Статті в журналах: "Parent and child - New Zealand"

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Gibbs, Anita. "Parenting adopted children and supporting adoptive parents: Messages from research." Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 22, no. 2 (January 1, 2010): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol22iss2id207.

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This article considers adoption from the perspective of parents, especially the strategies that they employ to enhance attachments and build positive parent-child relationships. The article draws particularly on recent New Zealand research regarding intercountry adoptive parenting, as well as overseas literature on good adoptive parenting practice generally in domestic and intercountry adoption. It also considers the research on methods of supporting parents who adopt and whether there are gaps in legislation, policy or practice in New Zealand that could be closed by borrowing from good examples in the literature, and, or current practice examples. The author is an adoptive parent of Russian-born children and is actively involved in adoptive parent support networks.

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Hillcoat-Nallétamby, Sarah, and A. Dharmalingam. "Mid-Life Parental Support for Adult Children in New Zealand." Journal of Sociology 39, no. 3 (September 2003): 271–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00048690030393004.

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Research often focuses on exchanges of help between mature adult children and ageing parents, but not between young adults and parents. As transitions to adulthood become more complex, and mid-life is increasingly associated with competing roles, this article examines factors influencing the likelihood that a mid-life parent continues to support an adult child who has left home. Empirical analysis uses data from New Zealand's 1997 `Transactions in the Mid-life Family' survey. Parents continue to support their child, but the factors influencing the flow of help vary by type of help. A child's, but not a parent's age, and the gender of both, have a significant influence on the provision of help, and although infrequent contact and long distances make exchanges more difficult, they do not completely inhibit them.

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Munro, Kylie J., Paul E. Jose, and Carol S. Huntsinger. "Home-Based Activities in Support of New Zealand Children’s Literacy and Numeracy Skills." Journal of Educational and Developmental Psychology 11, no. 2 (May 11, 2021): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jedp.v11n2p17.

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Little is known about the possible benefits of parent-led activities to enable school readiness for New Zealand young children. A two-year longitudinal study of parents and their children (102 4-year-olds and 104 5-year-olds at Time 1) was conducted. Parents completed the Encouragement of Academic Skills in Young Children (EASYC) self-report measure of in-home academic activities, and children’s literacy and mathematics achievement were tested initially and one year later. Several parent-led activities were found to predict improved child academic ability across the sampled age range: 1) teaching basic addition and subtraction; and 2) writing and drawing practice.

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Lee, Boram, and Louise J. Keown. "Challenges and changes in the parenting experiences of Korean immigrants in New Zealand." Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 27, no. 4 (November 14, 2018): 431–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0117196818810112.

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Immigrant parents are often confronted with the challenging task of reconciling cultural differences with regard to socialization practices. This paper explored the parenting experiences of 21 Korean immigrant parents of young children (ages 6–10), after immigrating to New Zealand. Most parents reported positive parenting changes following their migration to New Zealand, including greater encouragement of their children's autonomy and decreased emphasis on children's academic performance. The findings also highlighted challenges, such as parent-child disagreements and reduced parenting self-efficacy as parents adapted and adjusted to the new cultural context. In addition, the study identified some unique parenting challenges faced by fathers and Korean transnational parents, where mothers and young children immigrate to New Zealand to advance the children's education while fathers remain in Korea to support the family financially.

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Cook, Peter S. "The Early History of the New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists and the Related Movement for Primary Prevention in Mental Health: Some Recollections." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 30, no. 3 (June 1996): 405–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048679609065006.

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Following his return to New Zealand from London in 1940, Dr C. M. Bevan-Brown gave lectures leading to the formation of the Mental Health Club. In 1946 this became the Christchurch Psychological Society. The New Zealand Association of Psychotherapists was formed at a conference in 1947 and held annual conferences for many years. In 1948 and 1949 training courses for doctors and medical students were conducted. To combat widespread ignorance, a series of pamphlets on various aspects of emotional health was published, and in 1950 a book on psychotherapy and primary prevention. These inspired the formation of Parents' Centres from 1951, which, as branches increased, led to the New Zealand Federation of Parents' Centres. They later gained official medical recognition and played an historic role in transforming some aspects of New Zealand culture and guiding institutions towards greater sensitivity to the emotional and mental health aspects of pregnancy, childbirth and early parent-child relationships. The influence of this movement continues.

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Taylor, Nicola. "Relocation Following Parental Separation: International Research, Policy and Practice." Children Australia 38, no. 4 (December 2013): 134–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2013.22.

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Relocation disputes are widely regarded internationally as one of the most difficult and controversial issues in family law. This article outlines the legal context governing relocation disputes in New Zealand and briefly reviews the research literature on the impact of parental separation and relocation. The key findings are then set out from a three-year study (2007 to 2009) with 100 New Zealand families where one parent had sought to relocate with their child(ren), either within New Zealand or internationally. Interviews were conducted with 114 parents and 44 children and young people from these families about their experiences. The article concludes by traversing the efforts being made in the international legal policy context to adopt a more consistent approach to relocation disputes in common law jurisdictions.

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Hobbs, Matthew, Stuart J. H. Biddle, Andrew P. Kingsnorth, Lukas Marek, Melanie Tomintz, Jesse Wiki, John McCarthy, Malcolm Campbell, and Simon Kingham. "Investigating the Association Between Child Television Viewing and Measured Child Adiposity Outcomes in a Large Nationally Representative Sample of New Zealanders: A Cross-Sectional Study." Journal of Physical Activity and Health 18, no. 5 (May 1, 2021): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/jpah.2020-0192.

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Background: This study investigates the association between television (TV) viewing and child adiposity and if parental education and child ethnicity moderate this association. Method: Cross-sectional, pooled (2013/2014–2016/2017) adult and child New Zealand Health Survey were matched resulting in 13,039 children (2–14 y) and parent dyads. Child TV viewing was estimated using self-reported time for each weekday and weekend. The height (in centimeters), weight (in kilograms), and waist circumference of parents and children were measured. Childhood body mass index and obesity were defined using the International Obesity Task Force cutoff values. Effect modification was assessed by interaction and then by stratifying regression analyses by parent education (low, moderate, and high) and child ethnicity (Asian, European/other, Māori, and Pacific). Results: Overall, watching ≥2 hours TV on average per day in the past week, relative to <2 hours TV viewing, was associated with a higher odds of obesity (adjusted odds ratio = 1.291 [1.108–1.538]), higher body mass index z score (b = 0.123 [0.061–0.187]), and higher waist circumference (b = 0.546 [0.001–1.092]). Interactions considering this association by child ethnicity and parent education revealed little evidence of effect modification. Conclusion: While TV viewing was associated with child adiposity, the authors found little support for a moderating role of parental education and child ethnicity.

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Mindell, J. A., D. Goh, M. Collins, A. Bartle, J. Kohyama, R. Sekartini, M. Veeravigrom, and E. S. Leichman. "0947 Parent-Perceived Sleep Problems and Sleep Goals in Infants and Toddlers: A Global Sample." Sleep 43, Supplement_1 (April 2020): A360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sleep/zsaa056.943.

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Abstract Introduction The aim of this study was to assess parent perceptions of sleep problems in young children and parent-identified areas of change in a global sample. Methods Caregivers (95.6% mothers) of 1555 infants/toddlers (birth-37 mos; M=12.2 mos; 49.5% male) completed an online survey, representing Indonesia (n=187), Japan (n=718), New Zealand (n=231), Singapore (n=199), and Thailand (n=221). The survey included an abbreviated version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire, and a list of potential sleep-related areas of change. Results 36.9% reported a perceived sleep-problem, whereas 92.9% indicated an area of desired change related to their child’s sleep. In terms of areas of change, 82.5% endorsed bedtime/how child falls asleep, 70.0% nighttime sleep, and 57.8% related to the morning. As expected, 99.7% of parents who endorsed a problem indicated a desired change compared to 88.9% who did not perceive a problem, p < .001. Those who noted a problem were more likely to endorse a change at bedtime (92.5%) and during the night (90.1%), compared to the morning (68.8%). There were country-based differences, with caregivers in New Zealand (47.0%) and Singapore (44.2%) more likely to report a child sleep problem compared to Thailand (35.3%), Japan (34.1%) and Indonesia (29.4%), p < .001. No differences were noted in parent-report of desired change across Japan, New Zealand, Singapore, and Thailand (94-96%) but were significantly higher than Indonesia (83.4%). Conclusion Although one-third of parents of young children in a global sample indicate a perceived sleep problem, almost all parents wish to change something about their child’s sleep, primarily relate to bedtime and during the night. Sleep education and assessment delivered by health care providers should focus not only on what families consider to be “problematic,” but also what families would like to modify, or improve, about their child’s sleep within a developmentally appropriate framework. Support Johnson & Johnson Consumer Inc., Skillman, NJ, USA.

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Blackburn, Carolyn. "Relationship-based early intervention services for children with complex needs: lessons from New Zealand." Journal of Children's Services 11, no. 4 (December 19, 2016): 330–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcs-04-2016-0008.

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Purpose A case study is reported of a relationship-based early intervention (EI) service for children with complex needs in New Zealand. The purpose of this paper is to explore parent and professional views and perceptions about the key characteristics of a relationship-based EI service. Design/methodology/approach This qualitative study involved interviews and observations with 39 participants (10 children, 11 parents and 18 professionals). Findings Parents appreciated the knowledgeable, well-trained professionals who invested time in getting to know (and love) children and families and family practices, worked together in harmony and valued the contribution that parents made to their child’s progress and achievement. Professionals described the key characteristics of the service in terms of the range of therapies offered by the service, the focus on a strengths-based and family-focussed approach, play-based assessments, acceptance and value of family practices (including responsiveness to Maori and bi-culturalism), appropriate and respectful places to meet and greet families and work with children, and recruitment and retention of humble professionals who identified with the ethos of the model. Observable social processes and structures within the delivery of the model include respectful professional interactions and relationships with children and families, integrated professional working, effective and timely communication between professionals and families, pedagogy of listening, waiting and personalisation, engaged families and actively participating children. Originality/value This case study emphasises the significance of professional love and relational pedagogy to EI services and the value of this to improving parent-child relationships and children’s long-term outcomes.

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Shepherd, Daniel, Jason Landon, and Sonja Goedeke. "Symptom severity, caregiver stress and intervention helpfulness assessed using ratings from parents caring for a child with autism." Autism 22, no. 5 (May 8, 2017): 585–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361316688869.

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This exploratory study assessed the relationships between autism spectrum disorder symptoms, caregiver stress and intervention helpfulness, using parent ( n = 182) ratings. Advocacy and intervention-related tasks were rated more stressful than support tasks (e.g. toileting, mealtimes), indicating that advocacy is emerging as a major caregiver task for parents. Deficits in prosocial behaviours were perceived to have the highest impact on the child’s function. No difference was found between mean helpfulness ratings across the six representative interventions taken from the New Zealand context. Differences in care-related task stress across intervention choices were better explained by differences in symptom severity, suggesting that impairment drives intervention choice. Limited evidence was uncovered suggesting that intervention helpfulness moderates the relationship between core autism spectrum disorder symptoms and parent stress.

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Whittingham, Koa, Jeanie Sheffield, Catherine Mak, Corrine Dickinson, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy ‘Early PACT’ for parents of infants with cerebral palsy: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 10 (October 2020): e037033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037033.

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IntroductionNew international clinical practice guidelines exist for identifying infants at high risk of cerebral palsy (CP) earlier: between 12 to 24 weeks corrected age, significantly earlier than previous diagnosis windows in Australia at 19 months. The earlier detection of infants at high risk of CP creates an opportunity for earlier intervention. The quality of the parent-infant relationship impacts various child outcomes, and is leveraged in other forms of intervention. This paper presents the protocol of a randomised controlled trial of an online parent support programme, Early Parenting Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (Early PACT) for families of infants identified as at high risk of CP. We predict that participating in the Early PACT programme will be associated with improvements in the parent-infant relationship, in parent mental health and well-being as well as infant behaviour and quality of life.Methods and analysisThis study aims to recruit 60 parents of infants (0 to 2 years old corrected age) diagnosed with CP or identified as at high risk of having CP. Participants will be randomly allocated to one of two groups: Early PACT or waitlist control (1:1). Early PACT is an online parent support programme grounded in Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT). It is delivered as a course on an open source course management system called edX. Early PACT is designed to support parental adjustment and parent-infant relationship around the time of early diagnosis. Assessments will be conducted at baseline, following completion of Early PACT and at 6-month follow-up (retention). The primary outcome will be the quality of parent-child interactions as measured by the Emotional Availability Scale. Standard analysis methods for randomised controlled trial will be used to make comparisons between the two groups (Early PACT and waitlist control). Retention of effects will be examined at 6-month follow-up.Ethics and disseminationThis study is approved through appropriate Australian and New Zealand ethics committees (see in text) with parents providing written informed consent. Findings from this trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journal publications and conference presentations.Trial registration detailsThis trial has been prospectively registered on 12 June 2018 to present (ongoing) with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618000986279); https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=3 74 896

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Smith, Melody, Rebecca Amann, Alana Cavadino, Deborah Raphael, Robin Kearns, Roger Mackett, Lisa Mackay, et al. "Children’s Transport Built Environments: A Mixed Methods Study of Associations between Perceived and Objective Measures and Relationships with Parent Licence for Independent Mobility in Auckland, New Zealand." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 16, 2019): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081361.

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Children’s independent mobility is declining internationally. Parents are the gatekeepers of children’s independent mobility. This mixed methods study investigates whether parent perceptions of the neighbourhood environment align with objective measures of the neighbourhood built environment, and how perceived and objective measures relate to parental licence for children’s independent mobility. Parents participating in the Neighbourhood for Active Kids study (n = 940) answered an open-ended question about what would make their neighbourhoods better for their child’s independent mobility, and reported household and child demographics. Objective measures of the neighbourhood built environment were generated using geographic information systems. Content analysis was used to classify and group parent-reported changes required to improve their neigbourhood. Parent-reported needs were then compared with objective neighbourhood built environment measures. Linear mixed modelling examined associations between parental licence for independent mobility and (1) parent neighbourhood perceptions; and (2) objectively assessed neighbourhood built environment features. Parents identified the need for safer traffic environments. No significant differences in parent reported needs were found by objectively assessed characteristics. Differences in odds of reporting needs were observed for a range of socio-demographic characteristics. Parental licence for independent mobility was only associated with a need for safer places to cycle (positive) and objectively assessed cycling infrastructure (negative) in adjusted models. Overall, the study findings indicate the importance of safer traffic environments for children’s independent mobility.

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Gallagher, Aisling. "E-portfolios and relational space in the early education environment." Journal of Pedagogy 9, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 23–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jped-2018-0002.

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Abstract This paper considers the role of eportfolios as an online tool intended to foster greater engagement between parent, teacher and child in early education settings. Drawing on New Zealand based research, I will critically examine the introduction of this technology as more than an addition into already existing ECEC services. Rather, I will highlight the generative impact it has in facilitating new kinds of relations between parents, teachers and managers, within what I term an emergent ‘virtual landscape of ECEC’. Ultimately I argue that this landscape is shaped by asymmetries of power, which allow for processes of subjectification and governing in ECEC to occur in new ways.

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Blucher, Mandie, Karyn Aspden, and Jayne Jackson. "Play-based learning in an Aotearoa New Zealand classroom: Child, parent, teacher and school leader perspectives." Set: Research Information for Teachers, no. 3 (December 12, 2018): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.18296/set.0118.

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SKINNER, CHRISTINE, DANIEL R. MEYER, KAY COOK, and MICHAEL FLETCHER. "Child Maintenance and Social Security Interactions: the Poverty Reduction Effects in Model Lone Parent Families across Four Countries." Journal of Social Policy 46, no. 3 (November 16, 2016): 495–516. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279416000763.

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AbstractIn most developed countries, children in lone parent families face a high risk of poverty. A partial solution commonly sought in English-speaking nations is to increase the amounts of private child maintenance paid by the other parent. However, where lone parent families are in receipt of social assistance benefits, some countries hold back a portion of the child maintenance to reduce public expenditures. This partial ‘pass-through’ treats child maintenance as a substitute for cash benefits which conceivably neutralises its poverty reduction potential. Such neutralising effects are not well understood and can be obscured further when more subtle interactions between child maintenance systems and social security systems operate. This research makes a unique contribution to knowledge by exposing the hidden interaction effects operating in similar child maintenance systems across four countries: the United Kingdom, United States (Wisconsin), Australia and New Zealand. We found that when child maintenance is counted as income in calculating benefit entitlements, it can reduce the value of cash benefits. Using model lone parent families with ten different employment and income scenarios, we show how the poverty reduction potential of child maintenance is affected by whether it is treated as a substitute for, or a complement to, cash benefits.

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Thompson, John M. D., Rebecca F. Slykerman, Clare R. Wall, Rinki Murphy, Edwin A. Mitchell, and Karen E. Waldie. "Factor structure of the SDQ and longitudinal associations from pre-school to pre-teen in New Zealand." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): e0247932. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0247932.

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Objective The objective of this study was to assess the validity of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire in a cohort of New Zealand children followed from birth to the age of eleven. The study also aimed to assess the stability of the child data in relation to behavioural outcomes during this period. Methods Children in the Auckland Birthweight Collaborative Study were assessed at approximately 3½, 7 and 11 years of age. At all time-points parents completed the parent version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and the children themselves completed the self-report version at 11 years of age. The validity and internal consistency were assessed using exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, and McDonald’s Omega. Cross tabulations and Chi-square statistics were used to determine whether Total Difficulty scores, as per accepted cut-offs, remained stable over time (between normal and abnormal/borderline categories). Results The factor structure remained relatively consistent across all three time-points, though several questions did not load as per the originally published factor analysis at the earliest age. The internal consistency of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was good at all time-points and for parent- and child-completed versions. There was low agreement in the total scores between time points. Conclusions The factor analysis shows that the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire has a similar factor structure, particularly in older ages, to that previously published and shows good internal consistency. At the pre-school follow up, a larger than expected proportion of children were identified with high scores, particularly in the conduct sub-scale. Children’s behaviour changes over time, with only poor to moderate agreement between those identified as abnormal or borderline over the longitudinal follow up.

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Murphy-Edwards, Latesha, and Kate van Heugten. "Domestic Property Violence: A Distinct and Damaging Form of Parent Abuse." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 4 (November 17, 2015): 617–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515613341.

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This article reports on the qualitative phase of mixed method research conducted in a medium-size city in New Zealand, which examined 14 parents’ experiences of child- and youth-perpetrated domestic property violence (DPV). The research used semi-structured interviews and interpretative phenomenological analysis, enabling parents’ perceptions of the causes and impacts of this form of family violence to be explored in depth. Three superordinate themes were identified in the analysis: damage done, the various impacts of DPV; staying safe and sane; and making sense of DPV, parents’ perspectives. An ecological meaning-making theory emerged from the data and provided an overarching interpretative framework for considering the themes both separately and together. The findings showed that DPV is a distinct form of parent abuse and one that can have serious impacts of a financial, emotional, and relational nature. The theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed along with ideas for further research into this problem.

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Chang, Esther S. "Kirogi Women’s Psychological Well-Being: The Relative Contributions of Marital Quality, Mother–Child Relationship Quality, and Youth’s Educational Adjustment." Journal of Family Issues 39, no. 1 (February 23, 2016): 209–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0192513x16632265.

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The current study is based on the responses of 153 married Korean mothers accompanying their youth in the United States or in New Zealand while their spouses remained in Korea. Kirogi means “wild geese” in Korean and has come to refer to split-family transnational living for the sake of children’s education. Spillover, or a positive correlation, between indicators assessing marital and parent–child relationship quality was tested within the transnational family context. It was also hypothesized that mother–child relationship quality and youth’s educational progress would be positively and uniquely predictive of indicators of maternal well-being when compared with marital quality due to education-focused Confucian values among Koreans. Results indicated positive correlations between indicators of marital and parent–child relationship quality; and only measures of marital quality had unique associations with maternal well-being.

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Whittingham, Koa, Andrea McGlade, Kavindri Kulasinghe, Amy E. Mitchell, Honey Heussler, and Roslyn N. Boyd. "ENACT (ENvironmental enrichment for infants; parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy): a randomised controlled trial of an innovative intervention for infants at risk of autism spectrum disorder." BMJ Open 10, no. 8 (August 2020): e034315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-034315.

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IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition with impacts on behaviour, cognition, communication, social interaction and family mental health. This paper reports the protocol of a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a very early intervention, ENACT (ENvironmental enrichment for infants; parenting with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy), for families of infants at risk of ASD.Methods and analysisWe aim to recruit 66 mothers of infants at risk of ASD (ie, infants with a sibling or parent diagnosed with ASD) to this RCT. Families will be randomly assigned to care-as-usual or ENACT. ENACT is a very early intervention, leveraging parent–child interactions to improve early social reciprocity, while supporting parental mental health and the parent–child relationship through Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. Intervention content is delivered online (approximately 8 hours) and supported by more than 7 consultations with a clinician. Parents will perform the social reciprocity intervention with their child (30 min per day). Assessments at four time points (baseline, 3 months, 6 months, and 12 months corrected age) will assess parent–infant interaction, parental mental health, infant development and early ASD markers. Analysis will be by intention to treat using general linear models for RCTs.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol has been approved by the Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service Human Research Ethics Committee (HREC/19/QCHQ/50131) and the University of Queensland Human Research Ethics Committee (2019000558). If efficacy is demonstrated, the intervention has the potential for wide and accessible dissemination.Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618002046280).

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Barraclough, Shanee J., and Anne B. Smith. "Do parents choose and value quality child care in New Zealand?" International Journal of Early Years Education 4, no. 1 (January 1996): 5–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0966976960040101.

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Guo, Karen. "Developing in a New Language-Speaking Setting." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 30, no. 3 (September 2005): 38–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693910503000307.

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This study investigated the effect of English-language acquisition on the learning experiences of a four-year-old Taiwanese immigrant child in a state kindergarten in New Zealand. Data was collected through child observations and parents' and teachers' interviews. The child's learning experience was analysed based on five behaviours—‘taking an interest’, ‘being involved’, ‘persisting with difficulty’, ‘expressing a point of view’ and ‘taking responsibility’—adopted from the child assessment technique of ‘Learning Stories’ utilised in many childcare services in New Zealand. Results suggested that, regardless of his English-language incompetence, the child demonstrated learning dispositions under two circumstances: first, there was little interaction required between him and the English-speaking children; second, there was a teacher participating in what he was doing. It is suggested that the child's learning outcomes were contingent on the situations in which he found himself.

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Bainham, Andrew. "TAKING CHILDREN ABROAD: HUMAN RIGHTS, WELFARE AND THE COURTS." Cambridge Law Journal 60, no. 3 (November 21, 2001): 441–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008197301371192.

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One of the more drastic results of marital breakdown can occur where a mother decides to leave the country permanently and relocate with a child. Such cases can pose an acute dilemma where, as in Payne v. Payne [2001] 1 F.L.R. 1052, the father has enjoyed substantial contact with the child which is bound to be severely curtailed (if not entirely destroyed) by the mother’s relocation on the other side of the world. Here the mother, a New Zealander, had been ordered by a New Zealand court to return the child to England, following her “wrongful retention” there, under the Hague Convention which governs international child abduction. In the present proceedings she sought leave to return home to her original family with her four-year-old daughter. The father had substantial staying contact, which was sufficiently extensive that it might almost be termed “time-sharing”, and he countered with an application for a residence order. It was not in dispute that the child had an exceptionally good relationship with the father and with the paternal relatives in Newmarket. The mother, who by this time had grown to loathe her home in London, was adamant that she could only provide the child with a happy and secure upbringing if allowed to return to New Zealand. The father unsuccessfully opposed her application in the Cambridge County Court but appealed on the basis that the settled principle applied by the courts was in breach of the European Convention on Human Rights and in conflict with the Children Act 1989. The essence of the argument was that the Convention enshrined a right of contact between parent and child as an aspect of respect for family life under Article 8 and that the Children Act also required much greater significance to be attached to the preservation of such contact.

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Stuart, Margaret. "A Trinity of Saviours—Parent, Teacher and Child: Human Capital Theory and Early Childhood Education in New Zealand." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 38, no. 4 (December 2013): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/183693911303800407.

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Sibley, Chris G., Maree Hunt, and David N. Harper. "Identifying Crosscultural Differences in the Effectiveness of an Information and Free Child Seat Rental Program." Behaviour Change 18, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 224–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/bech.18.4.224.

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AbstractPorirua (a suburb in Wellington, New Zealand) is a problem area for child restraint use and has been targeted by a variety of government-initiated, and largely ineffective, traffic safety campaigns in recent years (e.g., Gouldsbury, 1999). The present study attempted to increase child restraint use in cars at two Porirua Kindergartens, one predominantly Pacific Nations (Kindergarten A), and the other predominantly New Zealand European (Kindergarten B), by providing parents with information packages and vouchers for free child seat rental. An increase in correct child seat use was not observed at either kindergarten, although all unrestrained children observed during baseline at the predominantly New Zealand European kindergarten changed to wearing seat belts after the intervention. This finding suggests that income limitations per se are not the primary factor maintaining child seat non-use. Discussion focuses on the contradictory findings provided by both previous survey and observational research on the effect of ethnicity and income on child seat use. Potential crosscultural differences in the existence and salience of verbal community effects that may maintain child seat use through the avoidance of social punishment contingencies from other parents within the kindergarten are considered as one possible explanation for the present findings.

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Keddell, Emily. "The vulnerable child in neoliberal contexts: the construction of children in the Aotearoa New Zealand child protection reforms." Childhood 25, no. 1 (August 29, 2017): 93–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568217727591.

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Recent policy reforms have substantially changed state responses to child abuse in Aotearoa New Zealand (ANZ). These reforms draw on two related discourses: vulnerability and social investment. Shaped by a neoliberal political context, these discourses influence constructions of children and parents. Children are constituted in individualistic ways; as vulnerable victims requiring intervention to optimise future functioning, dichotomised against their irresponsible and invulnerable parents. This has different consequences for children in and outside of the permanent fostercare system.

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Woodfield, M. J., T. Cargo, D. Barnett, and I. Lambie. "Understanding New Zealand therapist experiences of Parent-Child Interaction Therapy (PCIT) training and implementation, and how these compare internationally." Children and Youth Services Review 119 (December 2020): 105681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105681.

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Loftus, Jane, Julia Quitmann, Srinivas Valluri, Aleksandra Pastrak, Lawrence Reiter, and Carl Roland. "Comparison of Quality of Life Responses From Caregiver and Children Aged ≥7 Years Using the Quality of Life in Short Stature Youth (QoLISSY) Questionnaire, Following 12 Months of Growth Hormone Treatment With Either a Weekly Somatrogon or a Daily Genotropin Injection Schedule." Journal of the Endocrine Society 5, Supplement_1 (May 1, 2021): A674. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jendso/bvab048.1374.

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Abstract Objective: Paediatric growth hormone deficiency (pGHD) affects 1/4,000 children. Treatment with daily sub-cutaneous injections of recombinant human growth hormone (r-hGH) increase height velocity and quality of life (QoL). A recent randomised controlled clinical trial (NCT02968004) evaluated the efficacy/safety of weekly Somatrogon (hGH-CTP) and daily Genotropin in pGHD. QoL (an exploratory endpoint) was evaluated using the validated Quality of Life in Short Stature Youth (QoLISSY) questionnaire, which includes three subscales (physical, social, emotional) and total score. Methods: The QoLISSY core module was administered to patients (aged 3-11 years [girls], 3-12 years [boys]) and parents in US, UK, Australia, New Zealand, Belarus, Russia, Ukraine and Spain, at Baseline (BL) and 12 months after treatment start. The QoLISSY-CHILD was completed by children aged ≥7 years; QoLISSY-PARENT was completed by the Caregiver for children <7 years, and for some children aged ≥7 years. We report here only the QoLISSY results for children aged ≥7 years (reported from either child or parent). Results: For Total QoLISSY-PARENT, for children aged ≥7 years in the Somatrogon group (N=26), mean scores are 53.65 (BL) and 65.52 (month 12) with mean change of 13.01 (95% Confidence Interval [CI]: 3.99, 22.02). In the Genotropin group (N=28), mean scores are 55.89 (BL) and 63.66 (month 12) with mean change of 6.60 (CI:-0.21, 13.40). For Total QoLISSY-CHILD in the Somatrogon group (N=35), mean scores are 61.48 (BL) and 74.69 (month 12) with mean change of 13.00 (CI: 5.81, 20.19). In the Genotropin group (N=35), these scores are 60.96 (BL) and 69.03 (Month 12) with mean change of 7.84 (CI: 2.71, 12.97). Scores of >70 indicate a good QoL. Conclusions: QoL in children aged ≥7 years improved, following 12 months of either treatment, whether this was reported by caregiver or child. However, these data show that the baseline scores and 12 month scores from the QoLISSY-PARENT in both treatment groups were numerically lower than those reported by the child. This is consistent with the literature¹, in which the caregivers generally report lower QoL scores on behalf of the child. ¹Explaining parent-child (dis)agreement in generic and short stature-specific health-related quality of life reports: do family and social relationships matter? Quitmann et al Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2016 vol 14, Article 150

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Briggs, Margaret. "Rethinking Relationships." Victoria University of Wellington Law Review 46, no. 3 (July 30, 2018): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.26686/vuwlr.v46i3.4909.

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The Property (Relationships) Act 1976 is generally regarded as progressive and inclusive. The Act applies an equal property sharing regime to married spouses, civil union partners and de facto partners. It does not, however, recognise other sorts of close domestic relationships such as those between a parent and adult child or between siblings. This is in contrast to Australia where a number of jurisdictions have conferred relationship status on domestic relationships. This article considers whether there is a similar case to be made in New Zealand for extending property rights to people in domestic relationships.

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Anderson, Yvonne C., Lisa E. Wynter, Katharine F. Treves, Cameron C. Grant, Joanna M. Stewart, Tami L. Cave, Trecia A. Wouldes, José G. B. Derraik, Wayne S. Cutfield, and Paul L. Hofman. "Assessment of health-related quality of life and psychological well-being of children and adolescents with obesity enrolled in a New Zealand community-based intervention programme: an observational study." BMJ Open 7, no. 8 (August 2017): e015776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015776.

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ObjectiveTo describe health-related quality of life (HRQOL) and psychological well-being of children and adolescents at enrolment in a multidisciplinary community-based obesity programme and to determine association with ethnicity. This programme targeted indigenous people and those from most deprived households. Further, this cohort was compared with other populations/normative data.MethodsThis study examines baseline demographic data of an unblinded randomised controlled clinical trial. Participants (recruited from January 2012-August 2014) resided in Taranaki, New Zealand, and for this study we only included those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥98th percentile (obese). HRQOL and psychological well-being were assessed using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL V.4.0TM) (parent and child reports), and Achenbach’s Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL)/Youth Self Report (YSR).ResultsAssessments were undertaken for 233 participants (45% Māori, 45% New Zealand European, 10% other ethnicities, 52% female, 30% from the most deprived household quintile), mean age 10.6 years. The mean BMI SD score (SDS) was 3.12 (range 2.01–5.34). Total PedsQL generic scaled score (parent) was lower (mean=63.4, SD 14.0) than an age-matched group of Australian children without obesity from the Health of Young Victorians study (mean=83.1, SD 12.5). In multivariable models, child and parental generic scaled scores decreased in older children (β=−0.70 and p=0.031, β=−0.64 and p=0.047, respectively). Behavioural difficulties (CBCL/YSR total score) were reported in 43.5% of participants, with the rate of emotional/behavioural difficulties six times higher than reported norms (p<0.001).ConclusionsIn this cohort, children and adolescents with obesity had a low HRQOL, and a concerning level of psychological difficulties, irrespective of ethnicity. Obesity itself rather than ethnicity or deprivation appeared to contribute to lower HRQOL scores. This study highlights the importance of psychologist involvement in obesity intervention programmes.Trial registration numberAustralian NZ Clinical Trials Registry ANZCTR 12611000862943; Pre-results.

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Donnellan, M. Brent, Kali H. Trzesniewski, Richard W. Robins, Terrie E. Moffitt, and Avshalom Caspi. "Low Self-Esteem Is Related to Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Delinquency." Psychological Science 16, no. 4 (April 2005): 328–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0956-7976.2005.01535.x.

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The present research explored the controversial link between global self-esteem and externalizing problems such as aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. In three studies, we found a robust relation between low self-esteem and externalizing problems. This relation held for measures of self-esteem and externalizing problems based on self-report, teachers' ratings, and parents' ratings, and for participants from different nationalities (United States and New Zealand) and age groups (adolescents and college students). Moreover, this relation held both cross-sectionally and longitudinally and after controlling for potential confounding variables such as supportive parenting, parent-child and peer relationships, achievement-test scores, socioeconomic status, and IQ. In addition, the effect of self-esteem on aggression was independent of narcissism, an important finding given recent claims that individuals who are narcissistic, not low in self-esteem, are aggressive. Discussion focuses on clarifying the relations among self-esteem, narcissism, and externalizing problems.

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Fergusson, David, and John Horwood. "Adoption and Adjustment in Adolescence." Adoption & Fostering 22, no. 1 (April 1998): 24–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030857599802200105.

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David Fergusson and L John Horwood examine findings from a longitudinal study of the outcomes of adoption in a birth cohort of 1,262 New Zealand children studied from birth to the age of 16 years. This study suggested that children who entered adoptive families were advantaged throughout childhood in a number of areas including childhood experiences, standards of health care, family material conditions, family stability and mother/child interaction. However, the environmental advantages experienced by children who entered adoptive families were not directly reflected in the pattern of adolescent adjustment of this group. In particular, children placed in adoptive families had rates of externalising behaviours (including conduct disorders, juvenile offending and substance use behaviours) that were significantly higher than children reared in two-parent birth families but somewhat lower than those of children who entered single-parent families at birth.

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Trevathan, Sophie, and Lynne Briggs. "Will prohibiting the use of physical punishment reduce child abuse deaths among New Zealand children?" Aotearoa New Zealand Social Work 21, no. 1-2 (July 17, 2017): 11–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11157/anzswj-vol21iss1-2id309.

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The Amendment Act (Crimes (Substituted Section 59) Amendment Act, 2007) came into force on 22 June 2007. The changes in the Act amended the right of parents to use force by way of correction toward a child. The purpose of this amendment was to provide children with a safer and more secure environment to live in that is free from violence. Such a move also has the potential to provide a clearer mandate for social workers in regard to issues of child safety. While planned, reviews to determine how effective the amendment has been have not yet been undertaken.This paper presents some key findings from a larger study exploring the issue of child abuse deaths in New Zealand. In doing so a comparison of legislation and policy between New Zealand and Sweden is presented. Sweden was used as the main focus for this comparison as it introduced a ban on use of corporal punishment of children in 1979.

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Davison, Brittany, Pouya Saeedi, Katherine Black, Harriet Harrex, Jillian Haszard, Kim Meredith-Jones, Robin Quigg, et al. "The Association between Parent Diet Quality and Child Dietary Patterns in Nine- to Eleven-Year-Old Children from Dunedin, New Zealand." Nutrients 9, no. 5 (May 11, 2017): 483. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu9050483.

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Hillcoat-Nallétamby, Sarah, A. Dharmalingam, and S. Baxendine. "Living Together or Communicating at a Distance: Structural and Associational Solidarity Between Mid-life Parent and Adult Child in New Zealand." Journal of Comparative Family Studies 37, no. 3 (September 2006): 381–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/jcfs.37.3.381.

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Romans, S. E., V. A. Walton, B. McNoe, G. P. Herbison, and P. E. Mullen. "Otago Women's Health Survey 30-Month Follow-Up." British Journal of Psychiatry 163, no. 6 (December 1993): 739–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.163.6.739.

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The follow-up phase of a random community sample of New Zealand women contrasted the social, demographic, and clinical characteristics of those women whose initial psychiatric disorder had remitted with those who continued to describe significant psychiatric morbidity, two-and-a-half years later. Of 272 women studied at baseline and reinterviewed, 57 had originally been psychiatric cases. Twenty-five of those women (44%) were still cases at follow-up. Using figures that statistically reconstructed the original population from the stratified sample, the remission rate in the parent population was 61% over the two-and-a-half years (an average of 24% per annum). Women less likely to experience remission of their psychiatric disorder were of mid-age (45–64 years), with poor finances and with poor social relationships at the initial assessment. Although the age finding replicates a previous report from an Epidemiological Catchment Area study, it is not clear whether it is a universal relationship, true for all cultures. The alterations in social roles faced by women after child-rearing is a possible explanation, at least for New Zealand.

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Dulieu,, Francie. "Shifting Identities: Uncovering Complexities of Psychosocial Aspects of Care for an Adolescent Child Dying at Home in Rural Aotearoa/New Zealand." International Journal of Human Caring 19, no. 4 (June 2015): 73–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20467/1091-5710.19.4.73.

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This narrative integrates ontological and technical competencies, along with perceptions, thoughts, and emotions, thus illuminating the fragility of human-to-human relationships. It uncovers many psychosocial difficulties encountered when caring for an adolescent child at home in rural Aotearoa/New Zealand. Revealing Sophie’s “shifting identities” as she transitioned from well child, to sick child, to terminally ill child, I quietly observed Sophie’s parents and her brother, as they joined the difficult dance, stepping skillfully around her, witnessing turning points and transformations as they unfolded, along with the hard and often silent work of dying, as explored by Coyle (2006).

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Wham, Carol, Breanna Edge, and Rozanne Kruger. "Adaptation and reliability of ‘Nutrition Screening Tool for Every Preschooler’ ( NutriSTEP ) for use as a parent administered questionnaire in New Zealand." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 57, no. 9 (April 15, 2021): 1426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.15499.

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Shepherd, Daniel, Jason Landon, Sonja Goedeke, and Jake Meads. "Stress and distress in New Zealand parents caring for a child with autism spectrum disorder." Research in Developmental Disabilities 111 (April 2021): 103875. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.103875.

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Dawson-Squibb, John-Joe, Eugene Lee Davids, and Petrus J. de Vries. "Scoping the evidence for EarlyBird and EarlyBird Plus, two United Kingdom-developed parent education training programmes for autism spectrum disorder." Autism 23, no. 3 (March 29, 2018): 542–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362361318760295.

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EarlyBird and EarlyBird Plus are parent education and training programmes designed by the UK National Autistic Society in 1997 and 2003, having been delivered to more than 27,000 families in 14 countries. These group-based programmes aim to (1) support parents immediately after diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder, (2) empower parents, encouraging a positive perception of their child’s autism spectrum disorder and (3) help parents establish good practice. In the absence of any previous comprehensive review, we performed a scoping review of all peer-reviewed publications on EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus. A search was conducted between February and June 2016 using EbscoHost, Sabinet, SAGE Journals, Directory of Open Access Journals, BioMed Central, Scopus, ScienceDirect and grey literature. Two reviewers independently screened titles and abstracts for inclusion. In total, 18 articles were identified: 16 from the United Kingdom and 2 from New Zealand. We reviewed the context, study populations, design, outcome measures, whether focus was on parental perception, parental change or child changes and programme feasibility. Strong parental support for the acceptability but lower level evidence of efficacy of EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus was found. Future research should consider randomised controlled trials. There is no research on EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus in low-resource settings; therefore, we recommend broader feasibility evaluation of EarlyBird/EarlyBird Plus including accessibility, cultural appropriateness and scalability.

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Pal, Moneeta, Felicity Goodyear-Smith, and Daniel Exeter. "Factors contributing to high immunisation coverage among New Zealand Asians." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 4 (2014): 304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14304.

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INTRODUCTION: While New Zealand (NZ) immunisation coverage has improved steadily over the years, there is inequity between ethnic groups, with rates lower in Maori and Pacific people and highest in Asian people. This qualitative study aimed to identify attitudes and behaviours of NZ Asian parents of children under the age of five years that might contribute to their seeking immunisation for their children. METHODS: In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore attitudes, values, experiences, knowledge, behaviour and perceived barriers regarding childhood immunisation. Transcripts were analysed using a general inductive approach. FINDINGS: Key themes identified were a general positive attitude towards immunisation, being well-informed and aware of the value of immunisation, accepting governmental encouragement to use immunisation services, and perceiving minimal barriers to immunisation services access. CONCLUSION: The findings of this study suggest that high immunisation coverage rates among NZ Asians may be primarily due to parental attitudes, rather than the quality and accessibility of immunisation services in NZ. KEYWORDS: Asian continental ancestry group; child; culture; ethnic groups; immunisation; qualitative research

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Churchman, GJ, PD Mcintosh, CM Burke, and JS Whitton. "Clay mineralogy of soils formed in tuffaceous greywacke, Southland, New Zealand, in relation to genesis, soil properties and classification." Soil Research 29, no. 4 (1991): 493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr9910493.

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The clay mineralogy of 12 soils (Dystrochrepts, a Eutrochrept, a Cryochrept and a Placaquept) formed in tuffaceous greywacke parent rocks is presented and discussed. In a New Zealand context, the soils are unusual because of their base-rich parent material which has been partly pre-weathered to smectite and kaolin minerals in geological time. Superimposed on this assemblage are the affects of present climate and soil drainage, which have altered smectite and vermiculite to dioctahedral (aluminous) chlorite. Conventional laboratory treatments cause dioctahedral chlorite to revert fully to smectite or vermiculite, or alternatively partially to interlayered hydrous mica. The labile nature of the interlayer Al is evident in high KCI-Al values. Allophane and gibbsite occur in acid upland soils that are also trace-element deficient. More intense leaching of upland soils with respect to lowland soils accounts for the upland soils' clay mineralogy and trace element deficiencies. The soils fall into three mineralogy classes of Soil Taxonomy and six classes of the proposed Whitton and Childs revision. The classes are not readily usable in the field, and subgroup or family distinctions based on simple chemical tests are suggested.

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Douglas, Heather, and Tamara Walsh. "Continuing the Stolen Generations: Child Protection Interventions and Indigenous People." International Journal of Children’s Rights 21, no. 1 (2013): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181812x639288.

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Indigenous Australian children are significantly over-represented in out of home care. Figures evidencing this over-representation continue to increase at a startling rate. Similar experiences have been identified among native peoples in Canada, the United States and New Zealand. Drawing on interviews with lawyers who work with Indigenous parents in child protection matters in Queensland, Australia, this article examines how historical factors, discriminatory approaches and legal structures and processes contribute to the high rates of removal and, we argue, to the perpetuation of the stolen generations.

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Liu, Gordon X. H., and Jane E. Harding. "Caregiver-reported health-related quality of life of New Zealand children born very and extremely preterm." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 8, 2021): e0253026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0253026.

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Background Children born preterm, particularly at earlier gestations, are at increased risk for mortality and morbidity, but later health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is less well described. Neurodevelopmental impairment and socio-economic status may also influence HRQoL. Our aim was to describe the HRQoL of a cohort of New Zealand children born very and extremely preterm, and how this is related to neurodevelopmental impairment, gestational age, and socio-economic deprivation. Methods Children born <30 weeks’ gestation or <1500 g birthweight were assessed at 7 years’ corrected age. Caregivers completed the Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form (CHQ-PF50), and the Health Utilities Index Mark 2 (HUI-2). Neurodevelopmental impairment was defined as Wechsler full scale intelligence quotient below -1 standard deviation (SD), Movement Assessment Battery for Children total score ≤15 percentile, cerebral palsy, deafness, or blindness. Results Data were collected for 127 children, of whom 60 (47%) had neurodevelopmental impairment. Overall, HRQoL was good: mean (SD) CHQ-PF50 physical summary score = 50.8 (11.1), psychosocial summary score = 49.3 (9.1) [normative mean 50 (10)]; HUI-2 dead-healthy scale = 0.92 (0.09) [maximum 1.0]. Neurodevelopmental impairment, lower gestational age, and higher socio-economic deprivation were all associated with reduced HRQoL. However, on multivariable analysis, only intelligence quotient and motor function were associated with psychosocial HRQoL, while intelligence quotient was associated with physical HRQoL. Conclusions Most seven-year-old children born very and extremely preterm have good HRQoL. Further improvements will require reduced neurodevelopmental impairment.

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Meredith-Jones, Kim, Sheila Williams, and Rachael Taylor. "Agreement between parental perception of child weight status and actual weight status is similar across different ethnic groups in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 8, no. 4 (2016): 316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc16002.

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ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION Accurate parental perception of their child's weight is poor. Accuracy may be influenced by differences in ethnicity but this is currently unknown. AIM To determine whether agreement between parental perception of child weight status and actual child weight status differs according to ethnic group (NZ European, Māori, Pacific, Asian), and to investigate whether it is influenced by various demographic and behavioural factors. METHODS A total of 1093 children (4–8 years old) attended a weight screening initiative. Parents completed questionnaires on demographics, beliefs about child weight, parenting style, parental feeding practices and social desirability. Actual measured weight status was compared with parental perception of weight status (underweight, normal weight, overweight). RESULTS Agreement about child weight status was apparent in 85% of NZ European, 84% of Māori, 82% of Pacific and 88% of Asian children. However, adjusting for chance led to kappas of 0.34, 0.38, 0.41 and 0.53, respectively, indicating only fair-to-moderate agreement. Overall, agreement between measured body mass index and parental perception was not related to ethnic group, child sex and age, maternal age and education, and household deprivation (k ranged from 0.16 to 0.47). However, agreement about weight status was higher in parents who reported higher levels of restrictive feeding than in parents who reported less restriction (P < 0.01) but agreement was only fair. CONCLUSION Agreement between parental perception and actual weight status was fair and did not differ between the ethnic groups examined.

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Kokaua, Jesse, Seini Jensen, Reremoana Theodore, Debbie Sorensen, Wilmason Jensen, Rick Audas, and Rosalina Richards. "Understanding Parental education and health of Pacific families: Background and study protocol." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 5 (February 6, 2020): 233–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2020.622.

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Nakiro'anga ite au meitaki o tei 'āpi'i ia no te ora'anga pu'apinga no tātou te Vakevake a Te Moana Nui o Kiva e no'o nei i Aotearoa (Meitaki o te ‘Api'i) is a programme of research examining the benefits of education to health outcomes for Pacific families in Aotearoa using the Integrated Data Infrastructure (IDI) and it is an Health Research Council Pacific post-doctoral project. As a part of Meitaki o te ‘Api'i, the present study plans to investigate the relationship between parental education and child health outcomes in Pacific families. Using linked health, income, and Census data, the present study will model the influence of parental education levels on child health outcomes adjusted for other key factors. In this methodological paper, we provide details about this project that is in a relatively new data space for Pacific research and we describe our participants. Most children in the study were born in New Zealand and nearly all could speak English. Pacific children were slightly younger, more likely to be able to speak a Pacific or other languages, and most likely to live in areas of socio-ecenomic deprivation compared to non-Pacific children. Pacific children who identified with solely Pacific and Pacific with other ethnicities. Parents of children with solely Pacific ethnicity, more than a third of whom were born in New Zealand, over 60% spoke a Pacific language and four out of five held christian beliefs. By comparison, parents of children with Pacific with other ethnicities were; younger, New Zealand born, less likely to speak another language and half held christian beliefs. Compared with parents of children from Other ethnicities, parents of Pacific children had lower median incomes, were less likely to own their home and had fewer total years of education. It is important to note that the overall purpose of this study is not to highlight the differences between Pacific and other non Pacific families, but to look at the relationship between parental education and the health of children.

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Case, Rosalind Jane Leamy, Carrie Cornsweet Barber, and Nicola Jayne Starkey. "Psychosocial needs of parents and children accessing hospital outpatient paediatric services in New Zealand." Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 51, no. 11 (June 17, 2015): 1097–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jpc.12949.

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Quach, Jon L., Ben Deery, Margaret Kern, Janet Clinton, Lisa Gold, Francesca Orsini, and Emma Sciberras. "Can a teacher-led mindfulness intervention for new school entrants improve child outcomes? Protocol for a school cluster randomised controlled trial." BMJ Open 10, no. 5 (May 2020): e036523. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036523.

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IntroductionThe first years of school are critical in establishing a foundation for positive long-term academic, social and well-being outcomes. Mindfulness-based interventions may help students transition well into school, but few robust studies have been conducted in this age group. We aim to determine whether compared with controls, children who receive a mindfulness intervention within the first years of primary school have better: (1) immediate attention/short-term memory at 18 months post-randomisation (primary outcome); (2) inhibition, working memory and cognitive flexibility at 18 months post-randomisation; (3) socio-emotional well-being, emotion-regulation and mental health-related behaviours at 6 and 18 months post-randomisation; (4) sustained changes in teacher practice and classroom interactions at 18 months post-randomisation. Furthermore, we aim to determine whether the implementation predicts the efficacy of the intervention, and the cost effectiveness relative to outcomes.Methods and analysisThis cluster randomised controlled trial will be conducted in 22 primary schools in disadvantaged areas of Melbourne, Australia. 826 students in the first year of primary school will be recruited to detect between groups differences of Cohen’s d=0.25 at the 18-month follow-up. Parent, teacher and child-assessment measures of child attention, emotion-regulation, executive functioning, socio-emotional well-being, mental health-related behaviour and learning, parent mental well-being, teacher well-being will be collected 6 and 18 months post-randomisation. Implementation factors will be measured throughout the study. Intention-to-treat analyses, accounting for clustering within schools and classes, will adopt a two-level random effects linear regression model to examine outcomes for the intervention versus control students. Unadjusted and analyses adjusted for baseline scores, baseline age, gender and family socioeconomic status will be conducted.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval has been received by the Human Research Ethics Committee at the University of Melbourne. Findings will be reported in peer-review publications, national and international conference presentations and research snapshots directly provided to participating schools and families.Pre-Results Trial registration numberAustralian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12619000326190).

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Paige, Janice, and Jennifer Thornton. "Healing from Intrafamilial Child Sexual Abuse: The Role of Relational Processes between Survivor and Offender." Children Australia 40, no. 3 (July 23, 2015): 242–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2015.21.

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The research aim was to discover the circumstances, if any, in which contact with the parent who had abused them, could help survivors of intrafamilial child sexual abuse (ICSA) to recover from the inherent relational trauma. Thirty-five (31 female and 4 male) participants were recruited from across Australia and New Zealand to speak about their experience of post-abuse contact. The research methodology was primarily qualitative, and analysed in a contextual framework. In the Pre-Contact stage, themes such as the need for empowerment versus the fear of the response, linked to motivations for and against contact. Emotional reactions, and issues of acknowledgment and apology were core themes in the Contact stage. Post-contact themes related to evaluation of the overall experience. The majority of participants believed that their contact experience had helped more than hindered their recovery. Participants articulated the need for more public education about the complexity of ICSA, more options for dealing with the crime, and access to non-judgmental professional help for all the family at disclosure. The emergent themes provide a valuable guide for future research, policy and practice and perhaps most importantly, insight into the needs of victims and their recovery processes.

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Henaghan, Mark. "New Zealand Case Studies to Test the Meaning and Use of Article 5 of the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child." International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 3 (August 24, 2020): 588–612. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02803003.

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Abstract Article 5 of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child recognises the importance of parents and wider family members in ensuring that children are given appropriate directions on their rights in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. This paper analyses the wording of Article 5 and four New Zealand case studies to test the possible interpretations of Article 5. The paper builds on the work of Landsdown and Kamchedzera (Landsdown, 2005; Kamchedzera, 2012) who have done previous comprehensive analyses of the ambit and significance of the wording in Article 5. Article 5, like all international instruments, is not designed to provide prescriptive answers to challenging problems where there is a clash of which rights should prevail for children in particular situations. The central theme of this paper is that where there is a clash of a child’s rights, the tiebreaker should be which right in the particular situation will best enhance the unique identity of a particular child. The paper draws on the work of Ronen (Ronen, 2004) which argues that the purpose of a child’s rights framework is so the child can construct their individualised identity which is authentic and real for that particular child. The New Zealand case studies have been chosen to exemplify particular aspects of Article 5 and see how they are played out in particular court settings and whether the outcome enhances or inhibits the child’s opportunity to develop their unique identity.

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Nosa, Vili, Dudley Gentles, Marewa Glover, Robert Scragg, Judith McCool, and Chris Bullen. "Prevalence and risk factors for tobacco smoking among pre-adolescent Pacific children in New Zealand." Journal of Primary Health Care 6, no. 3 (2014): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/hc14181.

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INTRODUCTION: Pacific New Zealanders have a high prevalence of smoking, with many first smoking in their pre-adolescent years. AIM: To identify risk factors for tobacco smoking among Pacific pre-adolescent intermediate school children. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 2208 Pacific students aged between 10 and 13 years from four South Auckland intermediate schools who were asked about their smoking behaviour between the years 2007 and 2009. RESULTS: The prevalence of Pacific ever-smokers (for 2007) in Year 7 was 15.0% (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 12.0%18.3%) and Year 8, 23.0% (95% CI 19.5%26.7%). Multivariate modelling showed the risk factors for ever-smoking were Cook Island ethnic group (OR 1.72; 95% CI 1.262.36, ref=Samoan), boys (OR 1.47; 95% CI 1.141.89), age (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.362.00), exposure to smoking in a car within the previous seven days (OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.673.01), anyone smoking at home within the previous seven days (OR 1.52; 95% CI 1.122.04) and receiving more than $NZ20 per week as pocket money/allowance (OR=1.91, 95% CI 1.232.96). DISCUSSION: Parents control and therefore can modify identified risk factors for Pacific childrens smoking initiation: exposure to smoking at home or in the car and the amount of weekly pocket money the child receives. Primary health care professionals should advise Pacific parents to make their homes and cars smokefree and to monitor their childrens spending. This study also suggests a particular need for specific Cook Island smokefree promotion and cessation resources. KEYWORDS: Adolescent; child; ethnic group; New Zealand; Pacific; smoking

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