N50 compared to N0, although to varying degrees depending on the sowing time and the cultivar type. For a late cultivar sown at early and normal sowing windows, and for a medium cultivar sown late, the long-term simulations showed that application N25 could increase yield in more than 95% of the seasons without affecting the inter-seasonal variations in yield (as indicated by CV%) compared to N0. On the other hand, the locally recommended rate of N50 reduced maize yields in as much as 20% of the seasons compared to the farmer baseline N application strategy. Farmers are guaranteed a minimum yield of 2.5 t ha\(^{-1}\) in 75–90% of the simulated seasons when they applied at least N25, whereas this was only possible in 17–35% of the simulated seasons when no N was applied. Although the application of N fertiliser is not a standard practice in the region, the scenario analyses highlighted the importance of N fertiliser to boost crop productivity without inducing additional inter-seasonal variations. In conclusion, financially constrained and risk-averse farmers in the study areas, who traditionally grow maize without application of commercial N fertiliser, need to be educated about the benefits of using N fertiliser at a modest rate of application (i.e., 25 kg N ha\(^{-1}\)). This low risk strategy could be a stepping-stone to feasible intensification of the smallholder maize system in the CRV region. This thesis demonstrated that understanding the various aspects of the smallholder farmers including their local management situation, aspirations and risk preference and production objectives can be achieved using a participatory research approach. By engaging farmers in focus group discussions and individual interviews, along with crop simulation modelling using APSIM, climatic risks and their interaction with changes in agronomic management decisions and technological strategies for improving the performance of the farm system that suit the biophysical environment and socioeconomic conditions of the farming community can be explored. As a result, relevant and targeted ex-ante information can be generated about crop yield responses to various combinations of climate, soil and management factors. This enables researchers to provide farmers and their extension advisors with quantifiable information about production levels and risks as a consequence of the various agronomic management options. Ultimately, this will help support farmers shape their local practices and guide their strategic decisions in the face of climate variability and uncertainty.

This research investigates landside congestion at bulk cargo marine terminals in forestry export supply chains and explores the role of information systems in understanding congestion and mitigating its impacts. Through the conduct of three qualitative case studies supported by quantitative modelling, this research contributes to a more holistic understanding of congestion factors, their interactions, and mechanisms for congestion mitigation at bulk cargo terminals in forestry supply chains. Contemporary approaches to understanding and mitigating congestion, both in the research literature and in practice, have primarily focused on the supply chain's individual components rather than on how these components interact. These approaches are often disconnected from the underlying factors that contribute to the emergence of congestion in the system as a whole and focus on congestion symptoms and their resolution at pinch-points along the supply chain. Many congestion mitigation approaches prioritise technical solutions that address narrowly defined technical, economic and regulatory metrics. For example, digital tools in the form of terminal appointment systems (Huynh, Smith and Harder, 2016; Schulte et al., 2017) and automation technologies (Heilig and Vos, 2017) are regularly promoted to manage congestion. While these tools are undoubtedly useful, their promotion is often primarily for terminal efficiency or cost considerations (Chang Guan and Liu, 2009), in isolation from other factors that may be equally important. More broadly, evidence supporting infrastructure, technology and regulatory instruments as impacting positively on congestion, are too frequently only measured through narrowly defined metrics at specific points in a supply chain exhibiting congestion. This raises questions relating to what extent positive evaluations of congestion mitigation are partly a consequence of shifting the congestion problem to other parts of the supply chain. This issue has remained under-explored, as have the mechanisms through which congestion mitigation approaches are chosen and how their effects are experienced by various stakeholders involved in bulk cargo supply chains. Improving understanding of factors contributing to congestion is important, as is a better understanding of the adoption, use and application of information systems as part of approaches to mitigate the effects of congestion. Two of the most influential and highly cited papers in the domain of landside congestion management are empirical investigations (Giuliano & O'Brien, 2007; Morais & Lord, 2006). The issues highlighted by these papers regarding the ineffectiveness of appointment systems and other congestion mitigation methods in practice have been the primary driver for this work. Although these papers are more than a decade old, the extant research literature has, to date, failed to answer the question of how theoretical benefits derived from congestion mitigation be achieved practice. This research provides enhanced insights into factors contributing to congestion and into mechanisms for its mitigation. The research also presents insights into selecting and calibrating mechanisms to enhance their effectiveness for the entire supply chain. Landside congestion is conceptualised as a 'wicked' problem to sensitise this research to the socio-technical factors and their interactions in forest products export supply chains. 'Wicked' problems as described by Rittel and Webber (1973) are characterised by a plurality of perspectives on the problem, stakeholder objectives and potential problem resolutions. Already research has identified novel technologies such as remote sensing, networked embedded sensors operating in the Internet of Things (IoT) (Scholz et al., 2018), blockchain (Jabbour et al., 2020) artificial intelligence (AI), machine learning and deep learning as well as big data and cloud computing (Muller, Jaeger and Hanewinkel, 2019) are perceived as both disruptors and potential solutions to the many challenges faced by modern supply chains including forestry. However, most research focuses on technical aspects of these technologies and to a lesser extent on understanding of the importance and impact of social and behavioural components. Indeed, whilst there are large numbers of research papers advocating for the use of these novel technologies, few, if any, provide detailed insights into the mechanisms for their implementation or metrics to evaluate their impact on congestion. To address this limitation, this research adopted a participatory design approach to capture the multiple perspectives from the diverse set of supply chain stakeholders grappling with the congestion. More specifically, the participatory design approach used focused on facilitating solution development by participants in ways sensitive to the role of digital tools and techniques along the supply chain (Bodker, Kensing and Simonsen, 2004, 2011). The methodology adopted in this research involved the conduct of three participatory design case studies. Each case study focused on an Australian bulk-cargo marine terminal and its users' supply chains. The research strategy consisted of three stages deploying both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis techniques. The three stages were: exploration, design workshops and evaluation. This investigation was underpinned by a subjective ontology and an interpretive epistemology. Using multiple case studies was designed to overcome the perceived shortcomings of a single case concerning generalisability, the causal relations identified (Cavaye, 1996), and the possibility that findings result from case idiosyncrasies (Miles and Huberman, 1994). In terms of research design, Stage 1: Exploration aimed to provide a baseline understanding of the participants' perceptions of congestion factors, implications and potential mitigation mechanisms. During Stage 1: Exploration, qualitative data were collected through 13 site visits and 30 semi-structured interviews. These data were coded using a process drawing on grounded theory principles and led to insights that guided the subsequent stages. Quantitative data consisting of more than 250,000 truck arrival records and over 16,500 truck geo-positioning entries were also collected. These data were analysed in the next stage of the research to prepare the workshops. Stage 2: Design Workshops aimed to capture the joint understanding of the participants' perceptions, facilitate the alignment of perspectives, and develop a common vocabulary among participants. Furthermore, the workshops included a design component in which participants could develop congestion mitigation approaches for their supply chains. Four workshops involving 25 participants across the three case studies were conducted. The quantitative data were analysed using simulation modelling and exploratory data analysis to improve understanding of the impact of stochastic components on the terminal's operational performance and evaluate the truck unloading operations' sensitivity at the terminal to changes in these stochastic components or the terminal setup. The quantitative data analysis results were presented during the workshops and directly contributed to a common understanding of options' implications. The qualitative data emerging from this stage were coded using a process drawing on grounded theory principles. Finally, Stage 3: Evaluation aimed to explore the effectiveness of the participatory design process on the participants' understanding of congestion and where possible, to evaluate the impact of developed and implemented solutions on congestion. It could not be assumed at the outset of the research that the supply chain stakeholders would implement the designs emerging from the workshops. However, when this did occur, the second component of Stage 3: Evaluation aimed to capture the impact of the designs on congestion. Stage 3: Evaluation consisted of 11 semi-structured interviews and approx. 10,000 truck arrival records. Qualitative data from the workshops were also used during Stage 3: Evaluation. This research has been approved by the Human Ethics Research Committee (Tasmania) under ref: H0016718. The key findings of this research pertain to a better, more holistic, understanding of congestion factors, mitigation design alternatives and impact evaluation. The research has also highlighted the utility of a participatory design approach in achieving these results and has explored in detail the role information systems can play in better understanding and mitigating congestion at bulk cargo marine terminals for forest products. KF-1. Social, technical and behavioural factors and processes pertaining to the terminal, the marine- and landside supply chain interact to contribute to the appearance and severity of landside congestion. Therefore, congestion can be considered an 'emergent' property of intersecting supply chains. As a result, congestion mitigation is often perceived to fall outside individual organisations' responsibility. The factors and processes identified in this research include: • limited coordination of logistics flows within organisations, and within and between forest products supply chains, • misaligned incentives within organisations, and within and between forest products supply chains, • excessive interdependence of operations within supply chains and technical limitations to flexibility, • infrastructure capacity or performance limitations • behavioural responses associated with operational disruptions and congestion, • misinterpretation of performance expectations • a plurality of perspectives on congestion within and between supply chains; KF-2. Congestion, particularly with increased recurrence, affects the costs, compliance and fatigue risks of truck operators and creates operational uncertainty and the generation of significant frustration for participants across supply chains. Congestion is not only an operational problem. Failure to conceptualise and respond to congestion as a supply chain problem has consequences for the competitiveness and resilience of individual organisations and supply chains. KF-3. The participatory design approach utilised in this research enhanced the researcher's and participants' understanding of congestion and facilitated the xxii emergence of contextually relevant congestion mitigation mechanisms. A key component of the participatory design approach was the interplay between the qualitative and quantitative data and analysis. Qualitative techniques permitted identifying aspects pertaining to congestion that do not easily lend themselves to quantification. Quantitative techniques allowed the validation of or challenging of participants' perceptions and beliefs underlying their conventional responses to congestion. An outcome of the approach was that the participants designed and implemented mechanisms to mitigate congestion and initiated the deployment of digital tools to support coordination efforts and also attempted to apply by themselves the same approach in other similar circumstances. As a result, the congestion factors previously discussed in KF-1 were identified and congestion was defined as "An emergent symptom of logistics systems, characterised by higher-than-expected delays, generally manifesting at marine terminals, caused by a plurality of factors and their interactions and a multitude of stakeholders' perspectives and associated individual response behaviours". Furthermore, the participants designed and implemented mechanisms to mitigate congestion and investigated the deployment of digital tools to support coordination efforts. These were evaluated, and their positive impact on congestion confirmed. KF-4. Conventional measures for congestion (e.g. average truck turnaround times), used in isolation from other indicators, tend to misrepresent congestion. Performance metrics based solely on average measures may obscure the uncertainty and variability of measurements. Stakeholders may have unrealistic expectations as the average is often confused with the maximum. Congestion mitigation measures aimed at addressing average measures for congestion may, in fact, fail to address congestion even if successful at reducing the average measures. KF-5. Information systems can contribute to better understanding and mitigation of congestion. Exploratory data analysis and simulation modelling highlighted the congestion-related bottlenecks and helped challenge the participants' assumptions on congestion factors and frequency of occurrence. Furthermore, the simulation scenario analyses helped direct the participants' attention towards designing for the most promising congestion mitigation approaches. Information sharing supported the supply chain coordination mechanisms designed by participants. Information sharing, both at the operational and tactical levels pertaining to truck and vessel schedules, was instantiated to enhance coordination between the supply chains intersecting at the terminal. In one case study, the participants also commenced the procurement process for a terminal appointment system to facilitate truck arrivals' coordination at the terminal. The initiation of information sharing was partially contingent on addressing information asymmetry between participants and a mutual definition of each party's behavioural responses following information sharing. KF-6. The participants' perceptions of the expected benefits of digital tools to mitigate congestion were not grounded in evidence or a clear understanding of the mechanisms through which information technology would address congestion. As a result, the way in which technology was adopted and utilised by users was rarely closely correlated to congestion mitigation. Indeed, there were numerous examples of where individual organisations had justified investment in IT tools by reference to landside congestion management but had not subsequently analysed the data produced by these systems or utilised it to address congestion-related challenges proactively. These key results have also led to the production of a model for identifying and understanding interactions among factors contributing to congestion and a framework to support holistic responses to congestion mitigation.