Готові списки джерел за темами / Oxide Based Electrolytes

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 вересня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.06.

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Анотація:
High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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2

Lee, Seokhee, Sang Won Lee, Suji Kim, and Tae Ho Shin. "Recent Advances in High Temperature Electrolysis Cells using LaGaO3-based Electrolyte." Ceramist 24, no. 4 (December 31, 2021): 424–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.31613/ceramist.2021.24.4.42.

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Анотація:
High temperature electrolysis is a promising option for carbon-free hydrogen production and huge energy storage with high energy conversion efficiencies from renewable and nuclear resources. Over the past few decades, yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) based ion conductor has been widely used as a solid electrolyte in solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs). However, its high operation temperature and lower conductivity in the appropriate temperature range for solid electrochemical devices were major drawbacks. Regarding improving ionic-conducting electrolytes, several groups have contributed significantly to developing and applying LaGaO3 based perovskite as a superior ionic conductor. La(Sr)Ga(Mg)O3 (LSGM) electrolyte was successfully validated for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) but was rarely conducted on SOECs for its high efficient electrolysis performance. Their lower mechanical strengths or higher reactivity with electrode compared with the YSZ electrolysis cells, which make it difficult to choose compatible materials, remain major challenges. In this field, SOECs have attracted a great attention in the last few years, as they offer significant power and higher efficiencies compared to conventional YSZ based electrolysers. Herein, SOECs using LSGM based electrolyte, their applications, high performance, and their issues will be reviewed.
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3

Yao, Yong Li, Yan Gai Liu, Zhao Hui Huang, and Ming Hao Fang. "Study on Multi-Doped Ceria-Based Solid Electrolytes." Key Engineering Materials 519 (July 2012): 28–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.28.

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Doped ceria-based (Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9, GDC) solid electrolytes were prepared by Solid-phase synthesis method. The effect of doping bismuth oxide and samarium oxide on the phase and microstructure of GDC was investigated. The phase composition was analyzed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD).The single cubic fluorite structure was observed after doping these oxides. Appearance and microstructure of doped ceria-based solid electrolytes were analyzed by the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results showed that the doped trivalent cations had entered into the ceria structure uniformly. The density, porosity rate and water absorption of GDC were measured by Archimedes principle. It indicated that the density of doped GDC solid electrolyte increased with the rising of sintering temperature.
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4

Michalska-Domańska, Marta, Magdalena Łazińska, Justyna Łukasiewicz, Johannes M. C. Mol, and Tomasz Durejko. "Self-Organized Anodic Oxides on Titanium Alloys Prepared from Glycol- and Glycerol-Based Electrolytes." Materials 13, no. 21 (October 23, 2020): 4743. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13214743.

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The anodization of commercially pure Ti alloy (99.5 wt %) and two biomedical titanium alloys, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti6Al4V, was performed, and the resulting anodic oxides were studied. The biomedical alloys were made by Laser Engineered Net Shaping. The glycol-based and glycerol-based electrolytes with 0.3 M ammonium fluoride and 2 wt % of deionized water content were tested. It was found that electrolyte type as well as the chemical composition of the base substrate affected the final morphology and chemical composition of the anodic oxide formed. A higher current density, ionic mobility, and oxide growth rate were obtained in glycol-based electrolyte as compared to those obtained in glycerol-based electrolyte for all tested alloys. A self-organized nanotubular and nanoporous morphology of the anodic oxide in both types of electrolyte was obtained. In each electrolyte, the alloy susceptibility to oxidation increased in the following order: Ti6Al4V < Ti 99.5% < Ti6Al7Nb, which can be correlated to the oxidation susceptibility of the base titanium alloy. It was observed that the more impurities/alloying elements in the substrate, the lower the pore diameters of anodic oxide. There was a higher observed incorporation of electrolyte species into the anodic oxide matrix in the glycerol-based electrolyte compared with that in glycol-based electrolyte.
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5

Abels, Gideon, Ingo Bardenhagen, Julian Schwenzel, and Frederieke Langer. "Thermal Stability of Polyethylene Oxide Electrolytes in Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide Based Composite Cathodes." Journal of The Electrochemical Society 169, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 020560. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/1945-7111/ac534c.

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Thermal runaways induced by parasitic reactions are one of the greatest intrinsic risks for lithium-ion batteries. Therefore, the thermal stability of the electrolyte in contact with electrode materials is of utmost importance for safe battery usage. While solid state electrolytes are said to be safer than liquid ones, appropriate data about their thermal stability is nearly completely missing in literature. To fill this gap, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry coupled with mass spectrometry was used to analyze the thermal decomposition of composite cathodes in an argon atmosphere. The samples consisted of different polymer electrolytes mixed with lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC622). The results show that all examined solid electrolytes are stable up to 300 °C. Above this temperature, decomposition progress depends on the lithium salt. The cathode active material also reacts with the polymer electrolytes at high temperatures. Due to this, the energy output during decomposition increases with regard to the polymer fraction. Such knowledge is fundamental for the practical use of solid polymer electrolytes.
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6

Oh, Seeun, Dongyeon Kim, and Kang Taek Lee. "High Entropy Perovskite Electrolytes for Reversible Protonic Ceramic Electrochemical Cells." ECS Transactions 111, no. 6 (May 19, 2023): 1743–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/11106.1743ecst.

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Reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) have become the cornerstone of low-temperature solid oxide electrochemical cells (SOCs) below 600 °C. Low activation energy and high energy conversion efficiency are primary significance of R-PCECs. However, electrolytes of high-performance R-PCECs still suffer from poor tolerance to complex operating conditions. To overcome their low stability and enhance proton conductivity, various cations have been doped into the Ba-based perovskite oxide electrolyte. Developing high entropy oxides by introducing multiple metal cations into A- or B- sites of the perovskite structure can be an effective solution for the structural stability. Due to the effect of the entropy-dominated stabilization in multi-doped perovskite oxides, the material can remain single phase under extreme temperatures and chemical environments. Promising high entropy stabilization concepts were adapted to electrolytes, and finally, durable proton-conducting perovskite oxide was designed. Here, we will present our recent progress on development of high entropy perovskite oxide electrolytes for R-PCECs.
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Liu, Liyu, Kai Chen, Liguo Zhang, and Bong-Ki Ryu. "Prospects of Sulfide-Based Solid-State Electrolytes Modified by Organic Thin Films." International Journal of Energy Research 2023 (February 6, 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/2601098.

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Lithium-ion batteries are key to tackling today’s energy crisis. In recent years, compared with the research on other components of lithium-ion batteries, the research on solid-state electrolytes is particularly hot. Among various solid-state electrolyte modification measures, we found that the material design of organic/inorganic composite flexible solid-state electrolytes can achieve the best all-solid-state battery cycling performance. Based on the study of sulfide-based organic/inorganic composite solid-state electrolytes, this article firstly introduces the classification of inorganic solid electrolytes and the advantages and disadvantages of each type of materials. At the same time, the research progress of various oxide solid electrolyte materials and sulfide solid electrolyte materials in recent years is introduced as well as the advantages of organic/inorganic composite solid-state electrolyte materials. Then the influencing factors that affect the performance of solid-state electrolytes, such as material lattice, lattice defects, electrolyte interface problems, and electrolyte microcracks, are introduced. Finally, the superiority of the industrial electrochemical performance of the organic/inorganic composite solid electrolyte material and its future prospects are introduced.
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Luo, Zheyu, Yucun Zhou, Xueyu Hu, and Meilin Liu. "(Invited) Recent Progress in the Development of Highly Durable and Conductive Proton Conductors for High-Performance Reversible Solid Oxide Cells." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 49 (October 9, 2022): 1904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-02491904mtgabs.

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Анотація:
Proton conductor-based solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) and electrolysis cells (SOECs) are receiving increasing attention because of their potential for operation at intermediate temperatures (400 - 600 oC) with high energy efficiency at low cost. In addition, water is formed/provided on the air electrode side of proton-conducting cells, effectively avoiding fuel dilution and nickel oxidation problems associated with oxide-ion conductor-based cells. To date, doped barium cerates-based perovskite oxides are the most widely adopted proton conducting electrolytes due to their desired electrochemical properties. To achieve high proton conductivity, acceptor doping with rare earth elements is a commonly used strategy, which is critical to the formation of protonic defects. Although many trivalent elements have been studied as dopants in the barium cerate family and reasonable electrochemical performance has been demonstrated, the effect of acceptor dopants on other properties of electrolyte materials, especially in single cells under operating conditions, is yet to be studied in detail. In this presentation, we will report our recent progress in the development of a series of acceptor-doped proton-conducting electrolytes. The results reveal that conductivity, transference number, chemical stability, and compatibility with NiO are all closely correlated with dopant size. In particular, the reactivity with NiO is found to strongly affect the properties of the electrolytes and hence cell performance. Among all tested compositions, an optimized electrolyte shows excellent chemical stability and minimal reactivity towards NiO, as predicted from density functional theory (DFT)-based calculations and confirmed by experimental results. In addition, reversible protonic ceramic electrochemical cells (R-PCECs) based on the optimized electrolyte demonstrate exceptional performance and stability, achieving a remarkable peak power density of 1.2 W cm-2 at 600 oC in the fuel cell mode and a high current density of 2.0 A cm-2 at 1.3 V and 600 oC in the steam electrolysis mode while maintaining long-term durability for over 1000 h without obvious degradation.
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Rozhdestvenska, Liudmyla, Kateryna Kudelko, Volodymyr Ogenko, and Menglei Chang. "MEMBRANE MATERIALS BASED ON POROUS ANODIC ALUMINIUM OXIDE." Ukrainian Chemistry Journal 86, no. 12 (January 15, 2021): 67–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.33609/2708-129x.86.12.2020.67-102.

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Анотація:
Anodized aluminum oxide (AOA) is applied in many technological areas such as formation of decorative or anticorrosive coating, hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces, development of functional micro- and nanomaterials. Due to unique properties of porous structure (most direct, regular and through pores with size in a narrow range) AOA films can be used for membrane separation. The morphological features of such films mainly depend on synthesis conditions. This review consists of the models of pore formation on the aluminum surface and the correlation parameters of films with anodizing conditions. Particular attention is paid to the influence of synthesis factors (electrolyte composition, voltage, temperature conditions, etc) on the porous structure of AOA and the film thickness that determines the mechanical strength of membranes. The optimal voltage values for the porous structure arraingment of anodized aluminum oxide were indicated for each electrolyte. It is noted formation of cylindrical shaped pores with controllable pore diameters, periodicity and density distribution can be produced during two-stage anodizing. The pre-treatment of the metal surface and stage of separation of the formed film from its surface are also considered. Modern research are mainly aimed to synthesis of porous AOA membranes in new anodizing electrolytes and determining pore formation factors on the aluminum surface. The new anodizing conditions in most popular electrolytes (oxalic, sulfuric, phosphoric acids) for obtaining of porous AOA with the required morphological features is also under investigation. Such conditions include, for example, a lower voltage or higher temperature in case for a particular electrolyte. To avoid of local heating the electrolytes with additional components, for example, organic additives is also studied. Some practical aspects of AOA membrane utilization obtained under certain conditions are considered.
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10

Zhang, L. X., Y. Z. Li, L. W. Shi, R. J. Yao, S. S. Xia, Y. Wang, and Y. P. Yang. "Electrospun Polyethylene Oxide (PEO)-Based Composite polymeric nanofiber electrolyte for Li-Metal Battery." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2353, no. 1 (October 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2353/1/012004.

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Abstract Composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) offer manufacturing feasibility and outstanding mechanical flexibility. However, the low ionic conductivity of the CPEs at room temperature, as well as the poor mechanical properties, have hindered their commercialization. In this work, Solid-state electrolytes based on polyethylene oxide (PEO) with and without fumed SiO2 (FS) nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic spinning process. The as-spun PEO hybrid nanofiber electrolyte with 6.85 wt% FS has a relatively high lithium ion conductivity and electrochemical stability, which is 4.8 × 10-4 S/cm and up to 5.2 V vs. Li+/Li, respectively. Furthermore, it also shows a higher tensile strength (2.03 MPa) with % elongation at break (561.8). Due to the superior electrochemical and mechanical properties, it is promising as high-safety and all-solid-state polymer electrolyte for advanced Li-metal battery.
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Дисертації з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Tomlin, Anthony Stephen. "Conductivity and nuclear magnetic resonance studies on polymer electrolytes based on poly(ethylene oxide)." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15520.

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The thesis details studies relating to polymer electrolytes; the solid ionic conductors farmed by the dissolution of salts in suitable high molecular weight polymers. An outline of polymer electrolyte study is presented with respect to current understanding of the phase behaviour, morphology and conductance behaviour of the electrolyte materials. (In particular, those based upon the linear homopolymer poly(ethylene oxide), PEO.) An electrochemical study has been undertaken (298 K) involving a low molecular weight PEO analogue, PEO(400)e = CH3C02(CH2CH20) CO CH3 (n = 8 - 9 ), containing LiCF3SO3 or LiClO4. The study has shown that at low to medium salt concentrations in polyether media ion - ion interactions are important and are realized as ion association. The conductance vs. concentration behaviour has been modelled according to an equilibrium between single, ion pair and triple ion species where the concentration of simple (single) ions are small and decreasing, and above a total salt concentration of about 0.01 mol kg−1, the majority of the current is carried by triple ion species of the form Li2X- LiX2 (X = CF3SO3 , CIO4). Equilibrium constant data were obtained for single and triple ion formation (from neutral ion pairs). Determination of triple ion formation constants vs. temperature has shown that the triple ion formation process for LiCF3SO3 in PEO(400)e is an exothermic process, negative, whereas for LiClO4 AH = 0 kJinal−1. Using nuclear magnetic resonance (nmr), diffusion coefficients have been obtained for the oligomer chain in PEO(400)e and PEO(400)e.LiCF3SO3 solutions. The chain diffusion coefficients have been shown to give good agreement with those for salt diffusion, determined from conductance measurements via the Nernst - Einstein relation. An in - depth nmr investigation of the PEO.LICF3SO3 system (high molecular weight PEO) has shown that there is partition of lithium environments, probably within the salt rich crystalline phase (EQ/Li - 3.5/1). Significant numbers of lithium nuclei are not observed with the nmr technique because they occupy environments of law symmetry. This was reinforced by other nmr measurements which suggested cation - anion proximity in the crystalline phase. A mixed salt system has been studied, PEO. LiCF3SO3. Nal, and it has been shown that the mixing of salts gave materials with superior conductivities to the relevant single salt systems (PEO. LiCF3SO3 and PEO.Nal) of the same overall salt content. Nmr has shown that the mixed salt effect was due to a larger amorphous (conducting) polymer phase and more potential charge carriers for the mixed salt in comparison to the single salt materials. A marked effect upon lithium motion was observed for PEO.LiCF3SO3 Nal system in comparison to PEO.LiCF3SO3 and it has been proposed that this was due to the observed lithium species becoming mobile at notably lower temperatures for the mixed salt system.
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2

Kirk, Thomas Jackson. "A solid oxide fuel cell using hydrogen sulfide with ceria-based electrolytes." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11270.

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3

Jung, Doh Won. "Conductivity and stability of bismuth oxide-based electrolytes and their applications for IT-SOFCs." [Gainesville, Fla.] : University of Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/fcla/etd/UFE0024943.

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4

Castillo, Martinez Ian Altri. "Solution plasma synthesis of CeO₂-based powders for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes from liquid precursors." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80004.

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Анотація:
The main objective of this thesis was to explore, characterize and evaluate different CeO2-based electrolyte materials that could be employed to replace the existing yttria-stabilized zirconia oxide used as the electrolyte component of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). The electrolyte materials were synthesized using a radio frequency inductively coupled plasma reactor. CeO2-based fine powders doped with different compositions of Gd, Sm or Y were synthesized from nitrate salts dissolved in water. The powders were analyzed using X-ray diffraction, inductively coupled plasma (ICP), SEM and EDS (energy dispersive spectroscopy). It was demonstrated that the concentrations of Ce and dopants fed in the solutions were retained in the synthesized powders. The products were all crystalline and had multimodal size distributions. The effect of plasma synthesis parameters, i.e. plasma power, reactor pressure, and plasma flow rate on particle size distribution was studied. This analysis provides fundamental understanding of the mechanism of particle formation and collection in thermal plasma environments.
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5

Chen, Yan. "Scandia and ceria stabilized zirconia based electrolytes and anodes for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells: Manufacturing and properties." Doctoral diss., University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETD/id/5921.

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Анотація:
Scandia and ceria stabilized zirconia (10 mol% Sc2O3 – 1 mol% CeO2 – ZrO2, SCSZ) has superior ionic conductivity in the intermediate temperature range for the operation of solid oxide fuel cells, but it does not exhibit good phase stability in comparison with yttria stabilized zirconia (8 mol% Y2O3 – ZrO2, YSZ). To maintain high ionic conductivity and improve the stability of the electrolyte, layered structures with YSZ outer layers and SCSZ inner layers were designed, along with the referential electrolytes containing pure SCSZ or YSZ. The electrolytes were manufactured by tape casting, laminating, and pressureless sintering techniques. After sintering, while the thickness of YSZ outer layers remained constant at ~30 ?m, the thickness of inner layers of SCSZ for the 3-, 4- and 6-layer designs varied at ~30, ~60 and ~120 ?m, respectively. Selected characterizations were employed to study the structure, morphology, impurity content and the density of the electrolytes. Furthermore, in situ X-ray diffraction, neutron diffraction and Raman scattering were carried out to study the phase transition and lattice distortion during long-term annealing at 350 °C and 275 °C for SCSZ and YSZ, respectively, where the dynamic damping occurred when Young's modulus was measured. In YSZ/SCSZ electrolytes, thermal residual stresses and strains were generated due to the mismatch of coefficients of thermal expansion from each layer of different compositions. They could be adjusted by varying the thickness ratios of each layer in different designs of laminates. The theoretical residual stresses have been calculated for different thickness ratios. The effect of thermal residual stress on the biaxial flexural strength was studied in layered electrolytes. The biaxial flexure tests of electrolytes with various layered designs were performed using a ring-on-ring method at both room temperature and 800 °C. The maximum principal stress during fracture indicated an increase of flexural strength in the electrolytes with layered structure at both temperatures in comparison with the electrolytes without compositional gradient. Such an increase of strength is the result of the existence of residual compressive stresses in the outer YSZ layer. In addition, Weibull statistics of the strength values were built for the layered electrolytes tested at room temperature, and the effect of thermal residual stresses on Weibull distribution was established. The calculation of residual stress present at the outer layers was verified. The high ionic conductivity was maintained with layered electrolyte designs in the intermediate temperature range. It was also established that the ionic conductivity of layered electrolytes exhibited 7% – 11% improvement at 800 °C due to the stress/strain effects, and the largest improvements in a certain electrolyte was found to nearly coincide with the largest residual compressive strain in the outer YSZ layer. In addition to the study of layered electrolytes, mechanical properties of porous Ni/SCSZ cermet were studied. The anode materials were reduced by 65 wt% NiO – 35 wt% SCSZ (N65) and 50 wt% NiO – 50 wt% SCSZ (N50) porous ceramics in the forming gas. Young's modulus as well as strength and fracture toughness of non-reduced and reduced anodes has been measured, both at room and high temperatures. High temperature experiments were performed in the reducing environment of forming gas. It was shown that while at 700 °C and 800 °C the anode specimens exhibited purely brittle deformation, a brittle-to-ductile transition occurred at 800 – 900 °C, and the anode deformed plastically at 900 °C. Fractography of the anode specimens were studied to identify the fracture modes of the anodes tested at different temperatures.
Ph.D.
Doctorate
Materials Science Engineering
Engineering and Computer Science
Materials Science and Engineering
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6

Hirschfeld, Julian [Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Lustfeld, Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Entel, and Lars [Akademischer Betreuer] Bergqvist. "Ab initio investigation of ground-states and ionic motion in particular in zirconia-based solid-oxide electrolytes / Julian Hirschfeld. Gutachter: Peter Entel ; Lars Bergqvist. Betreuer: Hans Lustfeld." Duisburg, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1036113744/34.

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Hirschfeld, Julian Arndt [Verfasser], Hans [Akademischer Betreuer] Lustfeld, Peter [Akademischer Betreuer] Entel, and Lars [Akademischer Betreuer] Bergqvist. "Ab initio investigation of ground-states and ionic motion in particular in zirconia-based solid-oxide electrolytes / Julian Hirschfeld. Gutachter: Peter Entel ; Lars Bergqvist. Betreuer: Hans Lustfeld." Duisburg, 2013. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:464-20130305-122730-4.

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SANTANA, LEONARDO de P. "Estudo de conformacao de ceramicas a base de zirconia para aplicacao em celulas a combustivel do tipo oxido solido." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2008. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11727.

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Dissertação (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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9

Hernández, Rodríguez Elba María. "Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells electrodes based on mesoporous materials." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/665269.

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The need of substituting the current energetic model by a system based on clean Renewable Energy Sources (RES) have gained more importance in the last decades due to the environmental issues related to the use of fossil fuels. These energy sources are site-specific and intermittent, what makes essential the development of Energy Storage Systems (ESS) that allows the storage of the electricity generated by renewable energies. Among the technologies under development for the storage of electrical energy, Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOECs) have been proposed in the last decades as a promising technology. Achieving efficiencies higher than 85%, SOEC technology is able to convert electrical energy into chemical energy through the reduction of H2O, CO2 or the combination of both; generating H2, CO or syngas (H2 +CO). The implementation of this technology based on renewable electrical energy, combined with fuel cells would allow closing the carbon cycle. The work presented in this thesis has been devoted to enhance the performance of SOEC. The approach that is presented for that propose is based on the implementation of high surface area and thermally stable mesoporous metal oxide materials on the fabrication of SOEC electrodes. High performance and stability of the electrodes was expected during its characterization. Structural and electrochemical characterization techniques have been applied during the development of this thesis for this purpose. The thesis is organized in eight chapters briefly described in the following: Chapter 1 briefly analyses the current energy scenario presenting electrolysers as a promising technology for the storage of electrical energy. Besides, basic principles of SOECs operation and the state-of-the-art materials of SOECs are reviewed. Chapter 2 describes all the experimental methods and techniques employed in this thesis for the synthesis and characterization of synthesised materials and fabricated cells. Chapter 3 presents the results obtained from the structural characterization of the mesoporous materials and fabricated electrodes, revealing the successful implantation of the hard-template method for obtaining Sm0.2Ce0.8O1.9 (SDC), Ce0.8Gd0.2O1.9 (CGO) and NiO mesoporous powders, and the fabrication of SDC-SSC (Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3-δ), CGO- LSCF (La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3) and NiO-SDC electrodes based on mesoporous materials. The attachment of the mesoporous scaffold for the fabrication of oxygen electrodes has been optimized at 900 °C. Chapter 4 compares electrolyte- and fuel electrode-supported cell configurations based on the same oxygen electrode. The electrochemical performance and the microstructural characterization of these cells are considered for that purpose. Showing a maximum current density of -0.83 and -0.81 A/cm2 on electrolysis and co- electrolysis modes respectively, fuel electrode-supported cells are considered more suitable for SOEC fabrication. Chapter 5 presents a study focused on analysing the influence of the oxygen electrode interface on the SOEC performance. The electrochemical and microstructural characterization of barrier layers and oxygen electrodes fabricated applying different methods are discussed in this chapter. The combination of a barrier layer fabricated by Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) with an oxygen electrode based on mesoporous materials resulted on the injection of up to -1 A/cm2, what allows concluding that this interface microstructure is directed related with the best performing SOECs in this thesis. Chapter 6 shows the performance of SOEC cells on co-electrolysis mode containing the optimized oxygen electrode, fabricated by infiltration of mesoporous scaffolds. The long-term stability of infiltrated mesoporous composites have been demonstrated during 1400 h, registering degradation rates of 2%/kh and <1%/kh when current densities of -0.5 A/cm2 and -0.75 A/cm2 are injected, respectively. Chapter 7 shows results of the scale-up of the mesoporous-based electrodes for the fabrication of large area cells. Their electrochemical performance shows high fuel flexibility, injecting -0.82 A/cm2 on co-electrolysis mode; and long-term stability injecting -0.5 A/cm2 for 600 h. The conclusions of this thesis are presented in Chapter 8.
Una de las principales desventajas de las fuentes de energías renovables es que producen energía eléctrica de forma discontinua. Los electrolizadores de alta temperatura basados en óxidos sólidos (SOEC) se presentan como una tecnología prometedora para el almacenamiento de energía eléctrica. Alcanzando eficiencias mayores de un 85%, los electrolizadores SOEC permite convertir energía eléctrica en energía química mediante la reducción de las moléculas de agua (H2O), dióxido de carbono (CO2), o la combinación de ambas; generándose hidrógeno (H2), monóxido de carbono (CO) o gas de síntesis (H2 +CO) como producto. El trabajo que se presenta en esta tesis tiene como objetico mejorar el rendimiento de los electrolizadores SOEC mediante la utilización de óxidos metálicos mesoporosos, caracterizados por poseer alta área superficial y ser estables a altas temperaturas. Esta tesis está organizada en ocho capítulos. Los capítulos 3, 4, 5, 6 y 7 presentan los resultados alcanzados: El capítulo 3 presenta la caracterización estructural de los materiales mesoporosos y de los electrodos fabricados. Además, la temperatura de adhesión del material mesoporoso ha sido optimizada y se ha fijado a 900 °C. El capítulo 4 compara electrolizadores fabricados soportados por el electrodo de combustible y por el electrolito. Los resultados muestran que las densidades de corriente más altas fueron inyectadas en los electrolizadores soportados por el electrodo de combustible, considerándose esta configuración la más apropiada. El capítulo 5 presenta la influencia de la microstructura de la intercara del electrodo de oxígeno en el rendimiento de los electrolizadores SOEC. La caracterización electroquímica, apoyada por la caracterización microestructural, ha demostrado que la máxima densidad de corriente ha sido inyectada por el electrolizador cuya barrera de difusión ha sido depositado por láser pulsado (PLD) y la capa funcional del electrodo de oxígeno mediante infiltración de materiales mesoporosos. El capítulo 6 estudia el electrodo de oxígeno optimizado. Durante 1400 h de operación continua y caracterización microstructural, se ha demostrado la estabilidad de este electrodo. Por último, el capítulo 7 muestra los resultados obtenidos del escalado de los electrodos mesoporosos en celdas de mayor área (25 cm2). La caracterización electroquímica muestra alta flexibilidad ante las composiciones de gases utilizadas, y estabilidad de los electrodos mesoporosos propuestos.
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Boisset, Aurelien. "Electrolytes pour supercondensateurs asymétriques à base de MnO2." Thesis, Tours, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014TOUR4038/document.

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Cette thèse a pour but de caractériser le fonctionnement de supercondensateurs asymétriques composés de dioxyde de manganèse de structure birnessite et de carbone activé dans différents électrolytes. Les électrolytes aqueux neutres à base de sels inorganiques montrent les meilleures performances électrochimiques. La nature et la structure des cations et des anions du sel semblent impacter les performances électrochimiques et la stabilité de la structure du matériau d’oxyde de manganèse. Lors de cyclage en milieu aqueux avec de large de fenêtre de tension de fonctionnement appliquée, un mécanisme de dégradation du dispositif a été avancé tenant compte de la nature des anions ou des cations des sels utilisés. Quelques voies de modification du matériau MnO2, afin d’améliorer ces performances électrochimiques, ont été étudiés. Des électrolytes non aqueux originaux ont été également caractérisés et plus particulièrement, les solvants « Deep Eutectic » à base de N-méthylacétamide et de sels de Lithium. Ces derniers semblent prometteurs comme électrolytes pour des applications en température sur carbone activé ou matériaux d’insertion tels que le ferrophosphate de lithium. Cependant ils semblent non adaptés aux oxydes de manganèse, mais donnent de bons résultats en cyclage avec le carbone activé
The aim of this thesis was to investigate the performances of asymmetric supercapacitors based on manganese dioxide (birnessite) and activated carbon electrode materials using various electrolytes. From this work, it appears that neutral aqueous electrolytes containing inorganic salts have the best electrochemical performances. Furthermore, the nature and the structure of both ions (cations and anions) in solution seem to impact strongly the electrochemical performances of the supercapacitors, as well as, the MnO2’s structure stability and affinity. In the case of aqueous-based electrolyte, a device degradation mechanism has been proposed as a function of salt ions structure and nature to further understand the supercapacitor’s life-cycling when a large potential window is applied. Some novel synthesis ways and/or modifications were investigated to further improve the electrochemical properties of MnO2 material. Additionaly, original non-aqueous electrolytes has been also formulated and then characterized, particularly the ‘Deep Eutectic’ Solvents, based on the N-methylacetamide mixed with a lithium salt. However, these electrolytes don’t have a good affinity with manganese oxide-based materials. Interestingly, these Deep Eutectic Solvents show good cycling results with activated carbon. In fact, these electrolytes seem to be promising for high temperature energy storage applications, especially using activated carbon or insertion electrode material like the lithium ferrophosphate
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Книги з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Gross, Oliver John. Fabrication and structural characterization of a tape cast bismuth oxide-based solid electrolyte. Ottawa: National Library of Canada, 1993.

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2

Zhu, Bin, Liangdong Fan, Rizwan Raza, and Chunwen Sun. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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3

Zhu, Bin, Liangdong Fan, Rizwan Raza, and Chunwen Sun. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices. Wiley & Sons, Limited, John, 2020.

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4

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based Toelectrolyte-Free Devices. Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 2020.

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5

Zhu, Bin, Liangdong Fan, Rizwan Raza, and Chunwen Sun. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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6

Zhu, Bin, Liangdong Fan, Rizwan Raza, and Chunwen Sun. Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: From Electrolyte-Based to Electrolyte-Free Devices. Wiley & Sons, Incorporated, John, 2020.

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7

Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-air Batteries. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/c2018-0-03980-8.

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8

Korotcenkov, Ghenadii, Yaovi Holade, and Teko Napporn. Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-Air Batteries. Elsevier, 2021.

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9

Korotcenkov, Ghenadii, Teko W. Napporn, and Yaovi Holade. Metal Oxide-Based Nanostructured Electrocatalysts for Fuel Cells, Electrolyzers, and Metal-Air Batteries. Elsevier, 2021.

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Частини книг з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Takada, Kazunori. "Solid-State Batteries with Oxide-Based Electrolytes." In Next Generation Batteries, 181–86. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-33-6668-8_17.

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2

Langer, Frederieke, Robert Kun, and Julian Schwenzel. "Li7La3Zr2O12 and Poly(Ethylene Oxide) Based Composite Electrolytes." In Solid Electrolytes for Advanced Applications, 195–215. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-31581-8_9.

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3

Raghavan, Prasanth, P. P. Abhijith, N. S. Jishnu, Akhila Das, Neethu T. M. Balakrishnan, Fatima M. J. Jabeen, and Jou-Hyeon Ahn. "Polyethylene Oxide (PEO)-Based Solid Polymer Electrolytes for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries." In Polymer Electrolytes for Energy Storage Devices, 57–80. First edition | Boca Raton : CRC Press, 2021.: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003144793-3.

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4

Venkatasubramanian, A., P. Gopalan, and T. R. S. Prasanna. "Electrical Conductivity of Composite Electrolytes Based on BaO-CeO2-GdO1.5 System in Different Atmospheres." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells VI, 121–30. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470943984.ch13.

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5

Kajitani, Masahiro, Motohide Matsuda, Akinori Hoshikawa, Takashi Kamiyama, Fujio Izumi, and Michihiro Miyake. "Investigation of the Oxide Ion Conduction Mechanism in LaGaO3-Based Electrolytes through High-Temperature Neutron Powder Diffraction." In Electroceramics in Japan X, 147–50. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/0-87849-449-9.147.

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6

Kawakami, Akira. "Quick-Start-Up Type SOFC Using LaGaO3-Based New Electrolyte." In Perovskite Oxide for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells, 205–16. Boston, MA: Springer US, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-77708-5_10.

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7

Ishihara, Akimitsu. "Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells, Oxide-Based Cathode Catalysts." In Encyclopedia of Applied Electrochemistry, 1675–79. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6996-5_206.

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8

Yamada, T., N. Chitose, H. Eto, M. Yamada, K. Hosoi, N. Komada, T. Inagaki, et al. "Application of Lanthanum Gallate Based Oxide Electrolyte in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Stack." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells III, 79–89. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470339534.ch9.

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9

Wang, Changzhen. "Solid Electrolytes Based on Rare Earth Oxides and Fluorides." In Theory and Application of Rare Earth Materials, 91–107. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4178-8_6.

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10

Suzuki, Toshio, Toshiaki Yamaguchi, Hirofumi Sumi, Koichi Hamamoto, and Yoshinobu Fujishiro. "Low temperature operable micro-tubular SOFCS using Gd doped ceria electrolyte and Ni based anode." In Advances in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells X, 97–104. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781119040637.ch10.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Hopmann, Eric, Haizeng Li, and Abdulhakem Y. Elezzabi. "Dual-ion electrochromic battery with long lifetime based on dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)-nanocluster modified hydrogel electrolytes." In Oxide-based Materials and Devices XI, edited by Ferechteh H. Teherani, David C. Look, and David J. Rogers. SPIE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2544020.

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2

Raza, Rizwan, Ghazanfar Abbas, and Bin Zhu. "GDC-Y2O3 Oxide Based Two Phase Nanocomposite Electrolytes." In ASME 2010 8th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2010-33322.

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An oxide based two phase nanocomposite electrolyte (Ce0.9Gd0.1O2) was synthesized by a co-precipitation method and coated with Yttrium oxide (Y2O3). The nanocomposite electrolyte showed the significant performance of power density 750mW/cm2 and higher conductivities at relatively low temperature 550°C. Ionic conductivities were measured with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and DC (4 probe method). The structural and morphological properties of the prepared electrolyte were investigated by means of High Resolution Scanning Electron Microscopy (HRSEM). The thermal stability was determined with Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The particle size was calculated with Scherrer formula and compare with SEM results, 15–20 nm is in a good agreement with the SEM and X-ray diffraction (XRD) results. The purpose of the study to introduce the functional nanocomposite materials, for advanced fuel cell technology (NANOCOFC) to meet the challenges of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC).
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3

Zhu, Bin, Juncai Sun, Xueli Sun, Song Li, Wenyuan Gao, Xiangrong Liu, and Zhigang Zhu. "Compatible Cathode Materials for High Performance Low Temperature (300–600°C) Solid Oxide Fuel Cells." In ASME 2006 4th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2006-97279.

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We have made extensive efforts to develop various compatible electrode materials for the ceria-based composite (CBC) electrolytes, which have been, reported as most advanced LTSOFC electrolyte materials (Zhu, 2003). The electrode materials we have investigated can be classified as four categories: i) LSCCF (LaSrCoCaFeO) and BSCF perovskite oxides applied for our CBC electrolyte LTSOFCs; ii) LFN (LaFeO-based oxides, e.g. LaFe0.8Ni0.2O3) perovskite oxides; iii) lithiated oxides: e.g. LiNiOx, LiVOx or LiCuOx are typical cathode examples for the CBC LTSOFCs; iv) other mixed oxide systems, most common in a mixture of two-oxide phases, such CuOx-NiOx, CuO-ZnO etc. systems with or without lithiation are developed for the CBC systems, especially for direct alcohol LTSOFCs. These cathode materials used for the CBC electrolyte LTSOFCs have demonstrated excellent performances at 300–600°C, e.g. 1000 mWcm−2 was achieved at 580°C. The LTSOFCs can be operated with a wide range of fuels, e.g. hydrogen, methanol, ethanol etc with great potential for applications.
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4

FU, QINGXI, XING FAN, DINGKUN PENG, GUANGYAO MENG, and BIN ZHU. "INTERMEDIATE TEMPERATURE SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELLS USING CERIA-BASED COMPOSITE ELECTROLYTES." In Proceedings of the 7th Asian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791979_0085.

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5

WEN, Z. Y., Z. X. LIN, J. D. CAO, T. ITOH, and O. YAMAMOTO. "CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSITE POLYMER ELECTROLYTES BASED ON POLY(ETHELYENE OXIDE) AND INORGANIC FIBER." In Proceedings of the 7th Asian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812791979_0060.

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6

Majumdar, Simantini, Sanchari Sarkar, and Ruma Ray. "Dielectric and transport studies of graphene oxide@chitosan based solid biopolymer nanocomposite electrolytes." In DAE SOLID STATE PHYSICS SYMPOSIUM 2018. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5112979.

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7

Christenn, C., A. Ansar, A. Haug, S. Wolf, and J. Arnold. "The Solution Precursor Plasma Spray Process for Making Zirconia based Electrolytes." In ITSC2011, edited by B. R. Marple, A. Agarwal, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and A. McDonald. DVS Media GmbH, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2011p1184.

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Abstract Ceramic layers, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia or scandia-stabilized zirconia, used for functional layers of solid oxide fuel cells, i.e. the gas tight oxygen ion conductive electrolyte or as ceramic component in the porous cermet anode, were obtained by the Solution Precursor Plasma Spray (SPPS) process. The influence of different solvent types on microstructure was analyzed by comparison of coatings sprayed with water-based solution to ethanol-based one. Use of solvent with low surface tension and low boiling point enhances splat formation, coating microstructure and crystalline structure. Parameter adjustment to receive coatings from nitrate solutions with ethanol as solvent was carried out. Results of Raman spectroscopy indicate that an intermediate of both nitrates (zirconyl and scandium nitrate hydrate) was deposited.
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8

SEKHON, S. S., and MANOJ KUMAR. "PLASTICIZED PROTON CONDUCTING POLYMER ELECTROLYTES BASED ON POLYETHYLENE OXIDE AND AMMONIUM SALTS NH4X:X=F-, BF4-." In Proceedings of the 8th Asian Conference. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812776259_0042.

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9

Zheng, Qian Ying, Linlong Tang, Liangping Xia, Chunlei Du, and Hongliang Cui. "An effective THz modulator with graphene tuned under low voltage with polyethylene oxide-based electrolytes." In Infrared, Millimeter-Wave, and Terahertz Technologies VI, edited by Xi-Cheng Zhang, Masahiko Tani, and Cunlin Zhang. SPIE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2537569.

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10

Atkinson, A., S. Baron, N. P. Brandon, A. Esquirol, J. A. Kilner, N. Oishi, R. Rudkin, and B. C. H. Steele. "Metal-Supported Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Operation at Temperatures of 500–650°C." In ASME 2003 1st International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2003-1759.

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Research within the Centre for Ion Conducting Membranes at Imperial College, London, is aimed at developing an innovative Intermediate Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cell. The main features of this technology involve the fabrication of a thick film PEN structure supported on a ferritic stainless steel substrate. Use of a metal support enables a robust structure to be fabricated, better able to withstand stresses developed during operation. Research has shown it is possible to arrange a processing schedule that allows the deposited electrolyte powder to be sintered into an impermeable thick film (10–20 μm) at temperatures around 1000°C. This relatively low sintering temperature is compatible with the mechanical integrity of the stainless steel support. An anode film is initially deposited on the metal support followed by deposition of the electrolyte powder. Much of the initial development work has been carried out using ceria based electrolytes. The cell is completed by the deposition of a cathode. This paper presents results arising from this programme, and reports on the development and characterisation of both anode and cathode materials, as well as progress in cell development.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Oxide Based Electrolytes"

1

Tang, Eric, Tony Wood, Casey Brown, Micah Casteel, Michael Pastula, Mark Richards, and Randy Petri. Solid Oxide Based Electrolysis and Stack Technology with Ultra-High Electrolysis Current Density (>3A/cm2) and Efficiency. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), March 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1513461.

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2

Chefetz, Benny, Baoshan Xing, Leor Eshed-Williams, Tamara Polubesova, and Jason Unrine. DOM affected behavior of manufactured nanoparticles in soil-plant system. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2016.7604286.bard.

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The overall goal of this project was to elucidate the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in soil retention, bioavailability and plant uptake of silver and cerium oxide NPs. The environmental risks of manufactured nanoparticles (NPs) are attracting increasing attention from both industrial and scientific communities. These NPs have shown to be taken-up, translocated and bio- accumulated in plant edible parts. However, very little is known about the behavior of NPs in soil-plant system as affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). Thus DOM effect on NPs behavior is critical to assessing the environmental fate and risks related to NP exposure. Carbon-based nanomaterials embedded with metal NPs demonstrate a great potential to serve as catalyst and disinfectors. Hence, synthesis of novel carbon-based nanocomposites and testing them in the environmentally relevant conditions (particularly in the DOM presence) is important for their implementation in water purification. Sorption of DOM on Ag-Ag₂S NPs, CeO₂ NPs and synthesized Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotubebifunctional composite has been studied. High DOM concentration (50mg/L) decreased the adsorptive and catalytic efficiencies of all synthesized NPs. Recyclable Ag-Fe₃O₄-carbon nanotube composite exhibited excellent catalytic and anti-bacterial action, providing complete reduction of common pollutants and inactivating gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria at environmentally relevant DOM concentrations (5-10 mg/L). Our composite material may be suitable for water purification ranging from natural to the industrial waste effluents. We also examined the role of maize (Zeamays L.)-derived root exudates (a form of DOM) and their components on the aggregation and dissolution of CuONPs in the rhizosphere. Root exudates (RE) significantly inhibited the aggregation of CuONPs regardless of ionic strength and electrolyte type. With RE, the critical coagulation concentration of CuONPs in NaCl shifted from 30 to 125 mM and the value in CaCl₂ shifted from 4 to 20 mM. This inhibition was correlated with molecular weight (MW) of RE fractions. Higher MW fraction (> 10 kDa) reduced the aggregation most. RE also significantly promoted the dissolution of CuONPs and lower MW fraction (< 3 kDa) RE mainly contributed to this process. Also, Cu accumulation in plant root tissues was significantly enhanced by RE. This study provides useful insights into the interactions between RE and CuONPs, which is of significance for the safe use of CuONPs-based antimicrobial products in agricultural production. Wheat root exudates (RE) had high reducing ability to convert Ag+ to nAg under light exposure. Photo-induced reduction of Ag+ to nAg in pristine RE was mainly attributed to the 0-3 kDa fraction. Quantification of the silver species change over time suggested that Cl⁻ played an important role in photoconversion of Ag+ to nAg through the formation and redox cycling of photoreactiveAgCl. Potential electron donors for the photoreduction of Ag+ were identified to be reducing sugars and organic acids of low MW. Meanwhile, the stabilization of the formed particles was controlled by both low (0-3 kDa) and high (>3 kDa) MW molecules. This work provides new information for the formation mechanism of metal nanoparticles mediated by RE, which may further our understanding of the biogeochemical cycling and toxicity of heavy metal ions in agricultural and environmental systems. Copper sulfide nanoparticles (CuSNPs) at 1:1 and 1:4 ratios of Cu and S were synthesized, and their respective antifungal efficacy was evaluated against the pathogenic activity of Gibberellafujikuroi(Bakanae disease) in rice (Oryza sativa). In a 2-d in vitro study, CuS decreased G. fujikuroiColony- Forming Units (CFU) compared to controls. In a greenhouse study, treating with CuSNPs at 50 mg/L at the seed stage significantly decreased disease incidence on rice while the commercial Cu-based pesticide Kocide 3000 had no impact on disease. Foliar-applied CuONPs and CuS (1:1) NPs decreased disease incidence by 30.0 and 32.5%, respectively, which outperformed CuS (1:4) NPs (15%) and Kocide 3000 (12.5%). CuS (1:4) NPs also modulated the shoot salicylic acid (SA) and Jasmonic acid (JA) production to enhance the plant defense mechanisms against G. fujikuroiinfection. These results are useful for improving the delivery efficiency of agrichemicals via nano-enabled strategies while minimizing their environmental impact, and advance our understanding of the defense mechanisms triggered by the NPs presence in plants.
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