Статті в журналах: "Palm kernel shells"

1

Tan, Yew Ai, and Ainte Kuntom. "Hydrocarbons m Crude Palm Kernel Oil." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 77, no. 1 (January 1, 1994): 67–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.1.67.

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Abstract The sources of hydrocarbons in crude palm kernel oil were investigated by a series of laboratory-controlled oil extractions of kernels of varying quality. Site examinations of palm kernel-crushing plants were also conducted to determine possible sources of hydrocarbon contamination of palm kernels throughout the process of kernel extraction. Parallel to these studies, a random survey of crude palm kernel oil (CPKO) produced by different kernel crushers was also carried out to determine the range of hydrocarbon concentrations in locally produced CPKO. This study showed that hydrocarbons can be picked up from sources such as glassware, extracting apparatus, and plastic containers and stoppers. Extraction of oil from low-quality kernels that were both moldy and rancid, broken kernels, and kernels plus added shells also resulted in a higher hydrocarbon level in the final CPKO. Overheating and cooking of the kernels before extraction also contributed to the overall hydrocarbon content. The random survey of hydrocarbon level showed a range of 0.6–7.1 ppm.

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2

Wai-Lin, Siew. "Determination of Shell Content in Palm Kernel Cake." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 79, no. 1 (January 1, 1996): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/79.1.80.

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Abstract A method for determining shell in palm kernel cake (PKC) is described. This simple and rapid method requires little pretreatment compared with the method currently used in PKC trade, in which the sample undergoes defatting, acid and alkali digestion, and washing, before a chloroform-alcohol solution is used to separate the shells. In the proposed method, only defatting the sample is required. The shells are separated by the density difference between the shell and PKC in a potassium iodide solution. Recoveries of at least 93% were obtained, and the correlation coefficient between the actual shell content and the determined shell content was 0.999, with gradients of 0.97 and 0.98 for fine and coarse shell, respectively.

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3

Waluyo, Joko, Petric Marc Ruya, Dwi Hantoko, Jenny Rizkiana, I. G. B. N. Makertihartha, Mi Yan, and Herri Susanto. "Utilization of Modified Zeolite as Catalyst for Steam Gasification of Palm Kernel Shell." Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis 16, no. 3 (June 14, 2021): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.9767/bcrec.16.3.10837.623-631.

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Syngas from biomass gasification is being developed for alternative feedstock in the chemical industry. Palm kernel shell which is generated from palm oil industry can be potentially used as raw material for gasification process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of modified natural zeolite catalysts in steam gasification of palm kernel shells. Mordenite type zeolite was modified by acid leaching to be used as a tar cracking catalyst. Steam gasification was conducted at the temperature range of 750–850 °C and the steam to biomass ratio was in the range of 0–2.25. The result showed that steam gasification of palm kernel shell with the addition of zeolite catalyst at 750 °C and steam to biomass ratio 2.25 could reduce tar content up to 98% or became 0.7 g/Nm3. In this study, gasification of palm kernel shells produced syngas with the hydrogen concentration in the range of 52–64% and H2/CO ratio of 2.7–5.7. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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4

Purwanti, Heny, and Titik Penta Artiningsih. "PALM KERNEL SHELL AS AN ALTERNATIVE AGGREGATE ON HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CONCRETE." Journal of Science Innovare 1, no. 02 (March 13, 2019): 68–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/jsi.v1i02.1004.

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Coarse aggregates commonly used in concrete are coarse natural aggregates, which are broken stones or gravel. Continuous rock exploration can cause environmental damage or even more severe ecosystem damage. Therefore it is necessary to substitute an alternative aggregate. Indonesia has the second largest oil palm plantation (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) in the world after Malaysia. Plantations are renewable resources, so palm oil is also potential to be used as an alternative to diesel fuel. Palm kernel shells are palm oil industry wastes which are generally underutilized. Palm kernel shells can be used as an alternative to coarse aggregate, because oil palm shells have the advantage of being hard, tough and good durability due to the high content of lignin and silica dioxide (SiO2), such as hard wood, but low cellulose content so it is not easy rot. The strength of the palm oil shell is quite good. In addition, the aggregate gradation also fulfills the requirements without a breakdown process, which has a thickness of 2-4 mm and a maximum width of 15 mm. The volume of oil palm shells is + 600 kg/m3, so it will produce significant light weight concrete. The concrete studied was concrete with a coarse aggregate of tenera palm kernel shells, with fine aggregates of natural sand, and a Portland Composite Cement (PCC), but the PCC content was reduced and replaced by FA which varied from 0%, 5%, 10 %, 15%, 20 and 25%. Concrete also added superplasticizer (SP). SP is used to reduce water use, because the shell absorbs water. SP levels also vary, namely 0%, 1%, and 1.2%. The weight of the volume of concrete with various levels of fly ash and SP is 1700-1800 kg/m3, so it can be classified as lightweight concrete. Increased FA levels will increase compressive strength, but only up to 10%, after which the strength decreases. Compressive strength of specimens with SP 0% and FA 10% is 17.92 MPa, for SP levels of 1% and FA 10% is 22.15 MPa, while for SP levels of 1.2% and FA 10% is 19.35 MPa . So that it can be concluded that the palm shell as bio-material (renewable resources) can be used as a substitute for natural coarse aggregates. The optimum fly ash level is 10%, and to reduce water use SP 1%. The use of oil palm shells as a substitute for gravel means reducing the waste of the palm oil industry, while reducing rock exposures. In addition, in Indonesia there are many areas where there are no rock sources while oil palm plantations are quite extensive.

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5

Norita, Defi, Yandra Arkeman, Muhammad Romli, and Heti Mulyati. "A Modelling of Multi-Objective Sustainability Palm Kernel Supply Chain Based on Hybrid NSGA-II and Reinforcement Learning." International Journal of Engineering Research and Advanced Technology 08, no. 07 (2022): 23–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.31695/ijerat.2022.8.7.4.

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Palm kernel shell supply chain is a partial network of integrated palm oil supply chain network having potential business to be developed in order to reduce waste in the network. Sustainability and uncertainty are important challenges in the supply chain network design to make the business network sustain. This research work aims to design a Strategy of Sustainable Multi-Echelon Supply Chain based on Hybrid NSGA-II and Reinforcement Learning Under Uncertainty in Palm Kernel Shell Material Flow. We design a mathematical model with triple objectives in palm kernel shell supply chain network to meet sustainability criteria with economy, social, and environmental impact from the supply chain. To solve tripe objective function Hybrid NSGA II is designed to reach Pareto optimal solution combined with Reinforcement Learning to reach beneficial solution during optimization processes. The hybrid methodology found 28 alternatives strategy and outperform other method in multi-objective model solution processes. The calculation shows environmental reduction (in kg carbon reduction) to 252 kg and economic impact in complex palm kernel shell supply chain network rather than previous research. The solution also suggests the network configuration fo palm kernel shells material flow.

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6

Astuti, Erna, Zahrul Mufrodi, Gita Indah Budiarti, Ayu Citra Dewi, and Mar'atul Husna. "Active Charcoal from Palm Kernel Shells as a Catalyst in The Production of Biodiesel." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i02.21991.

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Palm kernel shells are one of the main wastes for processing of palm oil. Palm kernel shells are waste that can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel production. Besides many natural ingredients, the price of catalyst prepared from these materials is also relatively cheap compared to other catalysts, make the biodiesel production more sustainable, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to make activated carbon from palm shell through the process of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonization process was carried out at 550oC for 3 hours until charcoal was formed. While the activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M which were activated for 4 hours at 90oC. Â Based on the results of the FTIR analysis the presence of O-H and C-O bonds indicates that the carbon produced from the palm kernel shell tends to be polar (volatile). Thus the charcoal produced can be used as catalyst in the biodiesel production. For the SEM test results, it can be seen morphologically that more pore crystals are added and are still brittle at a ZnCl2 concentration of 0.1 M. Based on FTIR and SEM analysis, the best activated charcoal was activated charcoal with a concentration of 0.25 M ZnCl2.

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7

Astuti, Erna, Zahrul Mufrodi, Gita Indah Budiarti, Ayu Citra Dewi, and Mar'atul Husna. "Active Charcoal from Palm Kernel Shells as a Catalyst in The Production of Biodiesel." Jurnal Bahan Alam Terbarukan 9, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/jbat.v9i02.21991.

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Palm kernel shells are one of the main wastes for processing of palm oil. Palm kernel shells are waste that can be used as a catalyst in the biodiesel production. Besides many natural ingredients, the price of catalyst prepared from these materials is also relatively cheap compared to other catalysts, make the biodiesel production more sustainable, and environmentally friendly. This study aims to make activated carbon from palm shell through the process of carbonization and chemical activation. The carbonization process was carried out at 550oC for 3 hours until charcoal was formed. While the activation process was carried out using ZnCl2 activators with concentrations of 0.1 M, 0.25 M, 0.5 M and 1 M which were activated for 4 hours at 90oC. Â Based on the results of the FTIR analysis the presence of O-H and C-O bonds indicates that the carbon produced from the palm kernel shell tends to be polar (volatile). Thus the charcoal produced can be used as catalyst in the biodiesel production. For the SEM test results, it can be seen morphologically that more pore crystals are added and are still brittle at a ZnCl2 concentration of 0.1 M. Based on FTIR and SEM analysis, the best activated charcoal was activated charcoal with a concentration of 0.25 M ZnCl2.

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8

Adlim, Muhammad, Ratu Fazlia Inda Rahmayani, Fitri Zarlaida, Latifah Hanum, Maily Rizki, Nurul Ummi Manatillah, and Omar Muktaridha. "Simple Preparations and Characterizations of Activated-Carbon- Clothes from Palm-Kernel-Shell for Ammonia Vapor Adsorption and Skim-Latex-Odor Removal." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 21, no. 4 (May 25, 2021): 920. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.63570.

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This study explored a simple preparation and characterization of the activated carbon and cloth from the palm kernel shell and compared it to the commercial-water-filter-carbon specification. A new pyrolysis chamber that is easily scaled up using the palm kernel shell itself as a heat source was tested. Two different steps were compared: the alkaline activation process performed before or after the carbonation process in the palm-kernel-shell carbon preparation. The palm-kernel-shell activated carbons prepared with the current method fulfilled the standard quality of activated charcoal except for the ash content. The sequencing step of the preparation affected the adsorption capacity. Instead of the reverse sequence, the soaking palm kernel shells in NaOH before the carbonation process lead to a higher adsorption capacity. The carbon particle stability on the cloth surface was affected by both the adhesive concentration and its size. The ammonia adsorption capacity of activated carbon cloth (ACC) was between 1–4 mg ammonia per g stuck carbon. The preparation and the carbon type source on ACC affected the adsorption capacity. The ACC absorbed and lessened the skim latex odor vapor, nearly odorless depending on the ACC area and the volume of odor vapor.

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9

Persada, Guna Bangun, and Putty Yunesti. "Pengaruh Temperatur, Komposisi Bahan Cangkang Inti Kelapa Sawit dan Konsentrasi Perekat pada Karakteristik Briket Komersial dari Tempurung Kelapa Sawit." Journal of Science and Applicative Technology 4, no. 2 (December 20, 2020): 126. http://dx.doi.org/10.35472/jsat.v4i2.268.

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Briquettes are an essential product for metal mineral processing plants in Indonesia. One good alternative raw materials for briquettes that do not pollute the environment is the palm kernel shell. This research was conducted by making briquettes from palm kernel shells to find optimal variations in carbonization temperature, material mixture, and adhesive mixture. The research was conducted on a laboratory scale. The palm kernel shell and coal kernel were carbonized at various temperatures, namely 450°C, 550°C, and 650°C, then crushed and sieved to 35 mesh. The powdered palm kernel shell and coal that have become powdered charcoal are weighted based on a mixture of powder and the adhesive composition ratio of 40 g. After that, the briquettes were formed under a pressure of 100 kg/cm² on a cylindrical mold with 40 mm. The analyzes carried out were moisture content, ash content, volatile substances content, fixed carbon content, calorific value, compressive strength, density, porosity, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The results showed that the briquette from the kernel of the palm kernel shell was optimal at a temperature of 550 ° C with a starch adhesive mixture of 7.5%, a pressure of 100 kg/cm², moisture content of 5.34%, an ash content of 5.81%, a substance content. Volatile amounted to 18.77%, 71.08% for fixed carbon, heating value 7125.86 cal/g. Density of 0.78, porosity of 0.04 and strength of 72.56 kg / cm².

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10

Ulum, Reza Miftahul. "THE PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS OF TREATED-FERRONICKEL SLAG PRODUCED BY ALKALI FUSION AND CARBOTHERMIC PROCESS." Metalurgi 36, no. 1 (April 29, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/metalurgi.v36i1.577.

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The utilization of slag as a secondary resource is usually processed by a reduction process with coal reducing agents or by leaching process. However, this study will use palm kernel shell as an alternative reducing agent to substitute coal. Palm kernel shell was chosen as an alternative reducing agent because of their availability in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of palm kernel shell as reducing agent and its concentration (wt.%) to the ferronickel slag reduction process. The initial sample is ferronickel slag which had been proceed by alkali fusion by adding 20 wt.% sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) as an additive and then roasted. The roasted product is then mixed with palm kernel shell reductant by ratio (sample : reductant), which are 15:85, 20:80, and 25:75 in weight percent. Samples that have been mixed are then compacted using compacting machine. Then the reduction process is carried out using a tube furnace at a temperature of 1100°C for 60 minutes with a heating rate of 10°C/minute. The palm kernel shells were analyzed using ultimate and proximate analysis, while the reduced product is then characterized by SEM-EDS and XRD for further analysis. Based on the results of the characterization, in this study it was found that the reduction process using palm kernel shell produces products in the form of iron metal, magnetite, hematite, and sodium silicate. The optimum reducing agent concentration in this study is by adding 15 wt.% reductant.

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11

Lucas, E. B., O. E. Itabiyi, and O. O. Ogunleye. "Optimization of Products Yields from the Pyrolysis of Palm Kernel Shells Using Response Surface Methodology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 575 (June 2014): 13–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.575.13.

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This work focussed on the optimisation of product yields from the pyrolysis of palm kernel shells (PKS). 479g of dried PKS were loaded into the retort and then placed inside the furnace chamber and this was pyrolysed at 300, 400, 500, 600 and 700°C. The pyrolysis products obtained are char, tar (pyro oil and pyroligneous acid) and gas. A full factorial design (FFD) consisting two factors (Temperature and duration of pyrolysis) at three level was used to study the pattern of product yields from the pyrolysis of PKS. Char, tar and gas were evaluated as the responses. Thirteen experimental runs resulted from the FFD with a minimum product yield of 0.9wt% and maximum product yield of 99wt%. Response surface methodology was used to analyse the results of the FFD of the product yields of PKS. The optimum conversion yields expressed as a percentage of oven-dried weight of palm kernel shells of char, tar and gas products at their respective pyrolysing temperatures were 99wt% char at 304°C, 35wt% tar at 700°C and 39% gas at 700°C. The duration for the pyrolysis process was 20mins for 479g of dried palm kernel shells. The results of the work show that palm kernel shells can be readily pyrolised to obtain optimum yield of gas, tar (mixture of pyrolitic oil and pyroligneous acid) and char.

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12

Oktavia, Amelia, Irza Sukmana, Yanuar Zulardiansyah Arif, and Gigih Forda Nama. "The effect of filler adding palm kernel shell ash on durability and marshall values properties of asphalt concrete mix." Journal of Engineering and Scientific Research 4, no. 1 (August 23, 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jesr.v4i1.100.

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Lampung Province is one of the palm oil producers, especially in Way Kanan Regency. Way Kanan Regency has two palm oil-producing mills, namely PT. Sawit Indo Mas which is located in Kampung Tanjung Raja Sakti Blambangan Umpu and PT PLP which is located in Kampung Bumi Agung, Bahuga District. The two factories duce thousands of tons of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) vegetable oil daily produced from palm fruit plants (Elaeis Guineensis Jacq, Arecaceae). From oil management, it is undeniable that it can create a lot of solid waste from the palm shell. Meanwhile, the government has not made much effort to use the waste from the waste. When managing palm fruit, palm shells cannot be processed into oil because they have a hard texture, so the shells are discarded and become waste. Then we use the shell for research material as a filler. Palm shell ash has a silicon dioxide (SiO2) content which is also contained in Portland cement, so this content can allow the acquisition of a good asphalt mixture on the AC-BC layer. This study aims to see the effect of the effectiveness of adding shell ash fillers from palm shell waste in marshall test tests and value the resulting durability. The addition of fillers with percentages of 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%and 60%. From the results obtained from the test results in the laboratory that the addition of shell ash fillers of 40% gets better performance compared to shell ash with percentages of 20%, 30%, and 60%, with a higher state value of 1225 kg shown. In marshall testing, using palm shell ash fillers can increase the value of KAO. So that from the marshall test, the durability value of the sample immersion at the IRS value of 0% was 98.4% greater than the 40%, which was 91.13%. Overall, using palm shell ash fillers meets the minimum requirements of Bina Marga as an asphalt mixture. The degree of weather change in immersion durability affects the strength level of the marshall test.

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13

Fono-Tamo, R. S., O. O. Idowu, and F. O. Koya. "Development of Pulverized Palm Kernel Shells Based Particleboard." International Journal of Material and Mechanical Engineering 3, no. 3 (2014): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14355/ijmme.2014.0303.01.

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14

Bakri, A. J., T. B. Ajayi, K. O. Oladerin, and A. O. Mogbojuri. "Development and Assessment of Cracking and Sorting Processes of Palm Kernel Nut Machine." European Journal of Engineering Research and Science 5, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejers.2020.5.12.2258.

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This paper presents a research on the Development and Assessment of the cracking and sorting processes of palm kernels nuts in a mechanical cracking machine. The palm kernel oil is an important agricultural produce, it has a wide range of usage aside from cooking. In attempt to reduce energy exploitation, in conjunction with the regular high rate of demand for products been extracted from palm kernel nut, the need to improve on the manual method of cracking and sorting became eminent. The mechanical cracker was made up of two units: the cracking and sorting unit. Experimental studies of properties of machine components were considered with the purpose of avoiding fatigue failure and fracture on the palm nuts during the processing duration. The mechanical cracker was designed, fabricated and performance evaluation carried out using locally sourced materials. It was developed with a 5hp electric motor to drive the machine coupled with belts and pulleys. The average data assessment shows a 2.01% of un-cracked nuts, 2.36% of partially cracked nuts, 93.58% of un-cracked nut and 2.05% broken nuts. The cracking-sorting efficiency was estimated at 94% and throughput capacity was determined to be 80kg/h while the overall palm kernel recovery efficiency was 85%. These suggest that the machine is very suitable for separating the palm kernel nuts from the cracked shells clearly and completely.

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Bakri, A. J., T. B. Ajayi, K. O. Oladerin, and A. O. Mogbojuri. "Development and Assessment of Cracking and Sorting Processes of Palm Kernel Nut Machine." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 5, no. 12 (December 30, 2020): 145–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2020.5.12.2258.

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This paper presents a research on the Development and Assessment of the cracking and sorting processes of palm kernels nuts in a mechanical cracking machine. The palm kernel oil is an important agricultural produce, it has a wide range of usage aside from cooking. In attempt to reduce energy exploitation, in conjunction with the regular high rate of demand for products been extracted from palm kernel nut, the need to improve on the manual method of cracking and sorting became eminent. The mechanical cracker was made up of two units: the cracking and sorting unit. Experimental studies of properties of machine components were considered with the purpose of avoiding fatigue failure and fracture on the palm nuts during the processing duration. The mechanical cracker was designed, fabricated and performance evaluation carried out using locally sourced materials. It was developed with a 5hp electric motor to drive the machine coupled with belts and pulleys. The average data assessment shows a 2.01% of un-cracked nuts, 2.36% of partially cracked nuts, 93.58% of un-cracked nut and 2.05% broken nuts. The cracking-sorting efficiency was estimated at 94% and throughput capacity was determined to be 80kg/h while the overall palm kernel recovery efficiency was 85%. These suggest that the machine is very suitable for separating the palm kernel nuts from the cracked shells clearly and completely.

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16

Tsouko, Erminda, Maria Alexandri, Keysson Vieira Fernandes, Denise Maria Guimarães Freire, Athanasios Mallouchos, and Apostolis A. Koutinas. "Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants." Food technology and biotechnology 57, no. 1 (2019): 29–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17113/ftb.57.01.19.5784.

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The side streams derived from the palm oil production process, namely palm kernel cake, palm pressed fibre, palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunches, were evaluated as sources of phenolic compounds. Among these streams, kernel cake had the highest total phenolic content (in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dry sample) with a value of 5.19, whereas the empty fruit bunches had the lowest value (1.79). The extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated to optimize the phenolic extraction. Kernel cake exhibited the highest total phenolic content (5.35 mg/g) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 40:1 during 20 min of extraction. The main phenolic compounds of the extracts deriving from all byproduct streams were also identified and quantified with HPLC-DAD. Pyrogallol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid were the main compounds found in kernel cake extracts. Empty fruit bunch and pressed fibre extracts were also rich in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, while pyrogallol was the predominant compound in kernel shell extracts. All extracts showed antioxidant activity as it was indicated from the results of DPPH analysis and subsequently tested in sunflower oil aiming to prolong its shelf life. The addition of 0.8 % kernel cake extract increased the induction time of sunflower oil more than 50 %. According to the results obtained in this study, kernel cake extracts could be considered as a value-added co-product with a potential application as antioxidants in the food industry.

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Wihono, Fajar, Sumihar Hutapea, and Gusmeizal Gusmeizal. "Pengujian Kompos Limbah Media Baglog Jamur dan Biochar Cangkang Kernel Kelapa Sawit pada Bibit Okulasi Karet (Hevea Brasiliensis) yang Ditumpangsari dengan Tanaman Padi." Jurnal Ilmiah Pertanian ( JIPERTA) 2, no. 2 (September 22, 2020): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/jiperta.v2i2.333.

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Testing of Compost Waste Baglog Media Fungus and Biochar Palm Kernel Shells in Rubber Grafting Seeds (Hevea Brasiliensis) intercropped with Rice Plants. This thesis is under the guidance of Ir. Gusmeizal, MP as supervisor I and Dr.Ir. Sumihar Hutapea MS, as supervisor II This research was conducted in Sampali Village, Percut Sei Tuan District, Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatra, on May 28-September 8, 2018. The research method used was a factorial randomized block design (RAK) consisting of 2 treatment factors, namely, mushroom baglog compost media waste (K) and oil palm kernel biochar (B) where compost treatment was 3 levels and oil palm kernel biochar treatment was 4 level. Factor I: Compost of mushroom baglog media waste with 3 levels of concentration ie K0 = Control (without compost), K1 = Baglog compost of 50 grams / polybag, K2 = Baglog compost of 100 grams / polybag. While Factor II: Biochar palm kernel with 4 levels, namely: B0 = Control (without Biochar), B1 = Giving Biochar Palm Kernel 10 grams / polybag, B2 = Giving Biochar Palm Kernel 20 grams / polybag, B3 = Giving Biochar Kernel 10 grams / polybag, B2 = Giving Biochar Palm Kernel 20 grams / polybag, B3 = Giving Biochar Kernel Palm Oil 30 grams / polybag, each treatment was repeated 3 times.The parameters observed in this study consisted of shoot bud rupture time, shoot height (cm), number of strands (leaves), leaf area, leaf color, stem diameter. The results showed that the treatment given had no significant effect on all parameters.

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18

Jauhari, Jaidan, M. Rama Almafie, Leni Marlina, Zainuddin Nawawi, and Ida Sriyanti. "Physicochemical properties and performance of graphene oxide/polyacrylonitrile composite fibers as supercapacitor electrode materials." RSC Advances 11, no. 19 (2021): 11233–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra10257a.

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Verdeza-Villalobos, Arnaldo, Yuhan Arley Lenis-Rodas, Antonio José Bula-Silvera, Jorge Mario Mendoza-Fandiño, and Rafael David Gómez-Vásquez. "Performance analysis of a commercial fixed bed downdraft gasifier using palm kernel shells." CT&F - Ciencia, Tecnología y Futuro 9, no. 2 (November 11, 2019): 79–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.29047/01225383.181.

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This work analyzes the use of palm kernel shells (PKS) produced by the Colombian palm oil mill industry, for purposes of fueling a commercial downdraft fixed bed gasifier (Ankur Scientific WGB- 20) designed to operate with wood chips. Operational parameters such as hopper shaking time, ash removal time, and airflow were varied in order to get the highest gasifier performance, computed as the ratio between producer gas chemical energy over biomass feeding energy. Experiments were carried out following a half fraction experimental design 24-1. Since these parameters affect the equivalence ratio (ER), behavior indicators were analyzed as a function of ER. It was found that the shaking time and airflow had a significant effect on higher-heating-value (HHV) and process efficiency, while the removal time is not significant. The highest performance for palm shell was reached at ER=0.35, where the resulting gas HHV and process efficiencies were 5.04 MJ/Nm3 and 58%, respectively.

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Jeje, J. O., and K. O. Oladepo. "Assessment of Uncharred Palm Kernel Shell as a Filter Medium in Low Rate Filtration." March 2021 5, no. 1 (March 2021): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36263/nijest.2021.01.0246.

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This study examined the use of uncharred palm kernel shells as a filter medium in low rate filtration as a water treatment alternative. The filter column was made of 150 mm diameter PVC pipe about 1.8 m high. The filter medium (uncharred palm kernel shells) with size range 0.15 – 0.60 mm overlying two layers of graded gravels. The raw water passed through the filter medium and the effluent collected in a metal tank. The effluent was evaluated by monitoring the flow rate, turbidity, filtration rate, bacteriological quality and headloss across the filter bed for a daily six hour run for 14 days. The filter bed was cleaned using the throwing-over method after the filtration rate became appreciably very low at 1.20 l/min-m2. It was found from the results obtained that uncharred palm kernel shells could serve as an effective filter for low rate filtration relative to sand. An average hydraulic loading and filtration rate of 120.35 l/min-m2 and 5.5 l/min-m2 were achieved respectively. The turbidity of the filtered water reduced below 5.5 NTU after the eleventh day and the bacteriological treatment level though excessively high at 65 coliform/100 ml showed reducing tendencies (120/100 ml to 65/100 ml).

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Putro, Firman Asto, Sunu Herwi Pranolo, Joko Waluyo, and Ary Setyawan. "Thermodynamic Study of Palm Kernel Shell Gasification for Aggregate Heating in an Asphalt Mixing Plant." International Journal of Renewable Energy Development 9, no. 2 (May 27, 2020): 311–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijred.9.2.311-317.

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This study evaluated thermodynamically the performance of conversion of palm kernel shells into combustible gas through gasification technology for aggregate heating in a hot-mixed asphalt production plant by developing a thermodynamic model using licensed Aspen Plus v.11 software. The effects of the equivalence ratio (ER) in the gasification process and the amount of combustion air to combustible gas to attain the required aggregate temperature were investigated. The thermodynamic model showed a good agreement with the experimental results based H2 and CO contain in producer gas which provided by maximum root mean square errors value of 8.82 and 6.42 respectively. Gasification of 30–35 kg of palm kernel shells in a fixed-bed gasifier reactor using air as a gasifying agent at an ER of 0.325–0.350 generated gaseous fuel for heating 1 ton of aggregate to a temperature of 180–200°C with combustion excess air 10%–20%. ©2020. CBIORE-IJRED. All rights reserved

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Okieimen, C. O., and S. E. Ogbeide. "The Dependence on Temperature of Carbonization and Chemical Activation on Characteristics of Granular Activated Carbon Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 62-64 (February 2009): 398–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.62-64.398.

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Nigeria imports large quantities of activated carbon annually for local use. In this study the development of low cost and effective adsorbent from the palm kernel shell for the treatment of waste water is examined.Palm kernel shells were used to produce activated carbon by carbonization at different temperatures (500 -10000C) and by chemical activation using 1M citric acid and saturated ammonium chloride as activated agents. The optimum temperature of carbonisation was found to be 950oC, the activated carbons produced were characterized. The measured characteristics: yield, pH, bulk density, surface area, porosity, resistance to mechanical abrasion and total surface charge of the activated carbon prepared from palm kernel shell were 18.6%, 7.8, 0.636g/ml, 112.09mgl2/gC, 19.23%, 2.36molH+/gC respectively, for citric acid activated carbon . For ammonium chloride activated carbon they were determined to be 17.50%, 8.55, 0.716g/ml, 109.69mgl2/gC, 19.76% and 2.06, 2.36molH+/gC respectively. The experimental results showed the possibility for the production of activated carbon with well developed pore structure, surface, and bulk density high mechanical abrasion and reasonable total surface charge.

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Anwar, Muhammad, Rini Endang Prasetyowati, and Hidayatul Ahyani. "KELAYAKAN USAHATANI TEMBAKAU VIRGINIA: STUDI KOMPARASI PADA PROSES PENGOVENAN DI KABUPATEN LOMBOK TIMUR." JSEP (Journal of Social and Agricultural Economics) 14, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.19184/jsep.v14i1.19608.

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There are two methods of flue curing process used in virginia tobacco farmers in East Lombok, which are curing with fossil fuel and curing with local (alternative) fuels (candlenut shell, palm kernel shells, wood, and corn cobs). Now days, due to increasing fossil fuels price, farmer tend to use local fuels. The research objective was to compare the costs, income, and feasibility level of virginia tobacco farming on the use of various alternative fuels in the oven process in East Lombok Regency. The method used is descriptive survey method to 40 farmers. The cost of farming virginia tobacco using candlenut shell as fuel is Rp. 44,788,057/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.6 palm kernel shells of 45,081,109/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.5 wood of Rp. 49,498,452/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.4 and corn cobs of Rp. 39,184,196/ha/planting season with an R/C ratio of 1.8. The highest income is obtained from farmers who use corn cobs as fuel of Rp. 30,037,854/ha/planting season, the income of the farmers who use hazelnut shell and palm shell as fuel each is Rp. 25,938,788/ha/planting season and Rp. 23,757,891/ha/planting season. The lowest income using wood fuel is Rp. 16,883,748/ha/planting season. Because the R/C value is more than 1, it means that virginia tobacco farming using various alternative materials in the oven process in East Lombok Regency is feasible.

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Sa’ad, Hameed, Bamidele D. Omoleyomi, Elijah A. Alhassan, Ezekiel O. Ariyo, and Taiwo Abadunmi. "Mechanical performance of abrasive sandpaper made with palm kernel shells and coconut shells." Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Materials 30, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 28–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jmbm-2021-0004.

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Abstract The use of agricultural wastes as additives for other valuable products has been the focus of many research efforts because of their availability, inherent properties, and environmental friendliness. Palm kernel shells (PKS) and coconut shells (CNS) are agricultural solid end products obtainable from the cracking of their fruit nuts. In this study, PKS and CNS were used to produce abrasive sandpaper following established procedures. The mechanical properties of the sandpaper produced were established. Material for application in abrasive operations must exhibit maximum hardness and compressive strength, minimal wear rate, water absorption, and density. Results showed a 20% and 25% increment in specimen hardness values for PKS and CNS respectively in samples with polyester resin content weight composition range of 7.8–22.2% based on sieve size of 250 μm. Similarly, 29.23% and 32.44% increment for PKS and CNS respectively was recorded for a sieve size of 420 μm. Samples with a high percentage of binder exhibit better wear characteristics for both PKS and CNS for the investigated parameters. As the percentage weight composition of PKS and CNS samples increases in the abrasive sandpaper composites, the water absorption properties decrease for both 250 μm and 420 μm sieve sizes. Samples compressive strength increases as the percentage weight composition of binder increases over a range of 7.8 to 22.2% for both 250 μm and 420 μm sieve sizes studied. Similarly, as the percentage weight composition of PSK and CNS increases, the sample exhibit high density for both sieve sizes. These characteristics affirmed the suitability of the abrasive composites made with PKS and CNS for frictional applications.

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Alabi, A. B., M. A. Salawu, R. A. Jimoh, and T. Akomolafe. "Appraisal of mechanical properties of different particle sizes of palm kernel shell, coconut shell and mixed palm kernel-coconut shells particles epoxy-filled composites." Sri Lankan Journal of Physics 21, no. 1 (February 7, 2020): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.4038/sljp.v21i1.8071.

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Agunsoye, Johnson Olumuyiwa, Joachin Eberechukwu Anyanwu, Sefiu Adekunle Bello, and Suleiman Bolaji Hassan. "Effect of Particle Sizes on some Mechanical Properties of Kernel Shell Reinforced Al-Mg-Mn Composites." Nano Hybrids and Composites 35 (April 5, 2022): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-t85e9s.

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Palm kernel shells (PKS) are wastes and are rich in carbon making them potential sources of reinforcement for composite developments. This work synthesised palm kernel shell nanoparticle and developed Al-Mg-Mn composites at different weight fractions of PKS particle additions. Structural and mechanical properties of the materials produced were studied. TEM result reveals an average size, 72.6 nm of PKS particle obtained after 74 hours of milling. Structural integrity of the nanocomposites was established by SEM. Tensile strength, hardness values and impact energy increase due to 10% by weight of PKS nanoparticle additions are 48.51%, 44.03% and 16.15%, respectively. The improvements in mechanical properties are attributed to firm structure containing Al and MnSi eutectic host harbouring well distributed intermetallic. Better properties of Al-Mg-Mn nanocomposites than micro composites are linked with the refinement of the PKS nanoparticles.

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Akpobi, John A., and M. J. Omoregie. "Design and Fabrication of a Palm Kernel Nut and Shell Separating Machine." Advanced Materials Research 824 (September 2013): 262–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.824.262.

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This paper presents a novel design and fabrication of a palm kernel nut and shell separating machine to improve the turnout rate as well as the overall efficiency of the machine. Standard design procedures were adapted from Design Engineering text and hand books, in the specifications and computation of dimensions of various components of the machine. Seven repetitions were carried out in the measurements of input and separated nuts and shells as basis for computing mean values and efficiencies. The components of the kernel nut and shell separating machine were designed and fabricated from locally available materials using manufacturing methods explained in the paper. Suitable tests were done and the over-all performance was found to be satisfactory. The machine has an input capacity of 29.42 kg by weight, a mean separation time of 50.75 seconds and an overall efficiency of 96.59 %. This is a very simple and effective machine.

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Nurdiansyah, Muhammad, and Cut Afrinandra. "PERLAKUAN AKUNTANSI UNTUK SISA BAHAN BAKU (STUDI KASUS PTPN I UNIT PKS TANJUNG SEUMANTOH ACEH TAMIANG)." Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Ekonomi Akuntansi 5, no. 4 (November 25, 2020): 578–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jimeka.v5i4.16825.

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The purpose of this research is to know how the accounting treatment for the scrap materials at PTPN 1 unit PKS Tanjung Seumantoh Aceh Tamiang. The scrap material from the palm oil production process at PTPN 1 unit PKS Tanjung Seumantoh Aceh Tamiang are in the form of palm shells and fiber. The type of this research is qualitative research with descriptive analysis method. The result of shows that the scrap material for palm kernel shells was recognized as other income and presented in the company’s income statement, while fiber was used as boiler fuel as well as a reduction in manufacturing overhead costs

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Akinfolarin, Femi, Buliaminu Kareem, and Oladunni Oyetola Alabi. "Development of iron ores sintering machine for blast furnace process." Analecta Technica Szegedinensia 15, no. 2 (December 15, 2021): 64–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.14232/analecta.2021.2.64-75.

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There must be proper means to sinter and, agglomerated iron ore concentrate before it can be further processed in the blast furnace. A Sintering machine of 5kg capacity of agglomerated ore was designed and fabricated using mild steel material, which was locally sourced. The machine was fabricated with a combustion chamber of 30 by 30 cm and with 15cm depth. It was also lined with refractory material to reduce the chamber to the volume of 3375 cm3. However, the sintering chamber was designed to have a truncated square pyramid shape to the volume of 2150 cm3 after lining with refractory material. The design was made to utilize coke and palm kernel shell char as fuel which will be ignited to produce heat into the sintered material by suction of the heat into the agglomerated sintered ore. Tests such as tumbler index, abrasion, and porosity test were carried out on the sintered products in agreement with ASTM E276 and E389 standards. The results from the test gave a tumbler index of 70.2% and 65.7% for coke and palm kernel shells respectively. Also, abrasion index of 5.1% and 4.6% for coke and palm kernel char, and porosity of 6.8% and 6.5% for coke and palm kernel char respectively. The results from the experimental test were in agreement with other research work. Therefore, the developed iron ore sintering machine has a better efficiency of producing sinter for blast furnace operation.

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Adewumi, I. K., and M. O. Ogedengbe . "Optimising Conditions for Activated Charcoal Production from Palm Kernel Shells." Journal of Applied Sciences 5, no. 6 (May 15, 2005): 1082–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/jas.2005.1082.1087.

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Febriansyah, Hermawan, Ahmad Agus Setiawan, Kutut Suryopratomo, and Agus Setiawan. "Gama Stove: Biomass Stove for Palm Kernel Shells in Indonesia." Energy Procedia 47 (2014): 123–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2014.01.205.

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Hartanto, Laili Budi, Maradu Sibarani, and Jones Victor Tuapetel. "Analisa Teknis Dan Biaya Penggunaan Bahan Bakar Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Dan Batu Bara Pada Boiler DZL4 Di PT. Lautan Luas Tbk." Jurnal Teknik Mesin ITI 4, no. 1 (February 27, 2020): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.31543/jtm.v4i1.301.

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Abstrak Boiler DZL4 dengan tipe solid fuel dioperasikan di PT. Lautan Luas Tbk untuk proses reaksi kimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa jumlah kebutuhan dan biaya untuk bahan bakar batu bara jenis bituminus dan cangkang sawit. Variabel bebas adalah kapasitas boiler 2,5 ton/jam, 3 ton/jam, 4 ton/jam. Variabel konstan adalah tekanan steam 1,25 MPa, temperatur steam 194ºC, temperature air umpan 75°C pada tekanan 0,15 MPa, efisiensi boiler 78,8%. Metode penelitian adalah dengan menghitung kebutuhan kalor boiler, kebutuhan bahan bakar, jumlah biaya untuk setiap jenis bahan bakar dilanjutkan dengan analisa. Hasil perhitungan kalor boiler kapasitas 2,5 ton/jam, 3 ton/jam, 4 ton/jam berturut-turut adalah 1.482.476 kkal/jam, 1.778.972 kkal/jam, 2.371.962 kkal/jam. Kebutuhan bahan bakar batu bara dan cangkang sawit per jam berturut-turut sebesar 304 kg, 364 kg, 483 kg dan 430 kg, 511 kg, 681 kg. Biaya untuk batu bara dan cangkang sawit per jam berturut-turut adalah Rp350.000, Rp419.000, Rp555.500, dan Rp365.500, Rp435.500, Rp579.000.Kata kunci: boiler, solid fuel, cangkang sawit, batu bara, biayaAbstract The Boiler DZL4 with solid fuel type are operated in PT. Lautan Luas Tbk for chemical reaction processes. The purpose of this research is to analize the amount of use and costs between palm kernel shell and bituminous type of coal. The independent variables are boiler capacity of 2,5 tons/hour, 3 tons/hour and 4 tons/hour. The constant variable is steam pressure 1,25 MPa, steam temperature 194ºC, feed water temperature 75°C at 0,15 MPa pressure and boiler efficiency 78,8%. The research method is to calculate the boiler heat requirements, amount of fuel needs, the costs for each type of fuel then continue the analysis. The results of heating boiler calculations for capacity of 2,5 tons/hour, 3 tons/hour and 4 tons/hour respectively are 1.482.476 kcal/hour, 1.778.972 kcal/hour, 2.371.962 kcal/hour. The fuel consumption of coal and palm kernel shells per hour respectively are 304 kg, 364kg, 483 kg, and 430 kg, 511 kg, 681 kg. The cost for coal and palm kernel shells per hour respectively are Rp350.000, Rp419.000, Rp555.500, and Rp365.500, Rp435.500, Rp579.000.Keywords: boiler, solid fuel, palm kernel shell, coal, cost

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Valency, Tiara Amelia, Azwar Manaf, and Mas Ayu Elita Hafizah. "Yield Enhancement of Activated Carbon Palm Kernel Shells Based through Carbonization Solidification Process." Materials Science Forum 1028 (April 2021): 313–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1028.313.

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Utilization of palm oil waste in palm kernel shells as activated carbon, the activated carbon manufacturing goes through several processes, including dehydration, carbonization, and activation. Palm shell particle size was controlled during the activated carbon synthesis process through the temperature of the milling time and carbonization processes. The carbonization process was carried out using an electric furnace at carbonization temperatures 400, 600, and 800 °C, respectively. A carbonization time was 1 hour under vacuum condition to produce initial values of particle and grain sizes that had a neat structure and had absorption capacity. The particle size of formed activated carbon was measured by PSA (particle size analyzer) type Coulter LS 100Q micron scale. The particle size of active carbon was dependent on the carbonization temperature at 400, 600, and 800 °C was obtained particle size 19,90, 9,507, and 6,264 μm, respectively. Several characterizations are required to determine the properties of activated carbon was obtained. FTIR Spectrophotometer was used to observe activated carbon’s molecule structure before and after dehydration and carbonization process. It was found that the specific fingerprint at 2913,91 cm-1 and 2923,56 cm-1 for the carbon chain of activated carbon. Other physical and chemical properties were conducted to investigate moisture content, thermal property, yield enhancement, and formed product appearance.

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Effendi, Zulham, Ika Ucha Pradifta Rangkuti, and Mhd Insan Muhtadawan. "Application of Boiler Fly Ash for Oil Palm Kernel Separation in Claybath." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 542. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v11i4.542-548.

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The burning of shells and fiber as boiler fuel in palm oil mills produces waste in the form of ash which is not utilized and managed optimally, resulting in environmental damage. Based on the chemical compounds contained in fly ash, its abundant availability, its cheap price and easy-to-obtain, fly ash can be used as a cheap raw material in claybaths as a substitute for clay and calcium carbonate. This study aims to determine the effective weight of boiler ash in reducing kernel and shell production losses at the kernel processing station. This study used variations in the weight of boiler fly ash, namely 3000 g, 3500 g, 4000 g, 4500 g, and 5000 g which were tested first in the laboratory. The application of boiler ash variations that were close to the norm was tested directly in the claybath. The best weight parameter for using fly ash is found in the weight variation of B5 (5000 g) with a loss of production in the sample of 3.98% or 0.159% of the oil palm fresh fruit bunches. At the time of application, boiler fly ash should be mixed with water at a ratio of 1:2 (fly ash to water) to result the best effect. Key words : Boilers, Clay bath, Fly Ash, Kernel, Shell

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Haryanti, Andi, Norsamsi Norsamsi, Putri Suci Fanny Sholiha, and Novy Pralisa Putri. "STUDI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PADAT KELAPA SAWIT." Konversi 3, no. 2 (October 1, 2014): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/k.v3i2.161.

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Abstrak- Setiap tahunnya produksi kelapa sawit makin meningkat, sehingga akan terjadi peningkatan juga pada limbah kelapa sawit. Limbah kelapa sawit adalah sisa-sisa hasil tanaman kelapa sawit yang tidak termasuk dalam produk utama atau merupakan hasil ikutan dari proses pengolahan kelapa sawit. Limbah padat kelapa sawit dapat berupa tandan kosong, cangkang dan sabut, dimana pada 1 ton kelapa sawit menghasilkan limbah berupa tandan kosong kelapa sawit sebanyak 23% atau 230 kg, limbah cangkang sebanyak 6,5% atau 65 kg, sabut 13% atau 130 kg. Umumnya limbah padat industri kelapa sawit mengandung bahan organik yang tinggi sehingga jika penanganan limbah secara tidak tepat akan mencemari lingkungan. Pada tandan kosong kelapa sawit (TKKS) dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai PLT biomassa, pupuk dan bioetanol. Untuk cangkang kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai karbon/arang aktif, pembuatan pupuk cair kalium sulfat, pengawet alami tahu, bahan bakar (biomassa), briket. Untuk sabut kelapa sawit dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan penguat sifat mekanik komposit, fiber glass, pengolah limbah cair, pembuatan pulp, media tanaman alternatif, alternatif pengganti solar dan batubara sebagai bahan bakar pembangkit listrik. Masih banyak yang bisa di lakukan untuk pemanfaatan limbah padat kelapa sawit dengan dilakukan penelitian. Kata Kunci: limbah padat kelapa sawit, TKKS, cangkang kelapa sawit, sabut kelapa sawit Abstract- Each year, palm oil production increased, so that there will be an increase also in palm oil waste. Waste of palm oil crops are not included in the main product or a by-product of the processing of palm oil. Solid waste can be either oil palm empty fruit bunches, shells and fiber (coir), which on 1 ton of palm oil generates waste in the form of empty fruit bunches of oil pam as much as 23% or 230 kg, the waste shell as much as 6.5% or 65 kg, coir (fiber) 13% or 130 kg. Generally palm oil industrial solid waste contain organic matter so that if the improper handling of waste will pollute the environment. In the oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) PLT can be used as biomass, manure and bioethanol. For palm kernel shells can be used as a carbon/charcoal, liquid potassium sulphate fertilizer production, and natural preservatives. To coir (fiber) palm oil can be used as a reinforcing material for the mechanical properties of the composite, fiber glass, liquid waste processing, manufacture of pulp, media alternative crops, alternative to diesel and coal as fuel for electricity generation. There is still much that can be done for solid waste utilization of palm oil by doing a research.Keywords: solid waste of palm oil, EFB, palm kernel shells, fiber of palm oil

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Armah, Esau Abekah, Hubert Azoda Koffi, and Josef K. Ametefe Amuzu. "Compressive and Flexural Strengths of Concrete Containing Ground Palm Kernel Shells as Partial Replacement of Cement." Journal of Modern Materials 7, no. 1 (May 3, 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/jmm.7.1.7-16.

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This study explore the possibility of using waste ground palm kernel (GPK) shells as partial replacement of cement in concrete using mechanical destructive method has been studied. The palm kernel shells were in two forms: the GPK ordinary shells and shells subjected to incomplete combustion (i.e. the GPK “fuel” shells. In the preparation of the concrete specimens the mix ratio was 1: 2: 4 (cement: sand: stone) by weight and The replacement percentage was 0%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% respectively. Concrete specimen were molded in both cubic and cylindrical form and its impact on the mechanical properties such as workability, compressive strength and flexural strength using destructive test method were studied. The cubic specimen were tested at 7, 28 and 60 days whiles the cylindrical specimen were tested at 7 and 28 days. Results of physical and chemical analyses suggest that GPK “fuel” shells have acceptable cementitious properties whiles GPK ordinary shells does not. Generally, the compressive and flexural strengths of concrete containing GPK shells decrease as the replacement percentage increases. However, the values of these properties increase as the period of curing increases. The optimum level of GPK shells replacement is 20% for the ordinary shells and 30% for the “fuel” shells considering compressive strength at 28 days for the cubic samples. For the flexural strength on the cylindrical specimen, up to 60% replacement of cement by GPK shells cured for 28 days has acceptable flexural strength. In spite of the findings that the GPK ordinary shells do not have cementitious properties, the mechanical properties on such concretes can be used in low strength constructions as pavements, walk ways and non structural domestic work at a lower cost than using cement.

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., O. O. Amu, J. B. Adeyeri ., A. O. Haastrup ., and A. A. Eboru . "Effects of Palm Kernel Shells in Lateritic Soil for Asphalt Stabilization." Research Journal of Environmental Sciences 2, no. 2 (February 1, 2008): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/rjes.2008.132.138.

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Ogedengbe, O., A. T. Oriaje, and A. Tella. "Carbonisation and Activation of Palm Kernel Shells for Household Water Filters." Water International 10, no. 3 (January 1985): 132–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508068508686330.

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Amagu, Clement A., Beatrice O. Enya, Jun-ichi Kodama, and Mostafa Sharifzadeh. "Impacts of Addition of Palm Kernel Shells Content on Mechanical Properties of Compacted Shale Used as an Alternative Landfill Liners." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (February 21, 2022): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/9772816.

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The design of landfill liners of waste disposal to reduce migration of leachate containment, low swelling, and shrinkage and ensure sufficient shear strength to resist bearing capacity and instability of the landfill has been a major challenging task to landfill engineers. Over the last decade, there has been an increase in research on the stability of substitute materials as liners that are environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and socially beneficial due to the growing cost of traditional landfill liners. In this regard, geotechnical tests were conducted on shale samples treated with 0–12% (increment of 2%) of palm kernel shell ash (PKSA) and pulverized palm kernel shell (PPKS) to evaluate their suitability as alternative landfill liners using West African Standard (WAS) and Modified AASHTO Standard (MAS) for compactive energy. The shale has more percentage of finer fractions, thus classified as poorly graded soil (A-7-5). The Atterberg limit tests show that liquid and plastic limits decrease with an increase in plasticity index as the percentage of addition of PKSA and PPKS content increases. The results also established that the maximum dry density (MDD), volumetric shrinkage strain (VSS), and hydraulic conductivity significantly decrease, while the optimum moisture content (OMC) increases as the content of PKSA and PPKS increases at both compactive efforts. The maximum strengths of 380.30 and 448.70 kPa were obtained at 4% of both stabilizers. From the results, it can therefore be concluded that the treated compacted shale meets the condition of the suitability of landfill liners. Furthermore, with the use of industrial and agricultural wastes such as palm kernel shells as replacement materials with natural soils used as liners, significant social, economic, and environmental impact of landfills and reduction in wastes can be achieved. The research results can provide a reference for similar conditions of landfill liners worldwide.

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Putro, Sartono, Muniandy Nagentrau, Nishata Royan Rajendra Royan, and Saifulnizan Jamian. "Review of Oil Palm Mesocarp Fiber (OPMF) Mechanical and Chemical Properties Improvement to Develop Environment Friendly Material." Materials Science Forum 1051 (January 25, 2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1051.102.

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Malaysia is one of the largest producers of palm oil which produces vast amounts of bio waste. Natural fiber from palm oil has interesting properties such as low cost, light weight and biodegradable that can replace synthetic fiber. Some of the oil palm bio waste residues are oil palm mesocarp fiber (OPMF), palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunches. Mesocarp fiber can be utilised as bio-composites material with proper treatment techniques to improve its mechanical and chemical properties for various potential application. This review is attempted to address critical discussion on a number of approaches in improving OPMF mechanical and chemical properties. Potential application of OPMF in various application are identified as research gap to develop environment friendly materials in future.

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Roslan, Muhamad Akhmal Hakim, Norhani Abdullah, and Shuhaimi Mustafa. "Removal of shells in palm kernel cake via static cling and electrostatic separation." Journal of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Biotechnology 3, no. 1 (October 30, 2015): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.54987/jobimb.v3i1.227.

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Palm kernel cake (PKC), a by-product of the palm oil industry is limited in its use as a feedÂ ingredient for poultry due to its high fibre and lignin content. The presence of these antinutritiveÂ components is the result of shells contaminating the by-product. The nutritive value ofÂ PKC has to be improved in order to increase its inclusion rate in poultry diet. In this study, PKCÂ was subjected to a separation method using static cling and electrostatic separation to removethe shells present in PKC. Response surface methodology based on Box-Behnken design wasÂ used to optimize the separation method with moisture content (8 to 18%), particle sizeÂ distribution (0.5 to 2.5 mm) and feed rate (20 to 200 g/min) as the independent variablesÂ evaluated. According to the regression coefficients and significance of the quadratic polynomialÂ model, the optimum separation parameters were as follows: 13% PKC moisture content; <1.5mm PKC particle size and 110 g/min feed rate. Under these conditions, the total lignin contentÂ of PKC was reduced to 8.1% PKC and crude fibre to 10.2%.

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42

Gani, Asri, and M. Faisal. "EVALUATION OF LIQUID SMOKE-ACTIVATED PALM KERNEL SHELLS BIOCHAR FOR CADMIUM ADSORPTION." Rasayan Journal of Chemistry 13, no. 03 (2020): 1451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31788/rjc.2020.1335872.

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43

Chen, Guan-Bang, Fang-Hsien Wu, Tzu-Lu Fang, Hsien-Tsung Lin, and Yei-Chin Chao. "A study of Co-gasification of sewage sludge and palm kernel shells." Energy 218 (March 2021): 119532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2020.119532.

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44

Osei Bonsu, Betty, Mohammed Takase, and Jones Mantey. "Preparation of charcoal briquette from palm kernel shells: case study in Ghana." Heliyon 6, no. 10 (October 2020): e05266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05266.

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45

Muis, Lince, Edwin Permana, and Hasrul Anwar. "Aplikasi Zeolite dari Cangkang Kelapa Sawit Pada Penyerapan Logam Kromium Heksavalen (Cr6+) Heksavalen Pada Industri Elektroplating." Jurnal Daur Lingkungan 2, no. 1 (April 8, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.33087/daurling.v2i1.16.

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Zeolite is a hydrated alumino-silicate compound having a main element which consists of alkali and alkaline-earth cations, especially Ca, K and Na, with a general formula (LmAlx Sig O2nH2O) where L is a metal. Zeolite can be synthesized from a sample containing silica and alumina. The compounds contain alkali hydroxide or organic bases. Palm kernel shells are one of the industrial wastes containing many minerals such as SiO2 58.02%; Al2O3 8.7%. The source of silica and alumina in oil palm shells is used as a base for making zeolites using the hydrothermal method in a reactor. Fine samples of palm shells were melted with NaOH at 500 °nn C for 1 hour and diluted to produce sodium silicate reactants. Making sodium aluminate reactant is done by dissolving NaOH in distilled water and then heating and adding Al(OH)3 to NaOH solution with stirring. Making zeolite is done by mixing sodium silicate and sodium aluminate reactants and the zeolite crystallization process is carried out using a hydrothermal reactor heated in the oven by varying the hydroternal temperature of 1200C, 150 ° C and 1800C for 8 hours. The synthesized zeolite was characterized using XRF, FTIR and SEM EDX.

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46

Newman Monday, Yakubu, Jaafar Abdullah, Nor Azah Yusof, Suraya Abdul Rashid, and Rafidah Hanim Shueb. "Facile Hydrothermal and Solvothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Dots from Palm Kernel Shell Precursor." Applied Sciences 11, no. 4 (February 11, 2021): 1630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11041630.

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Carbon dots (CDs), a nanomaterial synthesized from organic precursors rich in carbon content with excellent fluorescent property, are in high demand for many purposes, including sensing and biosensing applications. This research focused on preparing CDs from natural and abundant waste, palm kernel shells (PKS) obtained from palm oil biomass, aiming for sensing and biosensing applications. Ethylenediamine and L-phenylalanine doped CDs were produced via the hydrothermal and solvothermal methods using one-pot synthesis techniques in an autoclave batch reactor. The as-prepared N-CDs shows excellent photoluminescence (PL) property and a quantum yield (QY) of 13.7% for ethylenediamine (EDA) doped N-CDs (CDs-EDA) and 8.6% for L-phenylalanine (L-Ph) doped N-CDs (CDs-LPh) with an excitation/emission wavelength of 360 nm/450 nm. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images show the N-CDs have an average particle size of 2 nm for both CDs. UV-Visible spectrophotometric results showed C=C and C=O transition. FTIR results show and confirm the presence of functional groups, such as -OH, -C=O, -NH2 on the N-CDs, and the X-ray diffraction pattern showed that the N-CDs were crystalline, depicted with sharp peaks. This research work demonstrated that palm kernel shell biomass often thrown away as waste can produce CDs with excellent physicochemical properties.

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47

Emeghai, Joshua Chukwuemeka, and Ogheneale Umukoro Orie. "Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Agricultural Waste as a Partial Substitute for Granite as Coarse Aggregate." Pakistan Journal of Engineering and Technology 4, no. 2 (June 5, 2021): 5–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.51846/vol4iss2pp5-12.

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The paper investigated the effect of using Palm Kernel Shell (PKS) as a partial substitute for granite as coarse aggregate in concrete production, aimed at developing an alternative form of construction material without compromising structural integrity. Randomly sourced dried and undried palm kernel shells, were used to replace coarse aggregate by weight to a standard mix ratio of 1:2:4:0.54. The dried shells were obtained by heating in an improvised oven at 800C. The physical and geotechnical properties of the aggregates were determined. Results showed that the aggregate impact value of granite and PKS used were 0.228 and 0.104 respectively. The substitution of the coarse aggregate was varied from 0% to 20%. A slump test was used to determine the workability of the fresh concrete. A total of 108 concrete cubes measuring 100mm×100mm×100mm were investigated at 7days, 14days, 21days and 28days. The control mix gave compressive strengths of 25.67 N/mm2, 29.83 N/mm2, 31.33 N/mm2 and 35.67 N/mm2 at 7, 14, 21 and 28days respectively. The compressive strengths of undried PKS cement blended concrete and dried PKS substitute at 5% were 23.17 N/mm2, 27.00 N/mm2, 28.00 N/mm2, 26.00 N/mm2 and 17.50 N/mm2, 16.17 N/mm2, 18.16 N/mm2, 20.00 N/mm2 respectively for 7, 14, 21 and 28days curing periods. The highest compressive strength of 28.00 N/mm2 decreased by 21.50% from the control of 35.67 N/mm2. This compressive strength is adequate for light weight construction works as specified by BS EN 206:2013.

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48

Ntenga, Richard, Etienne Mfoumou, Alexis Béakou, Martin Tango, Jordan Kamga, and Ali Ahmed. "Insight on the Ultrastructure, Physicochemical, Thermal Characteristics and Applications of Palm Kernel Shells." Materials Sciences and Applications 09, no. 10 (2018): 790–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/msa.2018.910057.

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49

Thiagarajan, J., P. K. Srividhya, and P. Balasubramanian. "Thermochemical behaviors and co-gasification kinetics of palm kernel shells with bituminous coal." Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery 10, no. 3 (June 17, 2019): 697–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00450-0.

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50

Ni`mah, L., M. F. Setiawan, and S. P. Prabowo. "Utilization of Waste Palm Kernel Shells and Empty Palm Oil Bunches as Raw Material Production of Liquid Smoke." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 366 (November 21, 2019): 012032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/366/1/012032.

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