Готові списки джерел за темами / Paper Fracture Testing

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Paper Fracture Testing"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022

Оновлено: 28 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Paper Fracture Testing"

YAMAUCHI, TATSUO. "Fracture toughness testing methods for paper materials." Sen'i Gakkaishi 53, no. 10 (1997): P330—P333. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.53.10_p330.

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Díaz, Pedro-J., Jenny-M. Carvajal, and Miguel-Fernando Palencia-Muñoz. "Double torsion testing machine to determine the subcritical fracture index in rocks." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 4, no. 3 (May 24, 2011): 37–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.237.

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This paper discusses the design methodology applied to build a testing machine to determine the sub-critical fracture index in a rock, based on double torsion testing in order to characterize naturally fractured formations such as those located in the Colombian Llanos Foothill Basin . These formations have been subjected to cyclic loads over time, causing fractures that trend to spread at sub-critical stress intensity values. Similarly, it presents the results of testing conducted on nine specimens of the Tambor Formation from 2 different outcrops to establish the testing traceability in the equipment.

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Liu, Xue-wei, Quan-sheng Liu, Shi-bing Huang, Lai Wei, and Guang-feng Lei. "Fracture Propagation Characteristic and Micromechanism of Rock-Like Specimens under Uniaxial and Biaxial Compression." Shock and Vibration 2016 (2016): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/6018291.

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This paper presents a set of uniaxial and biaxial compression tests on the rock-like material specimens with different fracture geometries through a rock mechanics servo-controlled testing system (RMT-150C). On the basis of experimental results, the characteristics of fracture propagation under different fracture geometries and loading conditions are firstly obtained. The newly formed fractures are observed propagating from or near the preexisting crack tips for different specimens, while the propagation paths are affected by the loading condition obviously. Then, by adopting acoustic emission (AE) location technique, AE event localization characteristics in the process of loading are investigated. The locations of AE events are in good agreement with the macroscopic fracture propagation path. Finally, the micromechanism of macroscopic fracture propagation under uniaxial and biaxial compression conditions is analyzed, and the fracture propagation can be concluded as a result of microdamage accumulation inside the material. The results of this paper are helpful for theory and engineering design of the fractured rock mass.

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PARUCHURU, SATYA PRASAD, ANUJ JAIN, and XIAODU WANG. "SIZE REQUIREMENTS OF COMPACT SANDWICH SPECIMEN FOR TESTING OF BONE." Journal of Mechanics in Medicine and Biology 07, no. 04 (December 2007): 419–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219519407002406.

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It is well understood that bone quality deteriorates due to aging, disease, etc., and may be affected by factors at different length scales due to its hierarchical microstructure. Fracture toughness is one of the properties that assess bone quality. The compact sandwich (CS) specimen gives a better choice of bone sample size, and therefore suits a wide variety of fracture toughness testing needs and constraints. Reliable and statistically valid overall CS specimen size requirements are established in this paper; these serve as guidelines for choosing the CS specimen size. Finite element analysis (FEA) is used for simulating fracture toughness tests. Experimental fracture toughness tests are carried out to verify the FEA results. The experimental results are verified qualitatively by performing scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on the fractured specimen surfaces.

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Wojtanowicz, A. K., and D. Zhou. "Borehole Failure Resulting From Formation Integrity (Leak-Off) Testing in Upper Marine Sediments Offshore." Journal of Energy Resources Technology 120, no. 2 (June 1, 1998): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2795020.

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This paper presents the results of a theoretical study, supported with the finite element analysis, into potential loss of external integrity around a casing shoe resulting from leak-off testing (LOT) in upper marine sediments (UMS). Three types of possible failures from LOTs were considered: vertical fracture, horizontal fracture, and a channel outside cemented annulus. It is proved in the paper that vertical fracture is the most unlikely failure of the three. The other two types of failure can be distinguished by different values of propagation pressures. Although horizontal fractures are initiated at low pressure in the plastic zone around the wellbore, they cannot propagate beyond the plastic zone until wellbore pressures exceed overburden pressures. Annular channels, on the other hand, may propagate upwards at pressures lower than overburden pressure. The paper shows that these channels are initiated at pressures equal to the contact stress between cement and rock and their propagation pressures are on average 3.5-fold greater than contact stress. It is also explained how to identify the UMS with high risk of annular channeling during LOTs.

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Anghel, S., and D. Márton. "The Loss of Correction in Thoracolumbar Burst Fracture Treated by Surgery. Can We Predict It?" Acta Medica Marisiensis 60, no. 3 (June 1, 2014): 99–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/amma-2014-0020.

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Abstract Objective: This paper aims to differentially depict potential patterns of the loss of correction in surgically treated thoraco-lumbar burst fractures. These may eventually serve to foreseeing and even forestalling loss of correction. Methods: The study focused on 253 patients with surgically treated thoraco-lumbar fractures. This cohort of patients was clustered in four subgroups according to the fracture spine segment (T11-L1 or L1-L2) and surgery type (short segment fi xation or anterior approach). Relevant recorded and processed data were the fracture level, post-operative (Kpo) and last follow-up (Kf) kyphosis angle values. Correlation, regression and determination testing were performed for the last follow-up kyphosis angle and post-operative kyphosis angle, and regression equations were determined for each subgroup of patients. Results: The patterns of loss of correction were described through the following equations: Kf = 0.95*Kpo + 3.2° for the T11-L1 level fractured vertebrae treated by posterior short segment fixation; Kf = 0.98*Kpo + 3.4° for the L1-L2 level fractured vertebrae treated by posterior short segment fixation; Kf = 1.1*Kpo + 1.6° for the T11-L1 level fractured vertebrae treated by anterior approach; and Kf = 0.7*Kpo + 2.8° for the L1-L2 level fracture vertebrae treated by anterior approach. Conclusions: The loss of correction may be predicted, to a certain extent, for thoraco-lumbar fractured vertebrae treated surgically. The bestfit equations depicted for both type of surgery (short segment fixation and anterior approach) and both spinal segments (T11-L1 and L2-L3) are significantly different than the equations delineated for the collapse of non-surgically treated fractures.

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Andrews, R. M. "Measurement of the Fracture Toughness of Glacier Ice." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 108 (1985): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022143000006420.

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AbstractFracture-toughness testing of both fresh-water and sea ice has used specimen geometries designed for metals. These designs are too large and difficult to manufacture for testing material cored from a glacier. This paper presents an alternative specimen, a radially cracked ring fractured by internal pressure. Tests using this specimen on the Bersærkerbræ, a valley glacier in the Stauning Alper, north-east Greenland, gave a mean fracture toughness of 58. This is half the value typically obtained by other workers in laboratory tests. The results are compared with other data and the reasons for the disagreement discussed.

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Andrews, R. M. "Measurement of the Fracture Toughness of Glacier Ice." Journal of Glaciology 31, no. 108 (1985): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/s0022143000006420.

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AbstractFracture-toughness testing of both fresh-water and sea ice has used specimen geometries designed for metals. These designs are too large and difficult to manufacture for testing material cored from a glacier. This paper presents an alternative specimen, a radially cracked ring fractured by internal pressure. Tests using this specimen on the Bersærkerbræ, a valley glacier in the Stauning Alper, north-east Greenland, gave a mean fracture toughness of 58 . This is half the value typically obtained by other workers in laboratory tests. The results are compared with other data and the reasons for the disagreement discussed.

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Manikandan, Periyasamy, and Gin Boay Chai. "Mode-I Metal-Composite Interface Fracture Testing for Fibre Metal Laminates." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4572989.

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The main contribution of the present paper is the determination of the mode-I fracture of metal-composite interface region for fibre metal laminates (FMLs). A hybrid DCB configuration is proposed to investigate the mode-I fracture between metal-composite interface using experimental and numerical approaches. A computationally efficient and reliable finite element model was developed to account for the influence of metal plasticity on the measured fracture energy. The results of the experimental and numerical studies showed that metal plasticity increases the fracture energy of the metal-composite interface as the fracture event progresses. The applied energy truly utilized to propagate metal-composite interface fracture was predicted numerically by extracting the elastic strain energy data. The predicted true fracture energy was found to be approximately 50% smaller than the experimentally measured average propagation energy. The study concluded that metal plasticity in hybrid DCB configuration overpredicted the experimentally measured fracture energy, and this can be alleviated through numerical methodology such as the finite element approach as presented in this paper.

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Das, Sreekanta, J. J. Roger Cheng, and David W. Murray. "Behavior of wrinkled steel pipelines subjected to cyclic axial loadings." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 34, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 598–607. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l06-165.

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Full-scale laboratory tests were carried out at the University of Alberta to investigate the post-wrinkling ultimate behavior of steel pipelines. The pipe specimens exhibited extreme ductile behavior and did not fail in fracture under monotonically increasing axisymmetric compressive axial loads and displacements. Fractures developed at the wrinkled region, however, when a wrinkled pipe specimen was subjected to cyclic strain reversals due to unloading and loading of primary loads. This paper presents test procedures, complete post-wrinkling behavior, fracture limit strain values, and fracture configurations obtained from full-scale tests on wrinkled pipe specimens under cyclic and monotonic axial loadings. Key words: steel pipeline, laboratory testing, cyclic axial loading, wrinkling, post-wrinkling behavior, accordion failure, strain reversals, fracture.

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Більше джерел

Книги з теми "Paper Fracture Testing"

Sekine, Hideki. Progress in micromechanical research of fracture of composite materials: Special topic volume with selected papers of Hideki Sekine. Stafa-Zurich: Trans Tech Publications, 2010.

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K, Kussmaul, and International Atomic Energy Agency, eds. Fracture mechanics verification by large-scale testing: Papers presented at the IAEA Specialists' Meeting on Large-Scale Testing held at the Staatliche Materialprüfungsanstalt, University of Stuttgart, FRG. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1991.

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International Symposium on Mis-Matching of Welds--Performance of Strength Mis-Matched Welded or Bonded Joints (1993 Reinstorf-Lüneburg, Germany). Mis-matching of welds: Papers presented at the International Symposium on Mis-Matching of Welds--Performance of Strength Mis-Matched Welded or Bonded Joints, Reinstorf-Lüneburg, Germany, 26-28 May 1993. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1994.

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1938-, Williams J. G., Pavan A, and European Structural Integrity Society, eds. Impact and dynamic fracture of polymers and composites: Papers presented at the ESIS European Symposium on Impact and Dymnamic Fracture of Polymers and Composites, Porto Cervo, Sardinia, Italy 20-22 September 1993. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1995.

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International Conference on Materials Structure & Micromechanics of Fracture (6th 2010 Brno, Czech Republic). Materials structure & micromechanics of fracture: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 6th International Conference "Materials Structure & Micromechanics of Fracture (MSMF-6)", Brno, Czech Republic, June 28-30, 2010. Stafa-Zurich, Switzerland: Trans Tech Publications, 2011.

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ESIS European Symposium on Impact and Dynamic Fracture of Polymers and Composites (1993 Porto Cervo, Italy). Impact and dynamic fracture of polymers and composites: Papers presented at the ESIS European Symposium on Impact and Dymnamic Fracture of Polymers and Composites, Porto Cervo, Sardinia, Italy 20-22 September 1993. London: Mechanical Engineering Publications, 1995.

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1965-, Cadoni Ezio, and Di Prisco Marco, eds. Performance, protection and strengthening of structures under extreme loading: Selected, peer reviewed papers of the Third International Workshop on Performance, Protection and Strengthening of Structures under Extreme Loading, PROTECT2011, 30 August - 1 September, 2011, Lugano, Switzerland. Durnten-Zurich: TTP, Trans Tech Publications, 2011.

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Fracture, International Conference on. Earthquakes and acoustic emission: Selected and edited papers from the 11th International Conference on Fracture, Turin, Italy, 20-25 March 2005. London: Taylor & Francis, 2007.

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(Editor), Alberto Carpinteri, and Giuseppe Lacidogna (Editor), eds. Earthquakes and Acoustic Emission: Selected Papers from the 11th International Conference on Fracture, Turin, Italy, March 20-25, 2005 (Balkema--Proceedings ... in Engineering, Water and Earth Sciences). CRC, 2007.

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Частини книг з теми "Paper Fracture Testing"

"FRACTURE OF PAPER." In Handbook of Physical Testing of Paper, 449–84. CRC Press, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482290103-15.

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Meltem Toygar, Evren, and Ahmet Gulakman. "Failure Modes in Fiber Reinforced Composites and Fracture Toughness Testing of FRP." In Advances in Fatigue and Fracture Testing and Modelling. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.99268.

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In this paper, interlaminar fracture behavior of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composites has been investigated experimentally and numerically. The mechanical properties of this composite were studied and Mode I (Tensile Opening) DCB (Double Cantilever Beam) tests were performed on Fiber Reinforced Composite (FRP) specimens to determine the delaminating resistance of composite laminates used for structural applications. Techniques for measuring the interlaminar fracture toughness, KIC data of woven-fabric-reinforced glass/epoxy composite materials, are highlighted under the consideration of ASTM Standard D5528–01 and test methods ISO 15024, DIN EN ISO 75-1 and DIN EN ISO 75-3. The obtained test results were apparently consistent with the assumptions of the CCM (Compliance Calibration Method) that was used to obtain the interlaminar critical SERR (strain energy release rate), GIC. Finite element analysis was conducted to validate the closed form solution. The use of obtained mechanical properties data in finite element analyses utilizing fracture mechanics are examined. Results show a good agreement between experimental and numerical solutions.

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Yuan, Xuemin, Shengju Yang, Qian Zhen, and Zhonglei Zhao. "Discussion on Smelting Technology of Inconel600 Nickel-Ferrochrome Alloy." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220417.

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This paper introduced the smelting process of Inconel600 nickel-ferrochrome alloy by medium frequency induction furnace. The smelting, forging, rolling and drawing process parameters of the alloy are determined by this study. By using nitrogen and oxygen analyzer, direct reading spectrometer, OEM, electronic probe and electronic universal material testing machine, the chemical composition, gas content, inclusions, internal microstructure, mechanical properties and fracture morphology of the trial-produced products were analyzed. The results show that the Inconel600 nickel-ferrochrome product meets the national standard and the comprehensive performance of the product is good.

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Li, Ruidong, Keqiang Li, Wenyong Huang, Zehui Yang, Xiaobing Zhang, and Jianguo Liu. "Simulation Research on Mechanical Properties and Crack Growth of Tobacco Leaf." In Advances in Transdisciplinary Engineering. IOS Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/atde220055.

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Aimed at the problem of crack propagation of tobacco leaves subjected to (type I) tensile force under specific conditions. This paper mainly discusses whether tobacco stem can inhibit the crack propagation. After temperature and humidity treatment of the selected tobacco samples, an electronic universal testing machine was used to conduct fracture tensile test of tobacco leaves. Through the simulation analysis of the type I crack propagation of tobacco slices, sections of tobacco stems and whole tobacco leaves, the graphs of force variation with time and stress-strain curves were obtained. The inhibiting effect of tobacco stem on crack was verified by comparison and analysis. The results showed that the tobacco stem did inhibit the crack propagation in the process of crack propagation.

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"of my robe and subjected to all the other outrageous treatment I received, would have been willing to give false testimony, as people unknown to me who turned up at the incident by chance, if they did not see me in this condition. Again, I myself would never, if I had not suffered this treatment at Konon’s hands, have let off the men who on the admission of my opponents themselves beat me and elected to take action first against the one who never even touched me. [33] Why should I? No, the man who was the first to strike me and from whom I suffered the greatest outrage is the man I am suing, the one I hate and prosecute. All of my claims are as you see true and patently so. But in his case, if he had not offered these witnesses he would have had no argument at all but would have found himself convicted in silence. But as drinking companions of his and partners in many acts of this sort they have naturally given false testimony. If it’s to be this way, if people once abandon all shame and dare to give blatantly false testimony, and the truth brings no benefit, it will be intolerable. [34] Oh, but they’re not that sort of people. Yet many of you, so I believe, know Diotimos, Archebiades and Chairetios, the grey-haired man here, who in daylight assume a grim expression and claim to play the Spartan and wear short cloaks and thin shoes, but when they gather together and are in each other’s company, leave no manner of evil or shameful deed undone. [35] And this is their splendid and spirited attitude: ‘What, not give evidence for each other? Isn’t this what confederates and friends do? What in the evidence he will bring against you is really to be feared? Some people say they saw him being beaten? We shall testify that he was never even touched. That he was stripped of his robe? We shall testify that they did this first. That his lip had to be stitched? We shall say your head was or some other part was fractured.’ [36] But we actually provide the testimony of doctors. This is something they don’t have, judges. Except for their own testimony, they will have no witness to offer against us. By the gods, I could not tell you the extent and nature of their readiness to commit any act in the world. But so you will know the sort of acts they go round committing, read out to them these depositions, and you, stop the water. Depositions [37] So then, when they break into houses and beat up people they meet, do you think they would scruple to give false testimony on a scrap of paper,." In Trials from Classical Athens, 100. Routledge, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780203130476-25.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Paper Fracture Testing"

Brumovsky, Milan. "Large Scale Fracture Mechanics Testing." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61483.

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This paper gives a short overview of experimental programs using large scale models/experiments realized in the Czech Republic with the aim to support the reactor pressure components of WWER type reactors. One part of the program was concentrated on reactor pressure vessel components only. It contained flat specimens with defects on one side and models with stress concentrators (nozzles, bolting joints) on the other side. Second part of the program was a part of the LBB (Leak-before-break) project applied to all WWER safety related pipings. Large scale models with defects, located in heterogenous (safe-end) as well as homogenous welds are described.

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Suda, Mitsunori, Jiahui Yang, Takanori Kitamura, Kanta Ito, Kenji Wada, Zhiyuan Zhang, Yuqiu Yang, and Hiroyuki Hamada. "Lateral Compressive Properties of Paper Tube." In ASME 2014 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2014-37923.

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Recycled paper is helpful to reduce trash discharge, save resource and cost. Tube is one of the most common structures of recycled paper in application. It is an excellent choice for packing. It’s also used in the construction of temporary structures for both exhibition spaces or for rapid-recovery shelters in emergency operations. As paper tubes are laminated by paperboards which are inherent anisotropy materials, the researches on mechanical property and fracture behavior became complicated. In the current study, paperboards used for paper tubes were tested on universal testing machine to investigate their basis mechanical properties. Then, paper tubes fabricated with different kinds of paperboard and number of ply were used to investigate lateral compressive properties by Instron universal testing machine. And, a camera was employed to record the fracture process of paper tube during compression process. The fracture mechanism of paper tubes were discussed and analyzed during compressed process based on the load-displacement curves and detailed observation. Additionally, ls-dyna software was used to conduct numerical simulation and analyze stress distribution of paper tube during lateral compression.

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Limon, Sergio, Peter Martin, Mike Barnum, and Robert Pilarczyk. "Fracture Toughness Testing and its Implications to Engineering Fracture Mechanics Analysis of Energy Pipelines." In 2018 12th International Pipeline Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2018-78723.

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The fracture process of energy pipelines can be described in terms of fracture initiation, stable fracture propagation and final fracture or fracture arrest. Each of these stages, and the final fracture mode (leak or rupture), are directly impacted by the tendency towards brittle or ductile behavior that line pipe steels have the capacity to exhibit. Vintage and modern low carbon steels, such as those used to manufacture energy pipelines, exhibit a temperature-dependent transition from ductile-to-brittle behavior that affects the fracture behavior. There are numerous definitions of fracture toughness in common usage, depending on the stage of the fracture process and the behavior or fracture mode being evaluated. The most commonly used definitions in engineering fracture analysis of pipelines with cracks or long-seam weld defects are related to fracture initiation, stable propagation or final fracture. When choosing fracture toughness test data for use in engineering Fracture Mechanics-based assessments of energy pipelines, it is important to identify the stage of the fracture process and the expected fracture behavior in order to appropriately select test data that represent equivalent conditions. A mismatch between the physical fracture event being modeled and the chosen experimental fracture toughness data can result in unreliable predictions or overly conservative results. This paper presents a description of the physical fracture process, behavior and failure modes that pipelines commonly exhibit as they relate to fracture toughness testing, and their implications when evaluating cracks and cracks-like features in pipelines. Because pipeline operators, and practitioners of engineering Fracture Mechanics analyses, are often faced with the challenge of only having Charpy fracture toughness available, this paper also presents a review of the various correlations of Charpy toughness data to fracture toughness data expressed in terms of KIC or JIC. Considerations with the selection of an appropriate correlation for determining the failure pressure of pipelines in the presence of cracks and long-seam weld anomalies will be discussed.

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Fonzo, Andrea, Giorgio Melis, Luigi Di Vito, Gianluca Mannucci, Philippe Darcis, Gilles Richard, Hector Quintanilla, and Mariano Armengol. "Techniques for Fracture Toughness Testing of Offshore Pipelines." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-80135.

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The need to evaluate the significance of flaws in welded pipelines for gas transportation requires the knowledge of the material resistance to ductile tearing. In particular, the fracture resistance of pipe girth welds should be evaluated since they may potentially be critical for structural integrity. Standard toughness Three Point Bending tests (SENB) are too conservative since they are more constrained than actual pipeline. In this case, the adoption of a reduced notch depth, which is considered to reproduce well actual stress-strain conditions at the crack tip of a weld flaw, increases critical toughness values when compared to standard specimen configuration. Alternative solutions may be applied, even if not yet included in toughness standards. In particular, the Single Edge Notch Tensile (SENT) test is a possible solution reducing conservatism. A matter of concern for toughness characterization of weld joint is also represented by the notch orientation, since the weld microstructure is inhomogeneous in nature. The L–R oriented specimen (notch at the pipe inner surface) typically shows CTOD values strongly lower than the ones of L–T oriented specimens (through thickness notch) for both weld metal and heat affected zone. All these issues are discussed within this paper, while an advanced approach is presented to determine the resistance curve by using a single SENT specimen with the compliance method for crack growth evaluation. A relationship between the specimen elastic compliance and actual crack growth was determined through Finite Element Analysis and a Fracture Mechanics model. Such a relationship is presented and compared to other solutions available in scientific literature.

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Fett, Theo, Dietrich Munz, and Gerhard Thun. "Fracture Toughness Testing on Bars Under Opposite Cylinder Loading." In ASME Turbo Expo 2002: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2002-30507.

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Bars loaded by opposite concentrated forces via rollers are appropriate test specimens for the determination of the fracture toughness, KIc, and the crack resistance curve (R-curve) of ceramic materials. In this paper stress solutions for the proposed test specimens are provided, as well as the stress intensity factor and the T-stress solutions. As practical applications, R-curves are determined for a soft PZT ceramic and several alumina ceramics.

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Yang, Zhengmao, Da Qin Xu, and Jens P. Tronskar. "Fracture Toughness Testing Using SENT Specimens in a Sour Environment." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79305.

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Offshore pipelines and risers constructed from carbon steel have reduced levels of performance when operating in a sour environment. Fatigue crack growth rates can be significantly higher and material fracture toughness may be significantly lower. In this paper a fracture toughness test procedure for the pipeline girth weld in a sour environment is introduced. The single edge notched tensile (SENT) specimen, which has been widely accepted for the pipeline girth weld fracture toughness tests, was used in this proposed procedure. As expected it was found that the fracture toughness of the girth weld was reduced significantly after exposure to simulated sour service (NACE solution A), and this result is used for the assessment of the weld root defects that may work in the sour environment.

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Youyou, Wu, Chong Tse-Ven Steven, Xu Daqin, and Jens P. Tronskar. "Optimization in Testing Techniques for Fracture Resistance Evaluation in Sour Environments." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61556.

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Use of Single Edge Notch Tension (SENT) specimen geometry to determine the fracture toughness of the pipeline material in sour service environment has earlier been established in OMAE2009-79305(1). Optimization of the testing techniques has been made with use of implementation of Direct Current Potential Drop (DCPD). DCPD allows for the simultaneous monitoring of crack growth throughout the loading process and subsequently the fracture resistance J /CTOD R-curve can be obtained with just a single test specimen. In this paper the implementation of DCPD method in a wet sour environment using the single-specimen procedure is described and the results have been compared with those obtained using the multi-specimen approach and the results showed good agreement. Some other challenges encountered during the testing process are also addressed in this paper.

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Walters, C. L., M. Bruchhausen, J. M. Lapetite, and W. Duvalois. "Fracture Testing of Existing Structures Without the Need for Repairs." In ASME 2017 36th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2017-61420.

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It is sometimes necessary to find the toughness of existing structures without damaging them. Examples of this scenario include situations in which the material is suspected of being brittle or service life extensions. However, fracture testing is inherently destructive. Removing material for Charpy or Crack Tip Opening Displacement (CTOD) specimens can result in expensive repairs. The Small Punch Test (SPT), which has been developed for monitoring programs in the nuclear industry, offers a test method that requires such small amounts of material that the test can be performed in a practically non-destructive way. A pilot project was conducted to determine if the SPT can be applied to steels of use in maritime and offshore applications. The results of the pilot project showed that the SPT can identify behavior related to the ductile to brittle transition for an example S355 steel. Therefore, the SPT can provide valuable information for predicting fracture properties relevant to structural-level behavior of steel, such as Charpy transition and estimates of CTOD values in the lower shelf and lower portion of the ductile to brittle transition curve. In the end of this paper, a theoretical framework for transferring results from SPT to CTOD or Charpy testing is outlined.

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Zhu, Xian-Kui, Tom McGaughy, Fabian Orth, and Jon Jennings. "Review of Low-Constraint Fracture Resistance Testing With SENT Specimens." In ASME 2014 33rd International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2014-24281.

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Fracture resistance is an important material property and characterized by a J-integral resistance curve (J-R curve) or a crack-tip opening displacement (CTOD) resistance curve. ASTM standard specimens with deep cracks are subject to bending dominant forces, leading to high crack-tip constraint conditions and conservative fracture resistance curves. Actual cracks occurring in line pipes and welds are often shallow ones dominated by tensile forces, resulting in low constraint conditions. Shallow cracks have been shown to generate elevated fracture resistance curves in comparison to standard deep-crack results. To reduce the over-conservatism of standard resistance curves and to produce more realistic toughness properties to meet the needs of strain-based design approaches for pipelines, different procedures and technologies have been developed over the years to determine the low-constraint fracture resistance curves by use of the single edge-notched tension (SENT) specimens. This includes the multiple specimen method developed and standardized by DNV for J-R curve testing, the single specimen method developed by CanMet for J-R and CTOD-R curve testing, and the single-specimen method developed by ExxonMobil for CTOD-R curve testing. This paper delivers a technical review of existing fracture test methods using SENT specimens, and discusses the advantages and limitations of each method.

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Chapuliot, S., and S. Marie. "Brittle Fracture Criteria Transferability Evaluation by Testing on Different Specimen Geometries." In ASME 2008 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2008-61231.

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This paper describes an experimental and numerical study to assess the transposability of brittle fracture criteria from specimens of one type of geometry to another. The overall “master curve” approach, the Beremin model and a proposed model using the concept of critical stress were accordingly analysed. The experimental work supporting the analysis was made on 16MND5 reactor vessel steel. This was in the form of CT25 specimens, taken as the reference type, SENT specimens, ring specimens and CTpor specimens, which are CT specimens with a semi-elliptical surface defect. The analysis itself was made in two stages: the models were first calibrated on the basis of CT25 test results, then they were applied to specimens of other geometries. We then demonstrate that, in all cases, the models correctly replicated the variation of toughness (as measured on a CT25 specimen) with temperature. However, they all failed when applied to SENT and ring specimens, where calculation underestimates the probability of fracture. For CTpor specimens, the results are better, the master curve approach and the critical stress criterion give satisfactory results (but it has not yet been possible to apply the Beremin method). This paper concludes with a detailed analysis of the crack tip stress and strain fields, followed by an attempt to explain the differences between the different types of behaviour observed.

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