Статті в журналах: "Oxygen Gas Sensors"

1

Sembodo, Shafanda Nabil, Nazrul Effendy, Kenny Dwiantoro, and Nidlom Muddin. "Radial basis network estimator of oxygen content in the flue gas of debutanizer reboiler." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 12, no. 3 (June 1, 2022): 3044. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v12i3.pp3044-3050.

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The energy efficiency in the debutanizer reboiler combustion can be monitored from the oxygen content of the flue gas of the reboiler. The measurement of the oxygen content can be conducted in situ using an oxygen sensor. However, soot that may appear around the sensor due to the combustion process in the debutanizer reboiler can obstruct the sensor’s function. In-situ redundancy sensors’ unavailability is a significant problem when the sensor is damaged, so measures must be made directly by workers using portable devices. On the other hand, worker safety is a primary concern when working in high-risk work areas. In this paper, we propose a software-based measurement or soft sensor to overcome the problems. The radial basis function network model makes soft sensors adapt to data updates because of their advantage as a universal approximator. The estimation of oxygen content with a soft sensor has been successfully carried out. The soft sensor generates an estimated mean square error of 0.216% with a standard deviation of 0.0242%. Stochastics gradient descent algorithm with momentum acceleration and dimension reduction using principal component analysis successfully improves the soft sensors’ performance.

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2

Zhang, Mao Lin, Tao Ning, and Yu Hong Yang. "Gas Response Properties of Noble Metal Modified TiO₂ Gas Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 706-708 (June 2013): 126–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.706-708.126.

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The response characteristics of noble metal (platinum and palladium) modified TiO2 gas sensors were investigated, respectively. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) were used to characterize the sensing films. In addition, the resistance of sensors response to oxygen partial pressure was discussed by Kroger–Vink model. The response properties indicated that Pt modified TiO2 was providing excellent response properties when the sensor exposed to hydrogen and oxygen. The response mechanism was suggested to arise from the activation energy (E) of the modified sensing films.

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3

Sun, Jingxia, Aimin Zhang, Guoqiang Gong, and Jian Jiang. "Study on calibration period of Gas Sensor in exercise Pulmonary Function instrument." Modern Electronic Technology 2, no. 3 (October 26, 2018): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.26549/met.v2i3.1133.

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Objective: to study the calibration period of the main motor pulmonary function instrument sensor. Methods: A matched control group was used, one was calibrated periodically and the other was not calibrated. The calibration values of oxygen sensor and carbondioxide sensor were compared. Results: the oxygen sensor of electrochemical type was most sensitive to the change of time and environment, and the carbon dioxide sensor of infrared type was more sensitive to the change of time and environment. Conclusion: oxygen sensors of electrochemical type and carbon dioxide sensors of infrared type should be calibrated before each use.

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4

Duan, Chao, Lejun Zhang, Zhaoxi Wu, Xu Wang, Meng Meng, and Maolin Zhang. "Study on the Deterioration Mechanism of Pb on TiO2 Oxygen Sensor." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (January 7, 2023): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010156.

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Previous studies have shown that the pollutants in exhaust gas can cause performance deterioration in air-fuel oxygen sensors. Although the content of Pb in fuel oil is as low as 5 mg/L, the effect of long-term Pb accumulation on TiO2 oxygen sensors is still unclear. In this paper, the influence mechanism of Pb-containing additives in automobile exhaust gas on the response characteristics of TiO2 oxygen sensors was simulated and studied by depositing Pb-containing pollutants on the surface of a TiO2 sensitive film. It was found that the accumulation of Pb changed the surface gas adsorption state and reduced the activation energy of TiO2, thus affecting the steady-state response voltage and response speed of the TiO2-based oxygen sensor.

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5

Maskell, W. C., and B. C. H. Steele. "Solid state potentiometric oxygen gas sensors." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 16, no. 4 (July 1986): 475–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01006843.

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6

Liu, Jianqiao, Wanqiu Wang, Zhaoxia Zhai, Guohua Jin, Yuzhen Chen, Wusong Hong, Liting Wu, and Fengjiao Gao. "Influence of Oxygen Vacancy Behaviors in Cooling Process on Semiconductor Gas Sensors: A Numerical Analysis." Sensors 18, no. 11 (November 14, 2018): 3929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s18113929.

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The influence of oxygen vacancy behaviors during a cooling process in semiconductor gas sensors is discussed by the numerical analysis method based on the gradient-distributed oxygen vacancy model. A diffusion equation is established to describe the behaviors of oxygen vacancies, which follows the effects of diffusion and exclusion in the cooling process. Numerical analysis is introduced to find the accurate solutions of the diffusion equation. The solutions illustrate the oxygen vacancy distribution profiles, which are dependent on the cooling rate as well as the temperature interval of the cooling process. The gas-sensing characteristics of reduced resistance and response are calculated. Both of them, together with oxygen vacancy distribution, show the grain size effects and the re-annealing effect. It is found that the properties of gas sensors can be controlled or adjusted by the designed cooling process. The proposed model provides a possibility for sensor characteristics simulations, which may be beneficial for the design of gas sensors. A quantitative interpretation on the gas-sensing mechanism of semiconductors has been contributed.

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7

Agustinur, Satya Cantika, Khaled Issa Khalifa, Meta Yantidewi, and Utama Alan Deta. "Literature Review: Air Oxygen Level Monitoring System." International Journal of Research and Community Empowerment 1, no. 2 (July 24, 2023): 62–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.58706/ijorce.v1n2.p62-70.

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Oxygen is a very important gas for humans. The need for oxygen around the plant is very low because the exhaust gas from various factories often becomes pollutants, one of which is the cement industry. The oxygen content needs to be known so that the level of vigilance of workers and the community is higher. For this reason, it is necessary to make a monitoring device for oxygen content. In this view will be discussed several gas sensors, especially oxygen sensors. In addition, Arduino microcontrollers and Raspberry Pi microprocessors were also discussed. The goal is to be able to determine the type of oxygen sensor as a detector of oxygen levels in the air. The discussion of microcontrollers and microprocessors is also a determinant of the motherboard connected to the oxygen sensor. Thus, the explanation of this review can be used to develop a monitoring system for oxygen content in the air. The research method used is in the form of literature studies. Literature study is the process of finding research data or information by reading scientific journals, reference books, and articles about oxygen content monitoring devices. This tool functions as a gas analyzer by choosing the MQ-135 sensor as an oxygen sensor because it is more affordable and easy to obtain which is supported by the Raspberry Pi device.

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8

Tutunea, Dragos, Ilie Dumitru, Oana Victoria Oţăt, Laurentiu Racila, Ionuţ Daniel Geonea, and Claudia Cristina Rotea. "Oxygen Sensor Testing for Automotive Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 249–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.249.

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During the operation of internal combustion engines the air-fuel ratio (A/F) is an important parameter which affects fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. The automotive oxygen sensor (Lambda) measures the quantity of residual oxygen in the combustion gases. Sensor degradation in time due to the exposure to high temperatures causes a distortion in controlling the A/F with the increase in gas emissions. In this paper an experimental stand is designed to test oxygen sensor degradation in laboratory condition. Four oxygen sensors were tested function of temperature and time recording their variation in resistance and voltage. The results showed similar values in the curves for all sensors tested.

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9

Hendryani, Atika, Vita Nurdinawati, and Nashrul Dharma. "Design of Manifold with Pressure Controller for Automatic Exchange of Oxygen Gas Cylinders in Hospital." TEKNIK 42, no. 1 (March 25, 2021): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/teknik.v42i1.33127.

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The regulation and supply of oxygen as one of the medical gases in the hospital is important to ensure the availability of these gases for the survival of patients. The regulation of oxygen gas in hospitals usually uses a piping system with manifolds. The manifold will monitor the oxygen gas pressure on each tube. Manifold systems that are widely used in general can only monitor pressure but cannot perform an automatic exchange on gas cylinders if the pressure is under the permissible conditions. The manifold system design developed is equipped with pressure monitoring for automatic exchange of oxygen gas cylinders using pressure sensors and microprocessors. The test results of the system using regulator and barometer comparisons showed the percentage value of sensor pressure accuracy of 96.92 percent and 97.16 percent. At pressure below the limit of 285 KPa manifold can perform the exchange of active gas cylinders automatically. These results show the manifold design built can work quite well.

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10

Moos, Ralf, Noriya Izu, Frank Rettig, Sebastian Reiß, Woosuck Shin, and Ichiro Matsubara. "Resistive Oxygen Gas Sensors for Harsh Environments." Sensors 11, no. 4 (March 24, 2011): 3439–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110403439.

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11

Plata, Desirée L., Yadira J. Briones, Rebecca L. Wolfe, Mary K. Carroll, Smitesh D. Bakrania, Shira G. Mandel, and Ann M. Anderson. "Aerogel-platform optical sensors for oxygen gas." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 350 (December 2004): 326–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2004.06.046.

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12

Shu, Lin, Xuemin Wang, Dawei Yan, Long Fan, and Weidong Wu. "The Investigation of High-Temperature SAW Oxygen Sensor Based on ZnO Films." Materials 12, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12081235.

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In this paper, a wireless oxygen sensor based on a surface acoustic wave (SAW) was reported. For high-temperature applications, novel Al2O3/ZnO/Pt multilayered conductive film was deposited on langasite substrate as the electrodes, and ZnO film obtained by the pulse laser deposition (PLD) method was used as the sensitive film. The measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the c-axis orientation of the ZnO grains and the surface morphology of the films were regulated by the deposition temperature. Meanwhile, the gas response of the sensor was strongly dependent on the surface morphology of the ZnO film. The experimental results showed that the oxygen gas sensor could operate at a high-temperature environment up to 850 °C with good stability for a long period. The max frequency shift of the sensors reaches 310 kHz, when exposed to 40% O2 gas at 850 °C. The calculated standard error of the sensors in a high-temperature measurement process is within 3%. Additionally, no significant signal degradation could be observed in the long-term experimental period. The prepared SAW oxygen gas sensor has potential applications in high-temperature sensing systems.

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13

Sricharoen, C., T. Waritananta, N. Wattanavicheana, R. Jaisuthi, and T. Osotchan. "Flow dependence of handheld breath analyzer for body fuel utilization monitoring." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2431, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 012017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2431/1/012017.

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Abstract Home healthcare medical technologies have been gaining popularity and are more affordable in recent years. Exhaled breath analysis has potential in this field. The development of gas sensor technology has enabled us to build a small affable breath analysis device with the electronic nose concept. In this work, a handheld breath analyzer was developed for monitoring body fuel utilization. A hybrid gas sensor array, including electrochemical and photoacoustic gas sensors, was used to accurately measure oxygen and carbon dioxide in exhaled breath. The bypass configuration volume flow measurement method was developed to fit a small portable device. The experiment shows that both oxygen and carbon dioxide sensors are flow-dependent due to the slow response time of each sensor type. The response of the photoacoustic sensor is relatively slower than those of other sensor types. Thus, a mathematical model was developed to correct the individual sensor value to get a more accurate value of body fuel utilization. The comparison protocol of known concentrations of the oxygen and carbon gases with various flow conditions was conducted, and the mathematical model for reconstructing the original gas concentration was proposed. The result shows that the device is able to detect the RER change of humans after having a high carbohydrate content meal and after exercise

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14

Pan, Hongyin, Chenyu Wang, Zexu Zhang, Yingying Li, Xinke Hou, Wei Zheng, Xianghong Liu, Yong Wan, and Jun Zhang. "Oxygen vacancy-enriched ALD NiO sub-50 nm thin films for enhanced triethylamine detection." Applied Physics Letters 121, no. 11 (September 12, 2022): 111603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0104480.

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p-type metal oxide semiconductors have received significant interest in the field of gas sensors; however, it is quite challenging to achieve high sensor response because of inferior surface and electronic properties. Herein, we report a high-performance gas sensor fabricated by plasma-etching an NiO thin film deposited by atomic layer deposition. Ar plasma treatment is found to introduce a large number of oxygen vacancies, which effectively adjusts the electronic and chemical characteristics of the p-type NiO films to afford improved response to toxic triethylamine. The effects of the thickness of the sensing layer on sensor properties are also studied, which reveals that the NiO film with a thickness of 40 nm has the greatest gas sensing performance. After Ar plasma treatment, the response of the NiO thin films is significantly enhanced to enable an excellent limit of detection of 27.4 ppb, which is much lower than the threshold limit of 1 ppm proposed by American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists. The demonstrated strategy and excellent sensor properties suggest a pathway to high performance gas sensors.

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15

Cervera Gómez, Javier, Jose Pelegri-Sebastia, and Rafael Lajara. "Circuit Topologies for MOS-Type Gas Sensor." Electronics 9, no. 3 (March 23, 2020): 525. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics9030525.

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Metal Oxide Semiconductor or MOS-type gas sensors are resistive sensors which can detect different reducible or volatile gases in atmospheres with oxygen. These gas sensors have been used in different areas such as food and drink industries or healthcare, among others. In this type of sensor, the resistance value changes when it detects certain types of gases. Due to the electrical characteristics, the sensors need a conditioning circuit to transform and acquire the data. Four different electronic topologies, two different MOS-type gas sensors, and different concentrations of a gas substance are presented and compared in this paper. The study and experimental analysis of the properties of each of the designed topology allows designers to make a choice of the best circuit for a specific application depending on the situation, considering the required power, noise, linearity, and number of sensors to be used. This study will give more freedom of choice, the more adequate electronic conditioning topology for different applications where MOS-type sensors are used, obtaining the best accuracy.

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16

Nalimova, Svetlana, Zamir Shomakhov, Anton Bobkov, and Vyaсheslav Moshnikov. "Sacrificial Doping as an Approach to Controlling the Energy Properties of Adsorption Sites in Gas-Sensitive ZnO Nanowires." Micro 3, no. 2 (June 1, 2023): 591–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/micro3020040.

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Currently, devices for environmental gas analyses are required in many areas of application. Among such devices, semiconductor-resistive gas sensors differ advantageously. However, their characteristics need further improvement. The development of methods for controlling the surface properties of nanostructured metal oxides for their use as gas sensors is of great interest. In this paper, a method involving the sacrificial doping of ZnO nanowires to control the content of their surface defects (oxygen vacancies) was proposed. Zinc oxide nanowires were synthesized using the hydrothermal method with sodium iodide or bromide as an additional precursor. The surface composition was studied using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The sensor properties of the isopropyl alcohol vapors at 150 °C were studied. It was shown that a higher concentration of oxygen vacancies/hydroxyl groups was observed on the surfaces of the samples synthesized with the addition of iodine and bromine precursors compared to the pure zinc oxide nanowires. It was also found out that these samples were more sensitive to isopropyl alcohol vapors. A model was proposed to explain the appearance of additional oxygen vacancies in the subsurface layer of the zinc oxide nanowires when sodium iodide or sodium bromide was added to the initial solution. The roles of oxygen vacancies and surface hydroxyl groups in providing the samples with an increased sensitivity were explained. Thus, a method involving the sacrificial doping of zinc oxide nanowires has been developed, which led to an improvement in their gas sensor characteristics due to an increase in the concentration of oxygen vacancies on their surface. The results are promising for percolation gas sensors equipped with additional water vapor traps that work stably in a high humidity.

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17

Miyata, Shigeru. "Universal Exhaust Gas Oxygen Sensor and Other Sensors for Engine Control." Journal of The Japan Institute of Marine Engineering 39, no. 11 (2004): 759–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5988/jime.39.759.

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18

Suematsu, Kouichi, Takanori Honda, Masayoshi Yuasa, Tetsuya Kida, Kengo Shimanoe, and Noboru Yamazoe. "Effect of Foreign Metal Doping on the Gas Sensing Behaviors of SnO₂-Based Gas Sensor." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 1502–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.1502.

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Recently, we have proposed some theoretical models, power laws and effect of particle shape and size, for semiconductor gas sensors. The models show that a depletion theory of semiconductor can be combined with the dynamics of adsorption and/or reactions of gases on the surface. In the case of SnO2, the relative resistance (R/R0) is proportional to PO 2 n, where n is a constant value (n=1/2) on oxygen partial pressure. In addition, carrier concentration in SnO2 influences depth of the depletion. In this study, to experimentally reveal such effects, we tried to control the carrier concentration in SnO2 by foreign doping and examined their electrical resistance and sensor response. Correlations between doping concentration, crystalline size, and partial pressures of oxygen and H2 on the electric resistance are discussed to reveal the material design for semiconductor gas sensors.

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19

Paz Alpuche, Emilio, Pascal Gröger, Xuetao Wang, Thomas Kroyer, and Stefanos Fasoulas. "Influence of the Sputtering Technique and Thermal Annealing on YSZ Thin Films for Oxygen Sensing Applications." Coatings 11, no. 10 (September 27, 2021): 1165. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11101165.

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Yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films were deposited using direct current (reactive and metallic) and radio frequency magnetron sputtering. The effect of the deposition technique and annealing treatment on the microstructure and crystallinity of the thin films was assessed. Using the films produced in this work, oxygen gas sensors were built and their performance under vacuum conditions was evaluated. All the films exhibited a cubic crystalline structure after a post-deposition thermal treatment, regardless of the sputtering technique. When the annealing treatment surpassed 1000 °C, impurities were detected on the thin film surface. The oxygen gas sensors employing the reactive and oxide-sputtered YSZ thin films displayed a proportional increase in the sensor current as the oxygen partial pressure was increased in the evaluated pressure range (5 × 10−6 to 2 × 10−3 mbar). The sensors which employed the metallic-deposited YSZ films suffered from electronic conductivity at low partial pressures.

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20

Müller, Gerhard, and Giorgio Sberveglieri. "Origin of Baseline Drift in Metal Oxide Gas Sensors: Effects of Bulk Equilibration." Chemosensors 10, no. 5 (May 2, 2022): 171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10050171.

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Metal oxide (MOX) gas sensors and gas sensor arrays are widely used to detect toxic, combustible, and corrosive gases and gas mixtures inside ambient air. Important but poorly researched effects counteracting reliable detection are the phenomena of sensor baseline drift and changes in gas response upon long-term operation of MOX gas sensors. In this paper, it is shown that baseline drift is not limited to materials with poor crystallinity, but that this phenomenon principally also occurs in materials with almost perfect crystalline order. Building on this result, a theoretical framework for the analysis of such phenomena is developed. This analysis indicates that sensor drift is caused by the slow annealing of quenched-in non-equilibrium oxygen-vacancy donors as MOX gas sensors are operated at moderate temperatures for prolonged periods of time. Most interestingly, our analysis predicts that sensor drift in n-type MOX materials can potentially be mitigated or even suppressed by doping with metal impurities with chemical valences higher than those of the core metal constituents of the host crystals.

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21

Lin, Liyang, Susu Chen, Tao Deng, and Wen Zeng. "Oxygen-Deficient Stannic Oxide/Graphene for Ultrahigh-Performance Supercapacitors and Gas Sensors." Nanomaterials 11, no. 2 (February 2, 2021): 372. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11020372.

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The metal oxides/graphene nanocomposites have great application prospects in the fields of electrochemical energy storage and gas sensing detection. However, rational synthesis of such materials with good conductivity and electrochemical activity is the topical challenge for high-performance devices. Here, SnO2/graphene nanocomposite is taken as a typical example and develops a universal synthesis method that overcome these challenges and prepares the oxygen-deficient SnO2 hollow nanospheres/graphene (r-SnO2/GN) nanocomposite with excellent performance for supercapacitors and gas sensors. The electrode r-SnO2/GN exhibits specific capacitance of 947.4 F g−1 at a current density of 2 mA cm−2 and of 640.0 F g−1 even at 20 mA cm−2, showing remarkable rate capability. For gas-sensing application, the sensor r-SnO2/GN showed good sensitivity (~13.8 under 500 ppm) and short response/recovering time toward methane gas. These performance features make r-SnO2/GN nanocomposite a promising candidate for high-performance energy storage devices and gas sensors.

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22

Herrmann, Julia, Gunter Hagen, Jaroslaw Kita, Frank Noack, Dirk Bleicker, and Ralf Moos. "Multi-gas sensor to detect simultaneously nitrogen oxides and oxygen." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 9, no. 2 (October 9, 2020): 327–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-9-327-2020.

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Abstract. Due to tightened emission limits, the efficiency of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems has to be further enhanced. Therefore, inexpensive and robust NOx sensors are required to be installed not only in automotive exhausts, but also in any other kind of combustion-based application. In this contribution, an impedimetric NOx sensor is presented. The impedance of a functional thick film (KMnO4, manufactured in a screen-printing technique on planar alumina substrates) depends selectively on the NOx concentration in the exhaust but shows a dependency on the oxygen concentration. Therefore, an additional temperature-independent resistive oxygen sensor structure was integrated on the same sensor platform. BFAT (BaFe0.74Al0.01Ta0.25O3−δ (BaFe0.74Al0.01Ta0.25O3−δ) was used for this purpose, and the measurement was conducted in the dc resistance mode. It serves not only to determine the oxygen concentration in the exhaust, but also to correct the oxygen dependency of the NOx sensor.

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23

Roy, Sandip K., Konstantin V. Vassilevski, Christopher J. O'Malley, Nick G. Wright, and Alton B. Horsfall. "Discriminating High k Dielectric Gas Sensors." Materials Science Forum 778-780 (February 2014): 1058–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.778-780.1058.

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High temperature gas sensors for the detection of harmful gases under extreme conditions have been demonstrated. Here, we show the detection and selective response of two SiC based MIS sensor structures with HfO2and TiO2high κ dielectric layers to two different hydrogen containing gases. The structures utilise a Pt catalytic gate contact and a high-κ dielectric that was grown on a thin SiO2layer, which was thermally grown on the Si face of epitaxial 4H SiC. The chemical characteristics of MIS capacitors have been studied in N2, O2, H2and CH4ambients at 573K. The data show a positive flatband voltage shift for oxygen and methane with respect to the nitrogen baseline, whilst hydrogen shows a negative shift. The response for the TiO2based sensor is significantly larger than that of the HfO2based device for hydrogen, enabling discrimination of gases within a mixture.

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24

Kim, Seongyul, Sunil Pal, Pulickel M. Ajayan, Theodorian Borca-Tasciuc, and Nikhil Koratkar. "Electrical Breakdown Gas Detector Featuring Carbon Nanotube Array Electrodes." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2008): 416–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.187.

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We demonstrate here detection of dichloro-difluoro-methane and oxygen in mixtures with helium using a carbon nanotube electrical breakdown sensor device. The sensor is comprised of an aligned array of multiwalled carbon nanotubes deposited on a nickel based super-alloy (Inconel 600) as the anode; the counter electrode is a planar nickel sheet. By monitoring the electrical breakdown characteristics of oxygen and dichloro-difluoro-methane in a background of helium, we find that the detection limit for dichloro-difluoro-methane is ∼0.1% and the corresponding limit for oxygen is ∼1%. A phenomenologigal model is proposed to describe the trends observed in detection of the two mixtures. These results indicate that carbon nanotube based electrical breakdown sensors show potential as end detectors in gas-chromatography devices.

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25

Wang, Da Yu, and Eric Detwiler. "Electrode dynamic study of exhaust gas oxygen sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 99, no. 2-3 (May 2004): 571–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.01.009.

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26

Liu, Xiaohui, Wei Sun, Luyi Zou, Zhiyuan Xie, Xiao Li, Canzhong Lu, Lixiang Wang, and Yanxiang Cheng. "Neutral cuprous complexes as ratiometric oxygen gas sensors." Dalton Trans. 41, no. 4 (2012): 1312–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1dt11777g.

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27

Souri, M., M. N. Azarmanesh, E. Abbaspour Sani, M. Nasseri, and Kh Farhadi. "An analytical study of resistive oxygen gas sensors." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 20, no. 14 (March 18, 2008): 145204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/20/14/145204.

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28

Palmeira, J., L. Lopes, A. J. Silva, P. A. S. Jorge, and A. Oliva. "Optimization of Ormosil Glasses for Luminescence Based Dissolved Oxygen Sensors." Solid State Phenomena 161 (June 2010): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.161.1.

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In the recent years, sol-gel films have been intensively used in optical sensors configurations. Due to its hydrophobic nature, ormosil films have been reported to be a promising supporting matrix for oxygen sensing dyes for measurements in aqueous media. In this work, the impact of the sol-gel host fabrication parameters in the characteristics of the resulting oxygen sensing membranes is thoroughly evaluated. Different combinations of organic-inorganic precursors, with different aging times, were tested as oxygen sensors. All the solution were doped with ruthenium complex Ru(II)-tris(4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline) to introduce oxygen sensitivity. Thin films were produced by dip coating of glass slides. The oxygen sensitive films were tested in aqueous phase in equilibrium with different oxygen gas compositions, using a phase-modulation technique. Sensor performance parameters such as Stern-Volmer constant, quenching efficiency and lifetime response are reported. The data obtained clearly indicates that increased aging times and longer organic groups produce sensors with the highest sensitivity to dissolved oxygen. From all sol-gel films produced, the BTEOS:TEOS (1:1) mixture is the most promising for sensor construction.

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29

Iswanto, Iswanto, Alfian Ma’arif, Bilah Kebenaran, and Prisma Megantoro. "Design of gas concentration measurement and monitoring system for biogas power plant." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 22, no. 2 (May 1, 2021): 726. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v22.i2.pp726-732.

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Biogas is a gas obtained from the breakdown of organic matter (such as animal waste, human waste, and plants) by methanogenic bacteria in an oxygen-free (anaerobic) state. The biogas produced mainly consists of 50-70% methane, 30-40% carbon dioxide, and other gases in small amounts. The gas produced has a different composition depending on the type of animal that produces it. It is challenging to obtain biogas concentration data because the monitoring equipment is currently minimal. Therefore, this research discusses how to make a monitoring system for biogas reactors. Sensors are installed in the digester tank and storage tank. The installed sensors are the MQ-4 sensor to detect methane gas (CH4), MG-811 sensor to detect carbon dioxide (CO2) gas, MQ-136 sensor to detect sulfide acid gas (H2S), and Thermocouple Type-K to detect temperature. The sensor will send a signal to the control unit in Arduino Mega 2560, then processed and displayed on the liquid crystal display (LCD). The sensor calculation results' accuracy is not much different from the reference based on the sensor readings. The sensor deviation standard is below 5.0, indicating that the sensor is in precision. The sensor's linearity of MQ-4 is 0.7%, the MG-811 is 0.17%, the MQ-136 is 0.29%, and the Type-K Thermocouple is 1.19%. The installed sensor can be used to monitor gas concentration and temperature in a biogas reactor.

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Platonov, Vadim, Abulkosim Nasriddinov, and Marina Rumyantseva. "Electrospun ZnO/Pd Nanofibers as Extremely Sensitive Material for Hydrogen Detection in Oxygen Free Gas Phase." Polymers 14, no. 17 (August 25, 2022): 3481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173481.

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The development of safety sensors is an urgent necessity for the successful use of hydrogen in real conditions, which may differ, in particular, by the oxygen content in the surrounding atmosphere. Palladium-modified zinc oxide shows the high sensitivity when detecting hydrogen in air; however, studies of the sensor properties and the operation mechanism of the ZnO/Pd sensor when reducing gases are detected in an oxygen deficient or inert atmosphere have not been effectuated. In this work, we synthesized the ZnO and ZnO/Pd nanofibers by electrospinning and for the first time determined their sensor properties in the detection of CO, NH3 and H2 in different oxygen backgrounds. The microstructure and composition of nanofibers were characterized by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescent spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The interaction with the gas phase was investigated in situ by diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS). The sensor properties of ZnO and ZnO/Pd nanofibers were studied at 100–450 °C towards CO, NH3 and H2 in the N2/O2 gas mixtures containing 0.0005–20% O2. When detecting CO, a decrease in the oxygen concentration from 20 to 0.0005% in the gas phase does not lead to a significant change in the sensor response. At the same time, when detecting NH3 and especially H2, a decrease in oxygen concentration down to 0.0005% results in the dramatic increase in the sensor response of ZnO/Pd nanofibers. This result is discussed in terms of palladium hydride formation, modulation of the potential barrier at the ZnO/Pd interface, as well as changes in the concentration of donor defects and charge carriers in the ZnO matrix. Synthesized electrospun ZnO/Pd nanofibers are extremely promising materials for sensors for detecting hydrogen in an oxygen free atmosphere.

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Effendy, Nazrul, Eko David Kurniawan, Kenny Dwiantoro, Agus Arif, and Nidlom Muddin. "The prediction of the oxygen content of the flue gas in a gas-fired boiler system using neural networks and random forest." IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI) 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 923. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijai.v11.i3.pp923-929.

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The oxygen content of the gas-fired boiler flue gas is used to monitor boiler combustion efficiency. Conventionally, this oxygen content is measured using an oxygen content sensor. However, because it operates in extreme conditions, this oxygen sensor tends to have the disadvantage of high maintenance costs. In addition, the absence of other sensors as an element of redundancy and when there is damage to the sensor causes manual handling by workers. It is dangerous for these workers, considering environmental conditions with high-risk hazards. We propose an artificial neural network (ANN) and random forest-based soft sensor to predict the oxygen content to overcome the problems. The prediction is made by utilizing measured data on the power plant’s boiler, consisting of 19 process variables from a distributed control system. The research has proved that the proposed soft sensor successfully predicts the oxygen content. Research using random forest shows better performance results than ANN. The random forest prediction errors are mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.0486, mean squared error (MSE) of 0.0052, root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 0.0718, and Std Error of 0.0719. While the errors using ANN are MAE of 0.0715, MSE of 0.0087, RMSE of 0.0935, and Std Error of 0.0935.

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Mohammadi, M. R., Mohammad Ghorbani, and Derek J. Fray. "Influence of Secondary Oxide Phases on Microstructural and Gas Sensitive Properties of Nanostructured Titanium Dioxide Thin Films." Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (June 2008): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.41.

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A systematic comparison of single and binary metal oxide TiO2, TiO2-Ga2O3, TiO2-Er2O3 and TiO2-Ta2O5 gas sensors with nanocrystalline and mesoporous microstructure, prepared by solgel route, was conducted. The gas sensitivity was increased by secondary phase introduction into TiO2 film via two mechanisms, firstly through the inhibition of anatase-to-rutile transformation, since the anatase phase accommodates larger amounts of adsorbed oxygen, and secondly through the retardation of grain growth, since the higher surface area provides more active sites for gas molecule adsorption. The binary metal oxides exhibited a remarkable response towards low concentrations of CO and NO2 gases at low operating temperature of 200°C, resulting in increasing thermal stability of sensing films as well as decreasing their power consumption. The calibration curves revealed that all sensors followed the power law ( B gas A S ] [ = ) (where S is sensor response, coefficients A and B are constants and [gas] is gas concentration). The response magnitude of the sensors obtained in this work is superior to TiO2-based sensors reported in previous studies.

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Sapkota, Raju, Pengjun Duan, Tanay Kumar, Anusha Venkataraman, and Chris Papadopoulos. "Thin Film Gas Sensors Based on Planetary Ball-Milled Zinc Oxide Nanoinks: Effect of Milling Parameters on Sensing Performance." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 17, 2021): 9676. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209676.

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Planetary ball-milled zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle suspensions (nanoinks) were used to produce thin film chemiresistive gas sensors that operate at room temperature. By varying milling or grinding parameters (speed, time, and solvent) different thin film gas sensors with tunable particle sizes and porosity were fabricated and tested with dry air/oxygen against hydrogen, argon, and methane target species, in addition to relative humidity, under ambient light conditions. Grinding speeds of up to 1000 rpm produced particle sizes and RMS thin film roughness below 100 nm, as measured by atomic force and scanning electron microscopy. Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and X-ray analysis confirmed the purity and structure of the resulting ZnO nanoparticles. Gas sensor response at room temperature was found to peak for nanoinks milled at 400 rpm and for 30 min in ethylene glycol and deionized water, which could be correlated to an increased film porosity and enhanced variation in electron concentration resulting from adsorption/desorption of oxygen ions on the surfaces of ZnO nanoparticles. Sensor response and dynamic behavior was found to improve as the temperature was increased, peaking between 100 and 150 °C. This work demonstrates the use of low-cost PBM nanoinks as the active materials for solution-processed thin film gas/humidity sensors for use in environmental, medical, food packaging, laboratory, and industrial applications.

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Evans, John T., Michael P. Sama, Joseph L. Taraba, and George B. Day. "Automated Calibration of Electrochemical Oxygen Sensors for Use in Compost Bedded Pack Barns." Transactions of the ASABE 60, no. 3 (2017): 957–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.12099.

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Abstract. The objective of this study was to develop an automated calibration process for a galvanic cell type oxygen sensor. The manufacturer recommended a two-point calibration at room temperature; however, testing revealed that the response was not linear when both the temperature and oxygen concentrations varied. Thus, additional points were needed to generate a representative calibration equation and to reduce the sensor prediction interval. The calibration process needed to be capable of automatically recording sensor response (voltage) at an array of temperatures and oxygen concentrations. Calibration gases were used to precisely control the oxygen concentration inside a small manifold, and an electronically controlled water bath was used to regulate the sensor and gas temperature. A custom computer program controlled the sampling order and the data collection process. The responses for three sensors were recorded at six temperature (10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 60°C) and five oxygen concentration (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% O2 absolute) combinations, for a total of 30 measurements per calibration. Calibration data were used to create a second-degree polynomial model with oxygen sensor voltage and temperature as input parameters, which reduced the prediction interval by over 1% O2 for each of the three sensors tested. The resulting prediction intervals ranged between 0.75% and 0.95% O2. Three sensors were mounted in a prototype oxygen probe and tested under controlled conditions to demonstrate the ability to measure oxygen concentration versus depth in a composting environment. Keywords: Aeration, Calibration, Compost, Dairy, Housing, Oxygen.

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35

Liu, Chih-Yi, Annada Sankar Sadhu, Riya Karmakar, Cheng-Shane Chu, Yi-Nan Lin, Shih-Hsin Chang, Goutam Kumar Dalapati, and Sajal Biring. "Strongly Improving the Sensitivity of Phosphorescence-Based Optical Oxygen Sensors by Exploiting Nano-Porous Substrates." Biosensors 12, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 774. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12100774.

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Sensitivity is one of the crucial factors in determining the quality of a fluorescence/phosphorescence-based gas sensor, and is estimated from the measurement of responses (I0/I, where I0 and I refer to the measured optical intensity of a sensor in absence and presence of analyte molecules) at various concentrations of analytes. In this work, we demonstrate phosphorescence-based optical oxygen sensors fabricated on highly porous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) membranes showing dramatically high response. These sensors exploit the enormous surface area of the AAO to facilitate the effective interaction between the sensing molecules and the analytes. We spin-coat an AAO membrane (200 nm pore diameter) with a platinum-based oxygen sensing porphyrin dye, platinum(II) meso-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl) porphyrin (PtTFPP), to fabricate a sensor exhibiting I0/I ~400 at 100% oxygen atmosphere. To address the generality of the AAO membrane, we fabricate a separate sensor with another porphyrin dye, platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP), which exhibits an even higher I0/I of ~500. Both of these sensors offer the highest responses as an optical oxygen sensor hitherto reported. SEM and EDS analysis are performed to realize the effect of the increased surface area of the AAO membrane on the enhanced sensitivity.

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36

Shu, Lin, Tao Jiang, Yudong Xia, Xuemin Wang, Dawei Yan, and Weidong Wu. "The Investigation of a SAW Oxygen Gas Sensor Operated at Room Temperature, Based on Nanostructured ZnxFeyO Films." Sensors 19, no. 13 (July 9, 2019): 3025. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19133025.

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In this paper, we report a wireless gas sensor based on surface acoustic waves (SAW). For room temperature detection of oxygen gas, a novel nanostructured ZnxFeyO gas-sensitive film was deposited on the surface of a SAW resonator by an oblique magnetron co-sputtering method. The measurements of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and a scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that the crystal phase composition and the microstructures of ZnxFeyO films were significantly affected by the content of Fe. The experimental results showed that the sensors had a good response to O2 at room temperature. The max frequency shift of the sensors reached 258 kHz as the O2 partial pressure was 20%. Moreover, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was performed to analyze the role of Fe in the sensitization process of the ZnxFeyO film. In addition, the internal relationship between the Fe content of the film and the sensitivity of the sensor was presented and discussed. The research indicates that the nanostructured ZnxFeyO film has a good potential for room temperature O2 gas detection applications.

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37

Zhang, Peng, Shuang Cao, Ning Sui, Yifeng Xu, Tingting Zhou, Yuan He, and Tong Zhang. "Influence of Positive Ion (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) Doping on the Basic Resistance and Sensing Performances of ZnO Nanoparticles Based Gas Sensors." Chemosensors 10, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10090364.

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Despite potential advantages of metal oxide semiconductors (MOSs)-based gas sensors, the limitation of very high baseline resistance is still unsatisfactory for practical application. By means of element doping, the performance of metal oxide materials used as gas sensors can be optimized. Herein, different cations (Al3+, Sn4+, and Sb5+) doped ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized and used as the acetone sensing materials. Results show that the resistance of sensors based on Sn4+ doped ZnO was significantly reduced (from 5.18 to 0.28 MΩ) at 270 °C without sacrificing the acetone sensing responses. In addition, the gas sensor also exhibited the fast response/recovery time (1/10 s) and great long-term stability. The electron compensation and improved adsorbing oxygen ability for the Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles contributed to the relatively low resistance and enhanced acetone sensing performances.

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Shujah, T., M. Ikram, A. R. Butt, M. K. Shahzad, K. Rashid, Q. Zafar, and S. Ali. "H2S Gas Sensor Based on WO3 Nanostructures Synthesized via Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique." Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Letters 11, no. 9 (September 1, 2019): 1247–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/nnl.2019.3011.

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Herein we demonstrate tungsten oxide (WO3 nanostructures based resistive type sensors for hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas sensing utility. The WO3 dynamic layers have been deposited upon alumina substrates pre-patterned with gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes. For comparative study, two distinct WO3 nanostructures (S-425 and S-450) have been synthesized using Aerosol Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD) technique at varied deposition temperatures i.e., 425 and 450 °C, respectively. The gas detecting properties of both sensors were investigated against varied concentration (0-60 ppm) of H2S gas levels. The electrical resistance of fabricated gas detectors has been observed at DC bias of 5 V and low operating temperature 250 °C. Specifically, when concentration of H2S gas increases from 0-10 ppm, average resistance of the S-425 and S-450 gas sensors was observed to decrease by 96.5% and 97.6%, respectively. In general, the sensing mechanism of gas sensors proposed in this work can be associated with ionosorption of oxygen species over WO3 nanostructured surfaces. However, the significantly enhanced sensing performance of S-450 sensor may be attributed to improved crystallinity in its structure and improved ions adsorption/desorption kinetics at nanorods surface morphology.

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Zhang, Ji, Xu Li, Qinhe Pan, Tong Liu, and Qingji Wang. "Highly Selective Gas Sensor Based on Litchi-like g-C3N4/In2O3 for Rapid Detection of H2." Sensors 23, no. 1 (December 23, 2022): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s23010148.

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Hydrogen (H2) has gradually become a substitute for traditional energy, but its potential danger cannot be ignored. In this study, litchi-like g-C3N4/In2O3 composites were synthesized by a hydrothermal method and used to develop H2 sensors. The morphology characteristics and chemical composition of the samples were characterized to analyze the gas-sensing properties. Meanwhile, a series of sensors were tested to evaluate the gas-sensing performance. Among these sensors, the sensor based on the 3 wt% g-C3N4/In2O3 (the mass ratio of g-C3N4 to In2O3 is 3:100) showeds good response properties to H2, exhibiting fast response/recovery time and excellent selectivity to H2. The improvement in the gas-sensing performance may be related to the special morphology, the oxygen state and the g-C3N4/In2O3 heterojunction. To sum up, a sensor based on 3 wt% g-C3N4/In2O3 exhibits preeminent performance for H2 with high sensitivity, fast response, and excellent selectivity.

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Li, Wenting, and Gu Xu. "Unexpected Selectivity of UV Light Activated Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Gas Sensors by Two Different Redox Processes." Journal of Sensors 2016 (2016): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4306154.

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The conflict between the two existing models was resolved, to provide a clear explanation for the unexpected “selectivity” found in UV light activated metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) gas sensors during the detection of reducing agents. A new model based on the dynamic equilibrium of adsorbed oxygen concentration was constructed by two types of responses: (1) when the MOS surface is adsorbed with oxygen, the conductance of the sensor increases upon injection of reducing agents (RA) (α-type) and (2) when the MOS surface is not covered by oxygen, the conductance decreases upon injection of RA (β-type). The proposed model was verified by the experiments of ZnO based MOS gas sensors, to reveal the origin of the unexpected “selectivity” found by the optimum intensity, where the current drop, due to the reaction between RA and MOS, which increases with UV power and levels with the reciprocal background current, which decreases with the UV power.

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Decataldo, Francesco, Filippo Bonafè, Federica Mariani, Martina Serafini, Marta Tessarolo, Isacco Gualandi, Erika Scavetta, and Beatrice Fraboni. "Oxygen Gas Sensing Using a Hydrogel-Based Organic Electrochemical Transistor for Work Safety Applications." Polymers 14, no. 5 (March 3, 2022): 1022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14051022.

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Oxygen depletion in confined spaces represents one of the most serious and underestimated dangers for workers. Despite the existence of several commercially available and widely used gas oxygen sensors, injuries and deaths from reduced oxygen levels are still more common than for other hazardous gases. Here, we present hydrogel-based organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) made with the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as wearable and real-time oxygen gas sensors. After comparing OECT performances using liquid and hydrogel electrolytes, we identified the best PEDOT:PSS active layer and hydrogel coating (30 µm) combination for sensing oxygen in the concentration range of 13–21% (v/v), critical for work safety applications. The fast O2 solubilization in the hydrogel allowed for gaseous oxygen transduction in an electrical signal thanks to the electrocatalytic activity of PEDOT:PSS, while OECT architecture amplified the response (gain ~ 104). OECTs proved to have comparable sensitivities if fabricated on glass and thin plastic substrates, (−12.2 ± 0.6) and (−15.4 ± 0.4) µA/dec, respectively, with low power consumption (<40 µW). Sample bending does not influence the device response, demonstrating that our real-time conformable and lightweight sensor could be implemented as a wearable, noninvasive safety tool for operators working in potentially hazardous confined spaces.

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Chang, Sheng-Po, Ren-Hao Yang, and Chih-Hung Lin. "Development of Indium Titanium Zinc Oxide Thin Films Used as Sensing Layer in Gas Sensor Applications." Coatings 11, no. 7 (July 3, 2021): 807. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11070807.

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InTiZnO gas sensors with different oxygen ratios were fabricated by RF sputtering at room temperature. The sensing responses for five different gases, including ethanol, isopropanol (IPA), acetone (ACE), CO, and SO2, were reported. The InTiZnO gas sensor with the MSM (metal–semiconductor–metal) structure generated a higher sensing response when the O2/Ar ratio was increased to 10%. It also revealed high selectivity among these gases and good repeatability. Moreover, the UV light-activated InTiZnO gas sensors were also studied, which could reduce the operating temperature from 300 °C to 150 °C and did not seem to damage the sensing film, demonstrating long-term stability. The high response and selectivity revealed that InTiZnO thin films possess high potential to be applied in gas sensing technology.

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Sun, Kai, Guanghui Zhan, Hande Chen, and Shiwei Lin. "Low-Operating-Temperature NO2 Sensor Based on a CeO2/ZnO Heterojunction." Sensors 21, no. 24 (December 10, 2021): 8269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21248269.

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CeO2/ZnO-heterojunction-nanorod-array-based chemiresistive sensors were studied for their low-operating-temperature and gas-detecting characteristics. Arrays of CeO2/ZnO heterojunction nanorods were synthesized using anodic electrodeposition coating followed by hydrothermal treatment. The sensor based on this CeO2/ZnO heterojunction demonstrated a much higher sensitivity to NO2 at a low operating temperature (120 °C) than the pure-ZnO-based sensor. Moreover, even at room temperature (RT, 25 °C) the CeO2/ZnO-heterojunction-based sensor responds linearly and rapidly to NO2. This sensor’s reaction to interfering gases was substantially less than that of NO2, suggesting exceptional selectivity. Experimental results revealed that the enhanced gas-sensing performance at the low operating temperature of the CeO2/ZnO heterojunction due to the built-in field formed after the construction of heterojunctions provides additional carriers for ZnO. Thanks to more carriers in the ZnO conduction band, more oxygen and target gases can be adsorbed. This explains the enhanced gas sensitivity of the CeO2/ZnO heterojunction at low operating temperatures.

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SHIN, W., N. IZU, I. MATSUBARA, and N. MURAYAMA. "Millisecond-order response measurement for fast oxygen gas sensors." Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 100, no. 3 (May 15, 2004): 395–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.snb.2004.02.007.

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45

Wu, Haiyang, Xiangrui Bu, Minming Deng, Guangbing Chen, Guohe Zhang, Xin Li, Xiaoli Wang, and Weihua Liu. "A Gas Sensing Channel Composited with Pristine and Oxygen Plasma-Treated Graphene." Sensors 19, no. 3 (February 1, 2019): 625. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19030625.

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Oxygen plasma treatment has been reported as an effective way of improving the response of graphene gas sensors. In this work, a gas sensor based on a composite graphene channel with a layer of pristine graphene (G) at the bottom and an oxygen plasma-treated graphene (OP-G) as a covering layer was reported. The OP-G on top provided oxygen functional groups and serves as the gas molecule grippers, while the as-grown graphene beneath serves as a fast carrier transport path. Thus, the composite channel (OP-G/G) demonstrated significantly improved response in NH3 gas sensing tests compared with the pristine G channel. Moreover, the OP-G/G channel showed faster response and recovering process than the OP-G channel. Since this kind of composite channel is fabricated from chemical vapor deposited graphene and patterned with standard photolithography, the device dimension was much smaller than a gas sensor fabricated from reduced graphene oxide and it is favorable for the integration of a large number of sensing units.

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Sun, Peng. "Gas Sensors Based on Oxide Semiconductors with Porous Nanostructures." Proceedings 14, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019014013.

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Gas sensor as a device composed of sensing material coupled with signal transducer, has been acknowledged as an analytical tool for detection and quantification of inflammable, explosive or toxic gases. The gas sensors based on nanostructured oxide semiconductor endowed with excellent sensing properties have exhibited great potential application in the fields of environmental monitoring, resource exploration, medical welfare, etc. It is well known that the sensing mechanism of sensor employing oxide semiconductors is mainly that the interactions between the surface adsorbed oxygen species and target gases lead to a change in the electrical conductivity. Therefore, the gas sensing properties of oxide semiconductors are closely related with their composition, crystalline size, and microstructure. In this regard, design and preparation of oxides with novel architectures will be increasingly important in the construction of high performance gas sensors. Due to high specific surface area, low density, and good surface permeability, porous nanostructures oxide semiconductor sensing materials have attracted growing interest in recent years. In our work, we successfully prepared various porous nanostructures oxides and their composites to the construction of high performances gas sensors with enhanced sensitivity, selectivity, as well as lowered detection limit. The subsequent gas sensing measurements explicitly revealed that these oxides and composites manifested superior sensing behaviors (like much higher sensitivity and faster response speed), which can be ascribed to the porous architectures and the synergistic effects.

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47

Priyadarshni, Nivedita, Soumen Mandal, Supradeepa Panual Ganesan, Saurav Halder, Debolina Roy, and Nripen Chanda. "Printed oxygen gas sensor using copper-DTDTPA solid electrolyte." Analyst 146, no. 6 (2021): 1839–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0an02391d.

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48

Bradke, Brian, and Bradford Everman. "Investigation of Photoplethysmography Behind the Ear for Pulse Oximetry in Hypoxic Conditions with a Novel Device (SPYDR)." Biosensors 10, no. 4 (April 4, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios10040034.

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Photoplethysmography (PPG) is a valuable technique for noninvasively evaluating physiological parameters. However, traditional PPG devices have significant limitations in high-motion and low-perfusion environments. To overcome these limitations, we investigated the accuracy of a clinically novel PPG site using SPYDR®, a new PPG sensor suite, against arterial blood gas (ABG) measurements as well as other commercial PPG sensors at the finger and forehead in hypoxic environments. SPYDR utilizes a reflectance PPG sensor applied behind the ear, between the pinna and the hairline, on the mastoid process, above the sternocleidomastoid muscle, near the posterior auricular artery in a self-contained ear cup system. ABG revealed accuracy of SPYDR with a root mean square error of 2.61% at a 70–100% range, meeting FDA requirements for PPG sensor accuracy. Subjects were also instrumented with SPYDR, as well as finger and forehead PPG sensors, and pulse rate (PR) and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were measured and compared at various reduced oxygen profiles with a reduced oxygen breathing device (ROBD). SPYDR was shown to be as accurate as other sensors in reduced oxygen environments with a Pearson’s correlation >93% for PR and SpO2. In addition, SPYDR responded to changes in SpO2 up to 50 s faster than PPG measurements at the finger and forehead.

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Peyton Jones, J. C., and R. A. Jackson. "Potential and Pitfalls in the Use of dual exhaust gas oxygen sensors for three-way catalyst monitoring and control." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 6 (June 1, 2003): 475–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703766518104.

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Although it is known that exhaust gas oxygen (EGO) sensors are sensitive to gas composition, even at a constant air-fuel ratio (AFR), its significance in dual EGO sensor based catalyst control and on-board diagnostic systems has not been fully recognized. The (time varying) difference in gas composition across the catalyst gives rise to a dynamically changing bias component at the sensor output, which is not readily distinguishable from the oxygen storage and release effects the sensor is intended to monitor. Unless treated explicitly, this is likely to degrade the performance of dual EGO sensor based systems. However, the distortion itself also reflects catalyst activity and is strongly correlated with a reversible catalyst deactivation effect which dominates hydrocarbon and NO conversion efficiency under rich conditions. A method for exploiting the biased signal to obtain both improved estimates of the true AFR and an insight into the reversible deactivation effect is therefore outlined.

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50

Maulana, Sony Heri, and Eko Budi Setiawan. "Pemanfaatan Sensor Pada Smartphone Android Untuk Rekomendasi Pembibitan Tanaman." ULTIMATICS 10, no. 2 (March 19, 2019): 85–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.31937/ti.v10i2.957.

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Ornamental plants are plants that can meet psychological needs, improve the environment, and have the value of satisfaction as a hobby. Functionally, ornamental plants can help renew oxygen in the air, helping to reduce gas pollutants and noise. Then it takes an android application that can provide recommendations for ornamental plants using mobile sensor technology. The sensors used are humidity sensor, temperature sensor, and ambient light sensor, open wether map where the three sensors detect the level of humidity, temperature, and light intensity in the user environment then the application will recommend plants that are suitable for the environment, for Openweather as a sensor replacement if not supported by the sensor

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