Дисертації з теми "Oxydation aux joints de grains"
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Poignant, Frédéric. "L'oxydation de céramiques à base de titanate de strontium semi-conducteur et la formation de barrières de potentiel aux joints de grains." Limoges, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995LIMO0015.
Повний текст джерелаAgrizzi, Ronqueti Larissa. "Study of grain boundary oxidation of high alloyed carbon steels at coiling temperature." Thesis, Compiègne, 2018. https://bibliotheque.utc.fr/Default/doc/SYRACUSE/2018COMP2405.
Повний текст джерелаAdvanced high-strength steels (AHSS) have been widely used in automotive industry to improve safety and fuel economy. In order to reach the mechanical properties targets, these new steels are composed by much higher alloy contents (e.g. silicon and manganese) than usual steels. As consequence, the AHSS may suffer of selective internal oxidation during the cooling of hot coil. The selective internal oxidation, especially the grain boundary oxidation (GBO), is currently one of the main obstacles to the production of these steels. It reduces the number of cycles before fatigue failure and thus, makes it difficult to reach the specifications of the customer. Therefore, this PhD work was focused on the effect of several parameters on selective internal oxidation behavior. Among them, the impact of decarburization, the influence of coiling temperature and the mill scale, the effect of different silicon and/or manganese contents and their diffusion behavior. Moreover, the impact of grain boundary misorientation on grain boundary oxidation was also investigated. Either binary/ternary iron-based model alloys as well as industrial steels were investigated by a large set of experimental techniques. This analysis showed a stable decarburization for all investigated samples that does not impact the selective internal oxidation for long exposure time in isothermal conditions. The GBO depths were examined according to the different test configurations and were found dependent for some cases on silicon or manganese content. For some of them, different silicon diffusion behaviors were identified with regards to grain boundary oxidation depending on temperatures. Considering some restrictive hypotheses, the application of Wagner’s theory of selective internal oxidation allowed determining the grain boundary diffusion coefficient of oxygen. To overcome some limitations of Wagner’s model, a model of selective oxidation has been applied to understand the effect of different parameters on the penetration of oxygen inside the metal and principally on the grain boundary depth affected by selective oxidation. The knowledge acquired from this PhD work will help to understand and limit the selective internal oxidation (mainly GBO) in new steels with complex alloy compositions. Furthermore, the results may be used to assess a model of selective oxidation
Bacia, Maria. "Comportement du carbone aux joints de grains du molybdène." Grenoble INPG, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994INPG4210.
Повний текст джерелаVasseur, Jérôme. "Aspects théoriques de la ségrégation d'impuretés aux joints de grains à forte désorientation dans les métaux." Lille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993LIL10049.
Повний текст джерелаMarrouche, Abdelkhalek. "Caractérisation par microscopie électronique en transmission de joints de grains d'oxyde NiO formé par oxydation." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112128.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis presents the results of a statistical study of the geometrical features of grain boundaries in nickel oxide NiO obtained by thermal oxidation of nickel. This work is divided into two parts: The first is a critical study of the methods used to determine the geometrical characteristics of the grain boundaries, orientation relationships, coincidence index, criteria of specialty, grain boundary plane. In the second part, we present the date of the study of 128 boundaries taken in 3 types of specimen resulting either from oxidation or additionally annealed. The following features were examined for each sample: granular morphology, distribution and density of dislocations, distribution of grain boundaries between subgrain boundaries and boundaries, oxidation texture, orientation relationships, "special" grain boundaries. It is shown in particular that boundaries parallel to a {011} plane are quite unstable and that the proportion of coincident boundaries is higher than that existing in a randomly distributed sample
CREUZE, Jérôme. "Des surfaces aux joints de grains : la ségrégation dans tous ses états." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00001572.
Повний текст джерелаCreuze, Jérôme. "Des surfaces aux joints de grains : la segregation dans tous ses etats." Paris 11, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000PA112211.
Повний текст джерелаBriot, Roland. "Caractérisation des matériaux piézoélectriques : Modélisation des pertes aux joints de grains et aux parois de domaines." Lyon, INSA, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991ISAL0014.
Повний текст джерелаThe ferroclectric ceramics are so far used in piezoelectric industrial applications w ith electromechanical energy conversion such as sonars or high power transducers. These applications involve new materials with very high electromechanical coupling factor and very weak mechanical and dielectric losses under low or high electric field level. These new compositions require dynamic characterization for any mechanical quality factor and need a better description of lasses in the material. A new dynamic method for the characterization of materials with high losses is proposed in order to calculate with accuracy the parameters of equivalent electrical circuit. The one dimensional models generally used ignore the polycristalline structure of ceramics. We propose a new model in order to better explain the experimental frequency dependence of conductance, mechanical and dielectric lasses. This new model permits us to describe the rôle of grain, grain boundary and domain wall on elastic losses in piezoceramics. An analysis of the effect of:manganese addition has been achieved by using this model. Equivalent resistivities of grain, grain boundary and domain wall are calculated versus the amount of manganese. The increase of the percentage of manganese leads to an improvement of the grain and grain boundary electromechanical properties, afterwards an excess of manganese damage grain properties. The present mode! ex plains the losses in materials and describes the role of a substitution on the electromechanical properties of piezoceramics. The method is based on eas electrical measurements
Perinet, François. "Autodiffusion de l'oxygène en volume et aux joints de grains dans Cu...O." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608744v.
Повний текст джерелаPROT, DOMINIQUE. "Autodiffusion de l'oxygene en volume et aux joints de grains dans l'alumine alpha." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066292.
Повний текст джерелаAndriamisandratra, Mamiandrianina. "Analyse numérique de la microplasticité aux joints de grains dans les polycristaux métalliques CFC." Mémoire, École de technologie supérieure, 2013. http://espace.etsmtl.ca/1148/1/ANDRIAMISANDRATRA_Mamiandrianina.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаRakotovao, Felaniaina Nirisoa. "Relaxation des contraintes dans les couches de chromine développées sur alliages modèles (NiCr et Fe47Cr) : apport de la diffraction in situ à haute température sur rayonnement Synchrotron à l’étude du comportement viscoplastique : effets d’éléments réactifs." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LAROS015/document.
Повний текст джерелаIntegrity of protective oxide scales developing at the metallic alloys surface at high temperature depends on the stress generation and their relaxation mechanisms. In this work, the behaviour of chromia scales formed on NiCr and Fe47Cr model alloys has been investigated. Raman spectroscopy was used to determine the residual stress level in chromia thin films after oxidation at different temperatures (700°C-1000°C) for 3 h and 18 h. A monotonous evolution of residual stresses with oxidation conditions was noted for the Ni30Cr/Cr2O3 system but not for the Fe47Cr/Cr2O3 one. The strain variations at microscopic scale was also determined by using atomic force microscopy. For the first studied system, non destructive relaxation by creep of the oxide and buckling can be more or less activated, in agreement with the residual stresses evolution. And a third additional stress release mode by intra film cracking could take place for the second system. In situ high temperature oxidation coupled with Synchrotron X-rays diffraction was also used to characterize the viscoplastic properties of chromia scales grown on Ni30Cr and Ni28Cr, with dissociating the effects related to thermal activation and grain size. The creep mechanism responsible of stress release in chromia scales has been evidenced by comparing experimental results with a diffusional creep model. Confrontation of the obtained activation energy (130 kJ.mol-1) with literature results has shown that this non destructive relaxation mode was likely governed by grain boundary transport of oxygen species. When a reactive element (Y or Zr) was added to the metallic substrate Ni28Cr, an important decrease of the oxidation rate was noted when increasing the amount of introduced element. No significant effect of this quantity on the residual stress level was however observed. At microscopic scale, a reduction of grain size has been also noted and two distinguished grains distribution appeared for the higher quantities. Results of in situ Synchrotron diffraction measurements and those of atomic force microscopy (grain boundary sliding) showed that the ability of chromia films to release stress thanks to their viscoplastic properties could be delayed and/or decreased with the presence of an active element. However, this mechanism could operate for smaller chromia films thicknesses
Yazidi, Samir. "Influence du caractère de spécialité des joints de grains sur la texture granulaire et la texture de joints dans l'oxyde de nickel." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112155.
Повний текст джерелаThe purpose of this study is to verity whether the intrinsic properties of special and general grain boundaries (GB) may influence such characteristics as grain texture and grain boundary texture, during grain growth process in a polycristalline material. Three parameters are of importance: -average grain diameter which is an indicator of the residual driving force responsible for grain growth; -average grain growth rate, since GB mobility is a discriminative factor for special and general GB behavior and is a function of impurity conten; -specialness character Of the GB's which allows their classification. In order to examine the influence of the first two parameters, about 250 GB's belonging to several samples prepared by oxidation of nickel in various conditions, were characterized. The data which were obtained up to now do not seem to indicate that the specialness character of the, grain boundaries influences significantly grain texture or GB texture. This conclusion can be explained by topological requirements relative to a polycrystal tree of external stresses
Amanrich, Hélène. "Origine et caractérisation des centres recombinants aux joints de grains de bicristaux et multicristaux de silicium." Aix-Marseille 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX30014.
Повний текст джерелаPerrier, René-Louis. "Barrière de potentiel aux joints de grains dans une céramique conductrice cas du titanate de strontium /." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37608774s.
Повний текст джерелаPerrier, René-Louis. "Barrière de potentiel aux joints de grains dans une céramique conductrice : cas du titanate de strontium." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112417.
Повний текст джерелаNuns, Nicolas. "Caractérisation de la charge d'espace aux joints de grains du spinelle MgAI2O4 : influence possible sur la superplasticité." Lille 1, 2005. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/2005/50376-2005-Nuns.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаGenée, Julien. "Etude statistique et numérique des interactions bandes de glissement-joints de grains : application aux superalliages de nickel." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0024/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis research focused on interactions between slip bands – manifestation of plastic strain localization in polycrystalline metallic materials – and grain boundaries. The material chosen for the study is a nickel based superalloy (UdimetTM 720Li). Recent investigations have shown that slip bands blocked at grain boundaries can induce significant crystalline elastic rotation in highly localized regions – referred to as micro-volumes – in neighboring grains. This phenomenon is observed from room to intermediate temperatures (T < 500°C), under monotonic or cycling loading. It is responsible for the first stages of damage initiation and is at the origin of fatigue fatal cracks.A statistical analysis was carried out over a large data set of slip bands – grain boundaries interactions through SEM observations performed on pre-deformed samples. Local crystallographic configurations were investigated in order to identify those that favor or inhibit the formation of micro-volumes. A peculiar role of the twist angle - related to the alignment of slip systems on both sides of the grain boundary – was evidenced, particularly in the case of twin boundaries.Then, two strategies of numerical modeling of the interaction between a slip band and a neighboring grain using full-field finite element simulation were developed. In this work, the elastic regime only is considered and distributions of crystalline rotations, stresses and resolved shear stresses at the tip of theim pinging slip band in the neighboring grain were analyzed in order to better understand the conditions leading to the transmission of slip through the grain boundary and those leading to the termination of slip bands with or without formation of micro-volumes
Foucard, Frédéric. "Rhéologie des pyroxènes calco-sodiques et de leurs phases rétromorphosées : approche expérimentale." Paris 11, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA112043.
Повний текст джерелаThe rheological behaviour of omphacite is still unknown. Creep experiments were performed on polycrystalline aggregates of omphacite in a dead-load apparatus developed for very low strain rates. Prior the creep experiment, samples with different compositions were sintered in a piston-cylinder. X-ray and electron microprobe analyses proved specimens to be pure and homogeneous in composition. From the sintered samples, we prepared cubes (2x2x5 mm3) that were then deformed at strain rates varying from 10-10 to 10-6s-1 with axial compressive stresses between 30-350 MPa (for 850ʿC £ T £ 1100ʿC). For both natural and synthetic omphacite, a decrease in strain rate was systematically observed at the beginning of the experiments. The study of the kinetics of the transformation of omphacite showed that the destabilisation rate is maximum at the very beginning of the experiment and then decreases subsequently. The destabilisation rate follows Avrami's law with an exponent of 0. 5 suggesting a diffusion-controlled mechanism for the destabilisation. We propose that, at the beginning of the experiment, the samples deform by Transformation Induced Plasticity. The decrease stops after 10-20% destabilisation, beyond which we found E = 750 kJ. Mol-1 and a stress exponent n around 1. 7. This behaviour was observed in our fully transformed omphacite samples (mixture of diopside, nepheline and albite with very small grain size), as well as in pure fine-grained synthetic and natural diopside (with the same E and n). We suggest that diopside controls the deformation of omphacite after 10-20% destabilisation by a mechanism of GBS accommodated by Nabarro-Herring diffusion
RAOUL, STEPHANE. "Rupture intergranulaire fragile d'un acier faiblement allie induite par la segregation d'impuretes aux joints de grains : influence de la microstructure." Paris 11, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA112110.
Повний текст джерелаEl, sabbagh Alexandre. "Caractérisation du mécanisme de glissement aux joints de grains dans l’aluminium à haute température par mesures de champs in situ MEB." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX098/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn many industrial applications, polycrystalline materials are subjected to high temperatures at which grain boundary sliding (GBS) plays an essential part. It is however strongly coupled with intracrystalline plasticity, but very few models account for this coupling. GBS is not well understood and poorly quantified experimentally. To do so we have developed a set-up to perform in-situ compression experiments inside a scanning electron microscope, with a contactless temperature measurement. The tests have been done with large grained aluminium samples (0.1 % wt Mn) at several temperatures between 25°C and 400°C and a low strain rate. The kinematic fields measured by digital image correlation (DIC) have allowed the analysis of the start and development of plasticity mechanisms during deformation and their evolution with temperature. We have shown a strong coupling between intragranular plasticity and GBS. At higher temperature, the deformation is more concentrated at the grain boundaries while intragranular slip gets more complex, involving more glide systems. A DIC method has been used to measure the discontinuities at the grain boundaries and thus quantify the part of GBS with respect to the total plastic deformation at 200°C. Despite a large grain size, GBS contributes significantly to the deformation. GBS appears from the start of the deformation process, then reaches a limit. A local approach has been developed to quantify the local amplitude of GBS. This has allowed to weigh the influence of some geometrical parameters, such as grain misorientation, a coefficient which measures the transfer of intragranular sliding across the grain boundary and the orientation of the grain boundary with respect to the direction of solicitation. This last parameter seems to be the most relevant, but does not suffice to characterize the amplitude of the slip. The local properties of the microstructure cannot be neglected
Mathian, Gérard. "Etude par photoconductance des phénomènes de recombinaison le long de joints de grains dans le silicium polycristallin application aux essais de passivation." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37599522x.
Повний текст джерелаBourdin, François. "Analyse des processus d’endommagement aux joints de grains dans les superalliages base Nickel Measurements of plastic localization by heaviside-digital image correlation." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020ESMA0013.
Повний текст джерелаNickel-based superalloys used in turbine disks are subjected to severe stresses ranging from creep to fatigue at temperatures up to 700°C. Under these conditions, the literature shows that grain boundaries are the weakest structural element. Depending on these conditions, the grain boundaries can slide, transmit or accumulate deformation and are favorable locations for oxidation. Thus, intergranular damage is closely related to these deformation processes.The purpose of this work is to contribute to the understanding of the deformation and damage mechanisms that occur at grain boundaries. To study quantitatively the early stages of plasticity and damage, a new non-contact measurement approach taking into account displacement discontinuities is presented: Heaviside-DIC. It was validated before being used in the study of high temperature inter and intragranular sliding. Afirst qualitative study has shown greater intergranular damage in creep at 700°C / 700 MPa compared to tension at different temperatures. The implementation of H-DIC at 2 scales coupled with EBSD, allowed to identify a detrimental microstructural configuration in turbine disks polycrystalline superalloys: coherent twin boundaries. Comparison with a turbine blade columnar superalloy with no twins confirms these observations.In this light, and based on literature, a scenario explaining the transition between deformation and intergranular damage is proposed
Mathian, Gérard. "Etude par photoconductance des phénomènes de recombinaison le long de joints de grains dans le silicium polycristallin : application aux essais de passivation." Aix-Marseille 3, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986AIX30043.
Повний текст джерелаWelsch, Markus Theodor. "Formation des micro fissures aux joints des grains : influence de l'orientation sur les contraintes locales et sur la formation des micro fissures." Thesis, Metz, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011METZ044S.
Повний текст джерелаFor the case of damaging the anisotropic elastic material behaviour causes additional stresses due to elastic misalignments and the local orientation differences at boundary surfaces. These additional stresses can act as additional driving force for the local damage process. The amount of these additional stresses is strongly dependent on the alignment of the grain boundary with respect to the loading direction and the orientation difference between the two adjacent grains. The influence of microstructural inhomogeneities on the local stresses within the boundary areas during bending and fatigue was investigated by experiments and simulations of Fe-3%Si and Ni specimen. The alignment of the grain boundaries was measured by optical microscopy (LM) and the local crystallographic orientations by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). The use of this data for three-dimensional finite element method calculations (FEM) for specimens close to reality obtained as a result, the places with the highest incompatibility stresses at grain boundaries. The use of electron channelling contrast imaging (ECCI) enables to observe characteristics in the dislocation structures at these specific positions and permits to reproduce the damage evolution up to the crack propagation. The nanoindentation technique (NI) and for the first time the magnetic force microscopy (MFM) were both adopted in addition to the local characterization with the objective to contribute to the understandings of crack initiation and crack propagation
Bei der Schädigung bedingen die lokalen Orientierungsunterschiede an Grenzflächen und das anisotrop-elastische Materialverhalten durch elastische Fehlpassungen Zusatzspannungen. Diese können als zusätzliche treibende Kraft für die lokalen Schädigungsvorgänge wirken. Die Stärke der Zusatzspannungen hängt stark von der Lage der Korngrenze in Bezug zur Belastungsrichtung und dem Orientierungsunterschied der angrenzenden Körner ab. Der Einfluss von Inhomogenitäten auf die lokalen Spannungen im Bereich der Grenzflächen bei Biegung und Ermüdung wurde mittels Experimenten und Simulationen an Proben aus Fe-3%Si und Ni untersucht. Die Lage der Korngrenzen wurde durch Lichtmikroskopie (LM) und die lokale kristallographische Orientierung durch Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) gemessen. Die Nutzung dieser Daten für dreidimensionale Finite-Elemente-Methode-(FEM)-Rechnungen der lokalen Spannungen realitätsnaher Proben ergibt als Ergebnis die Orte mit den höchsten Inkompatibilitätsspannungen an Korngrenzen an. Mittels Electron Channelling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) konnten an diesen Orten Besonderheiten in den Versetzungsstrukturen festgestellt werden, und der Schädigungsverlauf bis zum Risswachstum nachvollzogen werden
Salib, Matthieu. "Étude cinétique et cristallographique de la précipitation de la phase α aux joints de grains β/β dans un alliage de titane". Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORR0042/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis work focuses on the formation and the evolution of microstructure and microtexture associated with the α phase precipitation at β/β GBs in titanium alloys. A β-metastable alloy (Ti17) has been studied, because the high temperature microstructure is frozen by a rapid quench and the untransformed parent phase remains. Numerous 2D EBSD analyses and some 3D analyses have been carried out after transformation and under various thermal and thermo-mechanical treatments (isothermal conditions and continuous cooling (CC) without and with prior deformation of the parent phase). One great originality of this study is the automated statistical approach used to characterize the microtexture from EBSD data. An algorithm has been specifically developed in order to get the variants orientation as well as different representative data characterizing the microtexture. We have identified the link between the nucleation/growth kinetics of α phase and the microtexture development, a relationship that is often neglected in the literature, where one usually associates the microtexture only to the variant selection and to the initial β texture. The occurrence of variants selection (VS) has been performed considering different VS criteria; it has been shown that VS is very active for the first grains formed. These grains have the most favorable nucleation conditions. The variant selected is the one that minimizes the deviation to the Burgers Orientation Relationship with both β grains; i.e. the one for which interfacial energy and especially the elastic energy associated to its formation are minimized. Moreover, the crystallographic conditions of α colonies formation are studied and discussed
Bouquet, Nicolas. "Etude de la formation des joints soudés par diffusion : application aux échangeurs de chaleur compacts." Thesis, Dijon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014DIJOS050/document.
Повний текст джерелаCompact diffusion bonded heat exchangers are an attractive option in many fields (nuclear, (petro-)chemistry, solar…) due to their performance. This type of concept is especially intended for manufacturing the energy conversion system of the ASTRID reactor. During diffusion bonding by HIP, the problem is twofold: the channel deformation and microstructure evolution must be controlled, while at the same time, highly resistant interfaces are desired. This thesis is focused on the understanding and the control of the bonded components microstructure prepared by HIP in order to define « process » criteria to achieve welds in agreement with specifications of components containing fluidic channels: interfaces unaffected by the process and small grain size. After a detailed characterization of their surface and microstructural evolution during heating, the behavior of AISI 316L austenitic steel sheets has been examined in a parametric study by varying the parameters related to process (diffusion bonding temperature and pressure) and welding material (thickness, surface finish…). The results show that the interface formation is driven by conventional grain growth mechanisms with an interfacial pining more or less marked depending on surface characteristics. The mechanical properties of assemblies have been tested to determine the influence of defects. Though pores are the most critical default, the influence of other heterogeneities has also been highlighted. The different steps of bond formation have been identified by performing interrupted diffusion bonding test. The interest of modeling approach by Level-Set method to simulate microstructure evolution has been finally discussed
Degrange, Jean-Marie. "Influence des propriétés viscoélastiques sur le comportement tribologique d'élastomères chargés de type NBR : Application aux joints bi-lèvres des roulements à billes de roue." Ecully, Ecole centrale de Lyon, 2005. http://bibli.ec-lyon.fr/exl-doc/jmdegrange.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаIn this study, correlations between contact conditions, wear evolutions, physicochemical transformations and viscoelastic or thermomechanical behaviours of "nitrile" rubbers (NBR) were performed. To better understand the relationships between rubber composition parameters and tribological mechanisms, various compounds were manufactured. In unlubricated conditions, the friction of rubbers and a steel ball deals with two different tribological behaviours. One consists on a "cohesive" wear. The other one does not show any significant wear track, which matches to a "thermo-oxidation" transformation. Both phenomena occur with a specific kinetic and "activation" according to volumic parameters (i. E. Tg, E', tan the kind and the rate of filled particles : carbon black or 'white particles', crosslink density) or surface treatments (i. E. With chlorine or a quick heat flow). This study aims at highlighting the leakage mechanisms of ball-bearings manufactured by "SNR roulements"
Barrès, Quentin. "Effet de la structure des joints de grains sur le phénomène de ségrégation induite par irradiation aux ions lourds dans un alliage Fe-13Cr." Thesis, Normandie, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020NORMR072.
Повний текст джерелаFerritic / Martensitic steels (F/M) and ODS steels are candidates as structural and cladding materials for future generations of reactors (GEN IV & Fusion). Indeed, these alloys have very good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, under irradiation, materials are subjected to a flux of defects which promote Irradiation-Induced Segregation (IIS) at sinks. This non-equilibrium segregation change the local composition of the material around sinks, such as grain boundaries. This modification of the composition will have drastic effects on materials properties. Many parameters related to the material as well as the irradiation conditions can influence IIS. This study focused on the effect of grain boundaries structure on IIS in a Fe-Cr model alloy. The aim is to quantify the effects of grain boundary structure on IIS in a Fe-13at.%Cr alloy. The first step was to set up an experimental processin order to be able to characterize a grain boundary using atom probe tomography (APT). The grain boundary need to be fully characterized according to its five degrees of freedom (5 DoF) using electron diffraction techniques EBSD / TKD. Analyzes are performed before and after irradiation in order to dissociate IIS from the equilibrium segregation on grain boundaries. Finally, to improve the representativeness of the results, each analyze was doubled or tripled. To reach an enrichment of chromium at grain boundaries, ions irradiation have been conducted with Fe5 + ions, at 450 °C, and at low damage rate (6.10-5 dpa.s-1 ).. Effects of grain boundaries structure on IIS have been shown by APT analyzes in a Fe-13%Cr alloy. Different kind of grain boundaries structure have been test for a dose of 2 dpa. Effects of grain boundaries plans orientation have been quantify on APT in two different Σ3 (60° ) coincidence grain boundaries. A W-shape composition profile is systematically observed on Cr profiles made across grain boundaries. This chromium segregation is paired to a carbon segregation that lead to heterogeneous segregation / precipitation in the plane of the grain boundaries. These precipitates rich in chromium and carbon are likely to be the first step of carbide formation. Monte Carlo simulations (AKMC) can reproduce IIS phenomenon on a Fe-Cr alloy under the same irradiation conditions as explored experimentally in this study. Grain boundary structure, sinks density and ballistic effects have been prove qualitatively by these simulations. However, chromium W-shape composition profile can’t be obtain with this binary Fe-Cr simulation. This supports the hypothesis that carbon plays an important role in the formation of this atypical profile
ABDELAOUI, RACHID. "Precipitation du cuivre aux joints de grains dans le silicium. Etude par microscopie electronique des relations d'orientation dans les bicristaux sigma=13 et sigma=25." Caen, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992CAEN2021.
Повний текст джерелаMilanese, Julien. "Rupture intergranulaire assistée par l'oxydation et corrosion sous contrainte de produits minces en alliage 718 : rôle de la microstructure et de la chimie des joints de grains." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019INPT0054.
Повний текст джерелаDue to its good resistance to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC), some of the components of nuclear assemblies of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR) are made of alloy 718. Nevertheless, the current trend is increasing the liability and the safety of nuclear plants and needs a further understanding of the SCC mechanism of the material. Framatome is also considering a modification of the processing route of the strips used for the manufacturing of these components in order to improve the SCC resistance of the alloy 718. To better understand the SCC mechanism and support the solution undertaken, the influence of the metallurgical state on the damaging process must be investigated. The influences of the precipitation of phase and cold working on the susceptibility to intergranular cracking of the alloy were examined and the deformation mechanism at grain boundaries identified. It was shown that these two features were beneficial and improve the cracking resistance of the alloy but could not provide full desensitization when taken separately. Furthermore, grain boundary sliding was identified on the material susceptible to SCC whereas it is partially suppressed on the resistant one. From these observations, a mechanism for the initiation of intergranular cracks based on grain boundary sliding has been proposed. This work is a valuable contribution for the better understanding of the SCC mechanism of the alloy 718 and provides an explanation to the higher cracking resistance of the material derived from the new processing route. In addition, the relevance of the industrial solution to suit the problematic encountered was put forward
Chassagneux, Evelyne. "Corrosion du nickel en présence de V2O5." Phd thesis, Grenoble INPG, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00845629.
Повний текст джерелаPaccou, Elie. "Etude de l'évolution des propriétés mécaniques et de la sensibilité à la fissuration intergranulaire en fonction de la microstructure d'irradiation d'un acier 304 irradié aux ions lourds." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30119.
Повний текст джерелаIASCC is a phenomenon of embrittlement observed in stainless austenitic steels used as internal structural elements of PWRs. The magnitude and the characteristics of the phenomenon depend on the material, the PWR environment, the neutron irradiation and the mechanical stresses that these elements undergo. The degradation of one of these contributors makes it possible to limit or eliminate the sensitivity to intergranular cracking. Although contributors such as deformation localization and intergranular segregation have been identified, the role of the irradiation microstructure on the susceptibility to this phenomenon of a material is not fully established. The role of irradiation nanocavities on IASCC, especially those located at grain boundaries is questioned. In this thesis, a 304L stainless steel austenitic was subjected to different irradiation conditions in order to determine the influence of the hardening, the localization and the effect of the irradiation cavities on the embrittlement of this material. The steel samples were irradiated with 10 MeV iron ions with or without helium and under two different temperatures, 450 ° and 600 ° C. These parameters made it possible to modify the microstructures of irradiation. The size and density of the cavities and the Frank loops generated are linked to the irradiation conditions employed. The study of the susceptibility of the irradiated samples has shown that the microstructure that underwent the strongest hardening is the most sensitive to intergranular cracking, although this susceptibility may appear after a weak hardening. The irradiation microstructure, in particular the presence of cavities, seems to reduce the sensitivity to cracking by limiting the location of the deformation or by their softening effect. In this study, the presence of cavities at grain boundaries does not increase sensitivity to intergranular cracking. For the study of radiation-induced hardening, we have developed and realized in situ microcompression tests in SEM on ion-irradiated materials. These simple slip tests show a significant effect of the size of unirradiated micropiliers, which is attenuated or completely annihilated by the hardening effect of the irradiation microstructure. These microcompression tests lead to results consistent with those established by nanoindentation. To better understand the localization effect of the deformation, we varied the grain size of the material under study. When this decreases, the deformation concentrates even more on grains with strong Schmid factors. In addition, the sensitivity to cracking decreases as the grain size increases, showing an effect of the ratio between the irradiation depth and the average grain size
Poupard-Potin, Annick. "Etude par microscopie électronique STEM des joints de grains dans les céramiques électroniques : application aux cas des varistances à base de ZnO et des diélectriques BaTiO3-LiF." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 1986. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00182709.
Повний текст джерелаBen, Saada Mariem. "Étude du comportement visco-plastique du dioxyde d'uranium : quantification par analyse EBSD et ECCI des effets liés aux conditions de sollicitation et à la microstructure initiale." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0270/document.
Повний текст джерелаUranium dioxide (UO2) is used as a fuel, in pressurized water nuclear reactors, in the form of pellets produced by powder metallurgy. During power transients, the center part of pellets undergoes visco-plastic deformation by creep mechanisms. These mechanisms can be partially reproduced, out of irradiation, by uniaxial compression tests at high temperature (typically 1500°C). Testing conditions and initial microstructure of the UO2 pellets influence their macroscopic mechanical behavior. At the grain scale, sub-structuring mechanisms are involved, but, up to now, the sub-structure is not quantified and the role of pores on these mechanisms is unknown. In order to provide answers to these points, two batches of pellets (L1 and L2), characterized by a similar grain size, a same volume fraction of pores, but different pores distribution (2.5 times more intra-granular pores in L1 than in L2), were elaborated. They were submitted to mechanical tests under different conditions. The result shows that L1 has as a lower creep rate than L2. Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) and Electron Channeling Contrast Imaging (ECCI) techniques were used and optimized for porous materials to analyze the evolution of the microstructure after deformation. An original EBSD methodology was implemented to detect Sub-Grain Boundaries (S-GB) with very low disorientation angles (down to 0.1°), study statistically the grain fragmentation into sub-grains and evaluate the average density of the geometrically necessary dislocations. Thanks to ECCI, the arrangement of dislocations in some S-GB was evidenced and analyzed. EBSD and ECCI complementarity allowed relating the distribution of pores within the grains and the S-GB location. The results obtained on the two batches show that the number and the linear fraction of S-GB increases with the deformation level and rate. At high deformation rates, new grains appear by a mechanism of dynamic recovery/recrystallization by rotation of sub-grains. For identical loading conditions and strain rates, the samples of batch L1 have a number and a linear fraction of S-GB that are significantly higher than those of batch L2. Furthermore, in batch L1, S-GB are located essentially in the vicinity of the grain boundaries while they are distributed throughout the grain for batch L2. These microstructural differences seem to be related to a dislocation's mean free path reduction due to the presence of intra-granular pores
Chetroiu, Bogdan-Adrian. "Corrosion sous contrainte de l'alliage 600 en millieu primaire des REP : étude de la diffusion du chrome." Thesis, Paris, ENMP, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENMP0008/document.
Повний текст джерелаAlloy 600 (Ni-15%Cr-10%Fe) is known to be susceptible to Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC) in primary water of Pressurized Water Reactors (PWR). Recent studies have shown that chromium diffusion is a controlling rate step in the comprehension of SCC mechanism. In order to improve the understanding and the modelling of SCC of Alloy 600 in PWR primary medium the aim of this study was to collect data on kinetics diffusion of chromium. Volume and grain boundary diffusion of chromium in pure nickel and Alloy 600 (mono and poly-crystals) has been measured in the temperature range 678 K to 1060 K by using Secondary Ions Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Glow Discharge-Optical Spectrometry (GD-OES) techniques. A particular emphasis has been dedicated to the influence of plastic deformation on chromium diffusion in nickel single crystals (orientated <101>) for different metallurgical states. The experimental tests were carried out in order to compare the chromium diffusion coefficients in free lattice (not deformed), in pre-hardening specimens (4% and 20%) and in dynamic deformed tensile specimens at 773 K. It has been found that chromium diffusivity measured in dynamic plastic deformed creep specimens were six orders of magnitude greater than those obtained in not deformed or pre-hardening specimens. The enhancement of chromium diffusivity can be attributed to the presence of moving dislocations generated during plastic deformation
Ilin, Dmitrii. "Simulation of hydrogen diffusion in fcc polycrystals. Effect of deformation and grain boundaries : effect of deformation and grain boundaries." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0157/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn the present work, we establish a one-way coupled crystal plasticity – hydrogen diffusion analysis and use this approach to study the hydrogen transport in artificial polycrystalline aggregates of 316L steel with different grain geometries and crystallographic orientation. The data about stress/strain fields computed at the microstructure scaleutilizing the crystal plasticity concept are transferred to the in-house diffusion code which was developed using a new numerical scheme for solving parabolic equations. In the case of initial uniform hydrogen content, the heterogeneity of the mechanical fields is shownto induce a redistribution of hydrogen in the microstructure. The effect of strain rate is clearly revealed. In the second part, hydrogen transport across grain boundaries is investigatedconsidering the specific diffusivity and segregation properties of these interfaces. Using a discrete atomic layer model, the retarding impact of grain boundaries is demonstrated on bicrystals and bamboo type membranes with and without external mechanical loading. To reproduce the effects observed in the atomistic simulations into the crystal plasticity – hydrogen diffusion model, a new physically based multi-scale method is proposed. Using this new approach we study the effect of grain boundary trapping kinetics on hydrogen diffusion and reveal a new grain boundary diffusion regime which has notbeen reported before
Garcia, de la Cruz Lucia. "Ultrafine grained nickel processed by powder metallurgy : microstructure, mechanical properties and thermal stability." Thesis, Normandie, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NORMC224.
Повний текст джерелаThe present manuscript concerns the synthesis of ultrafine grained (UFG) Ni by powder metallurgy, and the study of the influence of UFG microstructures on the mechanical behavior and physical properties. The possibilities of coupling ball milling and Spark Plasma Sintering are presented showing promising results. Highly dense homogeneous specimens are obtained, with average grain sizes d = 0.65 - 4 µm, and microstructures highlighted by a high fraction of Σ3 grain boundaries dependent on grain size. The mechanical properties in tensile testing for UFG samples are evaluated showing a good combination of strength and ductility, with little impact from porosities, the major drawback of powder metallurgy. The influence of grain size in the UFG regime on the mechanical properties is investigated, showing strength values that deviate from the expected behavior for grain refinement. Likewise, a reduced strain hardening capacity is depicted which correlates to the microstructural observations performed on the deformed state. High diffusivity measured by means of radiotracer experiments is observed in the sintered samples, displaying different penetration profiles that relate to diverse porosity structures. Such structures are also responsible for retrograde sintering observed exclusively in samples processed from BM powders
Gaye, Ababacar. "Analyse multiéchelle des mécanismes de déformation du sel gemme par mesures de champs surfaciques et volumiques." Thesis, Paris Est, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PEST1053/document.
Повний текст джерелаWe develop in this study new experimental methodologies for the multi-scale experimental investigation of the micromechanics of polycrystalline materials. These methodologies are applied to synthetic halite (NaCl), which is a convenient model polycristal due to its viscoplastic behavior at both ambient and high temperatures (350°C). In addition, halite is used for industrial applications such as underground energy and waste storage. The ductile deformation at the scale of the microstructure operates not only through conventional intra-granular plasticity, but also through inter-granular deformation mechanisms, such as grain-boundary sliding (GBS). First, we precisely quantify the relative contribution of each of these local mechanisms to the macroscopic deformation of halite. For this purpose, we apply digital image correlation (DIC) technique to high resolution images obtained during uniaxial compression tests in the chamber of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The DIC algorithms have been modified to account for the discontinuous kinematics at grain boundries. We also propose a method to improve accuracy of GBS quantification, which consists in creating specific artificial patterns across grain-boundaries by electron beam lithography. The results show that GBS is present from the beginning of plastic deformation of the polycrystal. The 2D observations (using SEM) are complemented by 3D volume investigations using X-ray computed microtomography and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) techniques. In order to obtain local volume markers differing in contrast (density) from NaCl and adapted to DVC, micrometric copper particles (3 % in volume) are dispersed into the material during its elaboration. Various microstructures (in terms of average grain size) are considered. New DVC protocols allow us to obtain the three-dimensional distribution of ductile deformation at the scale of the polycrystalline microstructure, with a spatial resolution finer than the average grain size. 3D and 2D local mechanical fields are compared on the same samples submitted to uniaxial compression. The strain patterns and the deformation mechanisms observed in depth of the sample are consistent with those identified by 2D observations. The results show the same organization and development of strain localization bands in relation with the loading conditions and microstructure, both at the surface and in volume. The importance of inter-granular mechanisms for the plastic deformation and diffuse damage of halite is also confirmed in 3D. Finally, in view of a further numerical model of the plasticity of the polycrystal, the three-dimensional polycrystalline microstructure is characterized by diffraction contrast tomography and compared to 2D measurements obtained by electron BackScattered diffraction
Ramoul-Badache, Khedidja. "Influence de SiC sur la microstructure et la résistance au fluage de Si3 N4 fritté avec A12 O3 et Y2O3." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112252.
Повний текст джерелаMataveli, Suave Lorena. "High Temperature Durability of DS200+Hf Alloy." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0032/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe anisotropy in mechanical behavior of the directionally solidified DS200+Hf alloy and the damage mechanisms have been investigated between 650°C and1100°C. Single-crystalline specimens of the same alloy have also been used to get a better understanding of the anisotropy in mechanical properties and durability. Tension, creep, low-cycle fatigue (LCF), dwell-fatigue and crack propagation tests have been performed and analyzed by SEM observations to better understand the damage modes in this alloy. At 650°C, a considerable creep (and LCF) life anisotropy is observed while almost no anisotropy remains at 1100°C in creep. The γ rafting is mainly responsible for this decrease in creep anisotropy and for theincrease in creep rate in dwell-fatigue. An intergranular fracture mode has been observed for ail kind of solicitation along transverse direction, mainly due to the presence of grain boundary particles such as carbides. These carbides are also the main crack initiation sites in LCF at 650°C and at 900°C. At high temperature (900°C), oxidation not only controls the crack initiation mechanisms by inducing surface carbides cracking, but it also affects the crack propagation through a combined localized γ depletion and crack tip blunting, leading ove ra li to a higher crack propagation threshold. Such a behavior is not observed in high vacuum and surface carbides are no more the main crack initiation sites. lt is shown that at low temperature during transverse creep testing (750°C), highly misoriented grain boundaries, having one grain favorably oriented for single slip and lattice rotation, are the most critical ones
Bernardi, Cécile. "Brasage isotherme sous vide d’alliages d’aluminium pour la réalisation d’échangeurs thermiques." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORR0261/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis study deals with the vacuum TLP (Transient Liquid Phase) brazing of aluminum alloys applied to the manufacture of heat exchangers. Thus, the microstructure evolutions of 3003 (Al-Mn) and 4004 (Al-Si-Mg) alloys during the whole assembly process are studied. Firsty, model samples are heat treated in laboratory. The phase transformations and the solid state diffusion between the filler alloy and the base alloy are studied. The results are compared to thermodynamic predictions obtained with both Thermo-Calc and DICTRA softwares. We conclude that these tools are reliable at temperatures above 400°C. The fusion path of the filler alloy is described. It is shown that a Si enriched liquid is formed at the clad surface. On a second time, tests are carried out in industrial conditions, in order to take actual brazing parameters into account. Excessive dissolution and liquid penetration at grain boundaries are observed. The fine grained structure of the base alloy associated to a preferential diffusion at grain boundaries appear to be the main causes
Thébaud, Louis. "Etude des relations entre microstructure et propriétés mécaniques du nouveau superalliage base nickel AD730™." Thesis, Chasseneuil-du-Poitou, Ecole nationale supérieure de mécanique et d'aérotechnique, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ESMA0033/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn view of the turbine entry temperature evolution, the main challenge for metallurgists is to elaborate new alloys able to withstand higher temperatures while keeping great mechanical properties. Therefore, knowing the relationships between microstructural parameters and mechanical properties at high temperatures (700°C and more) is mandatory.The creep and dwell-fatigue durability as well as the damage mechanisms of AD730™, a new nickel base superalloy developed for turbine disks, have been analyzed. Several microstructural parameters were studied (grain boundaries, grain size, size and distribution of γ′ precipitates) as well as experimental parameters (temperature, environment, applied stress or dwell period). By using single crystalline specimens having the same chemical composition of the studied alloy, it has been shown unambiguously that single crystalline microstructures do not necessarily present better creep properties compared to polycristalline ones. This result is supposed to be caused by a grain boundary strengthening mechanism. Moreover, in creep at 700°C, it has been shown that the main viscoplasticity controlling parameters are the size and distribution of γ′ precipitates.An unexpected dwell-fatigue behavior has been observed for long hold times and in a specific applied stress window. This phenomena is attributed to a “Bauschinger type” effect, occurring during unloading phases