Статті в журналах: "Oxidation of Soot"

1

Vander Wal, Randy L., and Aaron J. Tomasek. "Soot oxidation." Combustion and Flame 134, no. 1-2 (July 2003): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0010-2180(03)00084-1.

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2

Setiabudi, Agus, Jiuling Chen, Guido Mul, Michiel Makkee, and Jacob A. Moulijn. "CeO2 catalysed soot oxidation." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 51, no. 1 (July 2004): 9–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.01.005.

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3

Promhuad, Punya, and Boonlue Sawatmongkhon. "Soot Oxidation in Diesel Exhaust on Silver Catalyst Supported by Alumina, Titanium and Zirconium." E3S Web of Conferences 302 (2021): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202130201008.

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Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) is used to limit the emission of particulate matter (PM). The operation of DPF has two consecutive functions which are filtration of PM and regeneration. Performance of DPF is reduced by clogging of the filter. This problem is improved by soot oxidation in the regeneration process. The soot is completely oxidized by oxygen when temperature is higher than 600 °C. However, the exhaust gas temperature in normal operating of the diesel engine is lower than the temperature of soot complete oxidation. The problem of low temperature in soot oxidation is improved by oxidation catalyst because the oxidation catalyst is used to reduce light of temperature in soot oxidation. The study’s purpose is to compare the oxidation activity of silver catalyst supported on alumina (Al2O3), Titanium oxide (TiO2), and Zirconium oxide (ZrO2). The compression of soot oxidation on silver catalyst loaded on several support which showed silver base on alumina was the best of soot oxidation compared with titanium oxide and zirconium oxide. The behaviour of soot oxidation in silver base on titanium oxide and zirconium oxide were similar activity.

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4

Schäfer, Th, F. Mauß, H. Bockhorn, and F. Fetting. "Surface Growth and Oxidation of Soot Particles under Flame Conditions." Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A 50, no. 11 (November 1, 1995): 1009–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zna-1995-1107.

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Abstract Surface growth and oxidation of soot particles is investigated in premixed counter flow flames. Surface growth rates and soot oxidation rates can be evaluated from the measured appearance rates of soot and the calculated surface growth rates derived from the HACA-mechanism. The dependence of surface growth rates and soot oxidation rates on composition of the gas phase, temperature and “surface concentration” is discussed. A mechanism of soot oxidation accounting for the experimental findings is suggested.

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5

Tsai, Yu-Chih, Jechan Lee, Eilhann Kwon, Chao-Wei Huang, Nguyen Nhat Huy, Siming You, Pei-Syuan Hsu, Wen Da Oh, and Kun-Yi Andrew Lin. "Enhanced Catalytic Soot Oxidation by Ce-Based MOF-Derived Ceria Nano-Bar with Promoted Oxygen Vacancy." Catalysts 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11091128.

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As CeO2 is a useful catalyst for soot elimination, it is important to develop CeO2 with higher contact areas, and reactivities for efficient soot oxidation and catalytic soot oxidation are basically controlled by structures and surface properties of catalysts. Herein, a Ce-Metal organic framework (MOFs) consisting of Ce and benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic acid (H3BTC) is employed as the precursor as CeBTC exhibits a unique bar-like high-aspect-ratio morphology, which is then transformed into CeO2 with a nanoscale bar-like configuration. More importantly, this CeO2 nanobar (CeONB) possesses porou, and even hollow structures, as well as more oxygen vacancies, enabling CeONB to become a promising catalyst for soot oxidation. Thus, CeONB shows a much higher catalytic activity than commercial CeO2 nanoparticle (comCeO) for soot oxidation with a significantly lower ignition temperature (Tig). Moreover, while soot oxidation by comCeO leads to production of CO together with CO2, CeONB can completely convert soot to CO2. The tight contact mode also enables CeONB to exhibit a very low Tig of 310 °C, whereas the existence of NO also enhances the soot oxidation by CeONB to reduce the Tig. The mechanism of NO-assisted soot oxidation is also examined, and validated by DRIFTS to identify the formation and transformation of nitrogen-containing intermediates. CeONB is also recyclable over many consecutive cycles and maintained its high catalytic activity for soot oxidation. These results demonstrate that CeONB is a promising and easily prepared high-aspect-ratio Ce-based catalyst for soot oxidation.

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6

Gu, M. Y., Y. H. Zhu, B. Cheng, F. Zhang, Y. Wang, and Y. Y. Lin. "Study on soot oxidation activity of ethylene/methane laminar diffusion flame." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2208, no. 1 (March 1, 2022): 012010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2208/1/012010.

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Abstract the soot oxidation characteristics and oxidation mechanism of ethylene flame with different methane mixing ratios were studied by thermogravimetric analyzer and oxidation reaction kinetics analysis. The conclusions are as follows: in the process of programmed temperature rise, there is almost no loss in the quality of soot particles below 450 °C; With the increasing temperature, the mass of soot particles began to decrease when the temperature exceeded 500 °C; When the temperature exceeds 750 °C, the mass of soot particles is close to zero; With the increase of flame height, the thermogravimetric curve of soot first shifts to high temperature and then to low temperature; The activation energy of soot is closely related to its oxidation process, and decreases first and then increases with the deepening of soot oxidation; The mixing of methane promotes the rise of soot ignition temperature and burnout temperature, and the minimum activation energy of soot decreases at low flame height and increases at high flame height.

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7

Guo, Guanlun, Ruixin Dai, Jing Wang, and Sheng Wu. "Experimental Study on the Effect of Partial Oxidation on the Microscopic Morphology of Soot Particles." Energies 15, no. 12 (June 11, 2022): 4295. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15124295.

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Diesel engine exhaust pipes are in a high-temperature and high-oxygen environment; the carbon soot formed by fuel combustion will be partially oxidized, and its physicochemical properties will change significantly after oxidation. In order to study the effect law of partial oxidation on carbon soot particles emitted from automobiles, commercial carbon black samples (Printex-U carbon) were selected to replace actual carbon soot particles in this paper, and experiments were conducted on a fixed-bed catalytic oxidation device to obtain carbon soot particles with four oxidation rates by varying the time duration of oxygen introduction. Subsequently, the microstructure images of the corresponding carbon soot particles were obtained using TEM and measured after image processing with ImageJ software. The results showed that the average particle size, particle layer spacing, and distortion of carbon soot particles gradually decreased with the increase in oxidation rate. Moreover, the basic particle edge structure of carbon soot particles gradually blurred, the disordered structure inside the carbon soot particles increased, and the structure was destroyed or oxidized away with the gradual oxidation of the outer layer. Lastly, the density degree inside the particles gradually increased, the outer carbon layer arrangement became more regular, and the graphitization degree gradually became larger. The oxidation of carbon soot particles followed the contraction model and the internal oxidation model.

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8

Löwe*, A., and C. Mendoza-Frohn. "Soot oxidation on supported catalysts." Applied Catalysis 66, no. 1 (November 1990): L11—L16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0166-9834(00)81621-8.

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9

Chan, M. L., K. N. Moody, J. R. Mullins, and A. Williams. "Low-temperature oxidation of soot." Fuel 66, no. 12 (December 1987): 1694–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0016-2361(87)90365-6.

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10

Ranji-Burachaloo, H., S. Masoomi-Godarzi, A. A. Khodadadi, M. Vesali-Naseh, and Y. Mortazavi. "Soot oxidation in a corona plasma-catalytic reactor." International Journal of Modern Physics: Conference Series 32 (January 2014): 1460348. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2010194514603482.

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Oxidation of soot by corona plasma was investigated at conditions of exhaust gases from diesel engines, both in the absence and presence of CoO x as a catalyst. The CoO x catalyst nanoparticles were synthesized by a precipitation method. The BET surface area of the catalyst was 50 m2/g, corresponding to 23 nm particles. An aluminum grid was sequentially dip-coated for several times by suspensions of the soot in toluene and/or fine catalyst powder in DI water. The grid was used as the plate of a pin-to-plate corona reactor. Air at 180 °C was passed through the corona reactor to oxidize the soot, oxidation products of which were analyzed by both gas chromatograph and FTIR with a gas cell. Soot oxidation rate linearly increased with an increase of input energy. When the soot was deposited on a layer of the CoO x catalyst, the soot oxidation rate increased up to 2 times. The only product of the plasma (catalytic) oxidation of soot was CO 2 determined by FTIR. O produced in the plasma discharge oxidized the soot and the active surface oxygen enhanced its rate.

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11

Zhu, Xinbo, Xiqiang Wu, Jin Liu, Jianbin Luo, Zhengda Yang, Ye Jiang та Geng Chen. "Soot Oxidation over γ-Al2O3-Supported Manganese-Based Binary Catalyst in a Dielectric Barrier Discharge Reactor". Catalysts 12, № 7 (29 червня 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070716.

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In this work, soot oxidation was conducted over a series of Mn-X/γ-Al2O3 (M = Ce, Co and Cu) binary catalysts in a dielectric barrier discharge reactor. The soot conversion in the plasma–catalytic system was in the order of Mn/γ-Al2O3 (57.7%) > Mn-Co/γ-Al2O3 (53.9%) > Mn-Ce/γ-Al2O3 (51.6%) > Mn-Cu/γ-Al2O3 (47.7%) during the 30 min soot oxidation process at 14 W and 150 °C. Meanwhile, the doping of Ce, Co and Cu slightly improved the CO2 selectivity of the process by 4.7% to 10.3% compared to soot oxidation over Mn/γ-Al2O3.It is worth to note that the order of CO2 selectivity was in the opposite order with soot oxidation rate. The effects of discharge power, oxygen content in the carrier gas and reaction temperature on plasma–catalytic soot oxidation was systematically analyzed. The catalyst characterizations, including N2 adsorption–desorption, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction by H2 and temperature-programmed desorption of O2, were conducted to illustrate the reaction mechanisms of plasma–catalytic soot oxidation and reaction pathways.

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12

Zhu, Xinbo, Hanpeng Wu, Jianbin Luo, Jin Liu, Jiahao Yan, Zijian Zhou, Zhengda Yang, Ye Jiang, Geng Chen, and Guohua Yang. "Soot Oxidation in a Plasma-Catalytic Reactor: A Case Study of Zeolite-Supported Vanadium Catalysts." Catalysts 12, no. 7 (June 21, 2022): 677. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal12070677.

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The plasma-catalytic oxidation of soot was studied over zeolite-supported vanadium catalysts, while four types of zeolites (MCM-41, mordenite, USY and 5A) were used as catalyst supports. The soot oxidation rate followed the order of V/MCM-41 > V/mordenite > V/USY > V/5A, while 100% soot oxidation was achieved at 54th min of reaction over V/MCM-41 and V/mordenite. The CO2 selectivity of the process follows the opposite order of oxidation rate over the V/M catalyst. A wide range of catalyst characterizations including N2 adsorption–desorption, XRD, XPS, H2-TPR and O2-TPD were performed to obtain insights regarding the reaction mechanisms of soot oxidation in plasma-catalytic systems. The redox properties were recognized to be crucial for the soot oxidation process. The effects of discharge power, gas flow rate and reaction temperature on soot oxidation were also investigated. The results showed that higher discharge power, higher gas flow rate and lower reaction temperature were beneficial for soot oxidation rate. However, these factors would impose a negative effect on CO2 selectivity. The proposed “plasma-catalysis” method possessed the unique advantages of quick response, mild operation conditions and system compactness. The method could be potentially applied for the regeneration of diesel particulate filters (DPF) at low temperatures and contribute to the the emission control of diesel engines.

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13

Sung, N., S. Lee, H. Kim, and B. Kim. "A numerical study on soot formation and oxidation for a direct injection diesel engine." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 217, no. 5 (May 1, 2003): 403–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/095440703321645115.

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A numerical cycle model is developed to investigate the soot production in a direct injection (DI) diesel engine. The Surovikin and Fusco models for soot formation and the Nagle model for soot oxidation are used with the KIVA-3V code. In the Surovikin model, carbon radicals are produced from pyrolysis of fuel and soot particles grow through collisions with fuel molecules. In the Fusco model, the carbon radicals and acetylene are formed from pyrolysis of fuel. There, acetylene works for the growth of soot particles. From investigation of the e. ects of the operating conditions on soot formation and oxidation, it is found that soot formation is mainly governed by fuel concentration and combustion temperature and soot oxidation is more dependent on combustion temperature. The air-fuel ratio a. ects soot formation more than injection timing. For a stoichiometric mixture ratio, soot formation is increased because of the high combustion temperature.

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14

Wei, Chao, Zhenzhen Chen, Chao Hu, and Haitao Wang. "Highly active catalysts of iron-based materials with Au nanoparticles for soot oxidation." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 06029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913606029.

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Gold nanoparticles supported on transition metal oxide catalysts have been prepared by deposition-precipitation. Their catalytic activity with or without Au doped has been tested for soot oxidation. Au improves the catalytic activity of transition metal oxide for the oxidation of soot particles. Under the catalysis of Au/Co3O4, the initial oxidation temperature of soot is 354 ℃.

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15

Singh, Madhu, Mek Srilomsak, Yujun Wang, Katsunori Hanamura, and Randy Vander Wal. "Nanostructure changes in diesel soot during NO2–O2 oxidation under diesel particulate filter-like conditions toward filter regeneration." International Journal of Engine Research 20, no. 8-9 (October 25, 2018): 953–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1468087418807608.

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Development of the regeneration process on diesel particulate filters requires a better understanding of soot oxidation phenomena, especially its relation to soot nanostructure. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is known to play an essential role in passive regeneration by oxidizing soot at low temperatures, especially in the presence of oxygen (O2) in the exhaust. However, change in soot nanostructure due to oxidation by NO2–O2 mixtures has not received much attention. This work focuses on nanostructure evolution during passive regeneration of the diesel particulate filter by oxidation of soot at normal exhaust gas temperatures (300°C–400°C). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy of partially oxidized model carbons (R250, M1300, arc-generated soot) and diesel soot under NO2–O2 mixtures is used to investigate physical changes in nanostructure correlating with the material’s behavior during oxidation. Microscopy reveals the changing nanostructure of model carbons during oxidation while fringe analysis of the images points to the differences in the structural metrics of fringe length and tortuosity of the resultant structures. The variation in oxidation rates highlights the inter-dependence of the material’s reactivity with its structure. NO2 preferentially oxidizes edge-site carbon, promotes surface oxidation by altering the particle’s burning mode with increased overall reactivity of NO2+O2 resulting in inhibition of internal burning, typically observed by O2 at exhaust gas temperatures.

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16

Ghiassi, Hossein, Pal Toth, Isabel C. Jaramillo, and JoAnn S. Lighty. "Soot oxidation-induced fragmentation: Part 1: The relationship between soot nanostructure and oxidation-induced fragmentation." Combustion and Flame 163 (January 2016): 179–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2015.09.023.

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17

Chen, Haoming, Tianle Li, Zhiming Xu, Wenju Wang, and Haihou Wang. "Oxidation of soot promoted by Fe-based spinel catalysts." Materials Research Express 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 015502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/ac3f5d.

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Abstract Diesel engine has attracted much attention because of its good power performance, fuel economy, reliability and durability, but the exhaust gas containing soot has significant impact on environment and human health. Catalyzed diesel particulate filter (CDPF) that reduces the activation energy of soot oxidation by catalysts are used to eliminate soot. In this work, MFe2O4 spinel (M = Cu, Ni and Co) was synthesized by sol-gel method to catalyze the oxidation of soot. The characterization results of MFe2O4 showed that CuFe2O4 possessed the smallest average grain size (65.6 nm) and the best redox performance. The activity tests of the catalysts showed that the activity order of the catalyst is CuFe2O4 (330 °C > CoFe2O4 (411 °C > NiFe2O4 (464 °C. DFT results showed that soot is more easily adsorbed on the O-terminal surface of CuFe2O4 and reacts with oxygen vacancies, resulting in the promotion of soot oxidation by the diffusion of oxygen from the inside to the surface. It also proves that CuFe2O4 has the best catalytic effect on soot.

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18

Abdul Karim, Zainal Ambri, and Mohamed Haziq bin Haron. "Experimental Investigation of In Situ Soot Oxidation Using Electromagnetic Waves." Applied Mechanics and Materials 754-755 (April 2015): 912–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.754-755.912.

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This paper presents the experimental results of smoke opacity and exhaust gas measurements due to the oxidation of soot at different microwave power levels to the exhaust gas. The experiment attempts to ascertain the soot oxidation capability of using microwave in reducing smoke from the diesel engine. The exhaust gas from a diesel engine was directed into the microwave generator system which then flows through the chamber assembly that contains the soot trap. Three different microwave power levels of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 kW were generated and exposed to the soot at different exposure time. The results showed that when the power level of the electromagnetic waves was increased, the amount of smoke opacity reduced between 32 to 65 % depending on the microwave power levels. Due to the oxidation of the carbon particles of the soot, CO2 gas increased in corresponding to the decreased in the smoke opacity. The experimental work also found that NOx gas was also reduced due to the breaking down of NOx at the localised high temperature of the soot trap. Hence, the microwave generator system has proven its capability as an in-situ soot oxidation device for deployment in diesel vehicles.

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19

Boussouara, Karima, and Mahfoud Kadja. "Empirical soot formation and oxidation model." Thermal Science 13, no. 3 (2009): 35–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci0903035b.

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Modelling internal combustion engines can be made following different approaches, depending on the type of problem to be simulated. A diesel combustion model has been developed and implemented in a full cycle simulation of a combustion, model accounts for transient fuel spray evolution, fuel-air mixing, ignition, combustion, and soot pollutant formation. The models of turbulent combustion of diffusion flame, apply to diffusion flames, which one meets in industry, typically in the diesel engines particulate emission represents one of the most deleterious pollutants generated during diesel combustion. Stringent standards on particulate emission along with specific emphasis on size of emitted particulates have resulted in increased interest in fundamental understanding of the mechanisms of soot particulate formation and oxidation in internal combustion engines. A phenomenological numerical model which can predict the particle size distribution of the soot emitted will be very useful in explaining the above observed results and will also be of use to develop better particulate control techniques. A diesel engine chosen for simulation is a version of the Caterpillar 3406. We are interested in employing a standard finite-volume computational fluid dynamics code, KIVA3V-RELEASE2.

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20

Harano, Azuchi, Masayoshi Sadakata, and Masayuki Sato. "Soot oxidation in a silent discharge." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 24, no. 1 (1991): 100–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.24.100.

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21

Shrivastava, Manish, Anh Nguyen, Zhongqing Zheng, Hao-Wei Wu, and Heejung S. Jung. "Kinetics of Soot Oxidation by NO2." Environmental Science & Technology 44, no. 12 (June 15, 2010): 4796–801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es903672y.

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22

Kennedy, Ian M. "Models of soot formation and oxidation." Progress in Energy and Combustion Science 23, no. 2 (January 1997): 95–132. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0360-1285(97)00007-5.

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23

Li, Yuejin, Michael Weinstein, and Stan Roth. "NO oxidation on catalyzed soot filters." Catalysis Today 258 (December 2015): 396–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2014.11.030.

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24

Seipenbusch, Martin, Jan van Erven, Tobias Schalow, Alfred P. Weber, A. Dick van Langeveld, Jan C. M. Marijnissen, and Sheldon K. Friedlander. "Catalytic soot oxidation in microscale experiments." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 55, no. 1 (January 2005): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2004.07.007.

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25

Jaramillo, Isabel C., Chethan K. Gaddam, Randy L. Vander Wal, Chung-Hsuan Huang, Joseph D. Levinthal, and JoAnn S. Lighty. "Soot oxidation kinetics under pressurized conditions." Combustion and Flame 161, no. 11 (November 2014): 2951–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.combustflame.2014.04.016.

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26

Kalogirou, Maria, and Zissis Samaras. "Soot oxidation kinetics from TG experiments." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 99, no. 3 (February 20, 2010): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-010-0707-y.

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27

Aneggi, Eleonora, Carla de Leitenburg, and Alessandro Trovarelli. "Influence of Nanoscale Surface Arrangements on the Oxygen Transfer Ability of Ceria–Zirconia Mixed Oxide." Inorganics 8, no. 5 (May 12, 2020): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/inorganics8050034.

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Ceria-based materials, and particularly CeO2–ZrO2 (CZ) solid solutions are key ingredient in catalyst formulations for several applications due to the ability of ceria to easily cycling its oxidation state between Ce4+ and Ce3+. Ceria-based catalysts have a great soot oxidation potential and the mechanism deeply relies on the degree of contact between CeO2 and carbon. In this study, carbon soot has been used as solid reductant to better understand the oxygen transfer ability of ceria–zirconia at low temperatures; the effect of different atmosphere and contact conditions has been investigated. The difference in the contact morphology between carbon soot and CZ particles is shown to strongly affect the oxygen transfer ability of ceria; in particular, increasing the carbon–ceria interfacial area, the reactivity of CZ lattice oxygen is significantly improved. In addition, with a higher degree of contact, the soot oxidation is less affected by the presence of NOx. The NO oxidation over CZ in the presence of soot has also been analyzed. The existence of a core/shell structure strongly enhances reactivity of interfacial oxygen species while affecting negatively NO oxidation characteristics. These findings are significant in the understanding of the redox chemistry of substituted ceria and help determining the role of active species in soot oxidation reaction as a function of the degree of contact between ceria and carbon.

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28

SCHURATH, U. "HETEROGENEOUS CHEMISTRY ON SOOT AND OXIDATION OF SURFACE MOLECULES ON SOOT." Journal of Aerosol Science 32 (September 2001): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-8502(21)00047-1.

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29

Leistner, K., A. Nicolle, and P. Da Costa. "Impact of the Catalyst/Soot Ratio on Diesel Soot Oxidation Pathways." Energy & Fuels 26, no. 10 (October 10, 2012): 6091–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ef301275p.

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30

Krishna, K., and M. Makkee. "Pt–Ce-soot generated from fuel-borne catalysts: soot oxidation mechanism." Topics in Catalysis 42-43, no. 1-4 (May 2007): 229–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11244-007-0183-1.

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31

Shromova, O. A., N. M. Kinnunen, T. A. Pakkanen, and M. Suvanto. "Promotion effect of water in catalytic fireplace soot oxidation over silver and platinum." RSC Adv. 7, no. 73 (2017): 46051–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra09291a.

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The activity of the catalysts in the fireplace soot oxidation depends on water content in the gas feed. Water is partially dissociated with formation of hydroxyls over silver and platinum, which promote soot oxidation.

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32

Li, Meng, Fengxia Bao, Yue Zhang, Wenjing Song, Chuncheng Chen, and Jincai Zhao. "Role of elemental carbon in the photochemical aging of soot." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 30 (July 9, 2018): 7717–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1804481115.

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Soot, which consists of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), is a significant component of the total aerosol mass in the atmosphere. Photochemical oxidation is an important aging pathway for soot. It is commonly believed that OC is photoactive but EC, albeit its strong light absorption, is photochemically inert. Here, by taking advantage of the different light absorption properties of OC and EC, we provide direct experimental evidence that EC also plays an important role in the photochemical aging of soot by initiating the oxidation of OC, even under red light irradiation. We show that nascent soot, in addition to undergoing photochemical oxidation under blue light with a wavelength of 440 nm, undergoes similar oxidation under red light irradiation of λ = 648 nm (L648). However, separated OC (extracted from soot by n-hexane) and EC exhibit little reactivity under L648. These observations indicate that EC plays a pivotal role in photoaging of soot by adsorbing light to initiate the oxidation of OC. Comparison of in situ IR spectra and photoelectrochemical behaviors suggests that EC-initiated photooxidation of OC proceeds through an electron transfer pathway, which is distinct from the photoaging induced by light absorption of OC. Since the absorption spectra of EC have a much larger overlap with the solar spectra than those of OC, our results provide insight into the chemical mechanism leading to rapid soot aging by organic species observed from atmospheric field measurements.

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33

Figueredo, Miguel Jose Marin, Clarissa Cocuzza, Samir Bensaid, Debora Fino, Marco Piumetti, and Nunzio Russo. "Catalytic Abatement of Volatile Organic Compounds and Soot over Manganese Oxide Catalysts." Materials 14, no. 16 (August 12, 2021): 4534. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14164534.

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A set of manganese oxide catalysts was synthesized via two preparation techniques: solution combustion synthesis (Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS and Mn2O3-SCS) and sol-gel synthesis (Mn2O3-SG550 and Mn2O3-SG650). The physicochemical properties of the catalysts were studied by means of N2-physisorption at −196 °C, X-ray powder diffraction, H2 temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR), soot-TPR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). The high catalytic performance of the catalysts was verified in the oxidation of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) probe molecules (ethene and propene) and carbon soot in a temperature-programmed oxidation setup. The best catalytic performances in soot abatement were observed for the Mn2O3-SG550 and the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalysts. The catalytic activity in VOC total oxidation was effectively correlated to the enhanced low-temperature reducibility of the catalysts and the abundant surface Oα-species. Likewise, low-temperature oxidation of soot in tight contact occurred over the Mn2O3-SG550 catalyst and was attributed to high amounts of surface Oα-species and better surface reducibility. For the soot oxidation in loose contact, the improved catalytic performance of the Mn3O4/Mn2O3-SCS catalyst was attributed to the beneficial effects of both the morphological structure that—like a filter—enhanced the capture of soot particles and to a probable high amount of surface acid-sites, which is characteristic of Mn3O4 catalysts.

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34

Wang, Qiang, Jong Shik Chung, and Zhanhu Guo. "Promoted Soot Oxidation by Doped K2Ti2O5Catalysts and NO Oxidation Catalysts." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 13 (July 6, 2011): 8384–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie200698j.

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35

Casanova, Marzia, Sara Colussi, and Alessandro Trovarelli. "Investigation of Iron Vanadates for Simultaneous Carbon Soot Abatement and NH3-SCR." Catalysts 8, no. 4 (March 26, 2018): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8040130.

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FeVO4 and Fe0.5Er0.5VO4 were prepared and loaded over standard Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) supports based on TiO2-WO3-SiO2 (TWS) and redox active supports like CeO2 and CeZrO2 with the aim of finding a suitable formulation for simultaneous soot abatement and NH3-SCR and to understand the level of interaction between the two reactions. A suitable bi-functional material was identified in the composition FeVO4/CeZrO2 where an SCR active component is added over a redox active support, to increase carbon oxidation properties. The influence of the presence of ammonia in soot oxidation and the effect of the presence of soot on SCR reaction have been addressed. It is found that the addition of NO and NO/NH3 mixtures decreases at different levels the oxidation temperature of carbon soot, while the presence of carbon adversely affects the NH3-SCR reaction by increasing the oxidation of NH3 to NO, thus lowering the NO removal efficiency.

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36

Luo, Jing, and Hai Feng Liu. "Study on the Mechanism of Soot Reduction by Multi-Injection Coupled with EGR." Advanced Materials Research 805-806 (September 2013): 1759–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.805-806.1759.

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The effects of multiple injections coupled with medium EGR (25% - 30%) on heavy duty diesel engine were investigated. Injection timing and mass were adjusted with different injection strategies (main-post and pilot-main) to study the influence of these parameters on combustion and emissions. The mechanism of soot emission reduction was discussed. Results indicate that, at fixed total injection quantity and EGR rate, NOx is reduced, while soot is decreased followed by an increasing with increasing post injection quantity; NOx nearly kept constant and soot declined before rising with lager main-post interval. Optimum post injection could accelerate soot oxidation rate. Pilot injection has no positive impact on NOx, while soot decreases with less pilot fuel mass and lager pilot-main interval. Optimum pilot injection could be beneficial for a better mixture property. The acceleration of soot oxidation rate is the basic reason of soot emission reducing by multiple injections.

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37

Su, Changsheng, Yujun Wang, Ashok Kumar, and Paul McGinn. "Simulating Real World Soot-Catalyst Contact Conditions for Lab-Scale Catalytic Soot Oxidation Studies." Catalysts 8, no. 6 (June 14, 2018): 247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal8060247.

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In diesel soot oxidation studies, both well-defined model soot and a reliable means to simulate realistic contact conditions with catalysts are crucial. This study is the first attempt in the field to establish a lab-scale continuous flame soot deposition method in simulating the “contact condition” of soot and a structured diesel particulate filter (DPF) catalyst. The properties of this flame soot were examined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for structure analysis, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) for surface area analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) for reactivity and kinetics analysis. For validation purposes, catalytic oxidation of Tiki® soot using the simulated contact condition was conducted to compare with the diesel particulates collected from a real diesel engine exhaust system. It was found that the flame soot is more uniform and controllable than similar samples of collected diesel particulates. The change in T50 due to the presence of the catalyst is very similar in both cases, implying that the flame deposit method is able to produce comparably realistic contact conditions to that resulting from the real exhaust system. Comparing against the expensive engine testing, this novel method allows researchers to quickly set up a procedure in the laboratory scale to reveal the catalytic soot oxidation properties in a comparable loose contact condition.

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38

HOU, Zhixin, Hideyuki OGAWA, Noboru MIYAMOTO, and Hideo NARITA. "Oxidation characteristics of metal-containing diesel soot." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series B 54, no. 507 (1988): 3301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaib.54.3301.

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39

Wagloehner, Steffen, Maria Nitzer-Noski, and Sven Kureti. "Oxidation of soot on manganese oxide catalysts." Chemical Engineering Journal 259 (January 2015): 492–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2014.08.021.

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40

Zeng, Lirong, Lan Cui, Caiyun Wang, Wei Guo, and Cairong Gong. "Ag-assisted CeO2 catalyst for soot oxidation." Frontiers of Materials Science 13, no. 3 (September 2019): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11706-019-0470-3.

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41

Pecchi, Gina, Robinson Dinamarca, Claudia M. Campos, Ximena Garcia, Romel Jimenez, and Jose L. G. Fierro. "Soot Oxidation on Silver-Substituted LaMn0.9Co0.1O3 Perovskites." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 53, no. 24 (June 4, 2014): 10090–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie501277x.

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42

Chin, Paul, Christine S. Grant, and David F. Ollis. "Quantitative photocatalyzed soot oxidation on titanium dioxide." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 87, no. 3-4 (April 7, 2009): 220–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2008.09.020.

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43

Neeft, J. "Kinetics of the oxidation of diesel soot." Fuel 76, no. 12 (October 1997): 1129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0016-2361(97)00119-1.

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44

Uner, D., M. K. Demirkol, and B. Dernaika. "A novel catalyst for diesel soot oxidation." Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 61, no. 3-4 (November 2005): 334–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2005.05.011.

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45

Rinkenburger, Alexander, Reinhard Niessner, and Christoph Haisch. "On-line determination of soot oxidation reactivity." Journal of Aerosol Science 132 (June 2019): 12–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaerosci.2019.03.002.

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46

Ishiguro, Tomoji, Noritomo Suzuki, Yoshiyasu Fujitani, and Hidetake Morimoto. "Microstructural changes of diesel soot during oxidation." Combustion and Flame 85, no. 1-2 (May 1991): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-2180(91)90173-9.

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47

Zhdanov, Vladimir P. "Simulation of the catalytic oxidation of soot." Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 108, no. 1 (September 21, 2012): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-012-0501-x.

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48

Chigrin, Pavel G., Natalia V. Lebukhova, and Alexander Yu Ustinov. "Kinetics of soot oxidation catalyzed by CuMoO4." Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 113, no. 1 (July 17, 2014): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11144-014-0754-7.

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49

Pecchi, G., B. Cabrera, A. Buljan, E. J. Delgado, A. L. Gordon, and R. Jimenez. "Catalytic oxidation of soot over alkaline niobates." Journal of Alloys and Compounds 551 (February 2013): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2012.10.015.

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50

Matarrese, Roberto. "Catalytic Materials for Gasoline Particulate Filters Soot Oxidation." Catalysts 11, no. 8 (July 22, 2021): 890. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/catal11080890.

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The energy efficiency of Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) engines is leading to a continuous increase in GDI engine vehicle population. Consequently, their particulate matter (soot) emissions are also becoming a matter of concern. As required for diesel engines, to meet the limits set by regulations, catalyzed particulate filters are considered as an effective solution through which soot could be trapped and burnt out. However, in contrast to diesel application, the regeneration of gasoline particulate filters (GPF) is critical, as it occurs with almost an absence of NOx and under oxygen deficiency. Therefore, in the recent years it was of scientific interest to develop efficient soot oxidation catalysts that fit such particular gasoline operating conditions. Among them ceria- and perovskite-based formulations are emerging as the most promising materials. This overview summarizes the very recent academic contributions focusing on soot oxidation materials for GDI, in order to point out the most promising directions in this research area.

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