Статті в журналах: "Parenting - New Zealand"

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Lee, Boram, and Louise J. Keown. "Challenges and changes in the parenting experiences of Korean immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810112.

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Immigrant parents are often confronted with the challenging task of reconciling cultural differences with regard to socialization practices. This paper explored the parenting experiences of 21 Korean immigrant parents of young children (ages 6–10), after immigrating to New Zealand. Most parents reported positive parenting changes following their migration to New Zealand, including greater encouragement of their children's autonomy and decreased emphasis on children's academic performance. The findings also highlighted challenges, such as parent-child disagreements and reduced parenting self-efficacy as parents adapted and adjusted to the new cultural context. In addition, the study identified some unique parenting challenges faced by fathers and Korean transnational parents, where mothers and young children immigrate to New Zealand to advance the children's education while fathers remain in Korea to support the family financially.

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Chan, Angel. "Transnational parenting practices of Chinese immigrant families in New Zealand." Contemporary Issues in Early Childhood 19, no. 3 (February 1, 2017): 219–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463949117691204.

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This article advocates for fluid pedagogies that align with the transnational parenting practices of immigrant families. New Zealand is now considered to be a superdiverse country with a large population of immigrants. This superdiversity phenomenon can therefore also be found in its early childhood education settings. Research has indicated that many contemporary immigrants are transnationals who maintain close connections with their home countries and frequently engage in border-crossing activities. Transnational immigrants are mobile, and their parenting strategies may be similarly fluid. This article uses findings from a research project which involved Chinese immigrant families to illustrate transnational perspectives of early childhood education and parenting practices. Narrative excerpts are presented and analysed using key theoretical constructs of transnationalism to illustrate the participants’ cultural dilemmas in their parenting, their preparedness to adapt their heritage practices and to adopt early childhood education discourses of the host country, and their agency in choosing parenting strategies that they believed best support their children’s learning. It highlights the importance of parent–teacher dialogue and of enacting a curriculum with fluid pedagogies that are responsive to heterogeneous parental aspirations.

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Muir, Roy C., Sheila M. Monaghan, Ruth J. Gilmore, John E. Clarkson, Terence J. Crooks, and Tony G. Egan. "Predicting Child Abuse and Neglect in New Zealand." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 23, no. 2 (June 1989): 255–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678909062143.

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We describe the three stages of our attempt to predict parenting problems and child abuse antenatally. In the first stage, we made an intuitive check list of ten items from 173 risk factors drawn from the literature. The check list was useful in predicting who would relinquish care or have majorparenting difficulty in two different samples drawn four years apart and before and after some major sociocultural changes in New Zealand. In the second stage we used statistical techniques rather than intuition to maximise the predictive ability of the checklist and produced a new one of 9 items. In the third stage we validated the new list in a random sample of pregnant mothers. It was effective in predicting parenting difficulty In the 2 years after childbirth. We recommend it for routine use in a New Zealand setting. We do not know how useful the checklist will be in other cultural settings.

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Gibbs, Anita. "Parenting adopted children and supporting adoptive parents: Messages from research." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol22iss2id207.

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This article considers adoption from the perspective of parents, especially the strategies that they employ to enhance attachments and build positive parent-child relationships. The article draws particularly on recent New Zealand research regarding intercountry adoptive parenting, as well as overseas literature on good adoptive parenting practice generally in domestic and intercountry adoption. It also considers the research on methods of supporting parents who adopt and whether there are gaps in legislation, policy or practice in New Zealand that could be closed by borrowing from good examples in the literature, and, or current practice examples. The author is an adoptive parent of Russian-born children and is actively involved in adoptive parent support networks.

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Taylor, Nicola. "Child Participation: Overcoming Disparity between New Zealand’s Family Court and Out-of-court Dispute Resolution Processes." International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, no. 3-4 (November 17, 2017): 658–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02503004.

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This article considers children’s right to participate in the context of private law disputes concerning their post-separation, day-to-day care and contact arrangements. In New Zealand the approach to ascertaining children’s views has been both long-standing and systematic for contested proceedings within the Family Court (via children’s legal representatives and judicial meetings with children). However, major reform of the family justice system in 2014 shifted the emphasis to new out-of-court processes for resolving post-separation parenting arrangements. The reforms were disappointingly silent on the issue of children’s participation in the new Family Dispute Resolution services, particularly mediation. A disparity has thus arisen between opportunities for children’s engagement in New Zealand’s in-court and out-of-court dispute resolution processes. Research evidence and international developments in Australia and England and Wales are reviewed for the guidance they can offer in remedying this in New Zealand and elsewhere.

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Mairs, Rebecca A., Marthinus J. Bekker, Tony Patolo, Sarah A. Hopkins, Esther T. Cowley-Malcolm, Lana M. Perese, Gerhard B. Sundborn, and Sally N. Merry. "Gamifying Parenting Education Using an App Developed for Pacific and Other New Zealand Families (Play Kindly): Qualitative Study." JMIR Serious Games 8, no. 2 (June 10, 2020): e15647. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15647.

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Background Play Kindly is a gamified animated app designed to address common behavioral problems in childhood. The interface is designed to appeal to Pacific people, a population group with a higher risk of developing clinically significant behavioral problems than most other ethnic groups in New Zealand. Objective The aim of this study is to explore the opinions of parents and professionals about the acceptability, usability, and content of Play Kindly. Methods We used qualitative and Pacific and Māori research methodologies. A total of five focus groups with 45 parents and 12 individual interviews with professionals were conducted. The five focus groups consisted of 2 pan-Pacific groups, 1 Māori group, 1 open group, and 1 group of young Pacific adults or prospective parents. The professionals were from a range of disciplines, and the majority had expertise in early childhood, parenting interventions, or research in this field. Results Play Kindly appealed to both parents and professionals. Participants related to the scenarios, which were created in collaboration with a playwright and animator. Although most participants liked the Pacific feel, there was some disagreement about how culturally specific the app should be. A range of issues with usability and gamification techniques were highlighted, likely attributed to the low budget and lack of initial co-design with parents as well as professionals with specific expertise in parenting. A number of parents and professionals felt that the parenting strategies were overly simplified and did not take into account the context in which the behavior occurred. Professionals suggested narrowing the focus of the app to deliver two important parenting messages: playing with your child and positively reinforcing desired behaviors. Conclusions Play Kindly is the first culturally adapted parenting app of its kind designed for Pacific parents and other New Zealanders with children 2-5 years of age. This app has potential in Pacific communities where there are limited culturally specific parenting resources. The results of this study will guide improvements of the app prior to testing it in an open trial.

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Gibbs, A., and R. Scherman. "Pathways to parenting in New Zealand: issues in law, policy and practice." Kotuitui: New Zealand Journal of Social Sciences Online 8, no. 1-2 (November 2013): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1177083x.2013.821077.

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Vaydich, Jenny L., and Louise J. Keown. "Parenting Intervention Needs and Perceived Barriers Among Korean Immigrant Parents in New Zealand." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 49, no. 3 (September 2018): 295–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.49.3.295.

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Witten, Karen, Robin Kearns, Tim McCreanor, Liane Penney, and Fuafiva Faalau. "Connecting Place and the Everyday Practices of Parenting: Insights from Auckland, New Zealand." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41, no. 12 (January 2009): 2893–910. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a41377.

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Iusitini, Leon, Wanzhen Gao, Gerhard Sundborn, and Janis Paterson. "Parenting Practices Among Fathers of a Cohort of Pacific Infants in New Zealand." Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 42, no. 1 (July 20, 2010): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022022110361778.

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Surtees, Nicola, and Philip Bremner. "Gay and Lesbian Collaborative Co-Parenting in New Zealand and the United Kingdom: ‘The Law Doesn’t Protect the Third Parent’." Social & Legal Studies 29, no. 4 (September 18, 2019): 507–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0964663919874861.

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In many jurisdictions, legislation reflects, retains and reiterates heteronormative two-parent models of family. Lesbian and gay individuals and an increasing number of heterosexual individuals who choose to parent outside the paradigm of the conjugal couple relationship find neither their interests nor the welfare of their children is sufficiently protected in law. This article is based on the findings of two empirical research projects investigating the procreative autonomy of lesbians and gay men in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. It focuses on collaborative co-parenting families formed by lesbian couples and gay men, with reference to the allocation of legal parenthood in these kinds of families and case law across both jurisdictions. Two such families are introduced. Attention is drawn to the ways the law hampers these families’ preferred parenting arrangements. The article highlights the need for legislative change. It concludes that a more flexible, inclusive concept of legal parenthood that honours the intentions of those involved in these arrangements would potentially benefit all people interested in non-traditional parenting.

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Toyibah, Dzuriyatun, and Irma Riyani. "DOING GENDER AND RACE INTERSECTIONALITY: THE EXPERIENCES OF FEMALE MAORI AND NONWHITE ACADEMICS IN NEW ZEALAND." International Journal of Asia Pacific Studies 18, no. 1 (January 25, 2022): 31–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/ijaps2022.18.1.2.

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Several studies that focus on Western settings like Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand have found that gendered institutions within academic careers are still preserved through various means. These studies have verified that fewer women are in tenure track positions than men. Additionally, women have been receiving a lower salary and are seldom promoted. Several issues such as mobility, parenting, and gender bias in application and evaluation rate as well as gender citation gap are highly correlated with women’s challenges in pursuing professorships. Nonetheless, there is still a lack of studies pertaining to the impact of the intersection of race and gender on the experiences of people of colour and minority groups in academia. The current study aims to explore the role that gender and race play among female academics, which includes the careers of Maori academics (the indigenous people of New Zealand) and non-white academics in New Zealand. Based on in-depth interviews conducted with 15 academic staff, including Maori and non-white academics in New Zealand, the current research corroborates the existing literature regarding the interplay of race and gender in advancing academic career. Furthermore, this research also finds that the merit-based concept or objective indicators of academic excellence do not necessarily apply in New Zealand. On account of their gender and racial identities, women of minority groups and non-white academics frequently experience multidimensional marginalisation while pursuing their academic careers.

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Fangupo, Louise J., Albany W. Lucas, Rachael W. Taylor, Justine Camp, and Rosalina Richards. "Sleep and parenting in ethnically diverse Pacific families in southern New Zealand: A qualitative exploration." Sleep Health 8, no. 1 (February 2022): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleh.2021.11.002.

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Lawrence, Jenny, and Robert Adler. "Childhood through the Eyes of Child Psychiatrists and Paediatricians." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 26, no. 1 (March 1992): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679209068312.

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Attitudes to childhood in general and towards one's own childhood in particular are compared in a survey of 152 Australian and New Zealand child psychiatric and paediatric trainees. Results confirm the findings of Enzer et al [1] that paediatricians view childhood more positively than do child psychiatrists. Although there is a significant difference between the two groups on measures of their perceptions of the parenting they received with child psychiatrists rating their own parents as less caring than do paediatricians, there is no relationship between attitudes to childhood and perceptions of the parenting they received. Implications of these findings are examined, both in terms of motivation for choosing one or other speciality and for the working relationship between the two professions.

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Barber, James G., and Paul Delfabbro. "The Assessment of Parenting in Child Protection Cases." Research on Social Work Practice 10, no. 2 (March 2000): 243–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973150001000206.

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This article reports on the development of a procedure for standardized assessment ofparenting within statutory child protection agencies. The instruments were trialed on 64 children and adolescents under the supervision of the New Zealand Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Services (CYPFS) and results were compared with normative samples from Canada and Australia. Results revealed that CYPFS cases displayed poorerfunctioning and receivedfewer positive parenting practices than the normative populations. Eight of the CYPFS children were also subjected to severe or very severe abuse in the 1-month study period General population norms were then used to construct a taxonomy of CYPFS cases according to the dimensions ofnurtur-ance and abuslveness. Using this schema, it was found that 29 of the CYPFS cases could be classified as “nonabusive + nurturant” and had therefore reached criteria for case closure. Limitations of the research and implications for practice are discussed.

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Betz, Mary. "Who is God for Us? Images of God in a Group of Catholic Women in Aotearoa New Zealand." Pacifica: Australasian Theological Studies 18, no. 2 (June 2005): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1030570x0501800207.

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Our understandings of God change and grow with us as we move through life. This study of a group of New Zealand Catholic women finds that childhood God images were shaped more by who our parents were to us than the catechism we memorised. By middle adulthood our images of God reflect not only some lasting childhood images but the experiences of friendship, role modelling, groups we belong to, study, parenting, solitude, nature and the pain of suffering. Our adulthood God images, especially in terms of gender and power, are also linked with 198nd suffering, and how we envision church.

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Bax, Trent. "The Life Course of Methamphetamine Users in Aotearoa/New Zealand: The Role of Romantic Relationships and Parenting." Open Journal of Social Sciences 09, no. 07 (2021): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2021.97009.

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Boshier, Hon Peter. "PARENTING AND CRIME: AN EVIDENCE-BASED REVIEW WITH IMPLICATIONS FOR THE NEW ZEALAND FAMILY AND YOUTH COURT." Family Court Review 49, no. 1 (January 2011): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-1617.2010.01349.x.

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Gibbs, Anita. "An evidence-based training and support course for caregivers of children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in New Zealand." Advances in Dual Diagnosis 12, no. 1/2 (February 18, 2019): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/add-10-2018-0013.

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PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline the development of an evidence-based training and support course for caregivers of children with foetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) in New Zealand, and a brief evaluation undertaken. The seven-week caregiver training course takes an empowerment and advocacy orientation, and the aim is to assist caregivers who are caring for children with, or suspected to have FASD, develop greater resilience and strategies to help their families live successfully with impairments in a disabling society.Design/methodology/approachA total of 13 parents and caregivers received a seven times two-hour weekly group programme of talks, exercises and case study discussions focused on the following objectives: an increased knowledge of FASD; an increased knowledge of successful strategies and interventions that can be used to help families; and having an opportunity to foster strong peer-support relationships with others who share the lived experience of FASD. A brief interview-based evaluation was undertaken to ascertain caregivers’ views of the course, its benefits and limitations.FindingsCaregivers valued both the content and process of the training course. They highlighted that strength of the training was the delivery by experienced, professionally trained caregivers of children with FASD. They valued the opportunity to spend time with peers in similar circumstances who understood the challenges of parenting a child with FASD.Originality/valueA short evidence-based specialist training course for parents and caregivers with an empowerment and peer-support orientation is beneficial to parenting children with FASD.

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Ware, Felicity, Mary Breheny, and Margaret Forster. "The politics of government ‘support’ in Aotearoa/New Zealand: Reinforcing and reproducing the poor citizenship of young Māori parents." Critical Social Policy 37, no. 4 (October 3, 2016): 499–519. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0261018316672111.

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Despite the poor outcomes of early childbearing increasingly found to be equivocal, there remains a persistent pathologising of teen parenting, which structures government response. By applying a Foucauldian analysis to the recently introduced Young Parent Payment, this article examines the political rationalities that shape government responses and welfare assistance for young parents in Aotearoa/New Zealand. A biopolitical concern for the good economic citizen and right parent is found to inform the social investment approach, and exclude those who do not conform. Discourses about being Māori, young, a parent and needing financial assistance frame young Māori parents as at risk of long-term welfare-dependency and a threat to their own children. Welfare assistance is demonstrated to be a disciplinary practice to punish young Māori mother beneficiaries for deviating from the preferred normative life-course trajectory.

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Moir, Chris, and Virginia Jones. "Experience of nurses measuring preschool body mass index for the Health target: Raising Healthy Kids." Journal of Primary Health Care 11, no. 3 (2019): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc19022.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Childhood obesity is a major health concern in New Zealand. Primary care nurses have been charged with body mass index (BMI) screening and initiating education or referral of 4-year-old children during the Before School Check (B4SC). Asking nurses about their BMI screening experiences when reporting is mandated by the Ministry of Health reveals valuable knowledge to inform the work of health professionals in this area. AIM To explore the experience of nurses performing the B4SC since the inclusion of the Raising Healthy Kids targets into the wellchild check. METHODS Five focus group discussions across New Zealand were conducted using the Nominal Group Technique. Nurses individually recorded their answers to the research question, ‘What is your perception of performing the B4SC since the inclusion of the Raising Healthy Kids target in July 2016?’. Group discussion and establishing priorities followed. Researchers collated and analysed data. Results were obtained by adding up scores across groups to provide the final overall themes of: (i) communication; (ii) BMI as a measurement; (iii) cultural norms and socioeconomic situations; (iv) parenting and family structure; and (v) education. RESULTS Communication was the common theme across groups, but other priorities were more specific to the sociodemographic and cultural profile of the areas of practice. Mandatory reporting appears to have had the positive outcome of encouraging nurses to use positive and holistic discussion on health to families rather than concentrating on BMI. Nurses reported using tools to educate parents without implying judgement of their parenting and lifestyle. DISCUSSION Nurses worked hard to maintain relationships with families as they recognised the long-term value of keeping families engaged with health professionals. Where tools were useful, such as the BMI calculator, nurses used these to assist with positive communication. The mandatory nature of the BMI referral had enhanced their skills with difficult conversations.

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Glubb-Smith, Kelly J., and Tania Roberts. "Social work education: Reflections during Covid-19 lockdown." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 32, no. 2 (August 5, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol32iss2id742.

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Teaching social work students in Aotearoa New Zealand during the Covid-19 crisis produced an acute awareness of the impact of lockdown levels 3 and 4 on student wellbeing. Students were required to rapidly adapt to study in a fully online environment without the face-to-face support of university campus life. Normal social and academic pressures were immediately intensified, with no immediate relief in sight. Student resilience was tested further due to multiple factors such as: suddenly reduced incomes, parenting during lockdown, caring for whānau both within and external to their “bubble”, and being unable to come together with loved ones to celebrate life events or mourn those who had passed.

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Smith, Susan, and Debbie Sturmfels. "One Door: A unified approach for caregivers." Children Australia 35, no. 2 (2010): 43–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1035077200001061.

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New Zealand currently operates separate doors and different entry pathways for people wishing to adopt, foster or offer permanent care for a child. This presentation outlines the work now underway to develop a unified application, preparation, assessment, training and support system for applicants wishing to care for a child, whether by adoption, guardianship or as a transitional (foster) caregiver. Placing the child at the centre, One Door uses a framework comprised of six core attributes for parenting a child not born to you; safety; attachment; resilience; identity; integrity; and support. A challenge for the One Door design team will be the application of the model to the family/whänau caregiver whose entry into the care system is, in the main, through necessity not desire.

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Chu, Joanna Ting Wai, Angela Wadham, Yannan Jiang, Robyn Whittaker, Karolina Stasiak, Matthew Shepherd, and Christopher Bullen. "Development of MyTeen Text Messaging Program to Support Parents of Adolescents: Qualitative Study." JMIR mHealth and uHealth 7, no. 11 (November 20, 2019): e15664. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/15664.

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Background Parents play an important role in the lives of adolescents, and supporting and addressing the needs of families continue to be the focus of many researchers and policy makers. Mobile health interventions have great potential for supporting parents at a population level because of their broad reach and convenience. However, limited evidence exists for such interventions for parents of adolescents. This study reports on the formative work conducted with parents and/or primary caregivers to identify their needs and preferences for the development of MyTeen—an SMS text messaging program on promoting parental competence and mental health literacy for parents of adolescents (aged 10-15 years). Objective The aim of this qualitative study was to explore parents and/or primary caregivers’ perspectives around youth well-being, parenting, and parenting support and their input on the development of MyTeen SMS text messaging parenting intervention. Methods A total of 5 focus groups (n=45) were conducted with parents or primary caregivers of adolescents aged 10 to 15 years between October and December 2017 in New Zealand. A semistructured interview guideline and prompts were used. Data were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Results Participants were concerned about youth mental health (ie, stigma and increasing demand on adolescents), and a number of parenting challenges (ie, social expectations, time, impact of technology, changes in family communication pattern, and recognizing and talking about mental health issues) were noted. Importantly, participants reported the lack of services and support available for families, and many were not aware of services for parents themselves. A number of recommendations were given on the style, content, and frequency of developing the text messaging program. Conclusions Findings from this qualitative work informed the development of MyTeen, an SMS text messaging program designed to increase parental competence and improve mental health literacy for parents of adolescents.

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Sakalidis, Vanessa S., Alethea Rea, Sharon L. Perrella, Jacki McEachran, Grace Collis, Jennifer Miraudo, Stuart A. Prosser, Lisa Y. Gibson, Desiree Silva, and Donna T. Geddes. "Wellbeing of Breastfeeding Women in Australia and New Zealand during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Study." Nutrients 13, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1831. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13061831.

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During the COVID-19 pandemic, breastfeeding women have experienced restricted access to support, placing them at increased risk of mental health concerns and limited breastfeeding assistance. This study investigated the effect of the pandemic on feeding choices and maternal wellbeing amongst breastfeeding mothers living in Australian and New Zealand. We conducted a cross-sectional online survey that examined feeding methods, maternal mental wellbeing, worries, challenges, and positive experiences during the pandemic. Most women were exclusively breastfeeding (82%). Partial breastfeeding was associated with perceived low milk supply and longer pregnancy duration during the pandemic. Reduced mental health and wellbeing was associated with lower levels of family functioning, increased perceived stress, and perinatal anxiety. Longer pregnancy duration during the pandemic was associated with lower mental health wellbeing scores, while higher perceived stress scores were reported for regions with higher COVID-19 infection rates and women with perceived low milk supply. Women reported that the pandemic resulted in less pressure and more time for family bonding, while worries about the pandemic, family health, and parenting challenges were also cited. Mental health concerns of breastfeeding women appear to be exacerbated by COVID-19, highlighting a critical need for access to mental health and broader family support during the pandemic.

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Paterson, Janis, Peggy Faibairn-Dunlop, Esther Tumama Cowley-Malcolm, and Philip J. Schluter. "Maternal Childhood Parental Abuse History and Current Intimate Partner Violence: Data From the Pacific Islands Families Study." Violence and Victims 22, no. 4 (August 2007): 474–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088667007781553973.

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Pacific peoples are a rapidly growing but socially disadvantaged segment of New Zealand society. Within this context, individuals may be particularly vulnerable to the experience of intimate partner violence (IPV). The aim of the study was to establish the association between the experience of maternal and/or paternal emotional or physical abuse and current severe physical partner violence perpetration or victimization among a cohort of Pacific women. Paternal physical abuse was the only statistically significant risk factor from childhood parenting history that was independently associated with severe physical perpetration and victimization within the mother’s current intimate partner relationship (RR 2.6). These findings highlight the deleterious effect of paternal physical violence on subsequent IPV and contribute to the development of empirically based and considered ways to approach these complex phenomena.

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Dolbin-MacNab, Megan L., and Loriena A. Yancura. "International Perspectives on Grandparents Raising Grandchildren: Contextual Considerations for Advancing Global Discourse." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 86, no. 1 (January 24, 2017): 3–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0091415016689565.

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Globally, it is common for grandparents to serve as surrogate parents to their grandchildren, often in response to family crises and other challenges such as poverty, disease epidemics, and migration. Despite the global nature of this intergenerational caregiving arrangement, there have been few contextually focused examinations of how grandparents’ surrogate parenting roles are enacted across countries and cultures. This analytic review addresses this issue by exploring demographic and cultural contexts, needs and experiences, and formal and informal supports for grandparents raising grandchildren in four diverse countries: China, New Zealand, Romania, and South Africa. We conclude our analysis by discussing key contextual factors, and their associated interrelationships, from which future research may elucidate how cultural, historical, and sociopolitical factors uniquely shape grandparents’ experiences. We also make recommendations for contextually informed policies and practice.

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Olsson, Craig A., Elizabeth Spry, Primrose Letcher, Helena McAnally, Kim Thomson, Jacqui Macdonald, Chris Greenwood, et al. "The Australian and New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium: a study protocol for investigating mental health and well-being across generations." Longitudinal and Life Course Studies 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 267–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/175795920x15792720930280.

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The Australian New Zealand Intergenerational Cohort Consortium (ANZ-ICC) brings together three of the longest running intergenerational cohort studies in Australia and New Zealand to examine the extent to which preconception parental life histories (from infancy to parenthood) predict next generation early health and development. The aims are threefold: (1) to describe pathways of advantage that strengthen emotional health and well-being from one generation to the next, (2) to describe pathways of disadvantage that perpetuate cycles of emotional and behavioural problems across generations, and (3) to identify modifiable factors capable of breaking intergenerational cycles. The Victorian Intergenerational Health Cohort Study has followed 1,943 young Australians from adolescence to adulthood across ten waves since 1992, and 1,030 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2006. The Australian Temperament Project Generation 3 Study has followed 2,443 young Australians from infancy to adulthood across 15 waves since 1983, and 1170 offspring from pregnancy to early childhood since 2012. The Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study Parenting Study has followed 1,037 young New Zealanders across 15 waves since 1972, and 730 offspring in early childhood since 1994. Cross-cohort replication analyses will be conducted for common preconception exposures and next generation offspring outcomes, while integrated data analysis of pooled data will be used for rare exposures and outcomes. The ANZ-ICC represents a unique collaboration that bridges the disciplines of lifecourse epidemiology, biostatistics, developmental psychology and psychiatry, to study the role of parental preconception exposures on next generation health and development.

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Baron, Paula D. "In the Name of the Father: the Paternal Function, Sexuality, Law and Citizenship." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 37, no. 2 (July 1, 2006): 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v37i2.5566.

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The purpose of this article is to examine the notion of legal paternal responsibility from the perspective of psychoanalytic theory. In psychoanalysis, a privileged place is accorded to the father, both in the emergence of the subject and in the symbolic order itself. This privileged position, however, flows not from the person of the father but from the performance of what Lacan terms the “paternal function”.Taking up this idea, the article considers the recommendations relating to legal paternity contained in the recent New Zealand Law Commission Report New Issues in Legal Parenthood. In particular, the article challenges the proposition that legal paternity should automatically flow from genetic fathering. The article argues that the assumption that there is or should be an inherent and natural link between genetic fathering and the responsibilities of legal parenting is fundamentally misconceived; will often discriminate against women, and, in particular, lesbian parents; and may be in conflict with the best interests of the child.

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Chu, Joanna Ting Wai, Angela Wadham, Yannan Jiang, Karolina Stasiak, Matthew Shepherd, and Christopher Bullen. "Recruitment and Retention of Parents of Adolescents in a Text Messaging Trial (MyTeen): Secondary Analysis From a Randomized Controlled Trial." JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 4, no. 4 (December 20, 2021): e17723. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/17723.

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Background Parenting programs are well established as an effective strategy for enhancing both parenting skills and the well-being of the child. However, recruitment for family programs in clinical and nonclinical settings remains low. Objective This study aims to describe the recruitment and retention methods used in a text messaging program (MyTeen) trial for parents of adolescents (10-15 years) and identify key lessons learned. We aim to provide insights and direction for researchers who seek to recruit parents and build on the limited literature on recruitment and retention strategies for parenting program trials. Methods A recruitment plan was developed, monitored, and modified as needed throughout the course of the project. Strategies to facilitate recruitment were identified (eg, program content and recruitment material, staff characteristics, and study procedures). Traditional and web-based recruitment strategies were used. Results Over a 5-month period, 319 parents or caregivers expressed interest in our study, of which 221 agreed to participate in the study, exceeding our recruitment target of 214 participants. Attrition was low at the 1-month (4.5% overall; intervention group: n=5, 4.6%; control group: n=5, 4.5%) and 3-month follow-ups (9% overall; intervention group: n=10, 9.2%; control group: n=10, 8.9%). Conclusions The use of web-based recruitment strategies appeared to be most effective for recruiting and retaining parents in a text-messaging program trial. However, we encountered recruitment challenges (ie, underrepresentation of ethnic minority groups and fathers) similar to those reported in the literature. Therefore, efforts to engage ethnic minorities and fathers are needed. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry ACTRN12618000117213; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=374307

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Muller, Diane, Sarah-Jane Paine, Lora J. Wu, and T. Leigh Signal. "“Their Sleep Means More Harmony”: Maternal Perspectives and Experiences of Preschoolers’ Sleep in Ethnically and Socioeconomically Diverse Families in Aotearoa/New Zealand." Qualitative Health Research 29, no. 14 (April 11, 2019): 2023–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732319842156.

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Viewing sleep through a socioecological lens, maternal perceptions, and experiences of preschoolers’ sleep were explored using semistructured interviews with 15 Māori (indigenous) and 16 non-Māori mothers, with low- and high socioeconomic position. Thematic analysis identified four themes: child happiness and health, maternal well-being, comfort and connection, and family functioning and harmony. Mothers perceived healthy preschooler sleep as supporting children’s mental and physical health, parents’ sleep/wake functioning, family social cohesion and emotional connectedness, and poor preschooler sleep as negatively influencing child, maternal and family well-being. Although many experiences were shared, some perceptions of sleep and sleep practices differed between mothers. Influences included health paradigms, socioeconomic circumstances, maternal autonomy, employment, parenting approaches, and societal expectations. Healthy preschooler sleep is valued by mothers and may play a protective role in family health and resilience. Preschooler sleep initiatives need to be responsive to maternal perspectives and address societal drivers of sleep experiences.

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Kim, Hyeeun, and Margaret Nelson Agee. "‘Where are you from?’ Identity as a key to parenting by 1.5 generation Korean-New Zealand migrants and implications for counselling." British Journal of Guidance & Counselling 47, no. 1 (April 2, 2018): 35–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03069885.2018.1457770.

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Schumm, Walter R. "Sarantakos's Research on Same-Sex Parenting in Australia and New Zealand: Importance, Substance, and Corroboration with Research from the United States." Comprehensive Psychology 4 (January 2015): 17.CP.4.16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/17.cp.4.16.

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Lee, Boram, and Gavin T. L. Brown. "Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ) in a Sample of Korean Immigrant Parents in New Zealand." Current Psychology 39, no. 6 (June 12, 2018): 2074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9896-5.

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Donnellan, M. Brent, Kali H. Trzesniewski, Richard W. Robins, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Avshalom Caspi. "Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency." Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (April 2005): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x.

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The present research explored the controversial link between global self-esteem and externalizing problems such as aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. In three studies, we found a robust relation between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of self-esteem and externalizing problems based on self-report, teachers' ratings, and parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). Moreover, this relation held both cross-sectionally and longitudinally and after controlling for potential confounding variables such as supportive parenting, parent-child and peer relationships, achievement-test scores, socioeconomic status, and IQ. In addition, the effect of self-esteem on aggression was independent of narcissism, an important finding given recent claims that individuals who are narcissistic, not low in self-esteem, are aggressive. Discussion focuses on clarifying the relations among self-esteem, narcissism, and externalizing problems.

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Beddoe, Liz, and Eileen Joy. "Questioning the uncritical acceptance of neuroscience in child and family policy and practice: A review of challenges to the current doxa." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 29, no. 1 (March 31, 2017): 65–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol29iss1id213.

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INTRODUCTION: Recent directions in child and family policy in many Anglophone countries, including Aotearoa New Zealand, are underpinned by the adoption of prevention science which is used to justify state interventions into the lives of families deemed vulnerable or troubled.METHODS: We conducted an examination of trends, firstly examining recent child welfare and protection policy. We discuss the science that underpins significant changes in policy and explore how this use of the available science dovetails with the dogma of the Western neoliberal agenda. FINDINGS: The invocation of science in the struggle to reduce child maltreatment may be reassuring to politicians, policy developers and practitioners alike but a critical analysis is largely missing in the discourse in Aotearoa New Zealand.CONCLUSIONS: Neuroscience is adopted largely uncritically in social policy in relation to child welfare and child protection. It can contribute to policy but other knowledge from social science findings about contextual factors in child maltreatment such as poverty, racism and class-based assumptions about parenting norms must not be ignored in social work practice.

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Ware, Felicity, Mary Breheny, and Margaret Forster. "Kaupapa Kōrero: a Māori cultural approach to narrative inquiry." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 14, no. 1 (December 5, 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1177180117744810.

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In Indigenous culture, stories are a common repository of knowledge and facilitate the process of knowing. Māori academics (Indigenous to Aotearoa New Zealand) have developed approaches based on key principles of Māori research, oral traditions and narrative inquiry to express experiences as Māori. To extend this, a Māori approach called Kaupapa Kōrero was developed to gather, present and understand Māori experiences. The application of whakapapa (genealogy) as a relational analytical framework provided a way of identifying personal kōrero (stories) and integrating them within layers of interrelated kōrero about their whānau (family), te ao Māori (Māori culture) and society that influences contemporary experiences of being Māori. Whakapapa also enabled a cross-examination of kōrero and identification of common intersecting factors such as Māori ethnicity, age, parenting status and socioeconomic position. This Māori narrative approach revealed a more complex and nuanced understanding of the interrelatedness and influence of societal expectations, indigeneity, Māori culture and whānau.

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Barrett, Nikki M., Lisette Burrows, Polly Atatoa-Carr, and Linda T. Smith. "Hapū Wānanga: A Kaupapa Māori childbirth education class for Māori and non-Māori māmā hapū and whānau." MAI Journal: A New Zealand Journal of Indigenous Scholarship 11, no. 1 (November 23, 2022): 50–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.20507/maijournal.2022.11.1.5.

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Global studies attest that early engagement with childbirth education (CBE) classes enhances maternal and infant health outcomes. In Aotearoa New Zealand, Māori participation rates in CBE classes are lower than those of their non-Māori counterparts. Current CBE classes are designed and delivered using a predominantly Western medicalised approach that negates Māori birthing knowledge, expertise, and values. However, sporadically, Kaupapa Māori CBE classes are being delivered. This article draws on a wider study that explores the Hapū Wānanga (HW) CBE programme, a by Māori, for Māori pregnancy and parenting initiative. This mixed-method interpretive study used retrospective post-course survey data of 1,152 participants over a three-year period from the HW based in the Waikato District Health Board region. Data explored the programme’s quality, the impact on levels of knowledge and understanding, and the overall experiences and views of participants. This artice interrogates the factors that shaped participation, engagement and acceptability of the HW for participants.

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Meredith-Jones, Kim, Sheila Williams, and Rachael Taylor. "Agreement between parental perception of child weight status and actual weight status is similar across different ethnic groups in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 8, no. 4 (2016): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc16002.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Accurate parental perception of their child's weight is poor. Accuracy may be influenced by differences in ethnicity but this is currently unknown. AIM To determine whether agreement between parental perception of child weight status and actual child weight status differs according to ethnic group (NZ European, Māori, Pacific, Asian), and to investigate whether it is influenced by various demographic and behavioural factors. METHODS A total of 1093 children (4–8 years old) attended a weight screening initiative. Parents completed questionnaires on demographics, beliefs about child weight, parenting style, parental feeding practices and social desirability. Actual measured weight status was compared with parental perception of weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight). RESULTS Agreement about child weight status was apparent in 85% of NZ European, 84% of Māori, 82% of Pacific and 88% of Asian children. However, adjusting for chance led to kappas of 0.34, 0.38, 0.41 and 0.53, respectively, indicating only fair-to-moderate agreement. Overall, agreement between measured body mass index and parental perception was not related to ethnic group, child sex and age, maternal age and education, and household deprivation (k ranged from 0.16 to 0.47). However, agreement about weight status was higher in parents who reported higher levels of restrictive feeding than in parents who reported less restriction (P < 0.01) but agreement was only fair. CONCLUSION Agreement between parental perception and actual weight status was fair and did not differ between the ethnic groups examined.

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GOEDEKE, S., I. RODINO, and D. SHEPHERD. "Donors: To Pay, or Not to Pay." Fertility & Reproduction 04, no. 03n04 (September 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2661318222740103.

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Attitudes towards and concerns about recognition and payment options for donation in New Zealand and Australia Commercial inducement for the provision of gametes is prohibited in New Zealand and Australia. This has been argued to limit access to donor gametes and contribute to the pursuit of potentially unregulated cross-border reproductive care by domestic patients. 434 participants, including those with infertility and treatment experience, donors, recipients and clinic professionals, completed an online questionnaire assessing their support for a range of recognition and payment options, and their concerns about payment constituting financial reward. Overall, participants supported the reimbursement of direct costs associated with donation, including medical expenses, travel time, and unpaid time away from work relating to treatment. Nonmaterial forms of recognition or tokens of thanks received less support. Lowest ratings of support were noted for the outright payment of donors for the supply of their gametes. Concerns about payment related to assumptions about the type of donor motivated by financial reward, and the possibility that if paid donors might be more likely to conceal relevant treatment information. Further concerns included the increased financial burden for recipients and concern for donor-offspring wellbeing. Support for payment over and above reimbursement of costs was related to a belief that payment was necessary to ensure gamete supply. Sonja Goedeke: Sonja’s research focuses on the psychosocial and ethical implications of assisted reproductive technologies. She has published, presented and supervised projects related to egg and embryo donation, the concept of gifting in donation, counselling, cross border reproductive care, mild stimulation protocols, social egg freezing, policy/legislation, parenting/remaining child ‘free’ after IVF, embryo disposal decisions and the recognition/compensation of donors.

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Whittingham, Koa, Jeanie Sheffield, Catherine Mak, Corrine Dickinson, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ‘Early PACT’ for parents of infants with cerebral palsy: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037033.

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IntroductionNew international clinical practice guidelines exist for identifying infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) earlier: between 12 to 24 weeks corrected age, significantly earlier than previous diagnosis windows in Australia at 19 months. The earlier detection of infants at high risk of CP creates an opportunity for earlier intervention. The quality of the parent-infant relationship impacts various child outcomes, and is leveraged in other forms of intervention. This paper presents the protocol of a randomised controlled trial of an online parent support programme, Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Early PACT) for families of infants identified as at high risk of CP. We predict that participating in the Early PACT programme will be associated with improvements in the parent-infant relationship, in parent mental health and well-being as well as infant behaviour and quality of life.Methods and analysisThis study aims to recruit 60 parents of infants (0 to 2 years old corrected age) diagnosed with CP or identified as at high risk of having CP. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: Early PACT or waitlist control (1:1). Early PACT is an online parent support programme grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). It is delivered as a course on an open source course management system called edX. Early PACT is designed to support parental adjustment and parent-infant relationship around the time of early diagnosis. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, following completion of Early PACT and at 6-month follow-up (retention). The primary outcome will be the quality of parent-child interactions as measured by the Emotional Availability Scale. Standard analysis methods for randomised controlled trial will be used to make comparisons between the two groups (Early PACT and waitlist control). Retention of effects will be examined at 6-month follow-up.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved through appropriate Australian and New Zealand ethics committees (see in text) with parents providing written informed consent. Findings from this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations.Trial registration detailsThis trial has been prospectively registered on 12 June 2018 to present (ongoing) with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000986279); https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=3 74 896

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Grace, Rebekah, Kelly Baird, Emma Elcombe, Vana Webster, Jacqueline Barnes, and Lynn Kemp. "Effectiveness of the Volunteer Family Connect Program in Reducing Isolation of Vulnerable Families and Supporting Their Parenting: Randomized Controlled Trial With Intention-To-Treat Analysis of Primary Outcome Variables." JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting 2, no. 2 (November 21, 2019): e13023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/13023.

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Background Volunteer home visiting is a widely adopted community-based approach to support families by linking isolated or vulnerable families with community volunteers who visit their homes weekly over approximately 12 months. This study seeks to robustly evaluate the effectiveness of this model of support for families with young children. Objective This paper reports the intention-to-treat analysis of primary and secondary outcomes for a pragmatic randomized controlled trial (RCT) of the Volunteer Family Connect intervention, a volunteer home-visiting program designed to support families with young children who experience social isolation or a lack of parenting confidence and skills. Methods The RCT was conducted across seven sites in Australia. Overall, 341 families were recruited: 169 intervention (services as usual+volunteer home visits) and 172 control (services as usual) families. Intervention families received the program for 3-12 months. Participants were invited to complete six data collection points over a 15-month period. Primary outcomes were community connectedness and parenting competence. Secondary outcomes included parent physical and mental health, general parent wellbeing, parent empowerment, the sustainability of family routines, and the parent-child relationship. According to the protocol, the program would be judged to be effective if at least one of the primary outcomes was significantly positive and the other was neutral (ie, intervention families did not demonstrate positive or negative outcomes compared to the control group). Results The intervention group demonstrated significant improvement in the primary outcome variable parenting sense of competence as compared to the control group. Overall, there was no significant difference between the intervention and control groups with regard to the primary outcome variable community connectedness, other than on the “Guidance” subscale of the Social Provisions Scale. Because there were statistically significant findings for the total score of one primary outcome variable “parenting sense of competence” and largely neutral findings for the primary outcome variable “community connectedness,” the program met the previously defined criteria for program effectiveness. In relation to secondary outcomes, intervention families reported significantly higher wellbeing and were significantly more likely to feel that life was improving. Conclusions The Volunteer Family Connect intervention was considered an effective intervention, with a role to play on the landscape of services available to support vulnerable families with young children. Trial Registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry ACTRN12616000396426; https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=370304

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McBride, Charissa, Karen McBride-Henry, and Kim Van Wissen. "Parenting a child with medically diagnosed severe food allergies in New Zealand: The experience of being unsupported in keeping their children healthy and safe." Contemporary Nurse 35, no. 1 (April 2010): 77–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5172/conu.2010.35.1.077.

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Lee, Boram. "An Examination of the Construct Validity of the Parenting Practices Emphasized in China Scale for a Sample of Korean Immigrant Parents in New Zealand." Korean Journal of family welfare 23, no. 1 (March 31, 2018): 59–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.13049/kfwa.2018.23.1.4.

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Bryant, Richard A., Ahmad Bawaneh, Manar Awwad, Hadeel Al-Hayek, Luana Giardinelli, Claire Whitney, Mark J. D. Jordans, et al. "Effectiveness of a brief group behavioral intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan: A randomized controlled trial." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 3 (March 17, 2022): e1003949. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003949.

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Background Common mental disorders are frequently experienced by refugees. This study evaluates the impact of a brief, lay provider delivered group-based psychological intervention [Group Problem Management Plus (gPM+)] on the mental health of refugees in a camp, as well as on parenting behavior and children’s mental health. Methods and findings In this single-blind, parallel, randomized controlled trial, 410 adult Syrian refugees (300 females, 110 males) in Azraq Refugee Camp (Jordan) were identified through screening of psychological distress (≥16 on the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale) and impaired functioning (≥17 on the WHO Disability Assessment Schedule). Participants were randomly allocated to gPM+ or enhanced usual care (EUC) involving referral information for psychosocial services on a 1:1 ratio. Participants were aware of treatment allocation, but assessors were blinded to treatment condition. Primary outcomes were scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL; depression and anxiety scales) assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, and 3 months follow-up as the primary outcome time point. It was hypothesized that gPM+ would result in greater reductions of scores on the HSCL than EUC. Secondary outcomes were disability, posttraumatic stress, personally identified problems, prolonged grief, prodromal psychotic symptoms, parenting behavior, and children’s mental health. Between October 15, 2019 and March 2, 2020, 624 refugees were screened for eligibility, 462 (74.0%) screened positive, of whom 204 were assigned to gPM+ and 206 to EUC. There were 168 (82.4%) participants in gPM+ and 189 (91.7%) in EUC assessed at follow-up. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that at follow-up, participants in gPM+ showed greater reduction on HSCL depression scale than those receiving EUC (mean difference, 3.69 [95% CI 1.90 to 5.48], p = .001; effect size, 0.40). There was no difference between conditions in anxiety (mean difference −0.56, 95% CI −2.09 to 0.96; p = .47; effect size, −0.03). Relative to EUC, participants in gPM+ had greater reductions in severity of personally identified problems (mean difference 0.88, 95% CI 0.07 to 1.69; p = .03), and inconsistent disciplinary parenting (mean difference 1.54, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.05; p < .001). There were no significant differences between conditions for changes in PTSD, disability, grief, prodromal symptoms, or childhood mental health outcomes. Mediation analysis indicated the change in inconsistent disciplinary parenting was associated with reduced attentional (β = 0.11, SE .07; 95% CI .003 to .274) and internalizing (β = 0.08, SE .05; 95% CI .003 to 0.19) problems in children. No adverse events were attributable to the interventions or the trial. Major limitations included only one-quarter of participants being male, and measures of personally identified problems, grief, prodromal psychotic symptoms, inconsistent parenting behavior, and children’s mental health have not been validated with Syrians. Conclusions In camp-based Syrian refugees, a brief group behavioral intervention led to reduced depressive symptoms, personally identified problems, and disciplinary parenting compared to usual care, and this may have indirect benefits for refugees’ children. The limited capacity of the intervention to reduce PTSD, disability, or children’s psychological problems points to the need for development of more effective treatments for refugees in camp settings. Trial registration Prospectively registered at Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619001386123.

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Bryant, Richard A., Aiysha Malik, Ibrahim Said Aqel, Maha Ghatasheh, Rand Habashneh, Katie S. Dawson, Sarah Watts, et al. "Effectiveness of a brief group behavioural intervention on psychological distress in young adolescent Syrian refugees: A randomised controlled trial." PLOS Medicine 19, no. 8 (August 12, 2022): e1004046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004046.

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Background Millions of young adolescents in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) affected by humanitarian crises experience elevated rates of poor mental health. There is a need for scalable programs that can improve the mental health of young adolescents. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a nonspecialist delivered group-based intervention (Early Adolescent Skills for Emotions (EASE)) to improve young adolescents’ mental health. Methods and findings In this single-blind, parallel, controlled trial, Syrian refugees aged 10 to 14 years in Jordan were identified through screening of psychological distress as defined by scores ≥15 on the Paediatric Symptom Scale. Participants were randomised to either EASE or enhanced usual care (EUC) involving referral to local psychosocial services (on a 1:1.6 ratio). Participants were aware of treatment allocation but assessors were blinded. Primary outcomes were scores on the Paediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC; internalising, externalising, and attentional difficulty scales) assessed at week 0, 9 weeks, and 3 months after treatment (primary outcome time point). It was hypothesised that EASE would result in greater reductions on internalising symptoms than EUC. Secondary outcomes were depression, posttraumatic stress, well-being, functioning, school belongingness, and caregivers’ parenting and mental health. Between June 2019 and January 2020, 1,842 young adolescent refugees were screened for eligibility on the basis of psychological distress. There were 520 adolescents (28.2%) who screened positive, of whom 471 (90.6%) agreed to enter the trial. Overall, 185 were assigned to EASE and 286 to EUC, and 169 and 254 were retained at 3 months for EASE and EUC, respectively. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that at 3 months, EASE resulted in greater reduction on the PSC-internalising scale than EUC (estimated mean difference 0.69, 95% CI 0.19 to 1.19; p = 0.007; effect size, 0.38) but there were no differences for PSC-externalising (estimated mean difference 0.24, 95% CI −0.43 to 0.91; p = 0.49; effect size, −0.10), PSC-attentional problem (estimated mean difference −0.01, 95% CI −0.51 to 0.54; p = 0.97; effect size, −0.01) scores, or on depression, posttraumatic stress, well-being, functioning, or school belongingness. Relative to EUC, caregivers in EASE had less psychological distress (estimated mean difference 1.95, 95% CI 0.71 to 3.19; p = 0.002) and inconsistent disciplinary parenting (mean difference 1.54, 95% CI 1.03 to 2.05; p < 0.001). Secondary analyses that (a) focused on adolescents with probable internalising disorders; (b) completed the 3-month assessment; and (c) controlled for trauma exposure did not alter the primary results. Mediation analysis indicated that for caregivers in the EASE condition, reduction in inconsistent disciplinary parenting was associated with reduced attentional (β = 0.11, SE 0.07; 95% CI 0.003, 0.274) and internalising (β = 0.11, SE 0.07; 95% CI 0.003, 0.274) problems in their children. No adverse events were attributable to the intervention. A limitation was that EUC was not matched to EASE in terms of facilitator attention or group involvement. Conclusions EASE led to reduced internalising problems in young refugee adolescents and was associated with reduced distress and less inconsistent disciplinary parenting in caregivers. This intervention has the potential as a scalable intervention to mitigate young adolescents’ emotional difficulties in LMIC. Trial registration Prospectively registered at Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12619000341123.

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Keown, Louise J., Matthew R. Sanders, Nike Franke, and Matthew Shepherd. "Te Whānau Pou Toru: a Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) of a Culturally Adapted Low-Intensity Variant of the Triple P-Positive Parenting Program for Indigenous Māori Families in New Zealand." Prevention Science 19, no. 7 (March 22, 2018): 954–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11121-018-0886-5.

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Karatela, Shamshad, Christin Coomarasamy, Janis Paterson, and Neil I. Ward. "Exposure to Toenail Heavy Metals and Child Behavior Problems in Nine-Year-Old Children: A Cross-Sectional Study." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114120.

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Behavioral problems are multifactorial and includes perinatal, maternal, family, parenting, socio-economic and personal risk factors, but less is known about the association of postnatal heavy metals on children’s behavioral problems in Pacific Island children. Methods: A cohort of eligible nine-year-old children within a Pacific Island Families longitudinal study were recruited for a cross-sectional study. Child behavior problems were assessed using the child behavior checklist. Heavy metals (including Ni, Cu, Pb, Al, Cr and Cd) were determined in toenails, after acid digestion and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Other factors such as lifestyle (smoking in pregnancy), health outcomes (obesity, health status), demographics (gender, ethnicity, parents’ marital status) and socioeconomic status (household income levels) were also collected. The statistical analysis included t-tests for independent sample and Mann–Whitney U-test, and chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests of independence for comparisons of the proportions. Regression models tested the hypothesized risk factors for behavior outcomes. Results: This observational study enrolled 278 eligible Pacific Island children living in Auckland, New Zealand. The prevalence of behavioral problems in the clinical range was high (22%) but there was no significant association between heavy metals in toenails and adverse behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: Regular monitoring and assessments of children for environmental risk factors, as well as social and lifestyle factors for behavior problems, continues. Alternative indicators of exposure to heavy metal should be evaluated.

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Whittingham, Koa, Andrea McGlade, Kavindri Kulasinghe, Amy E. Mitchell, Honey Heussler, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "ENACT (ENvironmental enrichment for infants; parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy): a randomised controlled trial of an innovative intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorder." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e034315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034315.

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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with impacts on behaviour, cognition, communication, social interaction and family mental health. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a very early intervention, ENACT (ENvironmental enrichment for infants; parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), for families of infants at risk of ASD.Methods and analysisWe aim to recruit 66 mothers of infants at risk of ASD (ie, infants with a sibling or parent diagnosed with ASD) to this RCT. Families will be randomly assigned to care-as-usual or ENACT. ENACT is a very early intervention, leveraging parent–child interactions to improve early social reciprocity, while supporting parental mental health and the parent–child relationship through Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Intervention content is delivered online (approximately 8 hours) and supported by more than 7 consultations with a clinician. Parents will perform the social reciprocity intervention with their child (30 min per day). Assessments at four time points (baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months corrected age) will assess parent–infant interaction, parental mental health, infant development and early ASD markers. Analysis will be by intention to treat using general linear models for RCTs.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/19/QCHQ/50131) and the University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (2019000558). If efficacy is demonstrated, the intervention has the potential for wide and accessible dissemination.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618002046280).

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McGrath, Amanda, Louise Sharpe, Suncica Lah, and Kaitlyn Parratt. "Evaluation of a Decision Aid for Women with Epilepsy Who Are Considering Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial." Medical Decision Making 37, no. 5 (March 7, 2017): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0272989x17697304.

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Background. For many women with epilepsy (WWE), decision making about pregnancy is complicated by considerations such as the potential teratogenicity of antiepileptic drugs, offspring risk of epilepsy, seizure occurrence during pregnancy, and the challenges of parenting amidst poorly controlled seizures. Objective. This proof-of-concept, randomized controlled trial aimed to evaluate a decision aid (DA) developed to help WWE decide if they should start or enlarge their families. Methods. Seventy-nine WWE of childbearing age were recruited from Epilepsy Action Australia between October and November 2013 and randomized to receive the intervention (the DA) or not, and to complete a set of questionnaires pre- and post- intervention. The DA, delivered as a PDF booklet, provided balanced evidence-based information about options, risks and benefits, including probabilities; as well as steps for clarifying values and considering options within one’s personal situation. Results. Compared with the control group, the DA group had statistically significant improvements in knowledge about pregnancy and epilepsy (Cohen’s d = 1.24; 95%CI = 0.77 to 1.83) and reduced decisional conflict (Cohen’s d = 0.59; 95%CI = 0.21 to 0.99). Changes in decision self-efficacy, certainty of choice, patient-practitioner communication abilities and value congruence with choice were comparable between the DA and control group. Importantly, women’s decisions about motherhood were not biased towards either direction, and there were no adverse effects on depression or anxiety. All women who received the DA indicated they would recommend it to other WWE. Conclusions. The DA has the potential to serve as a useful support tool for WWE who are considering motherhood. Future research is needed to test the DA in clinical settings with guidance from a health professional. The trial was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ID ACTRN12613001082796).

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