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1

Spillane, William F., and James C. Eisenach. "Pain and Suffering." Anesthesiology 91, no. 6 (December 1, 1999): 1971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000542-199912000-00066.

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2

Siler, Shaunna, Tami Borneman, and Betty Ferrell. "Pain and Suffering." Seminars in Oncology Nursing 35, no. 3 (June 2019): 310–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soncn.2019.04.013.

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3

Loeser, John D. "Pain and Suffering." Clinical Journal of Pain 16, Supplement (June 2000): S2—S6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002508-200006001-00002.

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4

Manfredi, P. L. "Pain and Suffering." Archives of Neurology 57, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archneur.57.3.421.

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5

Turk, Dennis C., and Hilary D. Wilson. "Pain, Suffering, Pain-related Suffering—Are These Constructs Inextricably Linked?" Clinical Journal of Pain 25, no. 5 (June 2009): 353–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ajp.0b013e31819c62e7.

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6

Lipman, Arthur G. "NARRATIVE, PAIN, AND SUFFERING." Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 25, no. 1 (March 15, 2011): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2010.546497.

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7

Noble, T. W. "Narrative, Pain and Suffering." British Journal of Anaesthesia 96, no. 2 (February 2006): 274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aei633.

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8

Larsson, Jan-Olov. "Narrative, pain and suffering." Acta Paediatrica 95, no. 5 (January 2, 2007): 638–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.tb02308.x.

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9

Wilson, Peter R. "Narrative, Pain, and Suffering." Pain Medicine 7, no. 3 (May 2006): 276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00161.x.

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10

Eisendrath, Stuart J. "Pain, avoidance, and suffering." Pain 153, no. 6 (June 2012): 1134–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.01.031.

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11

Townsend, Aubrey. "Pain, suffering, and distress." Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13, no. 1 (March 1990): 41–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x00077463.

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12

Long, Don M. "Pain and Suffering (review)." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 73, no. 4 (1999): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/bhm.1999.0177.

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13

Bendelow, Gillian A. "Pain, suffering and risk." Health, Risk & Society 8, no. 1 (March 2006): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698570500532298.

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14

Magid, C. S. "Pain, Suffering, and Meaning." JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association 283, no. 1 (January 5, 2000): 114—a—114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.1.114-a.

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15

Magid, Catherine S. "Pain, Suffering, and Meaning." JAMA 283, no. 1 (January 5, 2000): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.283.1.114-jms0105-2-1.

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16

Ubel, Peter A., and George Loewenstein. "Pain and Suffering Awards: They Shouldn’t Be (Just) about Pain and Suffering." Journal of Legal Studies 37, S2 (June 2008): S195—S216. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/529072.

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17

Wendler, Sheila. "Clinical Update: Pain and Suffering." Guides Newsletter 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2003): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/amaguidesnewsletters.2003.janfeb02.

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Анотація:
Abstract Attorneys use the term pain and suffering to indicate the subjective, intangible effects of an individual's injury, and plaintiffs may seek compensation for “pain and suffering” as part of a personal injury case although it is not usually an element of a workers’ compensation case. The AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), Fifth Edition, provides guidance for rating pain qualitatively or quantitatively in certain cases, but, because of the subjectivity and privateness of the patient's experience, the AMA Guides offers no quantitative approach to assessing “pain and suffering.” The AMA Guides also cautions that confounders of pain behaviors and perception of pain include beliefs, expectations, rewards, attention, and training. “Pain and suffering” is challenging for all parties to value, particularly in terms of financial damages, and using an individual's medical expenses as an indicator of “pain and suffering” simply encourages excessive diagnostic and treatment interventions. The affective component, ie, the uniqueness of this subjective experience, makes it difficult for others, including evaluators, to grasp its meaning. Experienced evaluators recognize that a myriad of factors play a role in the experience of suffering associated with pain, including its intensity and location, the individual's ability to conceptualize pain, the meaning ascribed to pain, the accompanying injury or illness, and the social understanding of suffering.
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18

Brown, Melissa M., Gary C. Brown, Heidi C. Brown, and Marvin Kraushar. "THE PAIN AND SUFFERING INDEX." Evidence-Based Ophthalmology 8, no. 2 (April 2007): 70–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ieb.0b013e31803d5aa2.

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19

Reis, Heloisa Helena Baldy dos, Felipe Tavares Paes Lopes, Mariana Zuaneti Martins, and Ramon Spaaij. "Pain and suffering in football." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 33, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/1807-5509201900020277.

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Анотація:
In this article we aimed to describe and analyze the extent and nature of deaths related to the football spectacle in Brazil. So, we used and crossed data from different sources – field journals, academic books, reports from the Ministry of Justice and websites of security associations and of major Brazilian magazines and newspapers. We conclude that the geographic distribution of these deaths are directly related to the“weight” of each Brazilian region. We also observed that most of these deaths are originated in clashes between fans and in conflicts with the police, caused by the adoption of reactive and repressive strategies by the police. Furthermore, we point out that many of the deaths occurred outside stadiums and involved the use of firearms, as a result of the easy access to these weapons and possibly by a change of attitude ofthe most violent groups about their use.
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20

Yentis, Steve. "Pain—the Science of Suffering." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 92, no. 9 (September 1999): 487–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689909200921.

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21

Fordyce, Wilbert E. "Pain and suffering: A reappraisal." American Psychologist 43, no. 4 (1988): 276–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.43.4.276.

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22

Brown, Melissa M., Gary C. Brown, Heidi Brown, Sanjay Sharma, Thomas Wagner, and Marvin Kraushar. "Pain and suffering disability index." Current Opinion in Ophthalmology 17, no. 3 (June 2006): 292–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.icu.0000193096.90679.30.

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23

McQuillen, Eleanor Nicolai, and James B. McQuillen. "Pain and Suffering... and Unconsciousness." American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 15, no. 2 (June 1994): 174–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00000433-199406000-00016.

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24

Elwood, R. W. "Pain and Suffering in Invertebrates?" ILAR Journal 52, no. 2 (January 1, 2011): 175–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ilar.52.2.175.

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25

Abrahm, Janet, Laurie Rosenblatt, Adrianne Vincent, and Eric Cassell. "Pain, Suffering, and Healing (P23)." Journal of Pain and Symptom Management 47, no. 2 (February 2014): 384–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.12.024.

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26

ZAREMSKI, MILES. "‘Pain and Suffering’ Damage Caps." Ob.Gyn. News 43, no. 3 (February 2008): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0029-7437(08)70057-0.

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27

Willens, Joyce S. "Katrina Brings Pain and Suffering." Pain Management Nursing 6, no. 4 (December 2005): 121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2005.09.002.

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28

Bandler, Richard. "Book Review: Pain and Suffering." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 27, no. 5 (October 1999): 541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x9902700520.

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29

Reis, Heloisa Helena Baldy dos, Felipe Tavares Paes Lopes, Mariana Zuaneti Martins, and Ramon Spaaij. "Pain and suffering in football." Revista Brasileira de Educação Física e Esporte 33, no. 2 (May 29, 2019): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.1981-4690.v33i2p277-292.

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Анотація:
In this article we aimed to describe and analyze the extent and nature of deaths related to the football spectacle in Brazil. So, we used and crossed data from different sources – field journals, academic books, reports from the Ministry of Justice and websites of security associations and of major Brazilian magazines and newspapers. We conclude that the geographic distribution of these deaths are directly related to the“weight” of each Brazilian region. We also observed that most of these deaths are originated in clashes between fans and in conflicts with the police, caused by the adoption of reactive and repressive strategies by the police. Furthermore, we point out that many of the deaths occurred outside stadiums and involved the use of firearms, as a result of the easy access to these weapons and possibly by a change of attitude ofthe most violent groups about their use.
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30

Walker, Jan. "Pain: The Science of Suffering." Journal of Nursing Management 12, no. 3 (April 8, 2004): 224–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2004.00466.x.

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31

Mann, David W. "Psychiatric pain and deliberate suffering." Psychoanalytic Dialogues 2, no. 4 (January 1992): 545–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10481889209538951.

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32

Procacci, P. "Pain and suffering in rat." Pain 30 (1987): S4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(87)91087-6.

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33

Shenker, Nicholas G. N., and David R. Blake. "Understanding pain: the enigma of pain and suffering." Clinical Medicine 2, no. 6 (November 1, 2002): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7861/clinmedicine.2-6-574.

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34

Brunner, M., M. Löffler, S. Kamping, S. Bustan, A. M. González-Roldán, F. Anton, and H. Flor. "Assessing Suffering in Experimental Pain Models." Zeitschrift für Psychologie 225, no. 1 (July 2017): 45–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/2151-2604/a000279.

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Abstract. Although suffering is a central issue in pain, there is only little research on this topic. The aim of this study was to assess suffering in an experimental context using various stimulation methods and durations, and to examine which psychological or psychophysiological measures covary with pain-related suffering. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated in two experiments in which we used tonic thermal and phasic electric stimuli with short and long stimulus durations. The participants rated pain intensity, unpleasantness, and pain-related suffering on separate visual analog scales (VAS) and completed the Pictorial Representation of Illness and Self Measure (PRISM), originally developed to assess suffering in chronic illness. We measured heart rate, skin conductance responses (SCRs), and the electromyogram (EMG) of the musculus corrugator supercilii. For both heat and electric pain, we obtained high ratings on the suffering scale confirming that suffering can be evoked in experimental pain conditions. Whereas pain intensity and unpleasantness were highly correlated, both scales were less highly related to suffering, indicating that suffering is distinct from pain intensity and unpleasantness. Higher suffering ratings were associated with more pronounced fear of pain and increased private self-consciousness. Pain-related suffering was also related to high resting heart rate, increased SCR, and decreased EMG during painful stimulation. These results offer an approach to the assessment of suffering in an experimental setting using thermal and electric pain stimulation and shed light on its psychological and psychophysiological correlates.
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35

DUWE, ELISE AG. "Suffering Like a Broken Toy." International Journal of Indigenous Health 14, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 150–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.32799/ijih.v14i2.31707.

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This paper will explore the difficult conversations and places of tension in the lived experience of chronic pain for urban American Indians from a larger study discerning relationships between chronic pain and colonization. A concurrent transformative mixed methods design with in-depth interviews and a survey was used for the larger study. This paper concerns only the qualitative data. Forty self-identified American Indian adults living in Indiana, Chicago, and Tulsa who reported pain for greater than three months provided their chronic pain illness experiences for this paper. The paper uses three data-derived themes to encompass the broad reaching social, psychological, and cultural suffering inherent in coping with chronic pain: invisibility, psychological peace, and warrior strength. American Indian chronic pain sufferers in this study struggle with the multiplicative invisibility of both their chronic pain and their native identity. The invisibility leads to passing as white in environments hostile to people of color. It also results in family disconnection, loneliness, and isolation. In order to survive socially-mediated assaults, American Indian chronic pain sufferers keep their psyche at peace through stress management, cultural engagement, and non-negativity. They also call upon warrior strength—their understanding that American Indians as peoples have always survived bolsters their individual strength to push through the pain. They seek to function without further debility and to maintain their economic, spiritual, social, and physical wellness. Ultimately the participants in this research tell a profound, critical, and world-changing story that requires attention in overcoming barriers to full thriving with chronic pain.
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36

Honkasalo, Marja‐Liisa. "Vicissitudes of pain and suffering: Chronic pain and liminality." Medical Anthropology 19, no. 4 (January 2001): 319–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01459740.2001.9966181.

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37

Strasser, Florian, Paul Walker, and Eduardo Bruera. "Palliative Pain Management: When Both Pain and Suffering Hurt." Journal of Palliative Care 21, no. 2 (June 2005): 69–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585970502100202.

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Patients with advanced cancer frequently experience intractable pain without sufficient response to a conventional pharmacological approach. One reason for refractory pain at the end of life can be the bidirectional nature of pain and suffering. Three terminally ill patients were assessed using a multidimensional palliative pain concept, including sensory, affective, cognitive, and existential components. In these patients, resistant pain did not equal insufficient eradication of the nociceptive input, but also suffering. Unrelieved emotions, depressive or anxious symptoms, delirium, difficulties communicating, or chemical coping influenced the expression of pain, illuminating the phenomenon of somatization. Palliative pain treatment integrated analgesic treatments, psychological, rehabilitative, and existential interventions, in consideration of individual expectations and outcomes. With the disciplined assessment and alternative multidisciplinary palliative approach, the quality of life of three terminally ill cancer patients with intractable pain could be enhanced, and unnecessary interventions and escalation of medications avoided.
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38

Styers, Jenny, and Lynn Clark. "5B1 Pediatric Pain: How Existential Suffering Influences Physical Pain." Pain Management Nursing 21, no. 2 (April 2020): 212–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pmn.2020.02.030.

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39

Büssing, Arndt, and Edmund A. M. Neugebauer. "Are We Treating Pain or Patients Suffering from Pain?" Pain Medicine 10, no. 8 (November 2009): 1503–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2009.00733.x.

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40

Lipman, Arthur G. "Narratives on Pain, Suffering, and Relief." Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 24, no. 4 (December 2010): 328–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2010.526176.

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41

Junkins, Scott. "CANCER PAIN: FROM MOLECULES TO SUFFERING." Journal of Pain & Palliative Care Pharmacotherapy 26, no. 1 (March 7, 2012): 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/15360288.2011.650357.

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42

Munglani, Rajesh, and Arun Bhaskar. "Pain and Suffering in Cancer Patients." Modern Believing 56, no. 2 (January 2015): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/mb.2015.14.

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43

Shelomi, Matan. "Pain, Suffering, and Euthanasia in Insects." International Journal of Applied Philosophy 35, no. 1 (2021): 31–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/ijap2021129156.

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Анотація:
While unnecessarily killing or injuring an insect is arguably wrong, euthanasia of an accidentally injured insect raises anew issues of whether insects can experience pain. The question takes renewed significance due to increasing insect farming for food and feed and concerns over farmed insect welfare. For euthanasia of a damaged insect to be justifiable, the damage must be sensed as a noxious stimulus (nociception) that the insect consciously experiences as pain. This pain must then lead to suffering or frustrated desire, with the possibility of the animal preferring death to continued existence. A failure at any of these points would deem euthanasia moot. The neurological, behavioral, and evolutionary evidence so far suggests the concept of euthanasia does not apply to insects.
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44

Black, Helen K. "Is Pain Suffering? A Case Study." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 64, no. 1 (January 2007): 33–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/rg48-8r8m-2231-8m73.

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45

Serpell, M. "Cancer Pain: From Molecules to Suffering." British Journal of Anaesthesia 106, no. 5 (May 2011): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bja/aer081.

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46

Eekhoff, Judy K. "Terrified by suffering, tormented by pain*." American Journal of Psychoanalysis 78, no. 4 (October 29, 2018): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s11231-018-9156-3.

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47

Johnson, Steve, and Brian H. Kleiner. "How to compute pain and suffering." Management Research News 25, no. 3 (March 2002): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01409170210783115.

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48

Chapman, C. Richard, and Jonathan Gavrin. "Suffering and its Relationship to Pain." Journal of Palliative Care 9, no. 2 (June 1993): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/082585979300900202.

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Анотація:
Pain is a complex, multidimensional perception with affective as well as sensory features. In part, it is a somatically focused negative emotion resembling perceived threat. Suffering refers to a perceived threat to the integrity of the self, helplessness in the face of that threat, and exhaustion of psychosocial and personal resources for coping. The concepts of pain and suffering therefore share negative emotion as a common ground. Examination of the central physiological mechanisms underlying pain, negative emotional arousal, and stress helps clarify the physiological basis of suffering and the causal influences of persistent pain and other stressors. Central mechanisms involve both limbic processing of aversive stimulation and disturbance of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical axis with consequent biological disequilibrium. The palliative care specialist can address suffering proactively as well as reactively by treating potentially chronic pain and symptoms aggressively and promoting the psychosocial well-being of the patient at every opportunity.
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49

McCullough, Kristen B., and Robert C. Wolf. "Cancer Pain: From Molecules to Suffering." Annals of Pharmacotherapy 45, no. 4 (April 2011): 550–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1345/aph.1p655.

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50

Chapman, C. Richard, and Jonathan Gavrin. "Suffering: the contributions of persistent pain." Lancet 353, no. 9171 (June 1999): 2233–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(99)01308-2.

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