Дисертації з теми "Oxydes – Fissuration"
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Salmon, legagneur Hubert. "Caractérisation de l’endommagement à haute température d’aciers ferritiques renforcés par dispersion de nano-oxydes (ODS)." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEM034/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe development of the fourth generation of nuclear power plants relies on the improvement of cladding materials, in order to achieve resistance to high temperature, stress and irradiation dose levels. Strengthening of ferritic steels through nano-oxide dispersion allows obtaining good mechanical strength at high temperature and good resistance to irradiation induced swelling. Nonetheless, studies available from open literature evidenced an unusual creep behavior of these materials: high anisotropy in time to rupture and flow behavior, low ductility and quasi-inexistent tertiary creep stage. These phenomena, and their still unclear origin are addressed in this study.Three 14Cr ODS steels rods have been studied. Their mechanical behavior is similar to those of other ODS steels from open literature. During creep tests, the specimens fractured by through crack nucleation and propagation from the lateral surfaces, followed by ductile tearing once the critical stress intensity factor was reached at the crack tip. Tensile and creep properties did not depend on the chemical environment of specimens. Crack propagation tests performed at 650°C showed a low value of the stress intensity factor necessary to start crack propagation. The cracks followed an intergranular path through the smaller-grained regions, which partly explains the anisotropy of high temperature strength.Notched specimens have been used to study the impact of the main loading parameters (deformation rate, temperature, stress triaxiality) on macroscopic crack initiation and stable propagation, from the central part of the specimens.These tests allowed revealing cavities created during high temperature loading, but unexposed to the external environment. These cavities showed a high chemical reactivity of the free surfaces in this material. The performed tests also evidenced different types of grain boundaries, which presented different damage development behaviors, probably due to differences in local chemistry. The nature of these grains boundaries and their origin are still to be explained
Perrière, Loïc Mazerolles Léo. "Élaboration par solidification dirigée et comportement mécanique de céramiques eutectiques à base d'oxydes réfractaires rôle de la microstructure sur la fissuration et la déformation plastique à haute température /." S. l. : Paris Est, 2008. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:80/theses/th0494668.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаPerrière, Loïc. "Élaboration par solidification dirigée et comportement mécanique de céramiques eutectiques à base d’oxydes réfractaires : rôle de la microstructure sur la fissuration et la déformation plastique à haute température." Thesis, Paris Est, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PEST0048/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the general context of energy savings at a global scale, the improvement of the thermal efficiency of both terrestrial and aeronautical gas turbines will require to increase the turbine inlet gas temperature. The development of new materials, stable up to 1 500°C, is thus necessary. In this context, Directionally Solidified Eutectic Ceramics (DSEC), prepared from Al2O3 and Ln2O3-based systems, could be a potential solution. Their microstructure consists of two single-crystal phases continuously entangled in a threedimensional interpenetrating network without grain boundaries, pores or colonies. The outstanding stability of these microstructures gives rise to a high strength and creep resistance at high temperature. Our research consisted first in obtaining, by directional solidification, several eutectic systems, either binary or ternary (with addition of a toughening third ZrO2 phase). The six most promising DSEC (3 binary systems: Al2O3 - Y3Al5O12, Al2O3 - Er3Al5O12, Al2O3 - GdAlO3, and 3 ternary systems: Al2O3 - Y3Al5O12 - ZrO2, Al2O3 - Er3Al5O12 - ZrO2, Al2O3 - GdAlO3 - ZrO2) have then been selected to study some of their mechanical properties. Several crack propagation patterns have been detected after biaxial flexure testing, and partially explain the toughening which has been proven for DSEC. Attention has been paid to the possibility of crack deflection in the various phases and in the phase boundaries, a phenomenon which may markedly improve the toughness of these eutectic ceramics. These observations have been correlated to internal stress calculations and piezo-spectroscopic measurements. Finally, the study of the creep behavior showed that the deformation mechanisms evolve with the macroscopic solicitation (temperature and stress). microstructure. Moreover, post mortem TEM observations exhibited that creep mechanisms are strongly dependant on the entangled microstructure
Houdé, Richard Solène. "Multifissuration de couches d’oxyde thermique sous chargement statique instrumenté par émission acoustique : application aux systèmes Ni/NiO et Zr/ZrO2." Thesis, Compiègne, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021COMP2617.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis is a work on the characterization of the damage of thermal oxide scales and in particular on the metal/oxide systems Ni/NiO and Zr/ZrO2. To study this damage, a multi-cracking test under SEM was carried out by coupling a traction micromachine with monitoring by acoustic emission inside the chamber of the scanning electron microscope. Various tests were carried out in order to configure the acoustic emission system to ensure that the recorded signals indeed come from the tensile specimens tested. This work made it possible to have a test making it possible to acquire the acoustic emission bursts specific to damage to Ni/NiO and Zr/ZrO2 systems under in-situ conditions. Thanks to this technical development, it was possible to propose damage scenarios for Ni/NiO and Zr/ZrO2 systems for two different oxide scale thicknesses (1 μm and 5 μm approximately) by coupling the information obtained by the SEM observations (on the surface of the specimens during tensile tests, and in cross section after rupture of the specimens) and analysis of the acoustic signals recorded during the tests. The analysis of the damage scenarios revealed notable differences between the two systems studied, but also differences within the same system depending on the oxidation conditions used to obtain the desired scale thicknesses. Beyond allowing proposals for damage scenarios, the analysis of the acoustic emission bursts made it possible to qualify different signatures for the propagation of cracks in mode I and in mode II
Liang, Kaiming. "Contribution à l’étude des mécanismes de fissuration des matériaux céramiques de type oxyde." Lyon, INSA, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990ISAL0032.
Повний текст джерелаThe investigation on the cracking mechanism is very important for the materials science. It is related to the microstructure of materials and to the applied charge. For studying the influence of microstructure on the mechanism, we have decided to choose a large range of oxide ceramic materials containing different microstructures: different grain sizes, dispersed phase, pre existent micro cracks, point defects, cubic and non cubic crystalline systems. For studying the effect of applied charge, several experimental methods have been used: SENS (single edge notched bearn), CVNB (chevron notched beam), DT (double torsion) and indentation. The experiment has been done in air and in corrosive medium. We have especially studied the indentation method for proposing a universal formula, and investigated the crack characteristics for fining out the mechanism with microstructure. We have developed the following points: 1. The indentation technique has been developed. A new cracking model has been established and a new universal formula has been proposed. This formula can be used to calculate the fracture toughness of brittle materials in spite of the applied load and of the crack profile induced by indentation and it allows also to measure the fracture toughness of material surface. Moreover, an other formula has been developed for evaluating the values of Kiscc (threshold of stress intensity factor) of materials merged in corrosive environment. 2. The indentation crack for different grain sizes shows that the grain boundary resists the crack propagation so that it toughens the non cubic ceramic materials and increases the resistance of propagation. 3. A weak content of second phase can decrease rapidly the grain size of the matrix and lead to toughen the materials and to slow dawn the velocity of crack propagation. 4. The cracking is controlled by the point defects. The electric field or ultraviolet irradiation can induce some defects to bitten the materials. These defects whose nature is to be identified modify the relaxation process of polarized dielectrics under stress and play therefore an important role in the energy balance which contrats the crack propagation. 5. The toughening of the composites AI203·Zr02 by micro crack depends on the content of monoclinic phase in the composites. For the composites toughened by micro crack, the crack is deflected following the interfaces particles - matrix, so that to increase the fracture toughness but to decrease the rupture strength. 6. The toughening of the composites AI203-Zr02 by martensitic transformation depends on the phase transformation possibility of particles Zr02 under stress. Ln such case, the crack propagation can traverse the grain of zirconia. Such toughening increases the fracture toughness and the rupture strength, and slows dawn the velocity of crack propagation
Govaere, Adèle. "Impact des carbures sur la variabilité des propriétés en fatigue de superalliages pour disques." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0020.
Повний текст джерелаNowadays, original engine makers are challenged by the environmental requirements imposing drastic decrease of CO2 and NOx emissions. It leads to the development of γ/γ′ nickel-based superalloys to ensure good tensile and fatigue properties and a good oxidation behavior of turbine discs. AD730TM was elaborated for applications up to 700°C and the crack initiation and propagation mechanisms this alloy need to be investigated. Non-metallic inclusions are brittle elements that are sensitive to oxidation. They can act as stress concentration sites and can lead to crack initiation. Low cycle fatigue tests were performed at 450°C and 700°C to determine the tests conditions promoting a crack initiation from such inclusions. Fractographic analyzes revealed that inclusions lead to the specimen fracture when the environmental effects are limited and at high strain or stress ranges.In order to better understand the parameters promoting inclusions cracking, oxidation and in situ tensile tests in a SEM chamber were performed. They highlighted an important volume expansion and the cracking of niobium oxides. A stress threshold necessary to crack inclusions was also determined. To improve the fatigue tests understanding, crack propagation tests were carried out to estimate the crack initiation time according to the temperature and the stress range applied. This crack initiation time is shorter when the cracks initiate within inclusions
Vallino, Nicolas. "Modèle thermo-mécanique pour l'analyse du comportement des interfaces métal-oxyde : étude du phénomène de fissuration périodique." Compiègne, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000COMP1278.
Повний текст джерелаHelfer, Thomas Sidoroff François. "Etude de l'impact de la fissuration des combustibles nucléaires oxyde sur le comportement normal et incidentel des crayons combustible." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/thelfer.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHelfer, Thomas. "Etude de l'impact de la fissuration des combustibles nucléaires oxyde sur le comportement normal et incidentel des crayons combustible." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2006. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/thelfer.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis aims to model the cracking of pressurised water reactor fuel pellets and its consequences on the mechanical behaviour of the fuel rod. Fuel cracking has two main consequences. It relieves the stress in the pellet, upon which the majority of the mechanical and physico-chemical phenomena are dependent. It also leads to pellet fragmentation. Taking fuel cracking into account is therefore necessary to adequately predict the mechanical loading of the cladding during the course of an irradiation. The local approach to fracture was chosen to describe fuel pellet cracking. Practical considerations brought us to favour a quasi-static description of fuel cracking by means of a local damage models. These models describe the appearance of cracks by a local loss of rigidity of the material. Such a description leads to numerical difficulties, such as mesh dependency of the results and abrupt changes in the equilibrium state of the mechanical structure during unstable crack propagations. A particular attention was paid to these difficulties because they condition the use of such models in engineering studies. This work was performed within the framework of the ALCYONE fuel performance package developed at CEA/DEC/SESC which relies on the PLEIADES software platform. ALCYONE provides users with various approaches for modelling nuclear fuel behaviour, which differ in terms ofthe type geometry considered for the fuel rod. A specific model was developed and implemented to describe fuel cracking for each of these approaches. The 2D axi-symmetric fuel rod model is the most innovative and was particularly studied. We show that it is able to assess, thanks to an appropriate description of fuel cracking, the main geometrical changes of the fuel rod occurring under normal and off-normal operating conditions
Perriere, Loic. "Élaboration par solidification dirigée et comportement mécanique de céramiques eutectiques à base d'oxydes réfractaires : rôle de la microstructure sur la fissuration et la déformation plastique à haute température." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Est, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00348355.
Повний текст джерелаJoulaee, Nasim. "Thermo-mechanical damage analysis in solid oxide fuel cell." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007STR13202.
Повний текст джерелаLaghoutaris, Pierre. "Corrosion sous contrainte de l'alliage 600 en milieu primaire des réacteurs à eau sous pression : apport à la compréhension des mécanismes." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00407846.
Повний текст джерелаA partir des résultats obtenus à l'aide du traçage isotopique de l'hydrogène et de l'oxygène couplé à l'utilisation de différentes techniques d'analyse complémentaires, il a été proposé un nouveau modèle de mécanisme de fissuration basé sur la formation d'oxyde de chrome aux joints de grains de l'alliage. Ce modèle permet de prendre en compte le rôle des paramètres liés au matériau (taux de défauts, déformation, type de joint de grain) et au milieu (teneur en hydrogène, température) qui influeraient sur les cinétiques de diffusion de l'oxygène dans l'oxyde aux joints de grains de l'alliage et du chrome aux joints de grains de l'alliage.
Benazzouk, Louiza. "Approche du comportement dynamique d'un oxyde liquide dans un matériau composite autocicatrisant " MAC "." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00984446.
Повний текст джерелаAndrieu, Eric. "Influence de l'environnement sur la propagation des fissures dans un superalliage base nickel : l'inconel 718." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376022112.
Повний текст джерелаKonarski, Piotr. "Thermo-chemical-mechanical modeling of nuclear fuel behavior : Impact of oxygen transport in the fuel on Pellet Cladding Interaction." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI080.
Повний текст джерелаThe goal of this thesis is to study the impact of oxygen transport on thermochemistry of nuclear fuel and pellet cladding interaction. During power ramps, nuclear fuel is exposed to high temperature gradients. It undergoes chemical and structural changes. The fuel swelling leads to a mechanical contact with the cladding causing high mechanical stresses in the cladding. Simultaneously, chemically reactive gas species are released from the hot pellet center and can interact with the cladding. The combination of these chemical and mechanical factors may lead to the cladding failure by iodine stress corrosion cracking. It has been proven that oxygen transport under high temperature gradients affects irradiated fuel thermochemistry, a phenomenon which may be of importance for stress corrosion cracking. This thesis presents 3D simulations of power ramps in pressurized water reactors with the fuel performance code ALCYONE, which is part of the computing environment PLEIADES. The code has been upgraded to couple the description of irradiated fuel thermochemistry already available with oxygen transport taking into account oxygen thermal diffusion. The impact of oxygen redistribution during a power transient on irradiated fuel thermochemistry in the fuel and on chemically reactive gas release from the fuel (consisting of I(g), I2(g), CsI(g), TeI2(g), Cs(g) and Cs2(g), mainly) is studied. The simulations show that oxygen redistribution, even if moderate in magnitude, leads to the reduction of metallic oxides (molybdenum dioxide, cesium molybdate, chromium oxide) at the fuel pellet center and consequently to the release of a much greater quantity of gaseous cesium, in agreement with post-irradiation examinations. The three-dimensional calculations of the quantities of importance for iodine stress corrosion cracking (hoop stress, hoop strain, iodine partial pressure at the clad inner wall) are then used in simulations of clad crack propagation
Laghoutaris, Pierre. "Corrosion sous contrainte de l'Alliage 600 en milieu primaire des Réacteurs à Eau Pressurisée : apport à la compréhension des mécanismes." Phd thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2009. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00005293/en/.
Повний текст джерелаCoillot, Daniel. "Développement du concept d’autocicatrisation pour le scellement à haute température de cellules électrochimiques." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10113/document.
Повний текст джерелаA key point for using SOEC and SOFC in the long-term is the sealant. The most sealing solutions commonly used are rigid materials, particularly glassy seals. However, they have the disadvantage of cracking in operation when subjected to thermal cycles. This is mainly due to TEC differences between metal and ceramic components and glass materials. The self-healing is a promising solution to overcome this problem. Two mechanisms exist: intrinsic and extrinsic. The intrinsic self-healing of glassy materials is based on their softening at high temperature. We developed a formulation of viscous glass seal that exhibits self-healing properties at the operating temperature systems SOEC/SOFC. They are less sensitive to differences of TEC. The glass viscosity was estimated by hot stage microscopy and their stability under use condition has been characterized by XRD and Castaing microprobe. In contrast, the extrinsic self-healing requires no external intervention. It is obtained by the addition of healing particles in the glassy matrix. When cracks occur, the particles oxidize with atmosphere contact to form oxides and in-situ new glasses. We developed this extrinsic method from particles generating B2O3 and V2O5. These oxides, fluid at operating temperature 700-900°C, flow in the crack and form a new locally glass by reaction with glassy matrix. An in-situ test by HT-ESEM highlights the self-healing process. The formation of glass and crystal phases is characterized by Castaing microprobe and solid state NMR. A set of physico-chemical characterization was performed to validate extrinsic self-healing applicability in the SOEC/SOFC glassy seal
Li, Li. "Modélisation numérique de l'endommagement des couches en proche surface : application aux systèmes Ni/NiO et Zr/ZrO2." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1929.
Повний текст джерелаIn the context of the prediction of coated materials durability submitted to mechanical loadings, we have developed a numerical model based on damage mechanics able to describe oxide layer fracture for Ni/NiO and Zr/ZrO2 systems (the periodic crack pattern in the oxide layer and the debonding of the oxide layer). A finite element model combining strong discontinuity approach and interface elements has been used. To take into account the initial defects in the material, we consider randomly distributed limit stress in the oxide layer. A statistical analysis is performed to evaluate the “mean inter-crack distance” of the periodic crack pattern in the oxide layer. The developed model is based on an experimental analysis of the oxide layer fracture phenomenon. This analysis focuses on the observation of the oxide layer damage evolution with different levels of mechanical loadings. These observations are performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which allows to determine the “mean inter-crack distance” and by correlation with the numerical results, the model parameters (the limit stress of the metal/oxide interface, the crack energy of the periodic cracks) have been identified and our numerical approach has been validated
El, Yamani Mohamed Saad Eddine. "Corrosion sous contrainte des aciers inoxydables austenitiques dans les milieux boriques chlorures : etude electrochimique et analytique des films passifs." Paris 6, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA066226.
Повний текст джерелаShao, Qian. "Coupling fluid flow, heat and mass transfer with thermo-mechanical process : application to cracked solid oxide fuel cell." Thesis, Strasbourg, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015STRAH008/document.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last few decades, Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) has been a promising energy conversion device that has drawn a lot of attention due to its high energy conversion efficiency, fuel flexibility and low pollutant emission. However, as the high operating temperature leads to complex material problems in the SOFC, the energy conversion efficiency and life expectancy optimization remain as the challenging issues regarding the design and manufacturing of fuel cells. In this thesis, a numerical approach based on a combination of Finite Element (FEM) and eXtended Finite Element (XFEM) methods is developed to model the coupled fluid flow, heat and mass transfer as well as the electrochemical reactions with thermo-mechanical process in the SOFC unit. At first, to predict the temperature and species distribution within the porous electrodes of a SOFC unit, a Darcy-Brinkman (DB) model coupling the gas flow, heat and mass transport in porous media is developed. Then, the XFEM is introduced to deal with the presence of crack in the porous electrodes. The combined DB-XFEM model is used to investigate the effect of fluid flow, heat transfer, porous material properties and the material anisotropy on the onset of crack growth and the propagation path in the SOFC unit. At last, an electrochemistry (EC) model is developed and combined with the DB model to couple the electrochemical reactions to energy and mass transfer in the SOFC. With the DB-EC model, the cell energy conversion performances are studied