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Статті в журналах з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
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O’Connell, Brian. "A ‘Made in Qatar’ Energy Transition Strategy." European Energy and Environmental Law Review 28, Issue 6 (December 1, 2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2019023.
Анотація:
Qatar is an independent constitutional monarchy and one of the world’s largest producers of natural gas. Qatar’s National Climate Change Plan commits the country to rapid decarbonisation of the energy system in line with the Paris Agreement. This analysis considers the international legal and regulatory frameworks that could enable the Qatari financial sector to support progress to domestic and global climate targets agreed to in the Paris Agreement. energy transition, Paris Agreement, sustainable finance action plan, Qatar, European Commission
2
Khubchandani, Mohit. "The United States and the Paris Agreement on Climate Change." Max Planck Yearbook of United Nations Law Online 22, no. 1 (October 7, 2019): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757413_022001004.
Анотація:
In June 2017, US President Donald Trump announced that the US ‘will withdraw from the Paris Accord’. This paper argues that the US is still a party to the Paris Agreement and that its current domestic policies, such as revocation of the Clean Power Plan and lifting the Coal Moratorium, constitute an internationally wrongful act.
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Singh, Avantika. "Introspecting Gender Concerns in National Action Plan for Climate Change of India." Indian Journal of Public Administration 66, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 179–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556120922833.
Анотація:
The climate sceptics faltered at COP21 Paris summit after climate change was accepted as a real threat. An agreement across tables on historical ‘polluters pay’ principle shifted the burden of curbing the emissions on developed economies. However, gender concerns were conspicuous by their absence in all agreements. Mary Robinson, a UN envoy at the summit precisely pointed out that Paris climate summit’s gender imbalance with substantial male domination is inimical to taking appropriate action to save people from climate change risks. The research shows a poor track record with minimum or no presence of women representatives in any breakthrough deal and discussion. There is a tendency to avert their voices and concerns in any stamped deals done by governments and organisations at international, national, sub-national levels. Despite such gender omission, the policy discourse carries an inherent assumption of gender neutrality while designing adaptation and mitigation efforts in averting climate-related stress. This paper is an attempt to unravel such ungendered tendency, by a critical examination of the National Action Plan for Climate Change in India to bring out an apparent masculinisation of the policy discourse.
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Troyer, Jolien De, and Koen Bytebier. "Article: The ECB’s Decarbonization Plan for Corporate Bonds." European Business Law Review 35, Issue 1 (February 1, 2024): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eulr2024010.
Анотація:
This article explores the European Central Bank’s (ECB) pioneering approach to incorporating climate considerations into its monetary policy operations, using a climate scoring model. The ECB aims to reduce climate-related financial risks and encourage greener practices. The background section discusses the post-2015 Paris Agreement context and the ECB’s Climate Agenda, while highlighting the controversies surrounding its quantitative easing programs.The core of the article examines the ECB’s decarbonization strategy for corporate bonds, which involves a scoring model based on three sub-scores: backward-looking emissions, forward-looking targets, and climate reporting/disclosure. This model is expected to incentivize companies to reduce their carbon footprint and improve disclosures.The article concludes by emphasizing the ECB’s commitment to climate change mitigation but suggests a broader need for a reevaluation of the monetary system to prioritize public interest and address pressing global issues more effectively. Bonds, ECB, decarbonization, Climate Agenda, Eurosystem, climate scoring, monetary policy
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Yu, Hongyuan. "The U.S. Withdrawal From the Paris Agreement: Challenges and Opportunities for China." China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies 04, no. 02 (January 2018): 281–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2377740018500100.
Анотація:
President Trump’s decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement on Climate Change is both a major reversal of the Obama administration’s climate policy and a huge blow to global climate governance. The comprehensive regression of President Trump’s climate policy manifests mainly in three aspects: abolition of the clean energy plan, exit from the Paris Agreement, and a return to traditional energy policies, which reflect the cyclical and volatile nature of the U.S. climate policy. With its lasting negative impact, the China-U.S. cooperative leadership in global climate governance is stranded. In this light, China should strive for a bigger role in leading global efforts to address climate change and enhance cooperation through various mechanisms. Under the current U.S. policy environment, China can still strengthen cooperation with the United States in such fields as traditional energy, infrastructure investment, global energy market, and green finance.
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Ahmad Naeem Salik. "COP21 Paris: Pakistan and a New Global Climate Regime." Strategic Studies 37, no. 2 (July 10, 2017): 74–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.53532/ss.037.02.00225.
Анотація:
In today’s globalised world environmental factors are going to play a major role in not so distant a future, in the social and economic development of countries, especially the underdeveloped ones. We cannot comprehend the magnitude of these changes right now especially in Pakistan, where environmental degradation is already having a major impact, be it through changing climate patterns, or increased number of natural calamities. Conference of Parties (COP21) was a United Nation (UN) Conference on Climate Change in Paris, held between November-December 2015, to put these environmental changes into perspective and find solutions for them. The major outcome of this conference was the Paris Agreement. In September 2015, during the 70th United Nation General Assembly (UNGA) meeting, which was a precursor to the COP21 Conference, the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) was approved. Pakistan is one of the countries, already suffering from the effects of climate change and water insecurity issues, falls into the category of water stressed states. As one of the signatories of the Paris Agreement, it gives a great opportunity to Pakistan to seek help from the international community to deal better with its environmental issues. As Pakistan is an agrarian economy, any drastic changes in the environment will have an adverse impact on its national economy. This paper will evaluate the vulnerability of Pakistan to the phenomenon of climate change, and the deleterious impact it can have on the per capita income, water security, and food-energy nexus of the people of Pakistan; and will suggest as to how the policy makers of the country can place it on the path towards green economy, as envisioned by the government's Vision 2025 plan.
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Zainul Abidin, M. A. "Driving Green Economy for Malaysia through Green Technology and Green Culture." Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers Malaysia 2, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 2–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.56381/jsaem.v2i1.69.
Анотація:
In the world we live in today, issues of climate change and the need for sustainable solutions have become more prominent. During the agreement reached in Paris in December 2015, the world was unanimous on what needed to be done while the clock was ticking. Under such an agreement, every country shall implement its own five-year climate action plan in a bid to ratchet up ambition levels. Developed countries vowed to provide significant amount of money as well as technical support to help under-developed countries cut down on Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions and adapt to climate change.
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Alekseev, Petr V. "Analysis of the Modern Climate Policy of the European Union." Теория и практика общественного развития, no. 10 (October 25, 2023): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.24158/tipor.2023.10.15.
Анотація:
The world community’s major problem in the XXI century is associated with global warming. In order to address this issue, the Paris Climate Agreement was adopted in 2015. As part of the implementation of the Paris Agreement, on December 11, 2019, the European Union (EU) adopted the European Green Deal (EGD), providing for achieving net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. On July 14, 2021, the EU adopted the climate program Fit for 55 aimed at implementing the EGD. On March 8, 2022, the EU adopted an ambitious strategy to stop importing fossil fuels from Russia and transition to renewable energy sources (REPowerEU). Based on the analysis, the article concludes that the modern climate policy of the EU is a logical continuation of the implementation of the Marshall Plan to establish dominance over European countries with the aim of dein-dustrializing them and turning them into US colonies. The European Union, largely as a result of the implemen-tation of this counterproductive climate policy that is contrary to the national interests of the member states, is experiencing stagflation and is gradually losing its competitive position in the global economy. In this new reali-ty, the EU faces the challenge of revising and adjusting climate policy in the region.
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Bakošová, Lucia. "Sharm el-Sheikh Climate Change Conference." Bratislava Law Review 7, no. 1 (June 30, 2023): 115–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.46282/blr.2023.7.1.366.
Анотація:
The year 2022 offered the international community an opportunity to take concrete steps in reducing the impacts of climate change. In November 2022, the State Parties of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, as well as representatives of international organizations, corporations, civil society and activists met in Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt to discuss the current state of climate change and measures that are capable to protect future generations from adverse effects of climate change, mitigate or adapt to them. The paper comments on the outcome documents and key issues that were discussed at the Sharm el-Sheikh Climate Change Conference (COP27), as well as measures that were adopted. Particular attention is focused on the Sharm el-Sheikh Implementation Plan. The key issues that are addressed in this paper are related to the rising amount of emissions, failure to move away from fossil fuels, and the newly established loss and damage fund.
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Prina, Matteo Giacomo, Giampaolo Manzolini, David Moser, Roberto Vaccaro, and Wolfram Sparber. "Multi-Objective Optimization Model EPLANopt for Energy Transition Analysis and Comparison with Climate-Change Scenarios." Energies 13, no. 12 (June 23, 2020): 3255. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13123255.
Анотація:
The modeling of energy systems with high penetration of renewables is becoming more relevant due to environmental and security issues. Researchers need to support policy makers in the development of energy policies through results from simulating tools able to guide them. The EPLANopt model couples a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm to EnergyPLAN simulation software to study the future best energy mix. In this study, EPLANopt is applied at country level to the Italian case study to assess the best configurations of the energy system in 2030. A scenario, the result of the optimization, is selected and compared to the Italian integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. It allows a further reduction of CO2 emissions equal to 10% at the same annual costs of the Italian integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. Both these results are then compared to climate change scenarios through the carbon budget indicator. This comparison shows the difficulties to meet the Paris Agreement target of limiting the temperature increase to 1.5 °C. The results also show that this target can only be met through an increase in the total annual costs in the order of 25% with respect to the integrated energy and climate action plan scenario. However, the study also shows how the shift in expenditure from fossil fuels, external expenses, to investment on the national territory represents an opportunity to enhance the national economy.
Дисертації з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
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Hakim, Lamia. "Les évolutions dans les opérations de logements sociaux construits à Paris entre 2007 et 2020 face aux exigences énergétiques et environnementales." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 10, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PA100142.
Анотація:
Dans le contexte de la lutte contre le changement climatique, la réduction de la consommation énergétique des bâtiments devient une urgence. À Paris, le secteur du bâtiment représente un enjeu important quant à cet objectif. Plusieurs décisions politiques ont été adoptées afin de réduire les consommations d’énergie et de protéger l’environnement. Parmi ces engagements, figurent le Plan Climat de la Ville de Paris et le Plan Biodiversité. L’objet de cette thèse est d’examiner les transformations que les impératifs environnementaux et les exigences énergétiques liés notamment à ces plans ont entraînées dans les nouvelles opérations de logements sociaux parisiens construits entre 2007 et 2020. C’est pourquoi nous étudions plusieurs « aspects » des constructions (positionnement sur la parcelle, morphologie, prolongements extérieurs, végétalisation, typologie et organisation spatiale, rapport entre l’intérieur et l’extérieur du logement, système constructif et enveloppe). La méthodologie de cette recherche est principalement basée sur des entretiens semi-directifs menés auprès des architectes des agences d’architecture impliquées dans la réalisation d’opérations de logements sociaux à Paris et sur des analyses de plans. Cette thèse met en évidence, au cours des années 2010, une première phase d’évolution des logements sociaux au regard de la prise en compte des enjeux environnementaux et énergétiques dans la conception de ces logements. Elle annonce les prémices de transformations actuelles plus radicales, tant dans la spatialité des appartements, les rapports aux sites et les typologies que dans les modes de construction des logements sociauxIn the fight against climate change, reducing the energy consumption of buildings is becoming an emergency. In Paris, the building sector poses a significant challenge to achieving the objective of reducing buildings’ energy consumption. Several political commitments have been made to reducing energy consumption and protecting the environment. These commitments include the City of Paris Climate Plan and the Biodiversity Plan. The purpose of this thesis is to examine the transformations that environmental imperatives and energy requirements, which are associated with the abovementioned plans in particular, brought about in the Parisian social housing facilities built between 2007 and 2020. Hence, in this thesis, we study several aspects of construction (positioning on the plot, morphology, exterior extensions, vegetation, typology and spatial organization, the relationship between the dwelling’s interior and exterior, and the construction system and envelope). This research’s methodology was mainly based on semi-structured interviews conducted with architectural agencies involved in the construction of social housing facilities in Paris and on the analyses of plans. The content of this thesis highlights an initial phase in the evolution of social housing with regard to the consideration of environmental and energy issues in the design of housing units in the 2010s. This thesis constitutes the basis for more radical current transformations in the spatiality of the apartments, the buildings’ relationships with the sites and typologies, and the methods of constructing social housing
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Albarus, Ivonne. "Bridging Political Pledges and Physical Observations : Projection of Urban CO2 Mitigation Strategies at High Spatial Resolution." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ012.
Анотація:
Le changement climatique (CC), dû aux activités humaines, est un défi majeur actuel. Les zones urbaines, concentrant les émissions mondiales, sont au cœur de l'action climatique, reflétant leur double rôle dans l'aggravation et l'atténuation du CC, mais aussi mettant en évidence leur grande vulnérabilité à ses impacts. Les inventaires des émissions de gaz à effet de serre (GES) sont essentiels pour les décideurs politiques afin d'évaluer, surveiller, publier et réduire ces émissions. Les méthodologies basées sur l'activité ont été largement adoptées, mais des défis persistent: standardisation, disponibilité et transparence des données, financement long terme... Les avancées récentes dans les approches hybrides, combinant des inventaires classiques et des mesures atmosphériques, sont prometteuses pour estimer avec précision les émissions et soutenir l'action climatique urbaine. Les inventaires des émissions fournissent la base de connaissance, tandis que les Plans Climat articulent les efforts de réduction des émissions. De nombreuses villes visent la neutralité carbone, exigeant une décarbonisation profonde, une transformation systémique, une gouvernance robuste et des considérations socio-économiques. La surveillance atmosphérique des GES permet un suivi efficace des émissions, mais une conception méticuleuse du réseau est cruciale pour surveiller les secteurs clés et s'adapter aux paysages urbains en évolution rapide.L'objectif principal de cette thèse est d'établir un lien entre les impacts spatiaux des engagements politiques sur les futures émissions de CO2 à Paris et Munich pour 2030 et 2050, et les recommandations résultantes sur les caractéristiques physiques des réseaux d'observation long terme des GES urbains.Le chapitre I présente l'importance des zones urbaines et offre un aperçu des différentes méthodes de comptabilisation du carbone, comme les inventaires, les observations atmosphériques et la modélisation. De plus, il décrit le rôle des Plans Climat, ainsi que des études de conception de réseaux.Le chapitre II, une étude conjointe de Munich et de Paris, révèle des trajectoires d'émissions divergentes, en raison d'objectifs climatiques distincts, soulignant la complexité de la réduction des émissions urbaines influencée par des facteurs socio-économiques. Quantifier les actions d'atténuation et déterminer si leur somme permet d'atteindre les objectifs climatiques restent des défis. Notre recherche souligne la nécessité d'évaluations quantitatives des actions climatiques pour renforcer les politiques climatiques.Le chapitre III analyse en détail le Plan Climat de Paris en quantifiant les actions d'atténuation les plus impactantes à travers les secteurs. Les réductions potentielles de carbone qui en résultent sont projetées permettant d'évaluer leurs impacts temporels, spatiaux et socio-économiques, ainsi que la faisabilité d'atteindre les objectifs climatiques de la ville. Les cartes d'émissions à haute résolution spatiale révèlent des disparités dans les réductions d'émissions, mettant en évidence les interactions complexes ville-banlieue, les facteurs socio-économiques et les stratégies de mitigation climatique.Le chapitre IV analyse de manière critique la conception de réseaux atmosphériques à long terme pour l'Île-de-France en utilisant les projections spatialisées des actions de mitigation du carbone. L'étude utilise le modèle de transport WRF-Chem, LPDM en mode inverse et calcule les zones d'influence des stations existantes et théoriques basées sur des observations horaires. La sensibilité des stations aux émissions GES de surface est évaluée, soulignant l'importance d'une conception méticuleuse du réseau et du placement des capteurs pour surveiller les tendances d'émissions décroissantes dans les paysages urbains en rapide évolution.Le chapitre V résume les principales conclusions de l'étude, discute de l'importance des résultats et esquisse les orientations potentielles pour de futures recherchesReducing anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel consumption remains the primary objective to limit the impact of climate change in the coming decades. Urban areas, major contributors to global emissions, are focal points for climate action, reflecting their dual role in exacerbating and mitigating climate change but also highlighting their high vulnerability to its impacts. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission inventories are vital for policymakers to assess, monitor, report, and reduce carbon emissions. Organizations like ICLEI, GCoM, and C40 provide frameworks for cities to report emissions and share knowledge. Activity-based methodologies have been widely embraced, yet challenges persist, including standardized methodologies, data availability and transparency, and long-term funding. Recent advancements with hybrid approaches, combining inventories and atmospheric measurements, show promising results in providing more accurate and timely emission estimates to support urban climate action. While emission inventories provide the basis for effectively targeting climate policies, urban Climate Action Plans articulate carbon mitigation efforts to reduce emissions. Many cities aim for net zero emissions by mid-century, necessitating deep decarbonization, systemic transformation, robust governance, and socio-economic considerations. Atmospheric GHG monitoring supports effective emission tracking, but careful network design is crucial to monitor key sectors and adapt to rapidly changing urban landscapes.The main objective of this thesis is to establish a link between the anticipated spatial impacts of political pledges on future anthropogenic CO2 emissions in Paris and Munich for 2030 and 2050, and the resulting recommendations on the physical characteristics of long-term urban GHG observation networks.Chapter I introduces the importance of urban areas and provides an overview of different carbon accounting methods like activity-based emission inventories, atmospheric observations, and modeling approaches. Additionally, it depicts the crucial role of climate action plans and network design studies.Chapter II, a joint study of Munich and Paris, reveals divergent emission trajectories due to distinct climate targets, underlining the complexity of reducing urban emissions influenced by socio-economic factors. The quantification of mitigation actions and the analysis of whether the sum of those actions reaches the given climate targets remains challenging. The research underscores the need for quantitative assessments of climate actions to strengthen climate policies.Chapter III provides a more detailed analysis of Paris's Climate Action Plan by quantifying the most impacting mitigation actions across sectors. The resulting carbon-saving potentials are projected to evaluate their temporal, spatial, and socio-economic impacts and assess the feasibility of meeting the city's climate targets. The high-granular spatially resolved emission maps reveal significant disparities in emission reductions, highlighting the complex city-suburb interactions, socio-economic impacts, and climate mitigation strategies.Chapter IV critically analyzes the design of long-term atmospheric monitoring networks for the Greater Paris region using the spatialized projections of carbon mitigation actions. The study employs a model-observation framework, integrating the WRF-Chem transport model and LPDM in backward mode. The study computes tower footprints for existing and theoretical monitoring stations based on hourly observations with varying sensor sensitivity. It assesses station sensitivity to surface GHG emissions, emphasizing the importance of careful network design and sensor placement for monitoring decreasing emission trends in rapidly evolving urban landscapes.Chapter V summarizes the study's main findings, discusses the significance of the results, and outlines potential directions for future research
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Kristjónsdóttir, Marta Karen. "Shaping the Climate Action trajectory within the Fashion Industry : a case study of a Small Medium Sized Enterprise." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Naturresurser och hållbar utveckling, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-388637.
Анотація:
The apparel and footwear industry’s contribution to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is one of the fifth largest per industry, equal to that of livestock, after electricity and heat, oil and gas, agriculture, and transportation (Ellen MacArthur Foundation, 2017). For industry-wide emissions reduction, investing in renewable energy and energy efficiency programs across highest impacting life cycle phases offer the most effective solution. However, identifying the highest impacting life cycles phases shows varied results depending on the particular type of business model under examination. This paper responds to the lack of existing data and empirical research on how to accurately measure, report and reduce carbon emissions across the highly complex and globally interconnected apparel value chain. This is done through a single case study investigation of an Icelandic fashion brand. A hybrid approach of a standard Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and the Sustainable Global Value Chain (SGVC) functions to produce a Hotspot Identification Tool (HIT) to establish a holistic portrayal of business operations in relation to emission impacts and level of controllability across Scopes. The conceptual analysis and qualitative results identify the most relevant emission hotspots to lie within the company’s privately owned manufacturing facilities, as well as the procurement phase, due to its direct connection with and influence on material production, user phase, and end-of-life. The main obstacle in this pursuit is identified as restriction of resources in terms of time, capital and expertise. It is suggested that this be overcome by joining a Multi-Stakeholder Initiative where resources and expertise is pooled in a pre-competitive manner to reach common objectives. The investigation further suggests a need for global fashion brands to leverage their influential position on down- and upstream activities across the value chain, i.e. with their supply chain partners and consumers. I argue that fashion brands play an integral role in supporting local efforts to build a decarbonisation pathway towards climate neutral economies on a global scale.
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Jégou, Anne. "Territoires, acteurs, enjeux des dynamiques de durabilité urbaine : le cas de la métropole parisienne." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00681586.
Анотація:
Des dynamiques de durabilité urbaine sont identifiables à partir des outils territoriaux que sont les Agendas 21, Plans Climat et projets de quartiers durables, essentiellement menés par les collectivités territoriales. Même dans la métropole parisienne, pourtant peu avancée vers le développement durable urbain, un patchwork d'initiatives émerge, porté par des acteurs engagés, montrant la généralisation en cours de la mise en œuvre de la durabilité urbaine, qui à son tour entraîne d'autres acteurs. Néanmoins ces initiatives se heurtent à des forces d'inertie liées à des concentrations d'enjeux territoriaux difficiles à appréhender pour les acteurs. Alors que l'échelle métropolitaine d'action s'impose au regard de la durabilité urbaine, les politiques de durabilité ne s'élaborent pas à cette échelle mal territorialisée ; en revanche les projets de durabilité s'arriment aux projets métropolitains. Agendas 21 et Plans Climat ne territorialisent guère leur action. Les projets de quartiers durables montrent des efforts de couturage urbain et d'intégration du milieu urbain. Ces leviers d'action demeurent limités car mal connectés. Les citoyens sont encore mal mobilisés mais peuvent davantage constituer un moteur de durabilité. Cette thèse contribue à une géographie environnementale de la durabilité, ancrée dans les territoires et dans les milieux, cherchant à apporter concepts et méthodologies (évaluation par indicateurs et techniques d'enquête).
Книги з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
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Suzuki, David T. Just cool it!: The climate crisis and what we can do : a post-Paris Agreement game plan. 2017.
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Rozentāle, Līga. Electricity and Climate Policy Measures: The Unknown Known. RTU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7250/9789934227752.
Анотація:
The Thesis focuses on researching the areas of Latvia's electricity policy that are underdeveloped or forgotten within the current electricity policy framework in order to define possible policy improvements from the perspective of achieving climate goals, providing proposals for the review of the National Energy and Climate Plan in 2023. The Thesis provides a comprehensive and systematic analysis of specific electricity policy measures using different methodological approaches, which is finalized by applying theory-based approach to integrate all parts of the research on electricity policy measures into a common result.
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Takahashi, Bruno, and Alejandra Martinez. Climate Change Communication in Peru. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.574.
Анотація:
Peru is one of the most biodiverse countries on the planet. More than 65% of the country is covered by the Amazon rainforest, and the Andes region is home to more than 70% of the world’s tropical glaciers. This abundance of natural resources also makes the country highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change.The Peruvian government therefore requires the development and implementation of action plans to adapt to the present and future impacts of climate change. At the same time, it requires the development of sound communication strategies that include collaboration with stakeholders such as the media and nongovernmental organizations. Media coverage of climate change can have important implications for policy decision making. This is especially salient in a context of low information availability where media reports play an important role in filling knowledge gaps that in turn can affect the way policies are developed.Climate change, as an environmental and social issue in Peru, is not highly politicized, as it is in countries such as the United States and Australia. There is no major debate about the reality of climate change, the scientific evidence, or the need for political action and technological and policy innovations. This approach is also reflected in the media’s coverage of the issue. Peru’s media tend to focus on climate change mostly during key policy events. Among these major events was the capital city of Lima’s hosting in 2010 of the V meeting of Latin American, Caribbean, and European Union countries, where the main topics of discussion were climate change and poverty. In addition, Lima hosted the COP20, which preceded the Paris meeting in 2015 that led to a major global agreement. The media’s coverage of these events was intense. These were the exceptions: A good proportion of Peru’s newspaper coverage comes from international news wire agencies. Coverage from those sources focuses mostly on mitigation actions, instead of adaptation, which is more relevant to vulnerable countries such as Peru. This coverage is in line with the government’s view of mitigation as a business opportunity. There is, however, a lack of studies that explore, first, the factors that affect this coverage, and, second, the way other mediums such as television or radio cover the issue.Strategic communication by governmental organizations, as well as accurate and fact-based media reporting about climate change, is necessary to better communicate the urgency and magnitude of the problem to the general public, grassroots organizations, industry, and international agencies, among others.
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Jaramillo, Marcela, and Valentina Saavedra. NDC Invest: Supporting Transformational Climate Policy and Finance. Inter-American Development Bank, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003340.
Анотація:
The Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) indicates that meeting the Paris Agreement's goal of limiting the global temperature rise from pre-industrial levels to between 1.5 and 2 degrees Celsius requires reaching net-zero emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) between 2050 and 2070, as well as deep reductions in the emissions of other greenhouse gases by around mid-century (GHGs) (IPCC, 2018). At the same time countries need to build resilience to face the changes that cannot be avoided. NDC Invest was created as the one-stop-shop of the IDB Group providing technical and financial support for countries in Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) in their efforts to achieve the climate objectives under the Paris Agreement, seeking to transition to a net zero, resilient and sustainable development pathways that improve quality of life and prosperity in LAC. Through our research and experience supporting countries and piloting solutions we have developed a toolbox for support. This paper describes three NDC Invest products to support Governments to tackle challenges and scale up action towards a climate aligned and sustainable development path: i) the design of Long-Term Strategies (LTS) for net-zero emissions and resilience; ii) design of ambitious Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), aligned to LTS; and iii) design of investment plans and finance strategies. Our three products are not a fix recipe, but rather a toolbox to provide flexible and relevant solutions tailored to country needs and context, and different stages of design and implementation of their climate targets.
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Koh, Harold Hongju. Introduction: Trumping International Law? Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190912185.003.0001.
Анотація:
How to resist President Donald Trump’s assault on international law? This introduction sketches the tripartite plan of this book. First, it discusses a counterstrategy of resistance based on transnational legal process. Second, it illustrates that counterstrategy with respect to immigration and refugees, and human rights; the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the Iran Nuclear Deal, and trade diplomacy; with countries of concern such as North Korea, Russia, and Ukraine; and with respect to America’s wars: Al Qaeda, Islamic State, Afghanistan, and Syria. Third, it reviews what broader issues are at stake in the looming battle between maintaining the post-World War II framework of Kantian global governance versus shifting to an Orwellian system of authoritarian spheres of influence.
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Munro, James. Applying International Economic Law to Emissions Trading Schemes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198828709.003.0002.
Анотація:
The process of interpreting the treaties of international economic law is a key aspect of the analysis that is undertaken in this book. Of particular importance is the potential relevance of the international climate regime to interpreting international economic law—a regime recently rejuvenated by the Paris Agreement, and in fulfilment of whose aims emissions trading schemes are adopted and maintained. Chapter 2 therefore sets out the methodology of the book—namely, interpreting and applying international economic law to emissions trading schemes—and assesses whether and how the international climate regime might play a role in that process.
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Puppim de Oliveira, Jose A., and Celio Andrade. The Political Economy of Clean Energy Transitions at Sub-National Level. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198802242.003.0027.
Анотація:
This chapter examines the political economy aspects, particularly the influence of the Clean Development Mechanism, in clean energy and climate change policies in the states of Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul in Brazil. The different mechanisms for responding to climate change are financing opportunities in some of the ‘green’ industries, but the results show a gap between the initial objectives of global policies and their results. The research identified pitfalls and opportunities for new strategies and mechanisms for boosting clean energy in Brazil and the role that the Clean Development Mechanism and future international mechanisms can play in the political economy of clean energy transitions. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the lessons learned from experience of the Clean Development Mechanism and its implications for the future of the Paris Agreement.
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Entwisle, Timothy. Sprinter and Sprummer. CSIRO Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/9781486302048.
Анотація:
Since 1788, Australia has carried the yoke of four European seasons that make no sense in most parts of the country. We may like them for historical or cultural reasons, or because they are the same throughout the world, but they tell us nothing of our natural environment. It's time to reject those seasons and to adopt a system that brings us more in tune with our plants and animals – a system that helps us to notice and respond to climate change.
Using examples from his 25 years working in botanic gardens, author Timothy Entwisle illustrates how our natural world really responds to seasonal changes in temperature, rainfall and daylight, and why it would be better to divide up the year based on what Australian plants do rather than ancient rites of the Northern Hemisphere.
Sprinter and Sprummer opens with the origins and theory of the traditional seasonal system, and goes on to review the Aboriginal seasonal classifications used across Australia. Entwisle then proposes a new five-season approach, explaining the characteristics of each season, along with the biological changes that define them. The book uses seasons to describe the fascinating triggers in the life of a plant (and plant-like creatures), using charismatic flora such as carnivorous plants, the Wollemi Pine and orchids, as well as often overlooked organisms such as fungi. The final chapter considers climate change and how the seasons are shifting whether we like it or not.
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Fernández‐Armesto, Felipe, and Benjamin Sacks. The Global Exchange of Food and Drugs. Edited by Frank Trentmann. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199561216.013.0007.
Анотація:
There are few more intriguing problems in the history of consumption than that of how cultural barriers to the transmission of foods and drugs have been traversed or broken. Environmental change is a crucial part of the background of global exchanges of food and drugs. The process we have come to know as ‘the Columbian exchange’ of the last half-millennium made it possible to transplant crops to new climates, by a mixture of adaptation and accident. Shifts of religion can also play a big part. This article discusses the global exchange of food and drugs. After briefly considering imperialism and migration, which are inescapable parts of the background of trade, it focuses on trade itself, which is probably the biggest single influence on the global exchange of commodities such as salt, sugar and spice, psychotropic beverages, and therapeutic and recreational drugs. The article concludes with a discussion on food and drugs in the era of global trade.
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Fuss, Sabine. The 1.5°C Target, Political Implications, and the Role of BECCS. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228620.013.585.
Анотація:
The 2°C target for global warming had been under severe scrutiny in the run-up to the climate negotiations in Paris in 2015 (COP21). Clearly, with a remaining carbon budget of 470–1,020 GtCO2eq from 2015 onwards for a 66% probability of stabilizing at concentration levels consistent with remaining below 2°C warming at the end of the 21st century and yearly emissions of about 40 GtCO2 per year, not much room is left for further postponing action. Many of the low stabilization pathways actually resort to the extraction of CO2 from the atmosphere (known as negative emissions or Carbon Dioxide Removal [CDR]), mostly by means of Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS): if the biomass feedstock is produced sustainably, the emissions would be low or even carbon-neutral, as the additional planting of biomass would sequester about as much CO2 as is generated during energy generation. If additionally carbon capture and storage is applied, then the emissions balance would be negative. Large BECCS deployment thus facilitates reaching the 2°C target, also allowing for some flexibility in other sectors that are difficult to decarbonize rapidly, such as the agricultural sector. However, the large reliance on BECCS has raised uneasiness among policymakers, the public, and even scientists, with risks to sustainability being voiced as the prime concern. For example, the large-scale deployment of BECCS would require vast areas of land to be set aside for the cultivation of biomass, which is feared to conflict with conservation of ecosystem services and with ensuring food security in the face of a still growing population.While the progress that has been made in Paris leading to an agreement on stabilizing “well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels” and “pursuing efforts to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C” was mainly motivated by the extent of the impacts, which are perceived to be unacceptably high for some regions already at lower temperature increases, it has to be taken with a grain of salt: moving to 1.5°C will further shrink the time frame to act and BECCS will play an even bigger role. In fact, aiming at 1.5°C will substantially reduce the remaining carbon budget previously indicated for reaching 2°C. Recent research on the biophysical limits to BECCS and also other negative emissions options such as Direct Air Capture indicates that they all run into their respective bottlenecks—BECCS with respect to land requirements, but on the upside producing bioenergy as a side product, while Direct Air Capture does not need much land, but is more energy-intensive. In order to provide for the negative emissions needed for achieving the 1.5°C target in a sustainable way, a portfolio of negative emissions options needs to minimize unwanted effects on non–climate policy goals.
Частини книг з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
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Nagrath, Kriti, Kate Dooley, and Sven Teske. "Nature-Based Carbon Sinks: Carbon Conservation and Protection Zones." In Achieving the Paris Climate Agreement Goals, 337–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-99177-7_14.
Анотація:
AbstractBasic information on ecosystem-based approaches to climate mitigation is provided, and their inclusion in international climate and nature conservation treaties is discussed. Key concepts around net-zero emissions and carbon removal are examined, as are the roles they play in the One Earth Climate Model, which develops a 1.5 °C-compatible scenario by combining ecosystem restoration with deep decarbonization pathways. The carbon removal potentials of the five ecosystem restoration pathways—forests and agricultural lands, forest restoration, reforestation, reduced harvest, agroforestry, and silvopasture—are provided. Land-use management options, including the creation of ‘carbon conservation zones’ (CCZ), are discussed.
2
Osawaru, Moses Edwin, and Matthew Chidozie Ogwu. "Plants and Plant Products in Local Markets Within Benin City and Environs." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 315–37. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_159.
Анотація:
AbstractThe vulnerability of agriculture systems in Africa to climate change is directly and indirectly affecting the availability and diversity of plants and plant products available in local markets. In this chapter, markets in Benin City and environs were assessed to document the availability of plants and plant products. Markets were grouped into urban, suburban, and rural with each group having four markets. Majority of the plant and plant product vendors were women and 88 plant species belonging to 42 families were found. Their scientific and common names were documented as well as the parts of the plant and associated products available in the markets. Most of the plant and plant products found in local markets belong to major plant families. Urban markets had the highest diversity of plants and plant products. Three categories of plants and plant products were documented. Around 67% of the plants and plant products were categorized as whole plant/plant parts, 28% as processed plant parts, while 5% as reprocessed plant/plant parts. It was revealed that 86% of these plants are used as foods, 11% are for medicinal purposes, while 3% is used for other purposes. About 35% of plants and plant products across the markets were fruits, which is an indication that city and environs are a rich source of fruits. The local knowledge and practices associated with the plants and plant products can contribute towards formulating a strategic response for climate change impacts on agriculture, gender, poverty, food security, and plant diversity.
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Sabyrbekov, Rahat, Indra Overland, and Roman Vakulchuk. "Central Asian Climate Policy Pledges Under the Paris Agreement: Can They Be Fulfilled?" In SpringerBriefs in Climate Studies, 35–49. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-29831-8_4.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Central Asian region has been and will continue to be significantly impacted by climate change and all the region’s countries have pledged nationally determined contributions (NDCs) under the Paris agreement. This chapter aims to assess how likely Central Asian countries are to fulfil these pledges. To answer this question, we compare the NDCs to their respective national development programmes and historical trends. The results show that the countries of Central Asia vary in their ability to fulfil their pledges and that doing so will require structural changes to their energy systems, substantial investments in infrastructure and, most importantly, the alignment of their development plans with their declared climate goals. None of the countries have thus far engaged in structural reforms aimed at large-scale climate change adaptation and mitigation.
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Bevilacqua, Carmelina, and Miriam Sferrazza. "Transformative Urban Regeneration: Two Paradigmatic Examples in Boston and Paris." In Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, 175–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-34211-0_9.
Анотація:
AbstractCities play a fundamental role in the global challenge of climate change, but in most cases financial obstacles and lack of skilled human resources restrain the development of transformative actions. The recovery from Covid-19 pandemics brings a new stimulus for urban sustainable transitions, allocating a large amount of monetary resources for urban regeneration initiatives connected with the SDGs and the Green Deals objectives. Indeed urban regeneration emerges as a key mechanism to address both post-pandemics recovery and climate challenges, facilitating the implementation of urban mitigation and adaptation measures. District-scale projects can become enablers of city-wide sustainable transition, allowing the experimentation of innovative technical solutions to activate multi-systemic transformations. A large literature has been produced over the last 20 years over the topics of Urban Resilience and Sustainable Transition. Nevertheless a multi-sectoral approach to district-scale transformations is just emerging and needs to be integrated through evidences from best practices. This paper aims to identify a portfolio of measures able to transform existing neighborhoods into zero-carbon and climate-resilient systems. With this purpose, two case studies have been explored as paradigmatic examples of sustainable district redevelopment, and namely the Clichy-Batignolles eco-district (Paris) and the Talbot-Norfolk Triangle Eco-Innovation District (Boston).
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Beckmann, Markus, Gregor Zöttl, Veronika Grimm, Thomas Becker, Markus Schober, and Oliver Zipse. "Setting the Course for Net Zero." In Road to Net Zero, 17–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42224-9_2.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Road to Net Zero starts from the Paris Agreement, which sets a global goal to limit global warming to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels, and an ambition to limit warming to 1.5 °C. The Agreement represents a turning point in the approach to tackling climate change, moving from a mitigation logic focused on reducing carbon emissions to an exit logic focused on full decarbonisation. The challenge is to translate the ambitious goals of the Paris Agreement into practical and achievable action plans that can be implemented at national and local levels. This will require a coordinated and joint effort by governments, businesses, and civil society to mobilise resources, build capacity, and put in place the necessary policies and regulations to support the transition to a low-carbon future. After discussing basic climate science foundations in Sect. 2.2 and the global climate policy ‘Road to Paris’, as well as the implications of the Paris Agreement in Sect. 2.3, national policy frameworks and governance mechanisms that can be implemented at the national level to meet the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are reviewed in Sect. 2.4. While the expert discussion between Prof. Grimm, Dr Becker, and Oliver Zipse in Sect. 2.5 is dedicated to the balancing act between technology openness and energy policy control mechanisms, Sect. 2.6 gives an outlook on how the goals of the Paris Agreement can be broken down to the company level. In this context, future research questions for the evaluation of legitimised measurement and target-setting frameworks for the private sector are discussed.
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Ghisellini, Patrizia, Sven Kevin van Langen, Rashmi Anoop Patil, and Seeram Ramakrishna. "Circularity at Macro Level: The Urban and National Perspectives." In Circularity Assessment: Macro to Nano, 37–55. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-9700-6_3.
Анотація:
AbstractThe CE is mainly conceived as a response to multiple global environmental and social challenges, including climate change and resource scarcity. This chapter first presents an overview of what entails the adoption of CE in cities. Later, CE in other macro-level systems (such as nations and wider areas) and the necessity for circularity assessment during the transition towards CE are discussed. From a global perspective, cities play a crucial role in contributing to tackle the climate challenges given the high consumption of energy and materials. The discussion elaborates on assessment frameworks and indicators for monitoring and evaluating the progress towards the CE at the city and regional/national/supra-national (e.g. The EU)/global levels. Case studies of Rotterdam and Paris are provided to show how cities have designed their circular plans by analyzing their strategies, tools, and performance indicators. The monitoring framework implemented by the EU, to monitor the transition to CE in its member states is also analyzed. The chapter concludes by pointing out the importance of promoting preventive measures to enhance the circularity and broader assessment framework that captures the social dimension of the CE.
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Asokan, Shilpa Muliyil, Joy Obando, Brian Felix Kwena, and Cush Ngonzo Luwesi. "Climate Change Adaptation Through Sustainable Water Resources Management in Kenya: Challenges and Opportunities." In African Handbook of Climate Change Adaptation, 777–87. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-45106-6_148.
Анотація:
AbstractWater is the medium through which society experiences the most dramatic and direct manifestations of climate change. At the same time, water has a critical role to play in climate change adaptation and is central towards achieving Africa Water Vision 2025, and the targets set for the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development as well as the Kenya Vision 2030. There are fundamental challenges that need to be addressed in order to achieve sustainable water resources management, mainly, the inherent uncertainty associated with the changing climate, the inflexibility in infrastructure and institutions that manage water, and the poor integration of all stakeholders and sectors in water resources management. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities in implementing integrated water resources management and its critical role towards climate change adaptation. A preliminary assessment of sustainable management of water resources and its role in effective climate change adaptation and resilience building in Kenya is carried out through questionnaire survey and stakeholder interactions. Climate change-induced uncertainty, diminishing water sources aggravated by growing water demand, weak institutional and financial governance, and lack of transparency and stakeholder inclusiveness are identified as the main challenging factors that need to be addressed to build a climate resilient society. The study furthermore emphasizes the critical role of water management in achieving Agenda 2030, the Paris Agreement on Climate Change, and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
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Tognetti, Roberto, Melanie Smith, and Pietro Panzacchi. "An Introduction to Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions." In Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions, 1–33. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80767-2_1.
Анотація:
AbstractThe goal to limit the increase in global temperature below 2 °C requires reaching a balance between anthropogenic emissions and reductions (sinks) in the second half of this century. As carbon sinks, forests can potentially play an important role in carbon capture. The Paris Agreement (2015) requires signatory countries to reduce deforestation, while conserving and enhancing carbon sinks. Innovative approaches may help foresters take up climate-smart management methods and identify measures for scaling purposes. The EU’s funding instrument COST has supported the Action CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions – CA15226), with the aim of reorienting forestry in mountain areas to challenge the adverse impacts of climate change.Funded by the EU’s Horizon 2020, CLIMO has brought together scientists and experts in continental and regional focus assessments through a cross-sectoral approach, facilitating the implementation of climate objectives. CLIMO has provided scientific analysis on issues including criteria and indicators, growth dynamics, management prescriptions, long-term perspectives, monitoring technologies, economic impacts, and governance tools. This book addresses different combinations of CLIMO’s driving/primary objectives and discusses smarter ways to develop forestry and monitor forests under current environmental changes, affecting forest ecosystems.
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Bernstein, Alyssa R. "Global Climate Change: Political Realism and the Case for a World Climate Bank." In The Palgrave Handbook of International Political Theory, 71–93. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-52243-7_4.
Анотація:
AbstractThe Paris Agreement’s goals cannot be achieved without sufficient funding, but the funding has been extremely inadequate. Addressing this problem innovatively, John Broome and Duncan Foley offer economic and political arguments in favor of establishing a new international institution, a World Climate Bank (WCB). The economic case for a WCB appears strong insofar as the bank’s main function would be to scale up mobilization of the financial resources needed for decarbonizing the world economy. However, Broome and Foley problematically assert that a WCB must buy up fossil fuel assets. I argue that this could lead to disastrous consequences and must be ruled out. Claims by Broome and Foley about realism play important roles in their proposal, although it is not clearly based on any particular form of realist political theory. I argue that a realistic proposal would include sound arguments, and I show that the political arguments offered by Broome and Foley involve equivocation, vagueness, and self-contradiction. I sketch a provisional political case for a World Climate Bank for Mitigation, Adaptation, and Resilience (WCB-MAR) satisfying certain desiderata. In the course of critiquing and revising the Broome-Foley proposal, I begin to develop a new conception of political realism. Here I aim to motivate political scientists and theorists focusing on international institutions and global justice to help develop and assess political responses to the climate crisis, including my proposal for a WCB-MAR. When doing such work, they should take full account of the gravity and urgency of the crisis. This requires them to be politically realistic in the sense discussed herein.
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Kuria, Peter, Josiah Gitari, Saidi Mkomwa, and Peter Waweru. "Effect of conservation agriculture on soil properties and maize grain yield in the semi-arid Laikipia county, Kenya." In Conservation agriculture in Africa: climate smart agricultural development, 256–69. Wallingford: CABI, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789245745.0015.
Анотація:
Abstract Low and unreliable rainfall, along with poor soil health, is a main constraint to maize production in the semi-arid parts of Kenya that account for over 79% of the country's land area. In the vast county of Laikipia, farmers continue to plant maize despite the predominantly low quantities of precipitation. Participatory farmer experimentation with Conservation Agriculture (CA) was undertaken for six consecutive growing seasons between July 2013 and December 2016 to determine the effectiveness of CA as a method of improving soil properties and enhancing maize yields with the limited rainfall quantities received in these parts of Kenya. The main CA practices tested include chisel tine furrow opening (ripping) and live legume (Lablab purpureus) cover crop, as well as maize stover mulches, all implemented under varying inorganic fertilizer rates. The research was done across 12 administrative locations of Laikipia County where soils are mainly Phaeozems and Vertisols with a clay-loam texture. The research design used was researcher-designed and farmer-managed. In each of the 12 trial sites, participatory farmers' assessments and field days were carried out as a way of outreach to the bigger farming communities around the trial sites. The research findings obtained demonstrated that the use of CA impacts positively on soil properties and is a viable practice for enhancing maize yields in these moisture deficit-prone parts of the country. Soil chemical analysis assessment results showed that CA impacted positively on a number of soil mineral components including organic carbon, total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and pH. Midseason chlorophyll content assessment of the maize crop showed that there was good response to fertilizer application, as well as to mulching with crop residues for soil cover. Maize grain yield data also showed that the use of a CA package comprising chisel tine ripping combined with mulching by plant residues and use of mineral fertilizer resulted in a two- to threefold increase in grain yields above the farmer practice control. Mean maize grain yield in farmer practice plots was 1067 kg ha-1 compared with the CA-treated plot with mineral fertilization that yielded 2192 kg ha-1.
Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
1
Ramírez-Balas, C., J. J. Sendra, R. Suárez, E. D. Fernández-Nieto, and G. Narbona-Reina. "The mur neutralisant as an active thermal system: Saint Gobain tests (1931) versus CFD simulation (2015)." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.899.
Анотація:
Abstract: At the same time as the initial development of air conditioning systems for indoor climate control in buildings were occurring in USA, Le Corbusier and Lyon made truly innovative proposals for different projects he was working on in Europe. These served to generate homogenous thermal environments and focused on the combined effect of his mur neutralisant and respiration exacte. The clearest example of their shortcomings is the City of Refuge in Paris (1930-33). Given the technological and economic mistrust towards these proposals, as it was impossible to execute these according to the original plan these were not pursued. CFD simulations carried out by our research team confirm that the mur neutralisant and respiration exacte for the City of Refuge in Paris would have functioned together if they had been executed following the original plans. The main aim of this paper is to confirm the validity of the mur neutralisant as an active thermal system for buildings. Firstly, the results of the tests carried out by the engineers of Saint Gobain are compared to the results of the CFD simulations. Based on the comparison of the results from the physical models tested in Saint Gobain laboratories and CFD energy model simulations, a possible calibration is proposed for CFD which might prompt the establishment of other operation hypotheses. Keywords: Le Corbusier; mur neutralisant; The City of Refuge; Active Façade System; Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD); Numerical Simulation. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.899
2
Jamal Hisne, Fairul Izmal, Kayleigh Dawn Hughes, and Li Yuen Su. "Carbon Footprint Assessment for Decarbonisation Strategy Development." In Offshore Technology Conference Asia. OTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/31534-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract As reported by the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the quantity of atmospheric Greenhouse Gas (GHG) concentrations in the atmosphere has elevated by an average of 1.6% annually over the last three decades, primarily contributed by carbon dioxide gas (CO2), and is currently considered to be one of the top three issues facing the world today. Climate change, as a result of increased GHG concentrations are threatening adverse impacts to the natural environment, as well as human livelihood and survival. In response, international actions, such as the Kyoto Protocol 2005 and the Paris Agreement 2015, gathered nations worldwide to set targets with the intention of mitigating climate change and reducing its impacts. One such action is the movement towards ‘net zero’ CO2 emissions to be achieved by 2050. A commitment considered necessary by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) for realising the goal of global temperature stabilisation to 1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels. Increasing environmental, consumer and regulatory pressures, have driven the need for transitions in business focus towards sustainability by reducing overall GHG emission and carbon footprint. The integration of sustainability in business strategies is vital to avoid the occurrence of potential risks by demonstrating a clear link between the commitment to the sustainability agenda and continual business development. Undertaking a carbon footprint assessment of current and future assets is critical, to understand the nature of emission sources, and the contribution levels of each source to enable organizations to plan and make decisions which provide the most benefit in executing emission reduction strategies. The use of supporting tools developed in compliance with GHG Protocol principles, can provide clarity on carbon footprint drivers and enables informed, clear, traceable, carbon conscious, rapid decision making for business operations. This paper will discuss how the application of digital tools allows for the development of baseline understanding of an organization’s carbon footprint. Further, the subsequent steps required in utilizing the baseline information to determine feasible carbon reduction strategies in a traceable, verifiable, and systematic manner, will also be explored.
3
Srinivasan, Hariharan, Vimal Menon, Mohammed Al Hamdan, Lege George, Ahmid Al-Saleh, and Vishal Ujainia. "Quantify and Commit to Sustainability." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-22456-ea.
Анотація:
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission is a worldwide concern and emissions with fossil fuel are increasingly questioned. As Schlumberger, we have committed ourselves in Paris agreement for setting science-based targets to reduce our greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on all the 3 scopes of carbon emissions. This is also a part of Schlumberger's vision towards Net Zero emissions which will help in the transition to a sustainable future. Our CEO Olivier Le Peuch said, "Schlumberger seeks to lead positive, measurable changes in GHG emissions within the industry to help reduce climate change". Energy industry has a key role to play in reducing the effects of climate change. Schlumberger takes pride in technology leadership paired with social and environmental responsibility. Today along with Schlumberger, world's iconic companies like Microsoft, Shell and BP have also committed for Carbon reduction, Carbon negative and Net Zero. Schlumberger is proud to say that it is the first Company in Upstream Exploration & Production Services to set an Ambition to achieve Net zero by the year 2050. In June 2021, we announced that this reduction will be achieved by reducing 30% on Scope 1 and 2 by 2025, 50% on Scope 1 and 2; 30% in Scope 3 by 2030 and Net Zero by 2050. The reduction of carbon emissions starts with the quantification of carbon emissions and this project is in line with the company's commitment to Net Zero. The project focuses on Scope 3 Emissions which has never been done in a systematic way in the past. Middle East Center of Reliability and Efficiency (MCRE) in Dammam is one of the pioneers to kick start this quantification of GHG emissions to show that we can make a significant impact towards setting this target. For this to happen, we quantified emissions for specific Technologies related to Scope 3 to benchmark our baselines so that we can put a plan to reduce them. This project established Carbon footprint as an Assessment tool to Simulate Emissions. The tool will provide a competitive advantage in terms of Sustainable Development for Schlumberger and other Oil & Gas industries worldwide.
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Otchere, Daniel Asante, Abdul Halim Abdul Latiff, Mohamed Yassir Taki, and Longtong Abedenego Dafyak. "Machine-Learning-Based Proxy Modelling for Geothermal Field Development Optimisation." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/32301-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract More than 40 billion tonnes of CO2 are released annually, hampering climate change efforts. The goal of current research is to utilise these gases in generating energy. The oil and gas industry faces increasing expectations to clarify the implications of energy transitions for their operations and business models, reduce greenhouse gas emissions, and achieve the Paris Agreement and Glasgow Climate Pact targets. A solution is integrating machine learning and geothermal energy to optimise field development to reduce CO2 emissions while meeting energy demands. The study area is a simulated actual field data, with three existing geothermal doublets and six exploration wells. The development plan aims to satisfy the energy demand for two locations, D1 and D2, for the next 100 years, using geothermal energy and optimising field development plans via machine learning models as surrogate models. A pseudo-geological model was developed using limited field data to identify sweet spots for further drilling. Four separate model cases were simulated using DARTS. The time-energy data from DARTS was then used to train and test several machine learning models to serve as a proxy model to optimise the best strategy to meet the energy demand. The economic model was simulated for 20 years for the selected strategy for field development. Using an injection rate of 500 m3/day per well to validate the ML models, the best-performing model had a mean absolute error within the range of 0.6 to 1.5 MW for all the doublets. Based on the ML results, the computational power and time required for field development plan simulation were dramatically reduced, and several configurations were performed. The optimal strategy for this field comprises 7 geothermal doublets, 3 for D1 and 4 for D2. This strategy uses all available wells to avoid lost investment or excess cost when those wells are needed to complement production when decline sets in after 20 years, allowing a reliable and long-term energy supply. This strategy will achieve a net energy output of 108 MW for D2 and 82 for D1. This strategy uses machine learning energy estimation for the optimum configuration and addresses the issues of excess energy storage, uncertainty in production, and rising energy demand. The economic model was based on a fixed OPEX, an estimated Capex based on field development strategy, and an associated discount rate of 7%. The project resulted in a Levelized Cost of Energy of €11.16/MWH for 20 years whiles reducing annual CO2 emissions by about 367,000 metric tons. This study shows that geothermal energy is a crucial step toward cleaner energy. ML can speed up the energy transition by optimising geothermal field development. This research aims to reduce CO2 emissions while meeting energy needs.
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Wong, Tim M. T., and Charmaine Leung. "A Strategy to Estimate & Optimise Carbon Footprint for Foundations." In The HKIE Geotechnical Division 43rd Annual Seminar. AIJR Publisher, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.159.25.
Анотація:
In response to the Paris Agreement with its Climate Action Plan 2030+, The Hong Kong government aims at 26% to 36% absolute carbon reduction by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. As the construction industry accounts for a significant amount of carbon emission, engineering practitioners have begun searching for ways to reduce the industry’s impacts through greener construction processes. Understanding and assessing the carbon footprint of the construction process enables benchmarking how “green” currently our works are. It provides insights on areas for improvement including reducing carbon emissions. While the methodology of carbon footprint assessment has been developed and adopted for superstructure, the same for underground elements such as foundations have yet been discussed and proposed. This is due to the great variety of substructure, the uniqueness of geological and geotechnical conditions in different regions, as well as the influence of local practices and regulations. The above makes the standardization and benchmarking of carbon emissions for substructure a challenge. In this paper, the authors attempt to develop a strategy for the assessment of embodied carbon on substructures in Hong Kong. Current obstacles and difficulties, as compared to those for other structures and structural elements are discussed. A strategy to look into the carbon footprint systematically and logically for foundations is then proposed and explained. The authors discuss possibilities to reduce and optimise carbon footprint of foundation works through careful decisions in early-stage planning, design, and construction control.
6
Diaz, Suhail Felicia, Luigi Alfonso Saputelli, Maria Angela Capello, Herminio Passalacqua, and Elvis Hernandez-Perdomo. "Forecasting Asset Lifecycle Profitability Through Energy Efficiency and CO2 Utilization Initiatives." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209666-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Under a new energy landscape, oil and gas operators are more focused on energy efficiencies to satisfy global Climate Change initiatives driven by the Paris Agreement (COP21), and pursuing SDG13, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Change. The new approach influences production predictions associated with energy balances and GHG emissions. Estimating the initial baseline and forecasting CO2 emissions along the hydrocarbon value chain is the first step to address Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) goals and build a carbon-free future for new generations to come. Given the complex nature of upstream operations, a model was built to estimate associated carbon emissions. The model comprehensively covers the oil and gas value chain, including wells, gathering centers, booster stations, and effluent water disposal plants. The main inputs are the uncertainties and decisions to obtain the asset(s) production and cash flow forecasts, which combines several variables including field development philosophy, reservoir productivity, drilling and workover activities, producing effluents treatment options, corporate targets, technical-economic assumptions, and other system constraints to estimate profits and CO2 emissions. The model can provide the system's carbon intensity, raise alarms, and identify potential energy efficiency efforts to be incorporated in the company's business plan and annual budget. The model output presents operators and decision-makers with several mitigation actions to assess energy savings in the oil and gas sector related to energy generation and consumption in the short and long-term plan and CCUS projects at the reservoir level. Several case studies showcase how companies can save 8-20% on projects by implementing technology and best practices. Examples of which include but are not limited to revamping Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), advanced modeling to reduce energy consumption, variable frequency drivers and high-efficiency motors, use of turbines, heat exchangers, and friction reducers. This model can translate the operating condition of the field into CAPEX/OPEX optimizations, compliance costs reductions, cost savings incentives (e.g., carbon pricing, taxes), and future technological advancements (e.g., Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage - CCUS). This initiative integrates many variables to promote robust scenarios under strict corporate targets and ambitious regulations. Some reflections on the role of policies and regulations are provided, to trigger reflections about corporate and individual standings for Scopes 1, 2, and 3 in the overall Net-Zero efforts of oil and gas operators. Volume-based competition between operators is over. Oil and gas companies are pursuing more integrated targets, where profitability framed by net-zero targets is key to remain competitive in a new energy context, and their corporate goals connected with diversification and business models aimed to achieve SDS commitments, framed by selected SDGs.
7
Diaz, Suhail Felicia, Luigi Alfonso Saputelli, Maria Angela Capello, Herminio Passalacqua, and Elvis Hernandez-Perdomo. "Forecasting Asset Lifecycle Profitability Through Energy Efficiency and CO2 Utilization Initiatives." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209666-ms.
Анотація:
Abstract Under a new energy landscape, oil and gas operators are more focused on energy efficiencies to satisfy global Climate Change initiatives driven by the Paris Agreement (COP21), and pursuing SDG13, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 13, Climate Change. The new approach influences production predictions associated with energy balances and GHG emissions. Estimating the initial baseline and forecasting CO2 emissions along the hydrocarbon value chain is the first step to address Sustainable Development Strategy (SDS) goals and build a carbon-free future for new generations to come. Given the complex nature of upstream operations, a model was built to estimate associated carbon emissions. The model comprehensively covers the oil and gas value chain, including wells, gathering centers, booster stations, and effluent water disposal plants. The main inputs are the uncertainties and decisions to obtain the asset(s) production and cash flow forecasts, which combines several variables including field development philosophy, reservoir productivity, drilling and workover activities, producing effluents treatment options, corporate targets, technical-economic assumptions, and other system constraints to estimate profits and CO2 emissions. The model can provide the system's carbon intensity, raise alarms, and identify potential energy efficiency efforts to be incorporated in the company's business plan and annual budget. The model output presents operators and decision-makers with several mitigation actions to assess energy savings in the oil and gas sector related to energy generation and consumption in the short and long-term plan and CCUS projects at the reservoir level. Several case studies showcase how companies can save 8-20% on projects by implementing technology and best practices. Examples of which include but are not limited to revamping Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), advanced modeling to reduce energy consumption, variable frequency drivers and high-efficiency motors, use of turbines, heat exchangers, and friction reducers. This model can translate the operating condition of the field into CAPEX/OPEX optimizations, compliance costs reductions, cost savings incentives (e.g., carbon pricing, taxes), and future technological advancements (e.g., Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage - CCUS). This initiative integrates many variables to promote robust scenarios under strict corporate targets and ambitious regulations. Some reflections on the role of policies and regulations are provided, to trigger reflections about corporate and individual standings for Scopes 1, 2, and 3 in the overall Net-Zero efforts of oil and gas operators. Volume-based competition between operators is over. Oil and gas companies are pursuing more integrated targets, where profitability framed by net-zero targets is key to remain competitive in a new energy context, and their corporate goals connected with diversification and business models aimed to achieve SDS commitments, framed by selected SDGs.
8
Singh, Surendra, Pugalenthi Nandagopal, Muruganandam Pichandi, and Matthias Duerr. "An Economic Evaluation of Post CO2 Capture Techniques for Natural Gas Combined Cycle Power Plants." In ASME 2023 Gas Turbine India Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gtindia2023-117903.
Анотація:
Abstract The Power Generation (PG) industry is focusing to reduce or eliminate their carbon emissions to address global warming and comply with the goals of the Paris agreement. However, the pandemic has disrupted their planned targets and has led to economic crises. With many countries still grappling with the pandemic, it is important for the industry to refocus and develop a plan to meet their emissions reduction targets. The rapid conversion from natural gas (NG) to hydrogen (H2) or ammonia (NH3) is not currently a viable option due to the availability of fuel and existing technologies cost. Nonetheless, there are alternative technologies that have been developed to capture Carbon dioxide CO2 during both pre- and post-combustion stages in natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant. Investment and operational cost are the deciding factors for the electricity providers to adopt carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies to implement pre-combustion or post-combustion on the existing plants. In this study, the Levelized Cost of Electricity (LCOE) and other economic parameters will be evaluated for the implementation of CCUS technologies in post combustion stage of a NGCC power plant. The economic analysis will be performed using Siemens Energy’s proprietary PV tool to generate estimates and recommendations. The study will use a NGCC power plant as a reference model and will calculate the cost and efficiency impacts, as well as other benefits against CO2 penalties while implementing suitable CCUS technologies at post combustion stage of the NGCC power plant. Specifically, the study will assume the monoethanolamine (MEA) process as CO2 capturing technology in the post-combustion stage. The report will examine multiple cases, including MEA process with and without utilization. Overall, the study aims to provide a comprehensive economic analysis of CCUS technologies for NGCC power plants. The findings of this study could provide guidance & effective strategies for electricity providers in determining the best course of action for achieving their emissions reduction goals by examining the possibilities of implementing CCUS technologies on their power plants based on the case results and discussions. Ultimately, the study could serve as a valuable resource for the electricity industry as it seeks to address the challenges of climate change and transition to a more sustainable energy future.
9
Pinto, Jaqueline, and Kennedy Chege. "Regulating Green and Low-Carbon Hydrogen in Africa: A Case Study of South Africa." In Africa International Conference on Clean Energy and Energy Storage. Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications Ltd, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-pv7uh9.
Анотація:
The production of the most abundant chemical element in the atmosphere, hydrogen, particularly green hydrogen (i.e. hydrogen in its cleanest and most sustainable form), is quickly becoming a priority for nations worldwide. This interest is mainly attributed to, among other factors, its potential to serve as a cornerstone of the global energy transition to low-carbon economies. Green hydrogen possesses the potential to decarbonize the so-called “hard-to-abate,” sectors i.e., energy-intensive sectors, such as heavy industries, iron and steel production, and transportation - including aviation and shipping, among other economic sectors.The growing focus on the adoption of green hydrogen as a viable decarbonization pathway must be viewed against the backdrop of global commitments and international imperatives to address the adverse effects of climate change. Such commitments emanate from instruments such as the Paris Agreement of 2015 and obligations towards meeting the United Nation's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Further, the “Just Energy Transition" journey towards decarbonization must also be contextualized within different jurisdictions, in line with their situations and context-specific goals, geographic locations, and policy frameworks.Much like other nations worldwide, the South African regulatory framework for hydrogen is still emerging, as it is presently dominated by soft law instruments such as roadmaps, strategies and guiding documents, as opposed to binding and enforceable hard law instruments. For example, the South African Hydrogen Society Roadmap of 2022, the Integrated Resource Plan, the Integrated Energy Plan, and the Renewable Energy Policy, among other significant policy documents, highlight the fundamental role that green hydrogen would play in South Africa’s energy transition. Whilst other legal and policy documents may apply to the hydrogen value chain, such as the various safety requirements in the Occupational Health and Safety Act, 1996, there is a lacuna of hydrogen-specific hard law regulation, including, importantly, regulations regarding certification (which will need to be aligned internationally).In light of the above, this paper discusses the potential of green hydrogen in the context of South Africa and explores the current position in the country. It further canvasses emerging developments within the hydrogen space. This analysis aims to identify gaps or lacunas in the law, risks, and challenges for South Africa’s hydrogen economy. The article proceeds to provide recommendations for a policy and regulatory regime for hydrogen in Southern Africa. It draws on examples from countries and regions such as the European Union (EU), which are further along in terms of regulating hydrogen, but contextualizing this discussion within the African, and specifically Southern African context. This budding industry provides an opportunity to learn from past energy mistakes and create an appropriate regulatory and policy framework that works and benefits Africa.
10
Lados, Mihály, and Ferenc Pongrácz. "Facing urban challenges." In The Challenges of Analyzing Social and Economic Processes in the 21st Century. Szeged: Szegedi Tudományegyetem Gazdaságtudományi Kar, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/casep21c.5.
Анотація:
Closed to three-quarters of Europeans live in cities today, and by the growth of the population worldwide, this ratio is ever increasing. The accelerated speed of urbanization poses unprecedented challenges on people, cities, and the environment. Sustainability became a key global objective since Rio via Tokyo until Paris Agreement. The United Nations prepared an agenda for a better and more sustainable future for all. The 17 Goals are related to global challenges such as climate change, poverty, and the effects of urbanization. Over the last decade, various Smart City approaches have emerged among the government, non-profit sectors, and industries to use Information and Communication Technology as a tool to manage these challenges and to improve the quality of life for their citizens. At the same time, Industry 4.0, the digitalization of industries, has diffused across the world, setting the scene for a new stage of innovation yet keeping the competitiveness of business players. Tungsram, a multinational corporation headquartered in Hungary, has refocused its mission and stood up to expand its product portfolio by including Smart City solutions. Tungsram Edge focuses on three major Smart City offerings: indoor farming, efficient buildings, and Smart Solutions. Indoor farming (AgriTech), a science-based approach to agriculture, uses the latest research to establish precision indoor farming facilities. Efficient buildings (PropTech) has come to life to support the universal goal of reducing cities’ ecological footprint. Each smart solution has a direct or indirect effect on several objectives of the Sustainable Development Goals of the United Nations. The first part of the paper identifies the key contemporary challenges of cities and industries and the evolution and links of Smart City and Industry 4.0 approaches. The second part of the paper is a case study of a multinational company headquartered in Hungary entering into these processes by building a Smart City Action Plan and by developing key smart products (Smart City portfolio) to react to and to provide solutions for urban challenges.
Звіти організацій з теми "Paris Climate Plan":
1
Hultman, Martin, and Kavya Michael. Sweden’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan: An analysis. Users TCP, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47568/7xr132.
Анотація:
Sweden has positioned itself internationally as a forerunner of sustainable energy technologies (even at the household level) and progressive climate policies in line with the Paris Agreement (Ring et al 2022). Simultaneously Sweden is globally known as an advocate of gender equality and welfare proudly discussed in state policies as well as wider societal discourses (Arora Jonsson 2009). Historically this is the image of Sweden irrespective of political affiliations (be it the Social Democrats or Conservatives) the governments have tried to present to the outside world. In this context we conduct a critical analysis of Sweden’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan or 1 The National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), an externally facing key document at EU level for communicating these issues, through an energy user’s perspective adopting a social/gender justice lens. How is such image of Sweden as champion of gender equality and promoter of welfare policies holding when digging deep into a key document of this kind?
2
Hultman, Martin, and Kavya Michael. Sweden’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan: An analysis. Users TCP, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.47568/xr7132.
Анотація:
Sweden has positioned itself internationally as a forerunner of sustainable energy technologies (even at the household level) and progressive climate policies in line with the Paris Agreement (Ring et al 2022). Simultaneously Sweden is globally known as an advocate of gender equality and welfare proudly discussed in state policies as well as wider societal discourses (Arora Jonsson 2009). Historically this is the image of Sweden irrespective of political affiliations (be it the Social Democrats or Conservatives) the governments have tried to present to the outside world. In this context we conduct a critical analysis of Sweden’s Integrated Energy and Climate Plan or 1The National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP), an externally facing key document at EU level for communicating these issues, through an energy user’s perspective adopting a social/gender justice lens. How is such image of Sweden as champion of gender equality and promoter of welfare policies holding when digging deep into a key document of this kind?
3
Jones, Natalie, Cleo Verkuijl, Miquel Muñoz Cabré, and Georgia Piggot. Connecting the dots: mapping references to fossil fuel production in national plans under the UNFCCC for the 2023 Global Stocktake. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2023.040.
Анотація:
Fossil fuel production must wind down significantly to achieve the long-term temperature goals of the Paris Agreement. How countries have addressed the issue of fossil fuel production in national communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), however, has not received extensive attention from the climate community. This report remedies this gap by reviewing nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and longterm low-emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS) countries submitted under the UNFCCC. We show that while more countries have explicitly addressed fossil fuel production in NDCs over time, this has mostly related to continued or expanded production, with little mention of efforts to prepare for a transition away from fossil fuel reliance. Only a small number of countries have used NDCs and LT-LEDS as a space to plan for and communicate policies to support a managed transition away from fossil fuel production. This report contributes to the 2023 Global Stocktake by providing an inventory of how fossil fuel production has been discussed in NDCs and LT-LEDS to date, and by establishing a benchmark by which to assess further rounds of international climate plans and commitments. This also provides a useful tool for policy-makers when developing future NDCs and LT-LEDS.
4
Jones, Natalie, Miquel Muñoz Cabré, Georgia Piggot, and Michael Lazarus. Tapping the potential of NDCs and LT-LEDS to address fossil fuel production. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.010.
Анотація:
The need for a managed transition away from fossil fuel production raises the question of whether and how countries are addressing this need in their national communications to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). A previous 2019 analysis of the first round of nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and long-term, low-emissions development strategies (LT-LEDS) found that few countries discussed how they would address fossil fuel production as part of their climate mitigation activities. Here, we examine new and updated NDCs and LT-LEDS, finding a growing number of NDCs and LT-LEDS that address fossil fuel production as part of mitigation. For the first time, several countries incorporate policies and/ or pathways for a managed decline of fossil fuel production. In contrast, many others foresee continued or expanded fossil fuel production, with no mention of efforts to prepare for a transition. Opportunities remain for countries to make better use of NDCs and LT-LEDS to align fossil fuel production with the Paris Agreement, including by more comprehensively reflecting on the equity implications of their plans, as well as addressing how countries plan to diversify their economies, ensure a just transition for workers, and cooperate internationally on a managed wind-down of fossil fuel supply. As COP26 approaches, this window of opportunity is still open, but it is rapidly closing.
5
Gasim, Anwar, Lester C. Hunt, and Jeyhun Mikayilov. Baseline Forecasts of Carbon Dioxide Emissions for Saudi Arabia Using the Structural Time Series Model and Autometrics. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, May 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2022-dp19.
Анотація:
To tackle the threat of climate change, countries worldwide have signed the Paris Agreement. This agreement aims to limit the global average temperature increase to below 2 degrees Celsius and potentially below 1.5 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels (UNFCCC 2015). Parties to the Paris Agreement are required to submit domestic climate plans detailing their mitigation measures, known as nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These plans detail countries’ ambitions and efforts to combat and respond to climate change. NDCs are communicated at five-year intervals, and each successive NDC must represent an increase in ambition over the previous one.
6
Darandary, Abdulelah, Anwar Gasim, Lester C. Hunt, and Jeyhun Mikayilov. Projecting Saudi Arabia’s CO2 Dynamic Baselines to 2060: A Multivariate Approach. King Abdullah Petroleum Studies and Research Center, June 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.30573/ks--2023-dp03.
Анотація:
As a party to the Paris Agreement, which aims to limit the global average temperature rise to below 2 degrees and keep it as close as possible to 1.5 degrees Celsius, Saudi Arabia has submitted its nationally determined contribution (NDC). NDCs are essentially climate action plans that encompass a party’s climate target and the initiatives or policies that it plans to implement to achieve that target.
7
Leis, Sherry, Lloyd Morrison, and Tani Hubbard. Long-term trends in prairie vegetation at three national parks: 1998?2022. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2302359.
Анотація:
The Heartland Inventory and Monitoring Network has monitored plant communities in National Parks since 1998. Three of those parks in the northern tier of the network?Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (NHS), Homestead National Historical Park (NHP), and Pipestone National Monument (NM)?have reconstructed tallgrass prairie communities and were sampled concurrently in 2022. In this combined report, we describe similarities and differences among the three parks related to current vegetation and trends. Climatically, Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP have similar temperature profiles, but Homestead NHP is drier. Pipestone NM differs from the other two parks in temperature and precipitation. Long-term climatic signals for major drought events varied by park, and moisture at Herbert Hoover NHS is likely to increase with climate change. Precipitation shifts could influence vegetation trends in the future requiring action such as flood mitigations, wildfire protections during prolonged drought, and consideration for species additions to adapt to new climate profiles. Plant composition was similar for Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP while the combination of plant species and abundances at Pipestone NM was different from the other two parks, especially within the Sioux Quartzite community type. There appeared to be some compositional shifts over time for Homestead NHP. That trend was supported by greater species turnover at Homestead NHP than the other two parks. The reconstruction at Homestead NHP is older than that of Herbert Hoover NHS and possibly Pipestone NM, but we are unable to determine the underlying causes of species changes. Quality assessment procedures provided a moderate level of confidence in our data with respect to botanist agreement on identifications. We met our goal of about 80% agreement in species composition. Cover class agreement was greater than?70%, with less than 4% of observations off by more than one class. Native species richness trends varied by park. Herbert Hoover NHS continues to gain native species while Pipestone NM is losing species. Species richness at Homestead NHP did not exhibit a directional trend. Pipestone NM tended to have less cover of forbs and grasses than the other two parks, reflecting the more complex geological landscape with surface rock. Grass abundance appears to be declining from baseline years for all three parks. Grass-like and fern guilds are much less abundant in all the parks than other plant guilds. Woody plants in 2022 were similar at Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP in terms of mean cover and heterogeneity across the prairies, but tree encroachment into the grasslands is a potential concern. Pipestone NM generally had fewer woody plants (including tree seedlings) in 2022, but the amount varied through time. Canopy closure, measured for the first time in 2022, was present in all three parks, but was greatest at Homestead NHP. Nonnative plant cover was the greatest at Pipestone NM, but current abundance at Herbert Hoover NHS was greater in 2022 than baseline years. Homestead NHP consistently had little nonnative plant cover since 2005. Abundance (% cover) of two nonnative grasses of concern?Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis) and smooth brome (Bromus inermis)?differed by park and year. Recent increases in Kentucky bluegrass abundance at Herbert Hoover NHS might reflect changes in management. Although these parks have individual differences in climate as well as in timing and use of management actions, they share similar histories of cultivation and reconstruction. Efforts to restore or reconstruct portions of the prairie at Pipestone NM were unique among the three parks. Future analyses might continue to combine Herbert Hoover NHS and Homestead NHP but examine Pipestone NM separately; the unique geologic history and differences in vegetation communities at Pipestone NM may make individual assessment a better option. However, comparing trends in guilds of concern, such as woody and nonnative plants, across all three parks can be helpful for gauging success with management tools in light of regional changes in climate.
8
Testor, Pierre, Thibaut Wagener, Anthony Bosse, Remy Asselot, Virginie Thierry, and Johannes Karstensen. Estimate of magnitude and drivers of regional carbon variability for both regions. EuroSea, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3289/eurosea_d7.3.
Анотація:
This deliverable provides an overview of EuroSea outcomes related to interior ocean carbon variability in deep convection areas in order to assess the linkage of these processes for the use in national climate action (NCA) plans delivered in the framework of the Paris Agreement. In summary, large-scale connectivity in the ocean does not allow clear delineation of patterns of regional carbon uptake across national boundaries, limiting an assessment of the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) in light of NCA plans. This problem becomes already clear by a simple scale estimation: considering sluggish, open ocean (away from continental boundaries) advection speeds of 2 cm/s result in a “relocation” of any water parcel by roughly 630 km per year (or 3150 km in 5 years Paris Agreement carbon auditing period) and crossing national borders easily. (EuroSea Deliverable, D7.3)
9
Lunsgaarde, Erik, Kevin Adams, Kendra Dupuy, Adis Dzebo, Mikkel Funder, Adam Fejerskov, Zoha Shawoo, and Jakob Skovgaard. The politics of climate finance coordination. Stockholm Environment Institute, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.022.
Анотація:
As COP26 approaches, governments are facing calls to increase the ambition of their climate commitments under the Paris Agreement. The mobilization of climate finance will be key to meeting these goals, prompting the need for renewed attention on how to enhance the coordination of existing funds and thus increase their effectiveness, efficiency and equity. The climate finance landscape is fragmented due to the variety of actors involved at different levels. Coordination difficulties emerge in multiple arenas and reflect the diversity of funding sources, implementation channels, and sectors relevant for climate action (Lundsgaarde, Dupuy and Persson, 2018). The Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development has identified over 90 climate-specific funds. Most of them are multilateral. While bilateral climate finance remains significant, growth in multilateral funding has been the main driver of recent funding increases and remains a focus of international negotiations. Practitioners often highlight organizational resource constraints – such as staffing levels, the continuity of personnel, or the availability of adequate information management systems – as factors limiting coordination. In this brief, we argue that improving climate finance coordination requires considering coordination challenges in a political context where both fund secretariats and external stakeholders play an important role in shaping collaboration prospects. To illustrate this point, we highlight the political nature of global-level coordination challenges between the multilateral Climate Investment Funds (CIF) and Green Climate Fund (GCF), as well as national-level challenges in Kenya and Zambia. Key challenges influencing coordination relate to the governance of climate funds, domestic bureaucratic politics in recipient countries, and the existence of multiple coordination frameworks at the country level.
10
Michalak, Julia, Josh Lawler, John Gross, and Caitlin Littlefield. A strategic analysis of climate vulnerability of national park resources and values. National Park Service, September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2287214.
Анотація:
The U.S. national parks have experienced significant climate-change impacts and rapid, on-going changes are expected to continue. Despite the significant climate-change vulnerabilities facing parks, relatively few parks have conducted comprehensive climate-change vulnerability assessments, defined as assessments that synthesize vulnerability information from a wide range of sources, identify key climate-change impacts, and prioritize vulnerable park resources (Michalak et al. In review). In recognition that funding and planning capacity is limited, this project was initiated to identify geographies, parks, and issues that are high priorities for conducting climate-change vulnerability assessments (CCVA) and strategies to efficiently address the need for CCVAs across all U.S. National Park Service (NPS) park units (hereafter “parks”) and all resources. To help identify priority geographies and issues, we quantitatively assessed the relative magnitude of vulnerability factors potentially affecting park resources and values. We identified multiple vulnerability factors (e.g., temperature change, wildfire potential, number of at-risk species, etc.) and sought existing datasets that could be developed into indicators of these factors. To be included in the study, datasets had to be spatially explicit or already summarized for individual parks and provide consistent data for at least all parks within the contiguous U.S. (CONUS). The need for consistent data across such a large geographic extent limited the number of datasets that could be included, excluded some important drivers of climate-change vulnerability, and prevented adequate evaluation of some geographies. The lack of adequately-scaled data for many key vulnerability factors, such as freshwater flooding risks and increased storm activity, highlights the need for both data development and more detailed vulnerability assessments at local to regional scales where data for these factors may be available. In addition, most of the available data at this scale were related to climate-change exposures, with relatively little data available for factors associated with climate-change sensitivity or adaptive capacity. In particular, we lacked consistent data on the distribution or abundance of cultural resources or accessible data on infrastructure across all parks. We identified resource types, geographies, and critical vulnerability factors that lacked data for NPS’ consideration in addressing data gaps. Forty-seven indicators met our criteria, and these were combined into 21 climate-change vulnerability factors. Twenty-seven indicators representing 12 vulnerability factors addressed climate-change exposure (i.e., projected changes in climate conditions and impacts). A smaller number of indictors measured sensitivity (12 indicators representing 5 vulnerability factors). The sensitivity indicators often measured park or landscape characteristics which may make resources more or less responsive to climate changes (e.g., current air quality) as opposed to directly representing the sensitivity of specific resources within the park (e.g., a particular rare species or type of historical structure). Finally, 6 indicators representing 4 vulnerability factors measured external adaptive capacity for living resources (i.e., characteristics of the park and/or surrounding landscape which may facilitate or impede species adaptation to climate changes). We identified indicators relevant to three resource groups: terrestrial living, aquatic living (including living cultural resources such as culturally significant landscapes, plant, or animal species) and non-living resources (including infrastructure and non-living cultural resources such as historic buildings or archeological sites). We created separate indicator lists for each of these resource groups and analyzed them separately. To identify priority geographies within CONUS,...