Статті в журналах: "P3HT polymer"

1

Kubota, Mayara, Ricardo Fernandes, and Santana de. "Electrical, optical and structural characterization of interfaces containing poly(3-alkylthiophenes)(P3ATs) and polydiphenylamine on ITO/TiO2: Interaction between P3ATs polymeric segments and TiO2." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society, no. 00 (2024): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc231125024k.

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With the aim of studying the use of conjugated polymers poly(3- methylthiophene) (P3MT), poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and polydiphenylamine (PDPA) to make up the active layer of inverted organic solar cells forming the interface with TiO2, and also help shed light on the optical and electronic properties applied to develop this technology, the interfaces between films containing P3MT, P3HT and PDPA on ITO electrode were electrochemically prepared, after chemically depositing a film of TiO2. The systems under investigation were designated ITO/TiO2/P3MT, ITO/TiO2/PDPA/P3MT, ITO/TiO2/PDPA, ITO/TiO2/P3HT and ITO/TiO2/PDPA/P3HT and characterized by Raman techniques (Spectroscopy and Microscopy), Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Photoluminescence (PL). In this study, the aromatic, semiquinone and quinone segments in the polymer matrices of the poly(3-alkylthiophenes)(P3ATs) and PDPA at these interfaces were monitored and characterized by comparison with films of their homopolymers by means of Raman spectroscopy and EIS. Raman imaging demonstrates that the P3MT film can be incorporated into the titanium oxide crystalline lattice. The systems containing P3MT or P3HT were found to strongly interact with the TiO2, stabilizing the P3AT radical cation segments, and the presence of PDPA destabilized this interaction. These findings were complemented by low-temperature (15 K) PL spectra, revealing a reduction in the intensity and displacement of the band associated with radical cation emission, observed in the absence of TiO2 in the system under investigation.

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2

Sairam, Koneti, and A. Sivagami. "Comparison the Electrical Characteristics of PEDOT: PSS Tandem Solar Cell and P3HT Tandem Solar Cell by Varying Thickness." Alinteri Journal of Agriculture Sciences 36, no. 1 (June 29, 2021): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/alinteri/v36i1/ajas21095.

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Aim: This project aims to improve the electrical characteristics in the polymer tandem solar cell by changing polymers with thickness to increase the efficiency. Methods and Materials: The PEDOT: PSS and P3HT Polymer was chosen as a group having 20 samples in each respectively. The electrical characteristics are stimulated by varying the polymer with thickness. Changing the polymer material leads to improved efficiency in the tandem solar cell. Results: The Independent T test was done which reveals that the P3HT (P = 0.553) was found to be statistically significantly compared with PEDOT: PSS polymer material. Conclusion: The analysis we found P3HT appeared to have better efficiency than PEDOT: PSS polymer tandem solar cell from Green energy. While P3HT(p=0.583) having the better significance compared with PEDOT: PSS (p=0.883).

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3

Chen, Jean Hong, Jian Yi Li, Lung Chuan Chen, and Ching Iuan Su. "Morphology and Microstructure of Aggregates and Gelation Behaviour of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) in Xylene Solution." Applied Mechanics and Materials 479-480 (December 2013): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.479-480.115.

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In this work, we investigate the morphology and microstructure of the aggregates, and the gelation behaviour of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) conjugated polymer in xylene solution as functions of P3HT concentration and aging time by the means of ageing time test, wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-visible absorption (UV-vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectra. The result reveals that the gelation time of P3HT/xylene solution decreases markedly with increasing P3HT concentration. The photophysical properties of the P3HT aggregates in P3HT/xylene solution increase as P3HT concentration and ageing time are raised. It indicates that the well soluble P3HT polymer chains in xylene solution present microphase separation and self-assemble into stiff sheetlike structure, which associates by rodlike nanowhiskers of P3HT polymers during aging. Upon prolonged aging, the sheetlike structure of P3HT aggregates to from the three-dimension network that improves the electronic particle mobility in the organic solar cell.

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4

García-Escobar, C. H., M. E. Nicho, Hailin Hu, G. Alvarado-Tenorio, P. Altuzar-Coello, G. Cadenas-Pliego, and D. Hernández-Martínez. "Effect of Microwave Radiation on the Synthesis of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and the Subsequent Photovoltaic Performance of CdS/P3HT Solar Cells." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1926972.

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a semiconductor polymer that has been proved to be a good electron donor in organic or hybrid solar cells. In this work, a detailed study of P3HT synthesis in CH2Cl2solvent by oxidative method with and without MW assistance has been conducted. Effects of synthesis process parameters on the physical properties of P3HT products and their application in hybrid CdS/P3HT photovoltaic devices were studied. It is observed that the use of MW as well as the reaction time affected the reaction yield and properties of the polymer products. It was found that, by the traditional method (without MW), the maximum yield and the properties of the polymer products were similar after 2 h or 24 h of synthesis. The optimal reaction time with MW for P3HT polymerization in CH2Cl2solvent was 1 h, and the obtained P3HT product showed similar or better properties than those P3HT polymers synthesized by the traditional method in the same solvent. The effect of using MW during the synthesis was to increase yield and crystal size of P3HT. Larger energy conversion efficiency of ITO/CdS/P3HT/CP-Au devices was obtained when the P3HT product had higher molecular weight and head/tail-head/tail (HT-HT) triad contents.

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5

Orlova, M., S. Didenko, D. Saranin, O. Rabinovich, A. Panichkin, and I. Borzykh. "New Polymer Systems for Use in Organic Photovoltaics." International Journal of Nanoscience 17, no. 05 (October 2018): 1750022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219581x17500223.

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In this paper, new polymers for use in organic photovoltaics were investigated. PPBI, PNBI and copolymer MULT are considered as a potential alternative or an effective dopant for P3HT and PCBM. The choice of these materials allows us to find out new information on the prospects and properties of heterocyclic polymers — for thermal stability and resistance to the environment for organic solar cells. The levels of HOMO and LUMO of new heterocyclic polymers were measured, and the results were compared with those of P3HT: PCBM. The level of new polymer MULT photoluminescence was determined. The absorption blend for P3HT: PCBM peak absorption shift was detected by adding 5% (by mass) of the new polymer MULT, the value of 30–40[Formula: see text]nm to longer wavelengths. Data obtained by cyclic voltammetry showed deep HOMO levels of heterocyclic polymers in values of about [Formula: see text]6[Formula: see text]eV, which is promising in terms of acceptor properties.

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6

Nagamatsu, Shuichi, Masataka Ishida, Shougo Miyajima, and Shyam S. Pandey. "P3HT Nanofibrils Thin-Film Transistors by Adsorbing Deposition in Suspension." Materials 12, no. 21 (November 5, 2019): 3643. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12213643.

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A novel film preparation method utilizing polymer suspension, entitled adsorbing deposition in suspensions (ADS), has been proposed. The poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) toluene solution forms P3HT nanofibrils dispersed suspension by aging. P3HT nanofibrils are highly crystallized with sharp vibronic absorption spectra. By the ADS method, only P3HT nanofibrils in suspension can be deposited on the substrate surface without any disordered fraction from the dissolved P3HT in suspension. Formed ADS film contains only the nanostructured conjugated polymer. Fabricated polymer thin-film transistor (TFT) utilizing ADS P3HT film shows good TFT performances with low off current, narrow subthreshold swing and large on/off current ratio.

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7

Arrigoni, Alessia, Luigi Brambilla, Chiara Castiglioni, and Chiara Bertarelli. "Conducting Electrospun Nanofibres: Monitoring of Iodine Doping of P3HT through Infrared (IRAV) and Raman (RaAV) Polaron Spectroscopic Features." Nanomaterials 12, no. 23 (December 4, 2022): 4308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12234308.

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Aligned polymer nanofibres are prepared by means of the electrospinning of a chlorobenzene solution containing regioregular poly(3-hexyltiophene-2,5-diyl), P3HT, and poly(ethylene oxide), PEO. The PEO scaffold is easily dissolved with acetonitrile, leaving pure P3HT fibres, which do not show structural modification. Polymer fibres, either with or without the PEO supporting polymer, are effectively doped by exposure to iodine vapours. Doping is monitored following the changes in the doping-induced vibrational bands (IRAVs) observed in the infrared spectra and by means of Raman spectroscopy. Molecular orientation inside the fibres has been assessed by means of IR experiments in polarised light, clearly demonstrating that electrospinning induces the orientation of the polymer chains along the fibre axis as well as of the defects introduced by doping. This work illustrates a case study that contributes to the fundamental knowledge of the vibrational properties of the doping-induced defects—charged polarons—of P3HT. Moreover, it provides experimental protocols for a thorough spectroscopic characterisation of the P3HT nanofibres, and of doped conjugated polymers in general, opening the way for the control of the material structure when the doped polymer is confined in a one-dimensional architecture.

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8

Kyokunzire, Proscovia, Ganghoon Jeong, Seo Young Shin, Hyeong Jun Cheon, Eunsol Wi, Minhong Woo, Trang Thi Vu, and Mincheol Chang. "Enhanced Nitric Oxide Sensing Performance of Conjugated Polymer Films through Incorporation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 1158. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021158.

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Organic field-effect transistor (OFET) gas sensors based on conjugated polymer films have recently attracted considerable attention for use in environmental monitoring applications. However, the existing devices are limited by their poor sensing performance for gas analytes. This drawback is attributed to the low charge transport in and the limited charge–analyte interaction of the conjugated polymers. Herein, we demonstrate that the incorporation of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) into the conjugated polymer matrix can improve the sensing performance of OFET gas sensors. Moreover, the effect of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) on the gas sensing properties of OFET sensors based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), a conjugated polymer, was systematically investigated by changing the concentration of the g-C₃N₄ in the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite films. The obtained films were applied in OFET to detect NO gas at room temperature. In terms of the results, first, the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite films containing 10 wt.% g-C₃N₄ exhibited a maximum charge carrier mobility of ~1.1 × 10−1 cm2 V−1 S−1, which was approximately five times higher than that of pristine P3HT films. The fabricated P3HT/g-C₃N₄ composite film based OFET sensors presented significantly enhanced NO gas sensing characteristics compared to those of the bare P3HT sensor. In particular, the sensors based on the P3HT/g-C₃N₄ (90/10) composite films exhibited the best sensing performance relative to that of the bare P3HT sensor when exposed to 10 ppm NO gas: responsivity = 40.6 vs. 18.1%, response time = 129 vs. 142 s, and recovery time = 148 vs. 162 s. These results demonstrate the enormous promise of g-C₃N₄ as a gas sensing material that can be hybridized with conjugated polymers to efficiently detect gas analytes.

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9

Švrček, Vladimir. "Excitation energy transfer in conjugated polymer/silicon nanocrystal-based bulk heterojunctions." Pure and Applied Chemistry 82, no. 11 (August 6, 2010): 2121–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac-con-09-12-01.

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An excitation energy transfer in a bulk heterojunction based on freestanding silicon nanocrystals (Si-NCs) and conjugated polymers {poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV)} is demonstrated. The electrochemical etching process is employed for fabrication of freestanding and polymer soluble Si-NCs. Formation of a bulk heterojunction is confirmed by a difference in a work function of both polymers and an ionization potential of the NCs. An annealing step significantly influences the polymer chain conformation and electronic interaction between the polymer and the NC, which improves the exciton energy migration. The presence of the Si-NCs in polymers suppresses the relative intensity of vibronic peaks, resulting in a red-shift of the blend photoluminescence (PL) spectra. This phenomenon is attributed to a temperature-dependent migration process of singlet exciton and Dexter excitation energy transfer from the polymer to the NC. Compared to MEH-PPV polymer, a lamella-type stacking structure of the P3HT and an abridged PL spectra overlap with NCs decreases an excitation energy transfer rate. At the same time, an improvement in photocurrent generation is recorded when Si-NCs are embedded in P3HT polymer. After Dexter-like excitonic energy transfer, the PL emission of both blends is controlled through a quantum confinement effect and electron-hole recombination in Si-NCs.

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10

Wakahara, Takatsugu, Kun’ichi Miyazawa, Osamu Ito, and Nobutaka Tanigaki. "Preparation of Composite Films of a Conjugated Polymer and C60NWs and Their Photovoltaic Application." Journal of Nanomaterials 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/2895850.

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Composite films of conjugated polymers, such as poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), with C60nanowhiskers (C60NWs) were prepared. The photoluminescence originating from the conjugated MDMO-PPV polymers was effectively quenched in the composite film, indicating a strong interaction between the conjugated polymer and C60NWs. The photovoltaic devices were fabricated using C60NW (conjugated polymer) composite films, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of ~0.01% for P3HT with short length thin C60NWs, which is higher than that previously reported for thick C60nanorods. The present study gives new guidance on the selection of the type of C60NWs and the appropriate polymer for new photovoltaic devices.

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11

Chen, Jung-Yao, Chien-You Su, Chau-Hsien Hsu, Yi-Hua Zhang, Qin-Cheng Zhang, Chia-Ling Chang, Chi-Chung Hua, and Wen-Chang Chen. "Solvent Effects on Morphology and Electrical Properties of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Electrospun Nanofibers." Polymers 11, no. 9 (September 14, 2019): 1501. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11091501.

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Herein, poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) nanofiber-based organic field-effect transistors were successfully prepared by coaxial electrospinning technique with P3HT as the core polymer and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as the shell polymer, followed by extraction of PMMA. Three different solvents for the core polymer, including chloroform, chlorobenzene and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, were employed to manipulate the morphologies and electrical properties of P3HT electrospun nanofibers. Through the analyses from dynamic light scattering of P3HT solutions, polarized photoluminescence and X-ray diffraction pattern of P3HT electrospun nanofibers, it is revealed that the P3HT electrospun nanofiber prepared from the chloroform system displays a low crystallinity but highly oriented crystalline grains due to the dominant population of isolated-chain species in solution that greatly facilitates P3HT chain stretching during electrospinning. The resulting high charge-carrier mobility of 3.57 × 10−1 cm2·V−1·s−1 and decent mechanical deformation up to a strain of 80% make the P3HT electrospun nanofiber a promising means for fabricating stretchable optoelectronic devices.

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12

Konstantinova, Elizaveta A., Alexander S. Vorontsov, and Pavel A. Forsh. "Investigation of Photoelectron Properties of Polymer Films with Silicon Nanoparticles." Surfaces 2, no. 2 (May 13, 2019): 387–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/surfaces2020028.

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Hybrid samples consisting of polymer poly-3(hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and silicon nanoparticles were prepared. It was found that the obtained samples were polymer matrixes with conglomerates of silicon nanoparticles of different sizes (10–104 nm). It was found that, under illumination, the process of nonequilibrium charge carrier separation between the silicon nanoparticles and P3HT with subsequent localization of the hole in the polymer can be successfully detected using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. It was established that the main type of paramagnetic centers in P3HT/silicon nanoparticles are positive polarons in P3HT. For comparison, samples consisting only of polymer and silicon nanoparticles were also investigated by the EPR technique. The polarons in the P3HT and Pb centers in the silicon nanoparticles were observed. The possibility of the conversion of solar energy into electric energy is shown using structures consisting of P3HT polymer and silicon nanoparticles prepared by different methods, including the electrochemical etching of a silicon single crystal in hydrofluoric acid solution and the laser ablation of single-crystal silicon in organic solvents. The results can be useful for solar cell development.

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13

Mulderig, Andrew J., Yan Jin, Fei Yu, Jong Keum, Kunlun Hong, James F. Browning, Gregory Beaucage, Gregory S. Smith, and Vikram K. Kuppa. "Determination of active layer morphology in all-polymer photovoltaic cells." Journal of Applied Crystallography 50, no. 5 (August 18, 2017): 1289–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s1600576717010457.

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This study investigates the structure of films spin-coated from blends of the semiconducting polymers poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and poly{2,6-[4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]dithiophene]-alt-4,7(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)} (PCPDTBT). Such blends are of potential use in all-polymer solar cells in which both the acceptor and the donor material generate excitons to contribute to the photocurrent. Prompted by threefold performance gains seen in polymer/fullerene and polymer blend solar cells upon addition of pristine graphene, devices are prepared from P3HT/PCPDTBT blends both with and without graphene. This report focuses on the morphology of the active layer since this is of critical importance in determining performance. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) is utilized to study this polymer blend with deuterated P3HT to provide contrast and permit the investigation of buried structure in neat and graphene-doped films. SANS reveals the presence of P3HT crystallites dispersed in an amorphous blend matrix of P3HT and PCPDTBT. The crystallites are approximately disc shaped and do not show any evidence of higher-order structure or aggregation. While the structure of the films does not change with the addition of graphene, there is a perceptible effect on the electronic properties and energy conversion efficiency in solar cells made from such films. Determination of the active layer morphology yields crucial insight into structure–property relationships in organic photovoltaic devices.

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14

Borazan, Ismail, Yasin Altin, Ali Demir, and Ayse Celik Bedeloglu. "Characterization of organic solar cells using semiconducting polymers with different bandgaps." Journal of Polymer Engineering 39, no. 7 (July 26, 2019): 636–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2019-0052.

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Abstract Polymer-based organic solar cells are of great interest as they can be produced with low-cost techniques and also have many interesting features such as flexibility, graded transparency, easy integration, and lightness. However, conventional wide bandgap polymers used for the light-absorbing layer significantly affect the power conversion efficiency of organic solar cells because they collect sunlight in a given spectrum range and due to their limited stability. Therefore, in this study, polymers with different bandgaps were used, which could allow for the production of more stable and efficient organic solar cells: P3HT as the wide bandgap polymer, and PTB7 and PCDTBT as low bandgap polymers. These polymers with different bandgaps were combined with PCBM to obtain increased efficiency and optimum photoactive layer in the organic solar cell. The obtained devices were characterized by measuring optical, photoelectrical, and morphological properties. Solar cells using the PTB7 and PCDTBT polymers had more rough surfaces than the reference cell using P3HT. The use of low-bandgap polymers improved Isc significantly, and when combined with P3HT, a higher Voc was obtained.

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15

Serrano-Garcia, William, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Sylvia W. Thomas. "Electrospinning Technique for Fabrication of Coaxial Nanofibers of Semiconductive Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235073.

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In this work, the electrospinning technique is used to fabricate a polymer-polymer coaxial structure nanofiber from the p-type regioregular polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and the n-type conjugated ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) of orthogonal solvents. Generally, the fabrication of polymeric coaxial nanostructures tends to be troublesome. Using the electrospinning technique, P3HT was successfully used as the core, and the BBL as the shell, thus conceptually forming a p-n junction that is cylindrical in form with diameters in a range from 280 nm to 2.8 µm. The UV–VIS of P3HT/PS blend solution showed no evidence of separation or precipitation, while the combined solutions of P3HT/PS and BBL were heterogeneous. TEM images show a well-formed coaxial structure that is normally not expected due to rapid reaction and solidification when mixed in vials in response to orthogonal solubility. For this reason, extruding it by using electrostatic forces promoted a quick elongation of the polymers while forming a concise interface. Single nanofiber electrical characterization demonstrated the conductivity of the coaxial surface of ~1.4 × 10−4 S/m. Furthermore, electrospinning has proven to be a viable method for the fabrication of pure semiconducting coaxial nanofibers that can lead to the desired fabrication of fiber-based electronic devices.

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16

Kim, Na Kyung, Jin Woo Bae, Hyeon-Ki Jang, Jong-Chan Lee, Kigook Song, Byung-Soo Kim, In Jun Park, Jong-Wook Ha, Soo-Bok Lee, and Eun-Ho Sohn. "Enhanced biocompatibility in poly(3-hexylthiophene)-based organic thin-film transistors upon blending with poly(2-(2-acetoxyacetyl)ethyl methacrylate)." RSC Advances 6, no. 20 (2016): 16540–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra21465c.

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Polymer blends with both biocompatibility and OTFT characteristics are developed by mixing a biocompatible polymer, PHEMAAA and a conducting polymer, P3HT at different weight ratios (i.e. P3HT/PHEMAAA = 75/25, 50/50, 25/75).

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17

Darmawan, Muh Iman, Cari Cari, Agus Supriyanto, Hadian Mandala Putra, and Fathurrahman Fathurrahman. "POLY ORGANIC POLYMER (3-HEXYLTHIOPHENE) P3HT as LIGHT SENSITIVITY in PROTOTYPE DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELLS (DSSC)." Indonesian Physical Review 4, no. 2 (June 6, 2021): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/ipr.v4i2.84.

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This research aims to review the characteristic of the nature of electricity polymer material poly(3-hexylthiophene) P3HT against increasing efficiency solar cells based on dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC). The testing sample has done electricity P3HT el-kahfi 100/ I-V meter. The optical properties use spectrophotometer UV visible 1601 PC and characterizing IV DSSC use Keithley 2600 a type. The absorbance of P3HT polymer 1% has an absorption peak in the wavelength range of 300-650 nm. Thus the P3HT polymer material can absorb light in the visible wavelength range. The electrical properties of P3HT 1% indicate that the material has a response to light. In bright conditions, P3HT 1% shows a conductivity of 3.7x10-3Ω-1m-1 and in dark conditions 2.2x10-3Ω-1m-1. Meanwhile, Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) Platina as the opposing electrode can improve the performance of DSSC, which is because Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) functions as a catalyst to accelerate the redox reaction with electrolytes. The use of P3HT 1% can improve DSSC performance. DSSC using 1% P3HT and using Pt (Hexacloroplatinic IV) as the opposing electrode produced an efficiency value of 1.8x10-2%.

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18

Clark, Sean M., Jonathan A. Campbell, and David A. Lewis. "Synthesis and Characterisation of High Fullerene Content Polymers and Their Use in Organic Photovoltaic Devices." Australian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 11 (2015): 1767. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch15284.

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Narrow dispersity polymers with a high tethered fullerene content were synthesised by first polymerising poly(chloromethyl styrene) using reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerisation and subsequently functionalising them with pristine fullerene. The polymers comprised 52 % by weight fullerene, corresponding to approximately one fullerene per monomer in the polymer with a different morphology to poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT) : phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) systems. Bulk heterojunctions formed from the polymer tethered fullerene (PTF) with P3HT yielded functioning organic photovoltaic devices with power conversion efficiencies ranging from 0.0030 to 0.22 % as the PTF was increased from 1 : 0.8 to 1 : 1.3. Process optimisation resulted in a maximum efficiency of 0.4 %.

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Nemani, Srinivasa Kartik, and Hossein Sojoudi. "Barrier Performance of CVD Graphene Films Using a Facile P3HT Thin Film Optical Transmission Test." Journal of Nanomaterials 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/9681432.

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The barrier performance of CVD graphene films was determined using a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin film optical transmission test. P3HT is a semiconducting polymer that photo-oxidatively degrades upon exposure to oxygen and light. The polymer is stable under ambient conditions and indoor lighting, enabling P3HT films to be deposited and encapsulated in air. P3HT’s stability under ambient conditions makes it desirable for an initial evaluation of barrier materials as a complimentary screening method in combination with conventional barrier tests. The P3HT test was used to demonstrate improved barrier performance for polymer substrates after addition of CVD graphene films. A layer-by-layer transfer method was utilized to enhance the barrier performance of monolayer graphene. Another set of absorption measurements were conducted to demonstrate the barrier performance of graphene and the degradation mechanism of graphene/P3HT over multiple wavelengths from 400 to 800 nm. The absorption spectra for graphene/polymer composite were simulated by solving Fresnel equations. The simulation results were found to be in good agreement with the measured absorption spectra. The P3HT degradation results qualitatively indicate the potential of graphene films as a possible candidate for medium performance barriers.

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20

Lee, Sooyong, Hwajeong Kim, and Youngkyoo Kim. "Hole Injection Role of p-Type Conjugated Polymer Nanolayers in Phosphorescent Organic Light-Emitting Devices." Electronics 10, no. 18 (September 17, 2021): 2283. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics10182283.

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Here, we report the hole injection role of p-type conjugated polymer layer in phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs). Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) nanolayers (thickness = ~1 nm thick), which were subjected to thermal annealing at 140 °C by varying annealing time, were inserted between indium tin oxide (ITO) anodes and hole transport layers (N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine, NPB). The 1 nm-thick P3HT layers showed very weak absorption in the visible light range of 500~650 nm. The device results disclosed that the presence of P3HT layers were just able to improve the charge injection of OLEDs leading to an enhanced luminance irrespective of thermal annealing condition. The highest luminance and efficiency were achieved for the OLEDs with the P3HT layers annealed at 140 °C for 10 min. Further annealing for 30 min resulted in turn-down of device performances. The emission color was almost unchanged by the presence of P3HT layers even though the color coordinates were marginally fluctuated according to the annealing time. The present result delivers the possibility to use p-type conjugated polymers (i.e., P3HT) as a hole injection layer in OLEDs.

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Gáspár, Szilveszter, Tiziana Ravasenga, Raluca-Elena Munteanu, Sorin David, Fabio Benfenati, and Elisabetta Colombo. "Electrochemically Synthesized Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanowires as Photosensitive Neuronal Interfaces." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 4761. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164761.

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Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is a hole-conducting polymer that has been intensively used to develop organic optoelectronic devices (e.g., organic solar cells). Recently, P3HT films and nanoparticles have also been used to restore the photosensitivity of retinal neurons. The template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of polymer nanowires advantageously combines polymerization and polymer nanostructuring into one, relatively simple, procedure. However, obtaining P3HT nanowires through this procedure was rarely investigated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the template-assisted electrochemical synthesis of P3HT nanowires doped with tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHFP) and their biocompatibility with primary neurons. We show that template-assisted electrochemical synthesis can relatively easily turn 3-hexylthiophene (3HT) into longer (e.g., 17 ± 3 µm) or shorter (e.g., 1.5 ± 0.4 µm) P3HT nanowires with an average diameter of 196 ± 55 nm (determined by the used template). The nanowires produce measurable photocurrents following illumination. Finally, we show that primary cortical neurons can be grown onto P3HT nanowires drop-casted on a glass substrate without relevant changes in their viability and electrophysiological properties, indicating that P3HT nanowires obtained by template-assisted electrochemical synthesis represent a promising neuronal interface for photostimulation.

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SCHNEIDER-POLLACK, SAMANTHA, MONA DOSHI, JEFF GELDMEIER, and ANDRE J. GESQUIERE. "P3HT CHAIN MORPHOLOGY IN COMPOSITE P3HT/PCBM NANOPARTICLES STUDIED BY SINGLE PARTICLE FLUORESCENCE EXCITATION POLARIZATION SPECTROSCOPY." Biophysical Reviews and Letters 08, no. 03n04 (December 2013): 243–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793048013500082.

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The use of conjugated polymers such as poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in the active layers of plastic electronic devices could provide a more practical and accessible form of energy production and storage. The efficiency of these devices is intimately connected to the morphology of the polymer chains in the active layer materials, as polymer folding affects mesoscale material morphology. The latter in turn influences electronic structure and thus performance of the active layer. It is, however, highly challenging to determine molecular structure and folding properties in a bulk material. Here, it is shown that through the use of nanoparticles as a model system for the bulk material insight in molecular morphology can be gained through single particle fluorescence excitation spectroscopy. The study of P3HT chain morphologies was accomplished through the investigation of neat (0 wt% PCBM) P3HT nanoparticles and 25, 50 and 75 wt% PCBM blended P3HT nanoparticles. A striking discontinuous trend in P3HT chain morphology as a function of PCBM blending ratio was observed, where P3HT morphologies at 25 wt% and 75 wt% blending ratios appear to be more disordered than those observed for the 50 wt% blending ratio. These data suggest that at least from the morphological perspective, the 1:1 blending ratio appears to yield the better P3HT chain alignment. [Formula: see text]Special Issue Comment: This paper about solving single molecule conformations is related to the papers in this Special Issue on mathematical models for treatment of single molecule trajectories,1 nonblinking inorganic nanocrystals,2 and hybrid quantom dot–fullerence composite nanoparticles.3

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Jarosz, Tomasz, Kinga Kepska, Przemyslaw Ledwon, Marcin Procek, Wojciech Domagala, and Agnieszka Stolarczyk. "Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Grafting and Molecular Dilution: Study of a Class of Conjugated Graft Copolymers." Polymers 11, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11020205.

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Анотація:

A type of graft copolymer based on polysiloxane and regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) has been synthesised and its properties have been studied alongside those of its parent conjugated polymer—regioregular P3HT. Electrochemical analysis has revealed more significant changes in conformation of the copolymer film than was observed for P3HT. UV-Vis-NIR spectroelectrochemical investigation provided evidence of improved doping reversibility of the copolymer, despite its marginally increased band gap, as also confirmed by electroconductometric analysis. Evidence has been shown, indicating that polaron mobilities in both P3HT and the copolymer are higher than those of bipolaronic charge carriers, even though both systems exhibit standard doping/dedoping patterns. The grafted copolymer was tested in bulk heterojunction solar cells. Preliminary studies show a great potential of these polymers for application in photovoltaics. Power conversion efficiency of up to 2.46% was achieved despite the dilution of the P3HT chains in the copolymer.

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Rosmani, C. H., A. Z. Zainurul, M. Rusop, and S. Abdullah. "The Optical and Electrical Properties of Polymer Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) P3HT by Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.419.

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Анотація:

The polymer of poly (3-hexylthiophene) was active layer in application such as solar cells. In this paper, P3HT has been chosed to know the effect of temperature onto P3HT. The optical properties of P3HT were measured by using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and UV-Vis measurement. The polymer of P3HT has been spin coated on the glass by using spin-coating method for thin films produced. The temperature was measured start at 60°C to 180 o C. From PL result the peak was exist at range 500-600 nm and started moved to left side when temperature increase. The UV-Vis result showed at range 400-500 nm towards to blue shifted. After heat treatment, the optical absorption spectra for the thin film of P3HT on the glass showed a distinct red-shifted with developing vibronic features of P3HT and the quenched photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was considerably restored .Keywords: P3HT; temperature; Uv-Vis; photoluminescence; PL; I-V

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Musumeci, A. W., G. G. Silva, J. W. Liu, L. Rintoul, E. R. Waclawik, and G. A. George. "MWNT Polymer Nanocomposites Based on P3HT." Advanced Materials Research 29-30 (November 2007): 291–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.29-30.291.

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Анотація:

Thin and short multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were used to prepare nanocomposites based on poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT). The MWNTs were characterized by TEG, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy following deposition of films from stable dispersions of MWNT in chloroform. Non-covalent interaction between MWNT and P3HT dissolved in chloroform allowed the preparation of solution-cast composite films. Composite thermal events such as glass transition, melting temperature and heat of fusion were investigated by DSC and compared with pure polymer. Conductivity of composite bulk films was measured as a function of temperature by 2-point probe DC-resistance measurements. Loadings of MWNTs above 0.1 weight percent (wt%) in the conjugated polymer significantly increased the conductivity of P3HT composites. Interplay between charge transport through the semiconductor polymer and carbon nanotube network allowed the increase of conductivity after percolation to values close to 10-2 S cm-1, an improvement of four orders of magnitude over that of films cast from pure P3HT.

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Kim, Youn, Yeon Ju Kwon, Seungwan Ryu, Cheol Jin Lee, and Jea Uk Lee. "Preparation of Nanocomposite-Based High Performance Organic Field Effect Transistor via Solution Floating Method and Mechanical Property Evaluation." Polymers 12, no. 5 (May 2, 2020): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12051046.

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We demonstrate that using nanocomposite thin films consisting of semiconducting polymer, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT), and electrochemically exfoliated graphene (EEG) for the active channel layer of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) improves both device performances and mechanical properties. The nanocomposite film was developed by directly blending P3HT solution with a dispersion of EEG at various weight proportions and simply transferring to an Si/SiO2 substrate by the solution floating method. The OFET based on P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film showed approximately twice higher field-effect mobility of 0.0391 cm2·V−1·s−1 and one order of magnitude greater on/off ratio of ~104 compared with the OFET based on pristine P3HT. We also measured the mechanical properties of P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film via film-on-elastomer methods, which confirms that the P3HT/EEG nanocomposite film exhibited approximately 2.4 times higher modulus (3.29 GPa) than that of the P3HT film (1.38 GPa), while maintaining the good bending flexibility and durability over 10.0% of bending strain and bending cycles (1000 cycles). It was proved that the polymer hybridization technique, which involves adding EEG to a conjugated polymer, is a powerful route for enhancing both device performances and mechanical properties while maintaining the flexible characteristics of OFET devices.

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Hernández-Martínez, Diego, Ulises León-Silva, and Maria Elena Nicho. "Corrosion protection of steel by poly(3-hexylthiophene) polymer blends." Anti-Corrosion Methods and Materials 62, no. 4 (June 1, 2015): 229–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/acmm-12-2013-1331.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of thermal treatment on the corrosion protection of steel by using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and P3HT/PS(polystyrene) or P3HT/PMMA(polymethyl methacrylate) blends coatings in sulfuric acid solution. Design/methodology/approach – The polymer coatings were thermally treated at two different temperatures (100 and 200°C, respectively) and were compared with the polymer coatings dried at room temperature in their application as protective coatings against corrosion of A36 steel. The corrosion resistance of polymer coatings-covered steel substrates was evaluated by using potentiodynamic polarization curves and linear polarization resistance. Findings – At 25 and 100°C, polymer coatings showed a better protection of the A36 steel, and the corrosion rate diminished in three orders of magnitude with regard to the bare steel. Morphological study showed that the increased temperature benefited the integration of the two polymeric phases; however; the temperature of 200°C affected the film quality, generated cracks and holes, which affected the barrier properties of the coatings. Research limitations/implications – The research involved the synthesis and physicochemical characterization of the polymeric coatings (P3HT, PS/P3HT y PMMA/P3HT), as well as their application as coatings in the steel to prevent corrosion. The effect of thermal treatment of the protective coatings on steel corrosion was studied. Practical implications – This paper aims to contribute to reducing the problem of metal corrosion through the use of polymer coatings. Social implications – Today, majority of metal surfaces are subject under the protection to prevent a very common phenomenon, that is corrosion. Corrosion is the result of chemical reactions that occur between a metal or a metal alloy and its environment. Corrosion creates a degradation of the material that has an impact on some economic, environmental and even social aspects, here the great importance of its protection. Originality/value – It is shown in this study that the P3HT coating provides better corrosion protection of the A36 steel than the PS and PMMA coatings. However, mixtures of P3HT with PMMA and PS protected the steel from corrosion by two and three orders of magnitude similar to the simple P3HT coating. Polymer blends improved adhesion to the substrate and mechanical property of the coating, and in addition, the polymer blends made cheaper coating.

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Nassir, Lamis Faaz, and Mohammed Hadi Shinen. "Study of Electrical Properties of PMMA/P3HT Films." NeuroQuantology 20, no. 3 (March 26, 2022): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.3.nq22039.

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The influence of P3HT particles on the electrical characteristics of the polymer PMMA is investigated in this paper. The spin coating process was used to prepare samples of (PMMA-P3HT) thin films, the weight of P3HT are (0.02, 0.04 and 0.06) wt. %. The D.C. electrical conductivity of the (PMMA-P3HT) thin film is revealed by the experimental results increases with rising temperature, whereas the activation energy of the (PMMA-P3HT) thin film decreases with increasing concentrations of the(P3HT)thin films.

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Park, Byoungnam. "Polymer-Chain Aggregation-induced Electrical Gating at the H- and J-aggregate P3HT." Korean Journal of Metals and Materials 62, no. 6 (June 5, 2024): 455–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3365/kjmm.2024.62.6.455.

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This research explores how aggregation influences the electrical behavior at both the planar - heterojunction poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)/SiO2 and P3HT/ZnO nanocrystal (NC) interfaces. The formation of H- and J-type aggregates leads to distinct molecular ordering and packing structures, manifesting as changes in threshold voltage shifts (electrical gating) as well as absorption and luminescence properties. Ultrasound irradiation (sonication) significantly alters the molecular arrangement in P3HT, favoring the formation of H-aggregates over the typically formed J-aggregates. In pristine P3HT, J-aggregates facilitate efficient exciton movement and electrical generation, resulting in higher photocurrents compared to sonicated-P3HT, which predominantly forms H-aggregates. Field-effect transistors (FETs) based on sonicated P3HT exhibit a more positive threshold voltage and increased mobility, indicating the presence of more mobile charge carriers, even in the absence of an applied voltage. In interfaces with ZnO NC, pristine P3HT demonstrates a considerable shift in threshold voltage under illumination, attributed to electron trapping. Conversely, sonicated P3HT interfaced with ZnO NC shows less electron trapping and minimal change in threshold voltage. This study underscores how the type of aggregate (H or J) in P3HT significantly dictates light-induced electrical gating. Ultrasound irradiation (sonication), while enhancing mobility by improving crystallinity, leads to a decrease in photocurrent efficiency in H-aggregates compared to the J-aggregates present in pristine-P3HT.

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Agee, Alec, Thomas Mark Gill, Gordon Pace, Rachel Segalman, and Ariel Furst. "Electrochemical Characterization of Biomolecular Electron Transfer at Conductive Polymer Interfaces." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 170, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 016509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/acb239.

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Bio-electrochemical systems (BESs) are promising for renewable energy generation but remain hindered by inefficient electron transfer at electrode surfaces. As the toolbox of bio-anode materials increases, rigorous electrochemical characterization of emerging materials is needed. Here, we holistically characterize the electrochemical interaction of flavin mononucleotide (FMN), an electron shuttle in biological systems and a cofactor for oxidoreductase enzymes, with the bio-inspired mixed conducting polymer poly{3-[6′-(N-methylimidazolium)hexyl]thiophene} (P3HT-Im+). The behavior of this polymer is compared to the equivalent polymer without the histidine-like imidazolium. We find improved conductivity and charge storage in imidazolium-containing polymers beyond what is explained by differences in the electroactive area. The P3HT-Im+ further shows internal charge storage but with negligible faradaic contribution, indicating that charge storage capacity may translate to improved biocatalysis non-intuitive ways. Finally, one-electron transfer is observed between FMN and glassy carbon, while a bio-similar two-electron transfer is observed for the P3HT-Im+. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a concerted two-electron transfer between FMN and an electrode interface, which we attribute to the bio-inspired, histidine-like imidazolium functional groups in the polymer. These studies demonstrate the importance of bio-relevant materials characterization when such materials are deployed in BESs.

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Jeong, Ganghoon, Seo Young Shin, Proscovia Kyokunzire, Hyeong Jun Cheon, Eunsol Wi, Minhong Woo, and Mincheol Chang. "High-Performance Nitric Oxide Gas Sensors Based on an Ultrathin Nanoporous Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Film." Biosensors 13, no. 1 (January 13, 2023): 132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios13010132.

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Conjugated polymer (CP)-based organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have been considered a potential sensor platform for detecting gas molecules because they can amplify sensing signals by controlling the gate voltage. However, these sensors exhibit significantly poorer oxidizing gas sensing performance than their inorganic counterparts. This paper presents a high-performance nitric oxide (NO) OFET sensor consisting of a poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) film with an ultrathin nanoporous structure. The ultrathin nonporous structure of the P3HT film was created via deposition through the shear-coating-assisted phase separation of polymer blends and selective solvent etching. The ultrathin nonporous structure of the P3HT film enhanced NO gas diffusion, adsorption, and desorption, resulting in the ultrathin nanoporous P3HT-film-based OFET gas sensor exhibiting significantly better sensing performance than pristine P3HT-film-based OFET sensors. Additionally, upon exposure to 10 ppm NO at room temperature, the nanoporous P3HT-film-based OFET gas sensor exhibited significantly better sensing performance (i.e., responsivity ≈ 42%, sensitivity ≈ 4.7% ppm−1, limit of detection ≈ 0.5 ppm, and response/recovery times ≈ 6.6/8.0 min) than the pristine P3HT-film-based OFET sensors.

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Smith, Matthew K., Thomas L. Bougher, Kyriaki Kalaitzidou, and Baratunde A. Cola. "Melt-processed P3HT and PE Polymer Nanofiber Thermal Conductivity." MRS Advances 2, no. 58-59 (2017): 3619–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2017.499.

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ABSTRACT Thermal management is a growing challenge for electronics packaging because of increased heat fluxes and device miniaturization. Thermal interface materials (TIMs) are used in electronic devices to transfer heat between two adjacent surfaces. TIMs need to exhibit high thermal conductivity and must be soft to minimize thermal contact resistance. Polymers, despite their relative softness, suffer from low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W/m-K). To overcome this challenge, we infiltrate nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates with molten polymer to fabricate large area arrays of vertically aligned polymer nanofibers. Nanoscale confinement effects and flow induced chain elongation improve polymer chain alignment (measured using polarized Raman spectroscopy) and thermal conductivity (measured using the photoacoustic method) along the fiber’s long axis. Conjugated poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and non- conjugated polyethylene (PE) of various molecular weights are explored to establish a relationship between polymer structure, nanofiber diameter, and the resulting thermal conductivity. In general, thermal conductivity improves with decreasing fiber diameter and increasing polymer molecular weight. Thermal conductivity of approximately 7 W/m-K was achieved for both the ∼200 nm diameter HDPE fibers and the 100 nm diameter P3HT fibers. These results pave the way for optimization of the processing conditions to produce high thermal conductivity fiber arrays using different polymers, which could potentially be used in thermal interface applications.

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Kan, Zhipeng, Letizia Colella, Eleonora V. Canesi, Alexei Vorobiev, Vasyl Skrypnychuk, Giancarlo Terraneo, David R. Barbero, Chiara Bertarelli, Roderick C. I. MacKenzie, and Panagiotis E. Keivanidis. "Charge transport control via polymer polymorph modulation in ternary organic photovoltaic composites." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 4 (2016): 1195–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ta08120c.

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Abbas, Hayder Abdulmeer, Wissem Cheikrohou Koubaa, and Estabraq Talib Abdullah. "Synthesis, Characterization and Functionalization of P3HT-CNT Nanocomposite Thin Films with Doped Ag2O." East European Journal of Physics, no. 1 (March 5, 2024): 342–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.26565/2312-4334-2024-1-32.

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This research focuses on the synthesis of carbon nanotube (CNT) and Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) (pristine polymer) with Ag doped (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite thin films to be utilised in various practical applications. First, four samples of CNT solution and different ratios of the polymer (P3HT) [0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 wt.%] are prepared to form thin layer of P3HT@CNT nanocomposites by dip-coating method of Ag. To investigate the absorption and conductivity properties for use in various practical applications, structure, morphology, optical, and photoluminescence properties of CNT/P3HT @Ag nanocomposite are systematically evaluated in this study. In this regard, the UV/Vis/NIR spectrophotometer in the wavelength range of 350 to 700 nm is used to investigate the absorption, transmission spectrum, extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index of the samples prepared at room temperature. The XRD results indicate a slight increase in the crystallite size of the synthesized (CNT/ P3HT@Ag) nanocomposite compared to CNT/P3HT nanocomposite, which can be attributed to the better dispersion of the P3HT and its favorable wrapping around the carbon nanotube structures. FESEM results show that the Ag nanoparticles are acting as a bridge between the CNT and P3HT, creating a strong bond between the two materials that is strong enough to form thicker tubular structures. An appreciable increase in absorbance intensity (approximately 552 nm) is obtained by adding silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT matrix at 0.5% of P3HT. Additionally, the prepared CNT/P3HT@Ag thin films show greater transmittance – more than 42%, 45%, 49%, and 48% for P3HT concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7%, respectively. The preparation of the samples' extinction coefficient (k) and refractive index data show that the inclusion of silver nanoparticles to the CNT/P3HT nanocomposite matrix has a significant improvement over the previous samples (CNT/P3HT composite).

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Huang, Ping-Tsung, Yi-Hao Chen, Bo-Yu Lin, and Wei-Ping Chuang. "Homogenized Poly(3-hexylthiophene)/Methanofullerene Film by Addition of End-Functionalized Compatibilizer and Its Application to Polymer Solar Cells." International Journal of Photoenergy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/762532.

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A uniformed poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blended film prepared by using spin-coating process is achieved by addition of 10% hydroxyl group end-functionalized P3HT (HOC-P3HT-COH) as a compatibilizer. Ratio of P3HT/PCBM on a spin-coated film has been improved from 1 : 1.22 on the edge and 1 : 0.85 in the center of substrate (substrate size, 2 cm × 3 cm) to 1 : 1.03 on the edge and 1 : 0.94 in the center for P3HT/HOC-P3HT-COH/PCBM film (1 : 0.1 : 1). Homogeneous and reproducible polymer solar cell with an average of 3.71% power conversion efficiency under AM1.5G irradiation is fabricated with 10% HOC-P3HT-COH in P3HT/PCBM layer.

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Fatin Hana Naning, Syed Abdul Malik, and Hafizul Fahri Hanafi. "Isotherm Behaviour of P3OT, P3HT and PCBM Langmuir Layer on Ionic Subphase." Journal of Advanced Research in Applied Sciences and Engineering Technology 29, no. 3 (February 8, 2023): 168–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.37934/araset.29.3.168174.

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Isotherms are generally curves that depict the phenomena that govern a substance’s mobility at a constant temperature and pH. In this study, the Langmuir layer of P3OT, P3HT and PCBM were characterised by computing their surface pressure as a function of the surface area available to the molecules at the interface to obtain a curve called surface pressure – area (Π-A) isotherm. All three polymers were spread on two types of subphases - DI water and water containing bivalent metal ions, Pb2+. None of the Langmuir layers exhibits discrete gas-liquid-solid phase transitions on the water subphase. However, more stable Langmuir layers formed when lead ions were added to the water subphase. The stability enables the capping of lead ions between the polymer chain or within the balls, which can be implemented in flexible electronic devices.

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D S, Suresh, M. Vandana, S. Veeresh, H. Ganesh, Y. S. Nagaraju, H. Vijeth, M. Basappa, and H. Devendrappa. "Low Cost Synthesis and Characterization of Donor P3HT Polymer for Fabrication of Organic Solar Cell." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 1221, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/1221/1/012060.

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Abstract Over the years, the conjugated polymers acts as electron donor material in the active layer of Organic solar cells (OSCs). By altering means of doping, prepare a composite with suitable materials from Poly (p-phenylene vinylene) PPV polymer toPM6 polymer which gives Power conversion efficiency (PCE) can vary from ~ 2% to ~15%. But these are expensive, complicated synthetic procedure and less availability. To overcome this,the conjugated polymer Poly (3-Hexyl Thiophene)(P3HT) synthesized through oxidative coupling of 3-HT monomer and Ferric chloride (FeCl3) as an oxidant which is low cost, available and very easy method of synthesis. We investigated synthesized P3HT material that shows the Fourier Transform Infrared(FTIR) peaks shows that intramolecular interactions from thiophene ring, alkyl chain and polymer chain, FESEM Images reveals morphology consists of condensed layers in micrometer dimensions and Cyclic voltammetry studies gives oxidation and reduction potentials to promote the higher ionization potential of the compound to use as donor material in OSCs.

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Jarosz, Tomasz, Karolina Gebka, Kinga Kepska, Mieczyslaw Lapkowski, Przemyslaw Ledwon, Pawel Nitschke, and Agnieszka Stolarczyk. "Investigation of the Effects of Non-Conjugated Co-Grafts on the Spectroelectrochemical and Photovoltaic Properties of Novel Conjugated Graft Copolymers Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene)." Polymers 10, no. 10 (September 25, 2018): 1064. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10101064.

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Анотація:

A new type of polysiloxane copolymers, with conjugated–regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and non-conjugated-poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-grafts have been synthesised, and their properties have been studied alongside those of the parent conjugated polymer (P3HT). Spectroelectrochemical and conductometric analyses revealed an early rise of the conductance of the polymers. Once spectral changes begin taking place, the conductance is stable, implying a loss of mobility of charge carriers, even though standard doping/dedoping patterns are observed. Prototype bulk heterojunction solar cells have been fabricated, based on P3HT/[6,6]-Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM), as well as by substituting P3HT for each of the copolymers. The prototype solar cells achieved PCEs of up to 2.11%. This is one of the highest reported power conversion efficiency (PCE) for devices based on P3HT with low average molecular weight Mn = 12 kDa. Strong correlation between the structure of the copolymer and its photovoltaic performance was found. Elongation of PEG copolymer chain and the use of methyl group instead of terminal hydroxyl groups significantly improved photovoltaic performance.

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Mkawi, E. M., Y. Al-Hadeethi, R. S. Bazuhair, A. S. Yousef, E. Shalaan, B. Arkook, A. M. Abdeldaiem, Rahma Almalki, and E. Bekyarova. "Optimization of Sb2S3 Nanocrystal Concentrations in P3HT: PCBM Layers to Improve the Performance of Polymer Solar Cells." Polymers 13, no. 13 (June 29, 2021): 2152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13132152.

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Анотація:

In this study, polymer solar cells were synthesized by adding Sb2S3 nanocrystals (NCs) to thin blended films with polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene)(P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl-ester (PCBM) as the p-type material prepared via the spin-coating method. The purpose of this study is to investigate the dependence of polymer solar cells’ performance on the concentration of Sb2S3 nanocrystals. The effect of the Sb2S3 nanocrystal concentrations (0.01, 0.02, 0.03, and 0.04 mg/mL) in the polymer’s active layer was determined using different characterization techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) displayed doped ratio dependences of P3HT crystallite orientations of P3HT crystallites inside a block polymer film. Introducing Sb2S3 NCs increased the light harvesting and regulated the energy levels, improving the electronic parameters. Considerable photoluminescence quenching was observed due to additional excited electron pathways through the Sb2S3 NCs. A UV–visible absorption spectra measurement showed the relationship between the optoelectronic properties and improved surface morphology, and this enhancement was detected by a red shift in the absorption spectrum. The absorber layer’s doping concentration played a definitive role in improving the device’s performance. Using a 0.04 mg/mL doping concentration, a solar cell device with a glass /ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT-PCBM: Sb2S3:NC/MoO3/Ag structure achieved a maximum power conversion efficiency of 2.72%. These Sb2S3 NCs obtained by solvothermal fabrication blended with a P3HT: PCBM polymer, would pave the way for a more effective design of organic photovoltaic devices.

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40

Park, Min Soo, Alem Araya Meresa, Chan-Min Kwon, and Felix Sunjoo Kim. "Selective Wet-Etching of Polymer/Fullerene Blend Films for Surface- and Nanoscale Morphology-Controlled Organic Transistors and Sensitivity-Enhanced Gas Sensors." Polymers 11, no. 10 (October 15, 2019): 1682. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11101682.

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Surface and nanoscale morphology of thin poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) films are effectively controlled by blending the polymer with a soluble derivative of fullerene, and then selectively dissolving out the fullerene from the blend films. A combination of the polymer blending with fullerene and a use of diiodooctane (DIO) as a processing additive enhances the molecular ordering of P3HT through nanoscale phase separation, compared to the pristine P3HT. In organic thin-film transistors, such morphological changes in the blend induce a positive effect on the field-effect mobility, as the mobility is ~5–7 times higher than in the pristine P3HT. Simple dipping of the blend films in butyl acetate (BA) causes a selective dissolution of the small molecular component, resulting in a rough surface with nanoscale features of P3HT films. Chemical sensors utilizing these morphological features show an enhanced sensitivity in detection of gas-phase ammonia, water, and ethanol.

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41

Wang, Wen, Lu Ying Liang, Wei Wang, He Min Zheng, Zong Xiong Xu, Yong Kun Lei, Hong Yu Lin, and Qi Dan Ling. "The Preparation of Higher Ordered Poly(3-hexylthiophene) by Oxidative Method." Advanced Materials Research 1004-1005 (August 2014): 272–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1004-1005.272.

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Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) was synthesized by a modified simple FeCl3 oxidative polymerization. The use of mixed solvents provides a low-cost and effective method to prepare the higher ordered P3HT. The SEM result shows that the assembling of P3HT tends to produce nanowires with 1, 4-dioxane as the poor solvent. The XRD result shows that the formation of P3HT nanowires can enhance the order and regularity of the polymer. The conformation transformations of P3HT chains were analyzed by ultraviolet visible light absorption spectrum. The results show that the higher ordered P3HT was obtained. The higher ordered P3HT can improve the utilization rate of the sunlight when applied in solar cells.

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42

Guo, Shaowen, Yaguang Lu, Binghua Wang, Changyu Shen, Jingbo Chen, Günter Reiter, and Bin Zhang. "Controlling the pore size in conjugated polymer films via crystallization-driven phase separation." Soft Matter 15, no. 14 (2019): 2981–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9sm00370c.

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43

AMALIA, Fia, Ari Dwi NUGRAHENI, and Sholihun SHOLIHUN. "First-principles study on structural and electronic properties of P3HT-graphene." Journal of Metals, Materials and Minerals 34, no. 1 (March 20, 2024): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.55713/jmmm.v34i1.1833.

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Based on density functional theory, calculations have been carried out to study the structural and electronic properties of the polymer Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) interacting with monolayer graphene as an active layer. (P3HT)1-graphene and (P3HT)2-graphene are optimized on graphene using the generalized-gradient-approximation type of the exchange-correlation functional. Adsorption energy, band gap, and charge transfer are calculated. The calculated adsorption energy shows that all systems have negative adsorption energy, indicating that the reaction is exothermic. Compared to (P3HT)1-graphene, (P3HT)2-graphene has a lower band gap. As for the charge transfer calculation, a negative ΔN indicates that electron transfers from P3HT to graphene.

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44

Borzdun, Natalia, Artyom Glova, Sergey Larin, and Sergey Lyulin. "Influence of Asphaltene Modification on Structure of P3HT/Asphaltene Blends: Molecular Dynamics Simulations." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 2867. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162867.

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Further development and commercialization of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells require the search for novel low-cost materials. The present study addresses the relations between the asphaltenes’ chemical structure and the morphology of the poly(3-hexylthiohene) (P3HT)/asphaltene blends as potential materials for the design of BHJ solar cells. By means of all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, the formation of heterophase morphology is observed for the P3HT-based blends with carboxyl-containing asphaltenes, as well as the aggregation of the asphaltenes into highly ordered stacks. Although the π–π interactions between the polyaromatic cores of the asphaltenes in solutions are sufficient for the molecules to aggregate into ordered stacks, in a blend with a conjugated polymer, additional stabilizing factors are required, such as hydrogen bonding between carboxyl groups. It is found that the asphaltenes’ aliphatic side groups may improve significantly the miscibility between the polymer and the asphaltenes, thereby preventing the formation of heterophase morphology. The results also demonstrate that the carboxyl-containing asphaltenes/P3HT ratio should be at least 1:1, as a decrease in concentration of the asphaltenes leads to the folding of the polymer chains, lower ordering in the polymer phase and the destruction of the interpenetrating 3D structure formed by P3HT and the asphaltene phases. Overall, the results of the present study for the first time reveal the aggregation behavior of the asphaltenes of varying chemical structures in P3HT, as well the influence of their presence and concentration on the polymer phase structure and blend morphology, paving the way for future development of BHJ solar cells based on the conjugated polymer/asphaltene blends.

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45

Uvarov, Mikhail N., Elena S. Kobeleva, Konstantin M. Degtyarenko, Vladimir A. Zinovyev, Alexander A. Popov, Evgeny A. Mostovich, and Leonid V. Kulik. "Fast Recombination of Charge-Transfer State in Organic Photovoltaic Composite of P3HT and Semiconducting Carbon Nanotubes Is the Reason for Its Poor Photovoltaic Performance." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 4 (February 17, 2023): 4098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24044098.

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Although the photovoltaic performance of the composite of poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT) with semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes (s-SWCNT) is promising, the short-circuit current density jSC is much lower than that for typical polymer/fullerene composites. Out-of-phase electron spin echo (ESE) technique with laser excitation of the P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was used to clarify the origin of the poor photogeneration of free charges. The appearance of out-of-phase ESE signal is a solid proof that the charge-transfer state of P3HT+/s-SWCNT− is formed upon photoexcitation and the electron spins of P3HT+ and s-SWCNT− are correlated. No out-of-phase ESE signal was detected in the same experiment with pristine P3HT film. The out-of-phase ESE envelope modulation trace for P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was close to that for the polymer/fullerene photovoltaic composite PCDTBT/PC70BM, which implies a similar distance of initial charge separation in the range 2–4 nm. However, out-of-phase ESE signal decay with delay after laser flash increase for P3HT/s-SWCNT composite was much faster, with a characteristic time of 10 µs at 30 K. This points to the higher geminate recombination rate for the P3HT/s-SWCNT composite, which may be one of the reasons for the relatively poor photovoltaic performance of this system.

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46

Beatrup, Daniel, Jessica Wade, Laure Biniek, Hugo Bronstein, Michael Hurhangee, Ji-Seon Kim, Iain McCulloch, and James R. Durrant. "Polaron stability in semiconducting polymer neat films." Chem. Commun. 50, no. 92 (2014): 14425–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cc06193d.

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We describe a spectroelectrochemical approach to accelerated electrochemical stability studies of conjugated polymers under oxidative stress. The polaron stabilities of alternating copolymers based on (i) thiophene and thiazole, namely PTTz, and (ii) bithiophene and thiazole, namely PTTTz, are compared in neat films with that of P3HT. P3HT is found to be the most stable whilst PTTz is found to be the least stable.

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47

Sittishoktram, M., Udom Asawapirom, and Tanakorn Osotchan. "Optical and Electrical Properties of Modified Polythiophene with Tetrafluorobenzene Thin Film." Advanced Materials Research 93-94 (January 2010): 574–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.93-94.574.

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Modified poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) with molecule of 1,4-dithienyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzene in the main chain was developed as a new class of conjugated polymer with high stability. The structural and optical characteristics of modified polymer were investigated by x-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical absorption spectroscopy. By comparing to characteristic of P3HT, the XRD pattern of modified polymer showed the diffraction peak shifted from theta of 5.4o to 5.9o with decrease intensity. This indicates that the modified polymer chain has a reducing in structural coplanarity and crystallinity. Since the electrical property can be related to the morphology and structure of thin film, the electrical conduction of modified polymer was studied with the structure of ITO/modified P3HT/Al. The result of I-V characteristic measurement of modified polymer as a function of temperatures showed that the conductance decreased with decreasing temperature. The mobility of copolymer was also evaluated by using time of flight measurement and mobility value of 5x10-4 cm2/Vs was obtained at room temperature.

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48

Bao, Hailian, Xiaodi Chen, Rui Yuan, Chao Zhang, and Shiai Xu. "A dual polymer composite of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hybrid surface heterojunction with g-C₃N₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution." RSC Advances 11, no. 52 (2021): 32671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05527e.

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A surface heterojunction catalyst of g-C3N4-PEDOT/P3HT with P3HT and PEDOT as the polymer sensitizer and hole transport pathway is successfully prepared. The as prepared photocatalyst with much improved photocatalytic activity for H2 production.

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49

Bao, Hailian, Xiaodi Chen, Rui Yuan, Chao Zhang, and Shiai Xu. "A dual polymer composite of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hybrid surface heterojunction with g-C₃N₄ for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen evolution." RSC Advances 11, no. 52 (2021): 32671–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05527e.

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Анотація:

A surface heterojunction catalyst of g-C3N4-PEDOT/P3HT with P3HT and PEDOT as the polymer sensitizer and hole transport pathway is successfully prepared. The as prepared photocatalyst with much improved photocatalytic activity for H2 production.

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50

Zhang, Yifeng, Fang Mao, Hongjian Yan, Kewei Liu, Hongmei Cao, Jiagang Wu, and Dingquan Xiao. "A polymer–metal–polymer–metal heterostructure for enhanced photocatalytic hydrogen production." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 3, no. 1 (2015): 109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4ta04636f.

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