Дисертації з теми "Panache du fleuve Niger"
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Houndegnonto, Odilon Joël. "Analyse des variations thermohalines des échelles intrasaisonnière à saisonnière des panaches d'eau douce du Golfe de Guinée." Thesis, Brest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BRES0105.
Повний текст джерелаIn the Gulf of Guinea (GG), freshwater originated from river discharges and high precipitation rates contribute to the upper ocean density stratification, and play a key role in modulating air-sea interactions. However, the thermohaline variations of the ocean upper layers within the freshwater plumes in the GG are still poorly known, as they are poorly observed and documented. The main objective of this thesis is therefore to study and document the spatial variability at horizontal mesoscale (10-100 km) and vertical (0-100m), from intra-seasonal to seasonal time scales of the thermohaline 3D structure in the freshwater plume areas of the GG: mainly the Congo and Niger Rivers plumes. First, using SSS SMOS satellite data, our study showed that freshwater plumes in this region extend towards the open ocean following two propagation regimes. During September to January, they propagate northwestward while from January to April they redirect to the southwest, where their maximum extension is observed in April. The rest of the year, from May to August, is marked by a surface salinization episode, where the freshwater plumes dissipate with a minimum extension observed in August. A salinity budget analysis in the surface mixed layer allowed highlighting the main physical processes controlling the seasonal variability of salinity within these freshwater plumes. We showed that horizontal advection processes and freshwater fluxes by precipitation and river discharges are the main contributors of low SSS distribution in this region. In the southeastern Gulf of Guinea, off Congo, the horizontal SSS advection is dominated by Ekman wind-driven currents. Second, we showed that the offshore distribution of the Congo plume on intra-seasonal time scales is associated with salt barrier layers and with thermohaline staircases profiles. In a case study (for 2016/03/31), we showed that the observed thermohaline staircases would result from the shear dynamics between the surface Ekman flow associated with the offshore (North-Westward) distribution of the Congo plume, and the geostrophic (South-Eastward) flow associated with the denser and saltier subsurface water masses of the open ocean to the west. Finally, using a Lagrangian approach, we have highlighted the origin and large-scale structuring of water masses involved in the strong haline stratification observed off Congo. This study showed the strong shear of the currents associated with the vertical salinity gradients within the water column associated with the staircases profiles
Yahaya, Abdou. "Développement agricole et autosuffisance alimentaire dans la vallée du fleuve au Niger." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN1107.
Повний текст джерелаHuet, Jean-Christophe. "Les habitats perchés dans la boucle du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Paris 4, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA040348.
Повний текст джерелаThe Bandiagara plateau and Gourma mounts were used as a refuge by dogon and sonrai populations fleeing plains insecurity. The villages are sometimes fortified and noteworthy for their troglodytic dwellings the habitation is the spatial expression of the social structure whose foundation is the minimal lineage. The social life is encapsulated in a complex symbolic system. A village bush dichotomy is the base of space conceptualization. Progression through life is associated with residence moves toward the village center where the village square express the power of gerontocracy
Ali, Mahamadou. "Irrigation et développement agricole : les périmètres irrigués rizicoles de la vallée du fleuve Niger (au Niger)." Montpellier 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON10036.
Повний текст джерелаThe recent droughts in niger have demonstrated the fragility of the traditional productive system. That is why an hydro-agricultural realizations policy has been set up to allow the lands development of the river niger valley by irrigation and exclusively for the needs of the rice graving practised in bi-annual production. This hydro-agricultural realization policy has been accompanies, ont the beginning of the eighties by a disengagement of the state, by the transfer of a certain number of fonctions first headed up by the managerial staff (the uncc), then the onaha, to the producers, farmers organized in cooperatives. This rice-output cooperatives have played a very important part in the success of these irrigated perimeters, organizing brillianthy the ploughing and the primary commercialization of the production. The agronomical results are also excellent (around 9 tons ha yearly). Moreover there is an impetus effect on the traditional production system facilitating the access to several factors of production (fertilizers, animal husbandry, motor driven pumps) but all these good results do not hide a certain number of problems particularly linked to the commercialization of the production, to the lack of agricultural credit and the training of producers and their cooperatives
Pin, Benoît. "De la conception d'un fleuve patrimonial à sa mise en tourisme : du Val de Loire au fleuve Niger." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR1805/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe thesis analyzes patterns of tourism development of a river "heritage value", the Loire, and Its Potential application on the Niger River in Mali. In a first time, focusing on the Loire river (France) and on the Niger river (Mali), this research regards the construction of the river as a “heritage object", serving to support a project to enhance tourism. The thesis then analyzes policies organization like tools for tourism development and highlights differences existing between heritage mobilized in the patrimonialization process and heritage truly valued in tourism. In a second step, the thesis discusses the construction of institutional and spatial framework accompanying the tourism development of these rivers. Different levels of functional logics are mobilized and compared with territories of action related to tourism development. Ultimately the thesis highlights the difficulties to build a territorial engineering based on functional spaces hardly perceptible for local administration, and discusses the role of policies conductors
Koré-Oumarou, Harouna. "Les filières céréalières au Niger : étude des facteurs d'offre de mil chez les producteurs de la région du fleuve." Montpellier 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON10058.
Повний текст джерелаLike other sahel countries, niger frequently undergoes food crises. The incriminated factors are : poor efficiency of the agricultural production system and inadequacy of some choices concerning grain policy. Under these circumstances, can an agricultural policy involving mainly small farm-scale cereal production be of any help in an attempt to escape the crisis ? a study of the two key-systems of the millet channel provides answers to this question. The analysis of production structures and of agricultural markets shows the following evolutionary trends : - an easier access for agricultural holdings to markets of imputs for solving contraints. - the semi-intensification of production systems which allows to improve agricultural productivity. But these major agricultural changes do not systematically entail for all farmers a substantial millet supply on the markets. Indeed, supply rather depends on peasants stragegies when they have to cope with financial charges and to reduce the effects of food precariousness. Small farmers may contribute to ensure a reequilibrium of supply to demand of locally produced cereals provided that the state of production structures. .
Chekou, Koré El Hadji Mohamoud. "Le fleuve Niger : impacts du barrage de Kandadji : Aspects écologiques, socio-économiques et culturels." Paris 13, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA131053.
Повний текст джерелаDagobi, Abdoua Elhadji. "L'influence des messages d'éducation pour la santé sur les représentations des maladies liées à l'eau dans la vallée du fleuve Niger." Paris, EHESS, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010EHES0407.
Повний текст джерелаThis work examines the problems raised by the design and implementation of health education policy in Niger. It is focused on the process of emergence and developement of a national disposal and how it works especially in the water borne diseases programs in the Niger River valley villages. The main idea is that health education policy is undoubtely related to the state, but its implementation depends on non-state actors. Based on field surveys conducted in this region, this work describes the mechanism for ownership of broadcast messages and the constraints of health behavior changing in Niger rural villages. In describing these constraints, inadequate policies and poverty occupy a prominent place. If health education is of great relevance to public health, it must nevertheless be supported upstream by a consistent policy of raising the standard of living
MARLET, SERGE. "Alcalinisation des sols dans la vallee du fleuve niger (niger). Modelisation des processus physico-chimiques et evolution des sols sous irrigation." Montpellier, ENSA, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ENSA0004.
Повний текст джерелаAmogu, Okechukwu. "La dégradation des espaces sahéliens et ses conséquences sur l'alluvionnement du fleuve Niger moyen." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00385629.
Повний текст джерелаDiakite, Mamery. "L'apport de l'image Landsat Thematic Mapper dans la cartographie du delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (mali)." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/11457.
Повний текст джерелаBatti, Ahmed. "Etude spatio-temporelle par télédection du cycle crue-decrue dans le delta central du fleuve du Niger (Mali) : méthode des ondelettes." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001STR1GE04.
Повний текст джерелаBakayoko, Seydou. "L'encadrement juridique international du bassin du fleuve Niger : contribution à l'étude du droit international des cours d'eau." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 8, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PA080062.
Повний текст джерелаThe management of the Niger River basin is a major issue for the nine States sharing it at the regional level. In order to stabilize their relations, the riparian States of the Niger River basin have developed a legal framework for cooperation in the use of their water resources. The Niger Basin regime thus relies on a dual framework of cooperation – both normative and institutional – which raises the question of the true specificity of this legal regime. While the legal regime of the Niger River Basin is seen as a contribution to the study of international watercourse law, the international legal framework of the Niger River Basin is not conceived in a perspective of going beyond the traditional tenets of international watercourse law. This legal framework thus confines the management of the waters of the river basin in the classical sphere of interstate relations.The legal framework of the Niger River Basin does not therefore reveal the existence of a specific legal regime for the management of rivers. This lack of specificity does not lead to the conclusion that this legal regime is irrelevant. Its relevance lies in the framework of relations between States and in the dispute prevention instrument that this regime provides. The search for the true specificity of the legal system necessarily involves a new development towards the management of water resources in the collective interest of the riparian States. The reception of the legal integration model in the context of the Niger River basin would be a relevant means to develop a genuine expected specificity. The normative and institutional framework could thus be based on the legal implications of qualifying the water of the Niger River as a "common heritage of riparian States”
Telly, Diepkilé Adama. "Contribution de l'altimétrie satellitaire à l'étude de la variabilité du niveau d'eau du Delta intérieur du fleuve Niger." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/6483.
Повний текст джерелаAdam, Mamadou. "La faisabilité économique de la maîtrise de l'érosion hydrique dans un bassin versant partiellement irrigué du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON10071/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe irrigation schemes of the River Niger valley are degrading because of the negative externalities of the agropastoral activities in upstream. To these externalities, we cannot apply the Pigouvian tax because they are diffuse and difficult to be assessed in money terms. Conversely, they can be mastered by erosion control, but that are not spontaneously adopted by agropastoralist. Thus, the mechanism of payment for environmental services has been proposed to study and analyze the possibility for production a sustained services of control erosion at the local level between poor agropastoralists and rice growers who realize production surpluses. Payments for environmental services are incentive tools, which are original and effective in producing sustained services. Flows of agricultural and economic interests have been modeled. Many scenarios have been simulating in order to assess the feasibility and effectiveness of payment mechanisms for erosion control services. The simulations show that the mechanism of payment was interesting between local users. The payment has made a better redistribution of profits and has alleviated poverty. All users are winners. Some users subsidize for an anti-erosion and other users have adopted them. They have created a sustainable anti-erosion service that has supported a more sustainable management of resources and has improved farm incomes
Ado, Maman Nassirou. "Evaluation in situ et en conditions contrôlées de la phytodésalinisation des Vertisols irrigués. Cas d’étude du périmètre rizicole de Kollo (Niger) dans la vallée du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARD082/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe general objective of this study was to understand and to evaluate the role of crops, characterized by heavy root development and susceptible to growth in saline and flooded conditions, on phytodesalinization process of Vertisols.The study was conducted in the irrigated perimeter of Kollo (Niger) in Niger River valley and coupled two experimental approaches: i) a field study to test the capacity of Echinochloa stagnina to reclaim Vertisols salinity during 15 months in comparison with rice (Oriza sativa) and ponded bare soil and ii) a laboratory experimentation on soil columns to study the effect of E. stagnina roots on hydro-structural properties of Vertisols during 11 months and aims to analyze and modelling phytodesalinization processes of VertisolsThe results showed that the soil porosity progressively increased under soil cultivated with E. stagnina. The soil macroporosity was higher on soil cultivated with E. stagnina (6-10%) than bare soil (2-4%). The soil salinity of Vertisols significantly decreased with time of crop development. At the end of field study, the initial salt stock of 0-60 cm layer decreased by 33 to 36% under the E. stagnina crop and only by 3% under rice crop and ponded bare soil. In laboratory study, initial salt stock decreased by 65 to 87% under soil cultivated with E. stagnina and by 34 to 45% under ponded bare soil. It is necessary to understand the interactions between the different processes (cracking, salinity, and geochemistry) involved during the intercropping season
Vissin, Expédit Wilfrid. "Impact de la variabilité climatique et de la dynamique des états de surface sur les écoulements du bassin béninois du fleuve Niger." Dijon, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00456097.
Повний текст джерелаIllou, Mahamadou. "Impacts des variations de la crue sur les communautés rurales du delta intérieur du bassin versant du fleuve Niger." Thesis, Artois, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ARTO0005.
Повний текст джерелаThe present study is carried out within a context of the low level of water in the interior delta Niger River. The water shortage is first noticed by eminent readers and observed by the local population itself. The main activities are agriculture, breeding and fishing which provide the needs of thousands of people in the area depend on the evolution of water. Once there is water shortage, we do observe the lost of cultural areas, variations in the level of water and that of inundation which influence the agricultural calendar. Definitely the phenomenon has implications on fishing and breeding giving the fact that there is a link between inundation and other activities. The consequences of the water shortage on agriculture are more visible on the outcome and the areas watered and more importantly on the fertile soil but also on the soils productivity. With regard to breeding, the impacts manifest themselves in the reduction of breeding areas, the herd and on social changes. On the other hand, in the fishing sector we do notice the decrease in fishing and the types of fishes. All these influence negatively on the socio economic life style of the local populations as well as significant decrease in its ability to sustain itself. Equally, the populations is getting use to a new life style by initiating several responses among which the revert to other activities, the practice of complementary activities, the improvement in agricultural practices. But, the most developed strategy is that of migration which immediate consequence is the destruction of social fabric, a situation that may yield to inefficient strategies initiated by the populations in order to challenge the decrease of water. In spite of efforts made by the populations, NGOs and public authorities, a lot needs to be done. The perspectives are not much : on one hand, the building of dams in the Delta creates hope in view of the intensification of agricultural activities and hence in improving the productivity, on the other hand, the lost of inundable areas linked to the above project
Gourcy, Laurence. "Fonctionnement hydrogéochimique de la cuvette lacustre du fleuve Niger (Mali) : bilans et suivi des flux hydriques, particulaires et dissous et des flux de méthane." Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112466.
Повний текст джерелаKoré-Oumarou, Harouna. "Les Filières céréalières au Niger étude des facteurs d'offre de mil chez les producteurs de la région du fleuve /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37606594c.
Повний текст джерелаBouaré-Trianneau, Kadidia Nianti. "Dynamiques spatiales et mobilités paysannes : les relations agriculture/élevage dans deux terroirs agro-pastoraux du Delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Poitiers, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012POIT5041.
Повний текст джерелаThe analysis of the relationship agriculture - livestock production in two agro-pastoral lands was carried out according to a systemic approach putting into interaction the areas of agro-pastoral operations. How is the sharing of the same space by two systems of activities performed by various actors? Because of this, the objective of this research is to understanding the relationships between actors by examining the mastery of space, and the practices of each type of player. Based on of qualitative analysis and semi-structured interviews carried out in two agro-pastoral lands, we show in particular that the existing interdependencies between the two systems of production (agriculture and livestock) in the space and the schedule of practices the environment are linked to climatic conditions and to seasons, but also to the power differential between the various actors. With spatial division resulting from the process of decentralization, new actors and elected officials are involved in decision making at the level of villages. Our findings illustrate the complex inner and external interplay of interactions between agriculture and livestock, and how the latter is crystallizing or partially mitigating the issue of sharing space and resources. The history of the settling of the residents and the first division confers on this area a very profound social foundation that regulates the access to and the management of the various resource areas. These analyses indicate a certain permanence of agricultural and pastoral practices but also their adjustment to an administrative and climate change
Cassé, Claire. "Impact du forçage pluviométrique sur les inondations du fleuve Niger à Niamey : Etude à partir de données satellitaires et in-situ." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOU30236/document.
Повний текст джерелаSince the development of satellite based remote sensing in the 1970s, many missions have been dedicated to monitoring the terrestrial atmosphere and surfaces. Some of these satellites are dedicated to the Tropics with specific orbits. Megha-Tropiques (MT) is devoted to the water and energy cycle in the tropical atmosphere and provides an enhanced sampling for rainfall estimation in the tropical region. This PhD work was initiated within MT hydro-meteorological activities, with the objective of assessing the hydrological potential of satellite rainfall products in the Tropics. The world most important rivers lay in tropical areas where the in situ observation networks are deficient. Alternative information is therefore needed for water resource management and alert systems. The present work focuses on the Niger River a basin which has undergone drastic climatic variations leading to disasters such as droughts and floods. Since 1950, the Niger has been through 3 main climatic periods: a wet period (1950-1960), a long and intense drought period (1970-1980) and since 1990 a partial recovery of the rainfall. These climatic variations and the anthropic pressure, have modified the hydrological behaviour of the basin. Since 2000, the middle Niger River has been hit by an increase of floods hazards during the so-called Red flood period. In Niamey city, the highest river levels and the longest flooded period were recorded in 2003, 2010, 2012 and 2013, leading to heavy casualties and property damage. This study combines hydrological modelling and a variety of rainfall estimation products (satellite and in-situ) to meet several objectives: (i) the simulation of the Niamey Red flood and the detection of floods (during the recent period 2000-2013) (ii) the study of the propagation of satellite rainfall errors in hydrological modelling (iii) the evaluation of the role of rainfall variability, and surface conditions, in the changes of the Red flood in Niamey since the 50s. The global model ISBA-TRIP, is run with a resolution of 0.5° and 3h, and several rainfall products were used as forcing. Products derived from gauges (KRIG, CPC), pure satellite products (TAPEER, 3B42RT, CMORPH, PERSIANN) and mixed satellite products adjusted by rain gauges (3B42v7, RFE2, PERSIANN-CDR). This work confirms the hydrological potential of satellite rainfall products and proposes an original approach to overcome their biases. It highlights the need for documenting the errors associated with the rainfall products and the error structure. Finally, the hydrological modelling results since the 1950s have given a new understanding of the relative role of rainfall and surface conditions in the drastic increase of flood risk in Niamey
Zare, Aïda. "Variabilité climatique et gestion des ressources naturelles dans une zone humide tropicale : une approche intégrée appliquée au cas du delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS186/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe droughts of the 1970s intensified in the 1980s and the development of irrigation schemes upstream of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali (IND) have resulted in the degradation of natural resources. This degradation of natural resources associated with the increasing population pressure on the environment has led to a more conflictive management of these resources. In addition, the current operating system of resources and the hydrological functioning of the IND make the management of the ecosystem more complex.In this work, we adopt an integrated and multidisciplinary approach to address the IND resource management issues. The approach mobilizes hydrology, sociology, agronomy and economy.The analysis of hydrological data has highlighted a significant difference between the maximum passing dates of the two rivers that supply the IND. This difference impacts the schedules of the main production systems thus contributing to exacerbate conflict. The management strategies developed with stakeholders combine the practices of security and water control, intensification, resource regeneration, capacity building and economic incentives. Moreover, in a context of increased climate variability, we analyzed the perceptions of a sample of fishermen, herders and farmers on climate prediction and their interest of climate and flood forecasts.. It appears that the need for climate information of floodplain users as IND relate mainly to the onset date of rainy season, flood maximum passaging date, the arrival of floods and flood peak heights.The simulated economic value of climate information for an agrarian system of flooded rice obtains an average gain of 10%. As against the cost of possible prediction errors is particularly high for producers with an average deficit on income of 24%
Vissin, Expédit. "Impact de la variabilité climatique et de la dynamique des états de surface sur les écoulements du bassin béninois du fleuve Niger." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00456097.
Повний текст джерелаToure, Bayanatou. "Gouvernance des bassins versants transfrontaliers ouest-africains : appropriation et développement partagé des eaux du Niger dans les portions Bénin-Niger-Nigéria." Thesis, Bordeaux 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BOR30027.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is the continuity of scale through the water governance that cannot be established at one level but must instead consider all levels at once. This was a major methodological difficulty that international management is still able to solve. Subsidiarity was a way with the disadvantage to brutally separate scale levels. But the watershed is considered as a project space delimited, whose management is not only the administration but the coordination of policies, induced a management beyond administrative cuts, with an ongoing decision-making process and negotiated between actors in the powers of different levels, interests and various, often contradictory logic. It is shared by nature, make a common good requires the hurdle of "selfishness" that can be attached to the sovereignty of each State over its territory. The realization of major works stands the principle of "everyone home." It is precisely this sovereigntist principle that generates cross-border hydro-conflits. So, wonder about the real meaning of the concept of governance by the example of the shared waters of the Niger River in Benin, Niger and Nigeria portions, this is the main problem that allows to prioritize the different parts of the calculation. Through an inclusive approach, it will issue a diagnosis of governance of the catchment area of Niger, to identify the impacts of such an approach on the development of water resources and to understand the social practices of users of water including those involved in the development of irrigated agriculture and those undergoing environmental impact generate the large-scale like Kainji and Jebba hydraulic infrastructure
Hibert, Fabrice. "Déterminants écologiques et anthropiques de la structuration des peubplements d’ongulés sauvages en Afrique de l’Ouest : cas du Parc Régional du W du fleuve Niger." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NSARA052.
Повний текст джерелаAfrican savannas are known to shelter the richest communities of large herbivores in the world. However, no much is known about the determinants of the diversity of these communities, particularly in the well populated Western Africa. The aims of this study were 1) to examine the state of the wild ungulate community of the Niger W Regional Park, and 2) to identify the ecological and human determinants that structure this community. A multi-scale approach, based on both direct and indirect monitoring techniques, has been developed. The comparison to other protected areas of similar environmental conditions has shown a deficit in the abundance of the wild ungulates of the WRP, mostly in grazing species and suggests an impact of the illegal pastoralism. Out of the cattle area, the spatial organisation of the ungulate community at the landscape scale appeared to depend on the heterogeneity of primary production and on the distance to the water holes. At a finer scale, the animals' body size and their feeding type seemed to influence the selection of habitats and, consecutively, the space partitionning by the different species. However, no evidence of niche separation was clearly found between ecologically similar species. On the other hand, the observed species richness and the community biomass were lower in the areas occupyed by the herders and their cattle and as well close to the borders of the Park. These results suggest that competitive process between domestic and wild grazers and/or the fear of humans limit the space and resources available to the wild ungulates. The deficit in the wild grazers abundance at the scale of the WRP could thus be explained by a functional substitution by domestic grazers
Coulibaly, Baba. "Quelle gestion intégrée du fleuve Niger au Mali ? : Normes, usages, régulations, territorialités locales dans les Communes riveraines des Cercles de Ségou et de Mopti." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM3085.
Повний текст джерелаThe Niger River is now facing natural and anthropogenic threats; the solution is both in local arbitrage and in international considerations. Its rich history shows a series of regulation and local management logics depending on time and space. The Niger River has been at the center of strategies for local and colonial dominations. These modes of local controls lead more and more place for some more integrated management systems. This research focuses on the governance of the Niger River waters in Segou and Mopti. It aims to understand the dynamics of actors, especially strategies, relationships and interactions of actors around the water in the context of decentralization, but also their perceptions of the River water. The results show the complexity of water governance especially with regard to regulation and the narrow articulations between global and local dynamics. Ignorance and lack of implementation of laws governing the field of water characterize the governance of Niger River. The multiplicity of actors leads to the overlap of roles and potential conflicts of competence. The implementation of the governance involves complex relationships between multiple actors. This complexity returns to issues of territories and territorialities in particular in the interior Delta. Finally, decentralization has encouraged the direct involvement of local stakeholders in the management of local resources. But it has also exacerbated the risk of conflicts between multiple actors, in search of leadership and legitimacy around the river
Keita, Kô. "Un milieu en évolution du Mali : La haute vallée du Niger et du Sankarani." Rouen, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989ROUEL084.
Повний текст джерелаThe general tendency to the increasing of the temperatures and the decreasing of the pluviometry, the deteriorating of soils and vegetal cover show how the physical aspect of the Sankarani and upper Niger valley in Mali is damaged. The building of the selingue dam in that area has allowed hydroelectric generation, irrigated farming and an experimention of a new kind of fishing. These new activities illustrate in the technical field the development of our surroundings from which the success of the rural growth operations takes into consideration the total perception of local communities environment
Sourisseau, Jean-Michel. "Les stratégies de diversification des revenus sur les grands aménagements hydro-agricoles sahéliens : les cas de l'office du Niger au Mali et du delta du fleuve Sénégal." Paris 10, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA100075.
Повний текст джерелаDroux, Jean-Philippe. "Hydrologie et flux de matieres solides particulaires et dissoutes sur petits bassins versants du bassin du fleuve niger au mali. (bassins du dounfing, de djitiko et de belekoniʿ". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999STR1GE01.
Повний текст джерелаFakorédé, Saakou Mojisola. "Relations entre la diversité avienne des mares naturelles permanentes et quelques facteurs naturels et anthropiques dans le Parc National du W du Fleuve Niger au Bénin (Afrique de l'Ouest)." Thèse, [Rimouski, Québec] : Université du Québec à Rimouski, 2006.
Знайти повний текст джерелаMémoire présenté à l'Université du Québec à Rimouski comme exigence partielle du programme de maîtrise en gestion de la faune et de ses habitats. Comprend un résumé. Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 29 janvier 2007). CaQRU CaQRU CaQRU Bibliogr.: f. 68-73. Parait aussi en éd. imprimée. CaQRU
Picouet, Cécile. "Géodynamique d'un hydrosystème tropical peu anthropisé, le bassin supérieur du Niger et son delta intérieur." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00006189.
Повний текст джерелаL'étude des apports hydriques du bassin amont a ainsi montré que la période d'étude était contrastée, représentative des fluctuations hydrologiques de ces 25 dernières années déficitaires. L'étude des flux de matières en suspension exportés vers le delta intérieur du Niger a permis de mettre en évidence la variabilité temporelle et spatiale des concentrations en MES et de proposer une modélisation simple des processus mis en jeu. L'étude de la chimie des eaux du Niger amont (éléments majeurs et traces) a montré que les cours d'eau étudiés sont très peu minéralisés et que la charge solide est essentiellement inorganique. A l'échelle globale, la faiblesse de la lame écoulée, la lithologie (roches silicatées) et la faiblesse du relief sont les principaux facteurs expliquant les faibles taux de transport particulaire et dissous observés. L'essentiel des résultats ont confirmé la faiblesse actuelle de la pollution chimique de ce grand fleuve africain au Mali.
L'étude des bilans hydriques, particulaires et dissous entre les entrées et les sorties du delta intérieur du Niger ont confirmé le rôle important que joue cette zone sur le bilan hydrique (les pertes en eaux représentent de 30 à 45% des entrées) et dans la capture de quantités de matières particulaires et dissoutes importantes, qui sont ainsi soustraites aux apports aux océans, tout du moins de manière temporaire. Les pertes de matières particulaires s'élèvent de 26 à 54 % des entrées, celles de matières dissoutes à environ 30% des entrées. L'ensemble de ces pertes est lié plus ou moins directement à l'extension spatio-temporelle de l'inondation (évapotranspiration, dépôts). Celle-ci règle l'intensité de nombreux processus complexes qui se produisent dans le delta. Ce travail a également confirmé les fonctionnements hydrochimiques très différents entre sa partie amont, proprement deltaïque, et sa partie aval, caractérisée par des zones inondées plus réduites et une morphologie différente. Ces différences de fonctionnement sont exacerbées pour les crue de forte hydraulicité.
Leblon, Anaïs. "La patrimonialisation d'institutions pastorales peules au Mali : le ƴaaral et le degal (Delta intérieur du Niger)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX10181.
Повний текст джерелаThe proclamation of the yaaral and degal pastoral institutions (Inner Niger Delta) on the UNESCO’s list of “masterpieces of the oral and intangible heritage of humanity” is the basis for the study of the forms of appropriation and implementation of international intangible heritage policies. In a context of political decentralization and transformation of agro-pastoral societies, the intersection of contemporary challenges of transhumant pastoralism with the application of a safeguarding program developed according to the new patrimonial standards for the protection of cultural diversity, the involvement of populations and sustainable development, fuels consideration of political practices of tradition and belonging. The interactions between this political and symbolic system of use of the past and ordinary representations and practices of the listed item, sometimes conflicting, reveal power relationships relative to the management of identities and land exploitation, between the Malian State and miscellaneous actors. The intersection and mutual recycling of stereotypes about fulɓe pastoralism mobilized in contradictory strategies at local, national and global scales, produce an original stage for transhumance festivals. Considering the continuum between tradition and heritage, in which heritage would be an extroverted and institutionalized form of tradition, highlights the historical nature of heritagization processes and their inclusion in a long history marked by uses and dynamic reformulations of cultural symbols
Dicko, Mohamed. "Analyse du foncionnement d'une parcele de riz irrigué sur sol alcalin. Application à la gestion intégrée de la fertilisation azotée et du calendrier cultural dans le delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Phd thesis, Ecole nationale superieure agronomique de montpellier - AGRO M, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00423469.
Повний текст джерелаLe diagnostic agronomique effectué dans les parcelles de dix paysans de la zone a permis de classer les parcelles suivies en trois groupes en fonction de la nature des sols et de la maîtrise de la lame d'eau en riziculture irriguée. Si la nature alcaline du sol ou la mauvaise maîtrise de la lame d'eau déterminent les rendements mesurés, il reste néanmoins une forte variabilité à l'intérieur d'un même groupe en fonction des pratiques culturales. Le respect du calendrier de fertilisation azotée ou l'age des plants au repiquage apparaissent comme variables et susceptibles d'expliquer cette variabilité.
Les résultats obtenus au laboratoire en réacteur fermé et en pot de culture ont permis de mettre en évidence l'effet déterminant de la nature plus ou moins alcaline du sol et de la présence d'une lame d'eau sur la dynamique de l'azote suite à un apport d'urée. La volatilisation d'ammoniac est plus importante sur sol alcalin et en présence d'une lame d'eau. Ces pertes ne dépassent cependant pas 20% de l'azote apporté, et les pertes d'azote par dénitrification apparaissent potentiellement plus importantes en l'absence d'une lame d'eau et sur sol peu alcalin. Ces observations résultent probablement d'une activité plus importante de la microflore sur sol non alcalin et de conditions favorables à la nitrification en l'absence d'une lame d'eau. La croissance du riz en pot est très fortement affectée sur sol alcalin mais aussi dans une moindre mesure sur sol non alcalin en l'absence de lame d'eau, en relation avec la disponibilité de l'azote et le pH in situ.
Les résultats obtenus dans les expérimentations au champ confirment l'effet déterminant de la fertilisation azotée, du type de sol, de la gestion de lame d'eau et de leurs interactions sur l'efficience de la fertilisation azotée et le rendement du riz. Le coefficient apparent d'utilisation de l'azote est plus élevé et favorise le développement végétatif sur sols alcalins, témoignant de moindres pertes d'azote dans la mesure où la lame d'eau est maîtrisée. Par la suite, la mise en place des organes reproducteurs et la production de grain sont affectées sur les sols alcalins, indépendamment de la nutrition azotée. Un assec de courte durée lors des apports d'engrais ne montre pas d'effet significatif sur l'efficience de l'azote et le rendement. Contraitrement à l'hypothèse de départ, le repiquage de plants âgés ne montre pas d'effet négatif sur la production ; si le tallage est affecté il semble que les plants soient en mesure de mieux s'adapter ensuite aux conditions défavorables du milieu.
Les voies d'amélioration doivent donc être recherchées par une diminution des pertes d'azote lors des apports d'engrais, principalement sur les sols non alcalins, et une minimisation des effets défavorables des pH alcalins sur la production de grain. C'est paradoxalement sur sol non alcalin que l'intérêt d'un assec de courte durée lors des apports d'engrais est le plus discutable dans la mesure où les pertes sont principalement liées à un processus de nitrification et dénitrification. Il semblerait alors préférable d'associer l'apport d'engrais azoté au maintien de conditions fortement réductrices. Sur sols alcalins, une diminution du pH in situ dans le sol et la lame d'eau devra être recherchée. Un pilotage raisonné des opérations culturales en fonction d'une connaissance du pH et du potentiel d'oxydoréduction serait une solution idéale. Une analyse et une modélisation plus approfondies du fonctionnement du système sol-eau-plante en conditions alcalines semblent nécessaires pour accompagner l'amélioration de la gestion des sols alcalins de l'Office du Niger.
Dicko, Mohamed. "Analyse du fonctionnement d'une parcelle de riz irriguée sur sol alcalin : application à la gestion intégrée de la fertilisation azotée et du calendrier cultural dans le delta intérieur du fleuve Niger (Mali)." Montpellier, ENSA, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005ENSA0002.
Повний текст джерелаThe irrigated perimeters of the "Office du Niger" (Mali), is characterized by a tendency of soils toward alkalization and the variable yield performances of irrigated rice, as influenced by nitrogen fertilization. The objective of this study is to analyze the interactions between the in situ physicallchemical properties of soil and the modes of application of cultural practices such as nitrogen fertilization, rice transplanting and water management, and their influence on the nitrogen use efficiency by the riœ plant, rice growth and yield. The operational objective is to identify the rice growing practices that can improve the nitrogen use efficiency in the specific context of alkaline soils. The method combines an agronomic diagnosis in other to identify factors that influence the actual situation of farmer plots and laboratory and field experiments to analyse the identified factors. The agronomic diagnosis done in the field of ten peasants permitted to dassify the plots in three groups according to the nature of soils and the floodwater management. If the alkali nature of. Soil and/or the bad floodwater management practices determined the measured outputs, great yield variability within the same group remained nevertheless influenced by cultural practices. The respect of nitrogen fertilization plan and/or the age of the transplanted rice plants appear to be factors that can explain this variability. The results of laboratory and pot experiments permitted to determine the effects of soit alkalinity and floodwater level on the nitrogen dynamics following urea topdressing. The volatilization process of ammonia is more important on alkali soit and in presence of a floodwater. This process concems only 20% of the applied nitrogen, while denitrification appears potentially more important in the absence of a floodwater and on a less or non alkali soil. These observations are probably the results of favourable conditions for nitrification in the absence of floodwater and a more microflore activity on non alkaline soi!. Without flooding, rice growth in pot is more affected on alkaline than non alkaline soU, depending on the availability of nitrogen and the in situ soit pH. The results of field experiments confirmed the important effect of nitrogen application, soit type, water management and their interactions on N use efficiency and rice yield. The nitrogen use efficiency rate was much higher and resulted in more vegetative growth on alkaline soil, showing less nitrogen losses since irrigation water was weil managed. Independently of N nutrition, rice reproductive organs and grain production are affected on alkaline soils. Short draining periods during fertilizer applications does not show significant effects on N use efficiency and yield. Ln contrast to the working hypothesis, transplanting of old rice plants does not show negative effect on rice production; even though tillering is affected, plants seem to adjust the unfavourable conditions of their new environ ment. Yield improvement strategies must be sought through nitrogen management practices (reduction in N losses du ring applications) in non alkaline soils, and reduction in the effects of unfavourable pH on grain production in alkaline soils. Ln non alkaline soil, the benefit of short drainage during the period of fertilizer application is question able since N loses are mainly related to nitrification and denitrification processes. It seems then preferable to take into account the high reducing conditions when applying N fertilizer. On alkaline soUs, lowering the in situ pH and maintaining flood water at optimal level should be preferred. Cultural practices based on knowledge of soit pH and redox potential would be an ideal solution. A deeper analysis and modelling of soil~water-plant system seem necessary to improve management of the alkali soils of the "Office du Niger"
Pedinotti, Vanessa. "Préparation à la mission SWOT (Surface Water Ocean Topography) : Apport de l'altimétrie à large fauchée à la modélisation grande échelle des processus hydrologiques et hydrodynamiques en Afrique de l'Ouest." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013INPT0014/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe hydrologic and hydrodynamic processes of the Niger basin are largely influenced by the West African monsoon variabilty. In the last 3 decades these variations have resulted in an increase of extreme events such as floods and droughts. Retrospectively, the climate might be impacted by the evaporation fluxes from the inner Delta flooded region, at least regionally. A better understanding of the Niger basin water cycle is a crucial issue for water resources management but requires observation datasets with a large spatial and temporal coverage. The SWOT satellite mission will provide 2D global maps of water level and slope at an unprecedented resolution (50 to 100 meters). Within the framework of the preparation of the SWOT mission, this thesis aims at proposing a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the improvement of global scale hydrological models. First, the ISBA-TRIP hydrological model from CNRM is evaluated over the Niger basin. This model includes an inundation scheme and simple aquifer reservoir. The model diagnostics are compared to an extensive set of in-situ and satellite observations. According to its relative simple physics, the model is able to simulate in a realistic manner, the continental water dynamics : discharge, water levels, floods, total water storage variations. Sensitivity tests are also performed to determine the most sensitve ISBA-TRIP parameters. Among them, the Manning coefficient has a key role in the flow dynamics but its estimation is difficult and usually based on geomorphologic relationships. The second part of this work consists in setting up a SWOT data assimilation strategy for the optimization of the ISBA-TRIP parameters. Since the SWOT observations are not available yet and also to assess the skills of the assimilation method, the study is carried out in the framework of an Observing System Simulation Experiment (OSSE). The corrected parameter is the Manning coefficient, spatially distributed over the river. The assimilation allows a good improvement of the relative bias of discharge and water level over the river. The Manning coefficient is also globally improved and tends to an optimal value. Moreover, the water storage anomalies and flooded fraction are also better simulated. Finally, the study shows that the method is useful for hydrological forecasting over longer time periods than those of the calibration