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Статті в журналах з теми "Oxyde thermique"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 червня 2022

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1

Mansurov, Z. A., D. S. Abdulkarimova, O. Odawara, A. Gubarevich, A. S. Rogachev, N. F. Shkodich, and N. N. Kochetov. "Peculiarities of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis and Structure Formation of TiB2-Al2O3 and CrB2-Al2O3 Composites." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 13, no. 3-4 (December 22, 2011): 161. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj.80.

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Preparation of TiB2-Al2O3 and CrB2-Al2O3 composites with a broad range of phase composition was conducted by self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) involving reaction of different types. The formation of fibrous crystals of aluminum oxide with length of about 10-25 microns and with diameter of 200-500 nm at self-propagating high-temperature synthesis in the system 2B2O3-Cr2O3-6A1 was established. Thermite mixtures of Al-TiO2 and Al-TiO2-B2O3 were incorporated with the Ti-B combustion system to produce the composites of TiB2-Al2O3, within which the increase of the thermite mixture for a higher content of Al2O3 decreased the reaction temperature and combustion wave velocity. This implies that the thermite reaction of Al with TiO2 reduces the exothermicity of the overall SHS process. It was found that adoption of B2O3 as one of the thermite reagents improved the product formation effectively. For investigate the combustion wave in 0.75TiO2-0.25Ti-2B-Al system the «quenching» method was used. The XRD analysis shows that the final products containing diborides and aluminium oxide.

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2

Sojiphan, Kittichai. "Experimental and simulation study of phase transformation in thermite welded railway steel heat-affected zone regions." Zavarivanje i zavarene konstrukcije 66, no. 2 (2021): 63–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zzk2102063s.

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Rail transportation has been an emerging and promising transportation method for economic development in Thailand and several countries. Thermite welding is one of the major welding and joining processes used to weld rail steel both during construction and maintenance. Unlike most welding processes in which heat is generated by electrical energy, thermite welding use heat generated during the chemical reactions between iron oxide and aluminum or other metallic compounds to create the weld. The amount of heat generated is thus depended on the composition and ratios of iron oxide, aluminum, as well as other metallic compounds mixed in the thermite powder. In addition, the size, shape, and material used for thermite mold could also play an important role in the heat transfer process during thermite welding of rail steel. In this research, SYSWELD software developed by ESI Group is used to perform thermal-mechanical-metallurgical welding simulation during thermite welding of rail steel. The current article presents that research methodology used to formulate the prediction of microstructure developed in the heat-affected zone regions of thermite welding of railway steel. It is noted that this work attempts to evaluate how preheat, heat generation during chemical reaction, and possible post-weld heat treatment could be performed to controlled the microstructure of pearlitic rail steel using SYSWELD software. The results of this on-going research will be used as the baseline for future development of structural integrity program for improving joining of rail steel such as the design and selection of welding processes and materials involved for rail construction, especially when appropriate grades and welding procedures of rail steels must be chosen and developed to withstand the actual loading conditions.

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3

Courvoisier, Emilie, Yoann Bicaba, and Xavier Colin. "Analyse de la dégradation thermique du Poly(éther imide)." Matériaux & Techniques 105, no. 4 (2017): 402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mattech/2018006.

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La dégradation thermique du PEI a été étudiée dans de larges intervalles de température (entre 180 et 250 °C) et de pression partielle d’oxygène (entre 0,21 et 50 bars). Tout d’abord, les mécanismes de vieillissement thermique ont été analysés et élucidés par spectroscopie IRTF et par calorimétrie différentielle (DSC) sur des films de PEI suffisamment minces (entre 10 et 60 μm d’épaisseur) pour s’affranchir totalement des effets de la diffusion d’oxygène. Comme attendu, et par analogie avec d’autres polymères aromatiques de structure chimique similaire, l’oxydation se produit préférentiellement sur les groupes méthyle de l’unité isopropylidène du motif bisphenol A, causant la disparition de leur bande d’absorption IR caractéristique à 2970 cm−1 et la croissance d’une nouvelle bande d’absorption IR centrée à 3350 cm−1 et attribuée aux groupes alcool. De plus, l’oxydation conduit successivement à une prédominance relative des coupures de chaîne (diminution de Tg) et de la réticulation (augmentation de Tg). Enfin, les conséquences de l’oxydation sur les propriétés élastiques ont été analysées et élucidées par micro-indentation sur des sections droites préalablement polies de plaquettes de PEI de 3 mm d’épaisseur. Cependant, l’augmentation du module d’Young dans la couche superficielle oxydée est principalement due à un vieillissement physique.

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4

Nadir, S., JL Lacout, and M. Ferhat. "Comportement thermique de l’hydroxyapatite en présence de divers oxydes." Journal de Chimie Physique 88 (1991): 1919–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jcp/1991881919.

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5

Novoseltsev, A. I., L. I. Sorokina, A. V. Sysa, R. M. Ryazanov, and E. A. Lebedev. "Al-CuO_x multilayer nanostructures: formation features and thermal properties of new type of local heat source." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012213.

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Abstract In this work, multilayer nanostructured thermite materials are considered - a new type of local heat sources. Aluminium and copper oxide were chosen as components of the thermite mixture. The formation of multilayer structures was carried out on the surface of the substrate by the method of magnetron sputtering. The features of the deposition process as well as the energy properties of the formed materials have been investigated. The results obtained confirm the prospects of using this class of materials as local heat sources.

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6

Hocquaux, H., and R. Meilland. "Analyse des oxydes et des nitrures par décomposition thermique fractionnée." Revue de Métallurgie 89, no. 2 (February 1992): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/metal/199289020193.

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7

Kim, Namgyu, and Hae-Bum Yun. "Noncontact mobile sensing for absolute stress in rail using photoluminescence piezospectroscopy." Structural Health Monitoring 17, no. 5 (November 28, 2017): 1213–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1475921717742102.

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Анотація:

A novel noncontact, mobile sensing technique to measure absolute stress in rail using photoluminescence piezospectroscopy is presented. Photoluminescence piezospectroscopy is a vibrational spectroscopy technique for chemical identification and stress measurement by focusing low-power laser on a substance surface. Thermite welding is a major welding method for continuous welded rail, which produces iron (Fe) and aluminum oxides (Al2O3) after aluminothermic reaction. Photoluminescence piezospectroscopy was used as a noncontact stress sensing method since photoluminescence piezospectroscopy has an excellent detectability for alpha-phase aluminum oxide (α-Al2O3). Using a portable photoluminescence piezospectroscopy system, a prominent α-Al2O3 signal was collected from the bare surface of thermite weld samples. A loading frame test was conducted to determine the piezospectroscopic coefficient of α-Al2O3 in thermite weld. A pulverization method is introduced to determine absolute stress from an existing rail sample. The experimental results show many advantages of this method over traditional methods to measure stress in rail as a mobile sensing method.

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8

Zhang, Mi, Hui Ren, Qingzhong Cui, Hanjian Li, and Yongjin Chen. "Effects of Different Nanocarbon Materials on the Properties of Al/MoO3/NCM Thermite Prepared by Electrostatic Spinning." Nanomaterials 12, no. 4 (February 14, 2022): 635. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12040635.

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In order to improve thermal conductivity, energy performance, and combustion performance of the aluminum-containing thermite, nanocarbon materials were added to thermite. Aluminum/molybdenum and trioxide/nanocarbon materials (Al/MoO3/NCM) were fabricated by electrostatic spinning technology. The Al and MoO3 particles of the nAl/MoO3/NCM thermite are much smaller than nitrocellulose (NC); thus, the two components can be better attached to NC fibers. Results on thermal conductivity demonstrated that the addition of NCM can improve the thermal conductivity of Al/MoO3, and the addition of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) has a more significant impact on thermal conductivity. Energy performance analysis results indicated that the energy performance of Al/MoO3/NCM thermite spinning is the best when the value of combustion oxygen equivalent ratio (Φ) is 0.90–1.00. The combustion performance results show that the addition of NCM can significantly increase the combustion rate of thermites, and the addition of RGO improves its combustion rate the most, followed by carbon nanotubes (CNT) and nanoflake graphite (NFG) being the lowest. By changing the shape of the Al/MoO3/NCM charge and the internal composition of the charge, the sensitivity of the agent can be adjusted, and the matching performance and use performance of the electric igniter can be improved.

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9

Ivanova, O. V., R. O. Cherepanov, and S. A. Zelepugin. "Numerical simulation of solid-phase chemical transformations in thermite mixtures under shock-wave loading." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2154, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2154/1/012005.

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Abstract Shock-wave loading of a steel cylindrical ampoule that contained an aluminum-copper oxide(Al/CuO) thermite mixture is simulated in three-dimensional space using the SPH method.The chemical reaction starts after the performance of the criterion on temperature or pressure.Thechemical reaction equations are integrated using the first-order Euler method.The elastic-plastic flow is calculated using the variational formulation.The numerical study of solid-phase chemical transformations in the Al/CuO thermite mixture under shock-wave loading shows that the initiation of reactions in the shock wave,further development,and completion depends significantly on the amplitude and duration of the shock wave.Sub-critical pressure pulse can lead to an incomplete reaction or incompletely compacted final product.

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10

Gibot, Pierre, and Estelle Puel. "Study on Indium (III) Oxide/Aluminum Thermite Energetic Composites." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 7 (June 26, 2021): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5070166.

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Thermites or composite energetic materials are mixtures made of fuel and oxidizer particles at micron-scale. Thermite reactions are characterized by high adiabatic flame temperatures (>1000 °C) and high heats of reaction (>kJ/cm3), sometimes combined with gas generation. These properties strongly depend on the chemical nature of the couple of components implemented. The present work focuses on the use of indium (III) oxide nanoparticles as oxidizer in the elaboration of nanothermites. Mixed with an aluminum nanopowder, heat of reaction of the resulting Al/In2O3 energetic nanocomposite was calculated and its reactive performance (sensitivity thresholds regarding different stimuli (impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge) and combustion velocity examined. The Al/In2O3 nanothermite, whose heat of reaction was determined of about 11.75 kJ/cm3, was defined as insensitive and moderately sensitive to impact and friction stimuli and extreme sensitive to spark with values >100 N, 324 N, and 0.31 mJ, respectively. The spark sensitivity was decreased by increasing In2O3 oxidizer (27.71 mJ). The combustion speed in confined geometries experiments was established near 500 m/s. The nature of the oxidizer implemented herein within a thermite formulation is reported for the first time.

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11

Maquestiau, A., Y. van Haverbeke, R. Flammang, S. O. Chua, M. J. Cook, and A. R. Katritzky. "Degradation Thermique D'Imidazole-N-Oxydes dans la Source D'Un Spectrometre de Masse." Bulletin des Sociétés Chimiques Belges 83, no. 1-2 (September 2, 2010): 105–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bscb.19740830112.

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12

Boutouta, Aziza, and Mohamed Yacine Debili. "Microstructural and thermal characteristics of the sintered Al-Fe2O3 composites." Engineering review 40, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.30765/er.40.1.05.

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This work has as an objective a study of evolution of characteristic properties of crystalline microstructure and mechanical hardening of aluminum by iron oxide (III), (hematite α-Fe2O3) nan energetic material known as thermite, samples of massive alloys, Al (base)-X wt% Fe2O3 (X =2, 4, 16 and 40) were studied.Al-Fe2O3 composite was developed by a sintering technique from the mixtures of compacted powders of Al high purity and α-Fe2O3 under a temperature of 700 °C for 1 hour and then slowly cooled. We have not noted the formation of thermite as foreseen by the chemical reaction due to the mixture of aluminum with hematite. The evolution of crystalline microstructures and the morphologies of surface were determined by means of X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis and optical metallography. The mechanical behavior was characterized by the tests of Vickers indentation and corrosion resistance by electrochemical tests.

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13

Sundaram, V., K. V. Logan, and R. F. Speyer. "Reaction path in the magnesium thermite reaction to synthesize titanium diboride." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 10 (October 1997): 2657–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0355.

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TiB2, along with MgO and Mg3B2O6, was formed by a thermite reaction between Mg, amorphous B2O3, and TiO2 powders in argon. The mixture 5Mg–TiO2–B2O3 along with binary mixtures and single components were analyzed using differential thermal analysis (DTA) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Large (25 g) specimens were also ignited in bulk using a resistance-heated nichrome wire. The reaction path in forming TiB2 in the three component mixture was deduced. Mg reduces TiO2 and B2O3 to form Ti and MgB2, respectively, which in turn react to form TiB2. In an oxidizing atmosphere, the significant speed of the reaction permitted solid state reaction to form TiB2 before atmospheric oxygen could diffuse into the powder mass and react to form oxide phases. Thermite reactions in air have the advantage (over furnace heating in air) of not providing time at elevated temperatures for Mg and intermediate products to become consumed in the formation of oxides, nor time for oxidation degradation of TiB2.

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14

Hou, Qing, Zhi Cheng Shi, Run Hua Fan, and Li Cheng Ju. "Cryomilling and Characterization of Metal/Ceramic Powders." Key Engineering Materials 512-515 (June 2012): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.512-515.127.

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Al/Fe2O3 thermite powders were prepared by cryomilling at liquid nitrogen temperature. The cryogenic temperature will restrain the mechanochemical reaction between alumina and iron oxide, leading to high reactivitive nanoscale powders. The size distribution of the powders was analyzed using laser particle size analyzer, and cryomilling was proved to be an effective method to prepare ultrafine powders. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis indicated that the cryomilled powders get more fully-reacted, a larger proportion of solid-solid reaction and more heat release in the solid-liquid reaction, comparing with the powders milled at room temperaure. Furthermore, the reaction kinetics of Al-Fe2O3 system is analyzed by a model-free Starink method. The activation energy for solid-solid reaction of 2Al-Fe2O3 thermite mixture cryomilled for 40 min is determined as 250 kJ/mol. The alternating gradient magnetometer (AGM) analysis shows that long time milling evoked the thermit reaction between Al and Fe2O3, leading to the increase in saturation magnetization (Ms) and remanent magnetization (Mr).

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15

Mei, J., R. D. Halldearn, and P. Xiao. "Mechanisms of the aluminium-iron oxide thermite reaction." Scripta Materialia 41, no. 5 (August 1999): 541–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6462(99)00148-7.

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16

Cervantes, Octavio G., Joshua D. Kuntz, Alexander E. Gash, and Zuhair A. Munir. "Activation energy of tantalum–tungsten oxide thermite reactions." Combustion and Flame 158, no. 1 (January 2011): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.023.

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17

Joo, H., J. Yun, K. Hwang, and B. S. Jun. "Synthesis of AlON Refractory Raw Materials from Aluminum Dross Using Thermite Reaction Process." Materials Science Forum 510-511 (March 2006): 866–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.510-511.866.

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Aluminum dross is presented as a potential material to form AlON using thermite reaction. The commercial MgAl powder, active carbon, and titania were prepared to make a chemical furnace (self-propagation combustion). The preheating temperature of 300 is enough to intitate ignition of the mixture as fuel and oxidizer. The addition of Y2O3 (1wt. %) is effective to enhance solid solution products between Al2O3 and AlN in the Aluminum dross. The level of contamination like an alkali metal oxide in the Aluminum dross was reduced highly by the heat from chemical furnace.

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18

Cervantes, Octavio G., Joshua D. Kuntz, Alexander E. Gash, and Zuhair A. Munir. "Heat of combustion of tantalum–tungsten oxide thermite composites." Combustion and Flame 157, no. 12 (December 2010): 2326–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.07.002.

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19

Lau, Cheryl, Alexander S. Mukasyan, and Arvind Varma. "Reaction and phase separation mechanisms during synthesis of alloys by thermite type combustion reactions." Journal of Materials Research 18, no. 1 (January 2003): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2003.0018.

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Combustion of the thermite system is a promising approach for synthesis of alloys (e.g., Co-based) that are widely used in orthopedic applications. This process typically involves formation of two liquids (oxide and metal alloy), followed by their phase separation. The latter is generally believed to be controlled solely by gravity-driven buoyancy. To verify this hypothesis, a fundamental study of phase separation during alloy synthesis was conducted in both normal gravity and microgravity conditions. It was shown that a non-gravity-driven mechanism primarily controls the segregation process. Quenching experiments identified the reaction and phase separation mechanisms in the investigated systems.

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20

Elmasmodi, Abdellatif, Didier Barbry, Bruno Hasiak, and Daniel Couturier. "Evolution thermique de derives des hexahydrobenzazocines-2 et des hexahydro-1H-benzazonines-2 N-quaternarises (ammoniums, N-oxydes)." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 54, no. 10 (1989): 2767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19892767.

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La thermolyse des hydroxydes d’ammonium derives des hexahydrobenzazocines-2 et de la methyl-2-hexahydro-1H benzazonine-2 conduit a un melange de composes ethyleniques [butenyl-3 (ou pentenyl-4) N,N-dimethylbenzylamine et dimethylamino-1 orthotolyl-4 butene-3 (ou pentene-4)]. Les N-oxydes de N-methyl hexahydrobenzazocines-2 se decomposent thermiquement en derives de l’oxa-2 hexahydro-1H-benzazonines-3 souilles de la benzazocine de depart.

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21

Brotman, Sarah, Mehdi Djafari Rouhani, Samuel Charlot, Alain Estève, and Carole Rossi. "A Benchmark Study of Burning Rate of Selected Thermites through an Original Gasless Theoretical Model." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 16, 2021): 6553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146553.

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This paper describes a kinetic model dedicated to thermite nanopowder combustion, in which core equations are based on condensed phase mechanisms only. We explore all combinations of fuels/oxidizers, namely Al, Zr, B/CuO, Fe2O3, WO3, and Pb3O4, with 60 % of the theoretical maximum density packing, at which condensed phase mechanisms govern the reaction. Aluminothermites offer the best performances, with initiation delays in the range of a few tens of microseconds, and faster burn rates (60 cm s−1 for CuO). B and Zr based thermites are primarily limited by diffusion characteristics in their oxides that are more stringent than the common Al2O3 barrier layer. Combination of a poor thermal conductivity and efficient oxygen diffusion towards the fuel allows rapid initiation, while thermal conductivity is essential to increase the burn rate, as evidenced from iron oxide giving the fastest burn rates of all B- and Zr-based thermites (16 and 32 cm·s−1, respectively) despite poor mass transport properties in the condensed phase; almost at the level of Al/CuO (41 versus 61 cm·s−1). Finally, formulations of the effective thermal conduction coefficient are provided, from pure bulk, to nanoparticular structured material, giving light to the effects of the microstructure and its size distribution on thermite performances.

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22

Durães, Luísa, José Campos, and António Portugal. "Radial Combustion Propagation in Iron(III) Oxide/Aluminum Thermite Mixtures." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 31, no. 1 (February 2006): 42–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.200600006.

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23

Russell, R., S. Bless, and M. Pantoya. "Impact-Driven Thermite Reactions with Iodine Pentoxide and Silver Oxide." Journal of Energetic Materials 29, no. 2 (April 11, 2011): 175–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2010.514318.

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24

Gibot, Pierre, and Virginie Goetz. "Aluminium/tin (IV) oxide thermite composite: sensitivities and reaction propagation." Journal of Energetic Materials 38, no. 3 (November 12, 2019): 295–308. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370652.2019.1685024.

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25

Knapp, Sebastian, Stefan Kelzenberg, Angelika Raab, Evelin Roth, and Volker Weiser. "Emission Spectroscopy of the Combustion Flame of Aluminium/Copper Oxide Thermite." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 44, no. 1 (December 20, 2018): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201800235.

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26

Gesner, Jeffrey, Michelle L. Pantoya, and Valery I. Levitas. "Effect of oxide shell growth on nano-aluminum thermite propagation rates." Combustion and Flame 159, no. 11 (November 2012): 3448–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2012.06.002.

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27

WANG, Yi, Xiao-lan SONG, Wei JIANG, Guo-dong DENG, Xiao-de GUO, Hong-ying LIU, and Feng-sheng LI. "Mechanism for thermite reactions of aluminum/iron-oxide nanocomposites based on residue analysis." Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China 24, no. 1 (January 2014): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1003-6326(14)63056-9.

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28

Kobyakov, V. P., and D. Yu Kovalev. "Phase constitution of the combustion products of thermite mixtures modified by titanium oxide." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 43, no. 6 (November 2007): 674–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10573-007-0090-6.

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29

Choi, Sang-Kyu, Sung-Sang Park, and Eung-Ryul Baek. "Development of Thermite Powder for Rail Joining with Recycled Iron Oxide and Aluminium Powder." Journal of the Korean Welding and Joining Society 30, no. 5 (October 31, 2012): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5781/kwjs.2012.30.5.434.

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30

Weiser, Volker, Evelin Roth, Angelika Raab, Maria del Mar Juez-Lorenzo, Stefan Kelzenberg, and Norbert Eisenreich. "Thermite Type Reactions of Different Metals with Iron-Oxide and the Influence of Pressure." Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics 35, no. 3 (June 2, 2010): 240–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/prep.201000024.

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31

Gromov, A. A., A. M. Gromov, E. M. Popenko, A. V. Sergienko, O. G. Sabinskaya, B. Raab, and U. Teipel. "Formation of calcium in the products of iron oxide–aluminum thermite combustion in air." Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A 90, no. 10 (September 18, 2016): 2104–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0036024416100137.

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32

Kuntz, Joshua D., Octavio G. Cervantes, Alexander E. Gash, and Zuhair A. Munir. "Tantalum–tungsten oxide thermite composites prepared by sol–gel synthesis and spark plasma sintering." Combustion and Flame 157, no. 8 (August 2010): 1566–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2010.01.005.

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33

Barbry, Didier, Bruno Hasiak, Jean-Michel Augait, and Daniel Couturier. "Evolution thermique de N-oxydes de dimethylamino-5 alcanols-1 substitues en 5. Competition entre rearrangements de cope et de Meisenheimer." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 50, no. 4 (1985): 956–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19850956.

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The effect of the substituent R in the position was studied in the decomposition of 1,5-aminoalcohol N-oxides: Meisenheimer rearrangement takes place when R is the vinyl group but is not observed with the phenyl substituent; elimination to alkenol only affects the more acidic hydrogen atom when R is the allyl or benzyl group; with substituents inducing less important electronic effects (methyl, ethyl), the reaction yields an alkenols mixture with statistical distribution.

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34

Polis, Mateusz, Agnieszka Stolarczyk, Karolina Glosz, and Tomasz Jarosz. "Quo Vadis, Nanothermite? A Review of Recent Progress." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 29, 2022): 3215. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093215.

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One of the groups of pyrotechnic compositions is thermite compositions, so-called thermites, which consist of an oxidant, usually in the form of a metal oxide or salt, and a free metal, which is the fuel. A characteristic feature of termite combustion reactions, apart from their extremely high exothermicity, is that they proceed, for the most part, in liquid and solid phases. Nanothermites are compositions, which include at least one component whose particles size is on the order of nanometers. The properties of nanothermites, such as high linear burning velocities, high reaction heats, high sensitivity to stimuli, low ignition temperature, ability to create hybrid compositions with other high-energy materials allow for a wide range of applications. Among the applications of nanothermites, one should mention igniters, detonators, microdetonators, micromotors, detectors, elements of detonation chain or elements allowing self-destruction of systems (e.g., microchips). The aim of this work is to discuss the preparation methods, research methods, direction of the future development, eventual challenges or problems and to highlight the applications and emerging novel avenues of use of these compositions.

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35

Michard, G., D. Jezequel, and E. Viollier. "Vitesses de réaction de dissolution et précipitation au voisinage de l'interface oxydo-réducteur dans un lac méromictique : le lac Pavin (Puy de Dôme, France)." Revue des sciences de l'eau 16, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 199–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705504ar.

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Une étude à l'échelle centimétrique de l'interface redox situé à la limite entre mixolimnion et monimolimnion d'un lac méromictique (le lac Pavin) a permis d'observer très finement l'évolution de la concentration d'un certain nombre d'éléments chimiques. Nous avons choisi de présenter ici des résultats concernant 5 éléments qui présentent des comportements très contrastés : le rubidium, le fer, le baryum, le vanadium et le manganèse. La comparaison avec un élément conservatif, le sodium, montre que Rb est conservatif, que Fe, Ba et V sont précipités et que Mn est dissous dans cette zone. Une modélisation de ces concentrations en vue de préciser à quelle profondeur et avec quelle vitesse se produisent les réactions concernant ces éléments nécessite la détermination des paramètres de transport au voisinage de cet interface. Une représentation analytique des concentrations de sodium permet de calculer le coefficient de diffusion turbulente Kz en fonction de la profondeur. Au voisinage de l'interface redox, ce coefficient est très petit (0,0017m2/jour) et inférieur au coefficient de diffusion thermique moléculaire. Les concentrations des éléments étudiés ont pu être représentés avec précisions par des polynômes en fonction de la concentration en sodium. Cela permet d'estimer les vitesses des réactions de précipitation dissolution en fonction de la profondeur. Le rubidium n'est affecté par aucune réaction. Le fer précipite entre 63 et 65 m, le baryum entre 68 et 72 m tandis que le vanadium précipite à la fois dans ces 2 zones. Le manganèse réagit dans une zone très étroite : il est précipité entre 61,5 et 62 m et dissous entre 62,8 et 63,1 m. Une étude similaire de tous les éléments majeurs (y compris pH et COD) pourrait permettre d'élucider les processus qui conduisent à ces comportements complexes.

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36

Wang, Yi, Xiaolan Song, Wei Jiang, Guodong Deng, Xiaode Guo, Hongying Liu, and Fengsheng Li. "SYNTHESIS OF NANO-NICKEL-COATED MICRO-ALUMINUM AND THERMAL REACTIVITY OF ALUMINUM/NICKELSTANNIC-OXIDE THERMITE." International Journal of Energetic Materials and Chemical Propulsion 10, no. 3 (2011): 231–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/intjenergeticmaterialschemprop.2012004927.

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37

Yeh, C. L., and J. A. Peng. "Effects of oxide precursors on fabrication of Mo5Si3–Al2O3 composites via thermite-based combustion synthesis." Intermetallics 83 (April 2017): 87–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.intermet.2016.12.012.

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38

Li, Shi, Tao Guo, Miao Yao, Jiaxing Song, Wen Ding, Yiming Mao, and Jialin Chen. "Effect of Bismuth Oxide Particles Size on the Thermal Excitation and Combustion Properties of Thermite Systems." ChemistryOpen 10, no. 4 (April 2021): 464–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/open.202000358.

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39

Zhang, Yu-ying, Meng-jie Wang, Chun-ran Chang, Kang-zhen Xu, Hai-xia Ma, and Feng-qi Zhao. "A DFT study on the enthalpies of thermite reactions and enthalpies of formation of metal composite oxide." Chemical Physics 507 (May 2018): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chemphys.2018.04.004.

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40

Woll, Karsten, John David Gibbins, Kyle Slusarski, Alex H. Kinsey, and Timothy P. Weihs. "The utilization of metal/metal oxide core-shell powders to enhance the reactivity of diluted thermite mixtures." Combustion and Flame 167 (May 2016): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2016.02.006.

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41

Yeh, Chun-Liang, and Kuan-Ting Chen. "Synthesis of FeSi-Al2O3 Composites by Autowave Combustion with Metallothermic Reduction." Metals 11, no. 2 (February 3, 2021): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11020258.

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Fabrication of FeSi-Al2O3 composites with a molar ratio of FeSi/Al2O3 ranging from 1.2 to 4.5 was conducted by the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) method. The synthesis reaction involved metallothermic reduction of Fe2O3 and SiO2 by Al and the chemical interaction of Fe and Si. Two combustion systems were examined: one contained thermite reagents of 0.6Fe2O3 + 0.6SiO2 + 2Al, and the other had Fe2O3 + 2Al to mix with different amounts of Fe and Si powders. A thermodynamic analysis indicated that metallothermic reduction of oxide precursors was sufficiently exothermic to sustain the combustion reaction in a self-propagating mode. The SHS reaction carrying out co-reduction of Fe2O3 and SiO2 was less exothermic, and was applied to synthesize products with FeSi/Al2O3 = 1.2–2.5, while the reaction reducing only Fe2O3 was more energetic and was adopted for the composites with FeSi/Al2O3 = 2.5–4.5. Moreover, the former had a larger activation energy, i.e., Ea = 215.3 kJ/mol, than the latter, i.e., Ea = 180.4 kJ/mol. For both reaction systems, the combustion wave velocity and temperature decreased with increasing FeSi content. Formation of FeSi-Al2O3 in situ composites with different amounts of FeSi was achieved. Additionally, a trivial amount of aluminum silicate was detected in the products of high FeSi contents due to dissolution of Si into Al2O3 during the SHS process.

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42

Hosseini, Seyed Ghorban, Ali Sheikhpour, Mohammad Hossein Keshavarz, and Saeed Tavangar. "The effect of metal oxide particle size on the thermal behavior and ignition kinetic of Mg–CuO thermite mixture." Thermochimica Acta 626 (February 2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.01.005.

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43

Yukhvid, V. I., D. E. Andreev, D. M. Ikornikov, V. N. Sanin, N. V. Sachkova, and I. D. Kovalev. "Combustion of Titanium Oxide Based Thermite Systems with a Complex Reducing Agent and an Energy Additive under the Influence of Overload." Combustion, Explosion, and Shock Waves 55, no. 6 (November 2019): 671–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0010508219060066.

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44

Corrias, Gianluca, Roberta Licheri, Roberto Orrù, and Giacomo Cao. "Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis Reactions for ISRU and ISFR Applications." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 13, no. 3-4 (May 4, 2010): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj77.

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<p>In the framework of ISRU (In-Situ Resource Utilization) and ISFR (In-Situ Fabrication and Repair) applications, a novel recently patented process based on the occurrence of Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (SHS) reactions potentially exploitable for the in-situ fabrication of construction materials in Lunar and Martian environments is described in this work. Specifically, the SHS process involves thermite reactions type between Lunar or Martian regolith simulants and aluminum as reducing agent. To overcome the fact that the original content of ilmenite (FeTiO<sub>3</sub>) and ferric oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) on Moon and Mars soils, respectively, is not enough to make the SHS process possible, suitable amounts of these species have to be added to the starting mixtures. The dependence of the most important processing parameters, particularly the composition of the starting mixture, evacuation level, and gravity conditions, on SHS process behaviour and product characteristics is specifically examined for the case of Lunar regolith. All the obtained findings allows us to conclude that the optimized results obtained under terrestrial conditions are valid for in-situ applications in Lunar environment. In particular, parabolic flight experiments evidenced that neither SHS process dynamics nor product characteristics are significantly influenced in both Lunar and Martian systems when passing from Earth to low gravity conditions. Finally, the complete scheme involving all stages required for the fabrication of physical assets to be used as protection against solar rays, solar wind and meteoroids, etc., is reported.</p>

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45

Abahussain, Reem Mohammed S., Atheer Abdullah Al Jubeiri, Asma Saleh S. Alruwaili, Faisal Saeed A. Al-Ghamdi, Muath Sulaiman G. Alhamdi, Amani Ahmad S. Albalawi, Renad Mohammed H. Alanazi, Raghad Mohammed E. Alhawiti, Khalid Bakhet B. Aljohani, and Sarah Majed A. Alquayr. "Dermatological Manifestations of Magnesium and Thermite Poisoning." Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, July 23, 2021, 157–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i38a32070.

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Thermite is a metal powder and metal oxide mixture that is pyrotechnic. Thermite conducts an exothermic decrease oxidation process (redox) when inflamed by the heat or chemical reaction. Burning thermite or magnesium produces predominantly thermal injury that may be considered identical to deep partial- or full-thickness thermal burns. While exposure to incendiary metals can occur in many settings, serious burns are most likely to result from industrial or military incidents. The main cause of thermal damage in combustion thermite or magnesium is the identical to the profound burning thermal burning of partial or total thickness. Thermite incendiaries can create several tiny, deep, dispersed molten iron burns. Local anesthetic may make this feasible. Outcomes and complications of incendiary metal burns are similar to other thermal injuries. In this paper we overview magnesium and thermite poisoning dermatologically and their management.

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46

Gash, Alexander E., Joe H. Satcher, Randall L. Simpson, and Brady J. Clapsaddle. "Nanostructured Energetic Materials with Sol-gel Methods." MRS Proceedings 800 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-800-aa2.2.

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AbstractThe utilization of sol-gel chemical methodology to prepare nanostructured energetic materials as well as the concepts of nanoenergetics is described. The preparation and characterization of two totally different compositions is detailed. In one example, nanostructured aerogel and xerogel composites of sol-gel iron (III) oxide and ultra fine grained aluminum (UFG Al) are prepared, characterized, and compared to a conventional micron-sized Fe2O3/Al thermite. The exquisite degree of mixing and intimate nanostructuring of this material is illustrated using transmission and scanning electron microscopies (TEM and SEM). The nanocomposite material has markedly different energy release (burn rate) and thermal properties compared to the conventional composite, results of which will be discussed. Small-scale safety characterization was performed on the nanostructured thermite. The second nanostructured energetic material consists of a nanostructured hydrocarbon resin fuel network with fine ammonium perchlorate (NH4ClO4) oxidizer present.

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47

Clapsaddle, Brady J., Lihua Zhao, Alex E. Gash, Joe H. Satcher, Kenneth J. Shea, Michelle L. Pantoya, and Randall L. Simpson. "Synthesis and Characterization of Mixed Metal Oxide Nanocomposite Energetic Materials." MRS Proceedings 800 (2003). http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/proc-800-aa2.7.

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ABSTRACTIn the field of composite energetic materials, properties such as ingredient distribution, particle size, and morphology, affect both sensitivity and performance. Since the reaction kinetics of composite energetic materials are typically controlled by the mass transport rates between reactants, one would anticipate new and potentially exceptional performance from energetic nanocomposites. We have developed a new method of making nanostructured energetic materials, specifically explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics, using sol-gel chemistry. A novel sol-gel approach has proven successful in preparing metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites in which the metal oxide is the major component. Two of the metal oxides are tungsten trioxide and iron(III) oxide, both of which are of interest in the field of energetic materials. Furthermore, due to the large availability of organically functionalized silanes, the silicon oxide phase can be used as a unique way of introducing organic additives into the bulk metal oxide materials. As a result, the desired organic functionality is well dispersed throughout the composite material on the nanoscale. By introducing a fuel metal into the metal oxide/silicon oxide matrix, energetic materials based on thermite reactions can be fabricated. The resulting nanoscale distribution of all the ingredients displays energetic properties not seen in its microscale counterparts due to the expected increase of mass transport rates between the reactants. The synthesis and characterization of these metal oxide/silicon oxide nanocomposites and their performance as energetic materials will be discussed.

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48

"Combustion of Titanium Oxide Based Thermite Systems with a Complex Reducing Agent and Energy Additive under the Influence of Overload." Физика горения и взрыва, no. 6 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.15372/fgv20190606.

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