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Статті в журналах з теми "Output differential"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 30 травня 2022

Оновлено: 31 травня 2022

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1

Freeman, J. S., and S. A. Velinsky. "Comparison of the Dynamics of Conventional and Worm-Gear Differentials." Journal of Mechanisms, Transmissions, and Automation in Design 111, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 605–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3259043.

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The differential mechanism has been used for many years and a variety of unique designs have been developed for particular applications. This paper investigates the performance of both the conventional bevel-gear differential and the worm-gear differential as used in vehicles. The worm-gear differential is a design in which the bevel gears of the conventional differential are replaced by worm gear/worm wheel pairs. The resultant differential exhibits some interesting behavior which has made this differential desirable for use in high performance and off-road vehicles. In this work, an Euler-Lagrange formulation of the equations of motion of the conventional and worm-gear differentials allows comparison of their respective behavior. Additionally, each differential is incorporated into a full vehicle model to observe their effects on gross vehicle response. The worm-gear differential is shown to exhibit the desirable characteristics of a limited-slip differential while maintaining the conventional differential’s ability to differentiate output shaft speeds at all power levels.

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2

Esashi, Masayoshi, Hiroshi Kawai, and Kenichi Yoshimi. "Differential output type microflow sensor." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 76, no. 8 (1993): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420760808.

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3

BRUUN, ERIK. "A differential-input, differential-output current mode operational amplifier." International Journal of Electronics 71, no. 6 (December 1991): 1047–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219108925545.

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4

Drung, D., J. Storm, and J. Beyer. "SQUID Current Sensor With Differential Output." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 23, no. 3 (June 2013): 1100204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2012.2227638.

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5

Odinokov, V. F. "Differential converter with a frequency output." Measurement Techniques 33, no. 5 (May 1990): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00864446.

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6

Tenhunen, M., T. Hämäläinen, and T. Lahtinen. "Output factors of asymmetric and dynamic wedge fields: Differential output factor." Radiotherapy and Oncology 37 (October 1995): S17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-8140(96)80497-x.

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7

Qiu, Zhao Yun, Zong Bao Zhang, Qi Tao Liu, and Guang Dong Jiang. "Research of Linear Differential Hall Sensor Modeling and Output Characteristics Experiment." Advanced Materials Research 383-390 (November 2011): 1488–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.383-390.1488.

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The purpose of this paper is to model and study linear differential Hall sensor. A component for linear differential Hall sensor model was constructed, then a number of experiments were performed to check its output characteristics and temperature characteristics.Two Hall-components formed a linear differential Hall model,which had two independent outputs outputing differential voltage. The results show that the model significantly reduces quiescent output voltage, the signal amplitude increased 99.5%, sensitivity ≥ 40mV/mT, linearity error ≤ 0.5%, zero drift coefficient ≤0.023mV/°C.It is concluded that outputing differential voltage can prohibit common-mode interference and zero shift.The model will has self temperature compensation and nonlinear correctiion.In the future ,this model will practicaly in the current sensor.

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8

TONGPOON, Pravit, Fujihiko MATSUMOTO, Takeshi OHBUCHI, and Hitoshi TAKEUCHI. "A Differential Input/Output Linear MOS Transconductor." IEICE Transactions on Electronics E94-C, no. 6 (2011): 1032–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1587/transele.e94.c.1032.

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9

Palmisano, G., and S. Pennisi. "CMOS single-input differential-output amplifier cells." IEE Proceedings - Circuits, Devices and Systems 150, no. 3 (2003): 194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-cds:20030352.

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10

Crouch, P. E., F. Lamnabhi-Lagarrigue, and A. J. van der Schaft. "Adjoint and Hamiltonian input-output differential equations." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 40, no. 4 (April 1995): 603–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.376115.

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11

Takagi, Shigetaka, Nobuo Fujii, and Takeshi Yanagisawa. "High-frequency monolithic differential input/output integrator." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 72, no. 8 (1989): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420720810.

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12

Gupalov, V. I. "Differential primary sensors with phase-modulated output." Measurement Techniques 32, no. 6 (June 1989): 499–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00867883.

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13

Wozny, C., N. Maier, P. Fidzinski, J. Breustedt, J. Behr, and D. Schmitz. "Differential cAMP Signaling at Hippocampal Output Synapses." Journal of Neuroscience 28, no. 53 (December 31, 2008): 14358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.4973-08.2008.

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14

Atkin, E. V., and V. V. Shumikhin. "Charge Sensitive Amplifier with Pseudo-differential Output." Russian Microelectronics 50, no. 3 (May 2021): 206–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063739721020037.

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15

Witschel, Jonas. "On output stabilizability of differential–algebraic equations." Systems & Control Letters 165 (July 2022): 105232. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sysconle.2022.105232.

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16

Sun, Cheng-Guang, Jia-Lin Li, and Baidenger Agyekum Twumasi. "Multi-way differential power divider with microstrip output interfaces." Journal of Electrical Engineering 71, no. 4 (August 1, 2020): 274–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2020-0037.

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AbstractThe design and implementation of planar multi-way differential power dividers remain a challenge in terms of the compactness and especially, for the achievable characteristic impedance of the quarter-wavelength transformer when considering large number of outputs. In this work, the double-sided parallel stripline is recommended to realize such a power divider with out-of-phase outputs, and explicit design methods are provided. The proposed multi-way power divider was developed without the use of lump elements on a single substrate. For system applications, a prototype operating at 41.6 MHz with 12 pairs of out-of-phase outputs that utilize the microstrip line as the output interfaces was fabricated and examined. At the center frequency of 41.6MHz, the developed prototype measured insertion losses akin to 14.3 dB as compared with the theoretical data of 13.8 dB. The attainable impedance bandwidth ranges from 10 MHz to 80 MHz under a magnitude imbalance of ±0.3 dB. The isolations of the adjacent outputs are about 13.1 dB as compared with the theoretical values of 14.428 dB, and are better than 34 dB for more distant ones. Parameter measurements are in good agreement with the numerical predications, thus demonstrating the realization of the proposed multi-way power divider.

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17

Morrison, Shaun F. "Differential control of sympathetic outflow." American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 281, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): R683—R698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.r683.

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With advances in experimental techniques, the early views of the sympathetic nervous system as a monolithic effector activated globally in situations requiring a rapid and aggressive response to life-threatening danger have been eclipsed by an organizational model featuring an extensive array of functionally specific output channels that can be simultaneously activated or inhibited in combinations that result in the patterns of autonomic activity supporting behavior and mediating homeostatic reflexes. With this perspective, the defense response is but one of the many activational states of the central autonomic network. This review summarizes evidence for the existence of tissue-specific sympathetic output pathways, which are likely to include distinct populations of premotor neurons whose target specificity could be assessed using the functional fingerprints developed from characterizations of postganglionic efferents to known targets. The differential responses in sympathetic outflows to stimulation of reflex inputs suggest that the circuits regulating the activity of sympathetic premotor neurons must have parallel access to groups of premotor neurons controlling different functions but that these connections vary in their ability to influence different sympathetic outputs. Understanding the structural and physiological substrates antecedent to premotor neurons that mediate the differential control of sympathetic outflows, including those to noncardiovascular targets, represents a challenge to our current technical and analytic approaches.

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18

Maundy, Brent J., Ahmed S. Elwakil, and Leonid Belostotski. "Automatic Generation of Differential-Input Differential-Output Second-Order Filters Based on a Differential Pair." IEEE Transactions on Computer-Aided Design of Integrated Circuits and Systems 39, no. 6 (June 2020): 1258–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tcad.2019.2912933.

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19

Blajer, Wojciech, Robert Seifried, and Krzysztof Kołodziejczyk. "Diversity of Servo-Constraint Problems for Underactuated Mechanical Systems: A Case Study Illustration." Solid State Phenomena 198 (March 2013): 473–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.198.473.

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Underactuated mechanical systems are systems with fewer control inputs than degrees of freedom. Determination of an input control strategy that forces an underactuated system to complete specified in time outputs (servo-constraints), whose number is equal to the number of inputs, can be a challenging task. Diversity of the servo-constraint problems is discussed here using a simple spring-mass system mounted on a carriage (two degrees of freedom, one control input, and one specified in time output). A formulation of underactuated system dynamics which includes the output coordinates is motivated, with the governing equations arising either as ODEs (ordinary differential equations) or DAEs (differential-algebraic equations). Solutions to the servo-constraint problem are then discussed with reference to so-called non-flat systems (with internal dynamics) and differentially flat systems (no internal dynamics). Some computational issues related to the ODE and DAE formulations are finally discussed, and relevant simulation results for the sample case study are reported.

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20

Jablonický, Juraj, Ľubomír Hujo, Zdenko Tkáč, Ján Kosiba, and Anton Žikla. "Comparison of Two Designs of Differential Planetary Gear with Differential in Output." Advanced Materials Research 801 (September 2013): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.801.13.

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The goal of the presented contribution is a comparison of two variants of differential mechanical planetary gearboxes. The designed variants of differential gearboxes are characterized by gear shifting under load. Reflected depending on the variable gear may be a change of gear ratios, either stepped or continuously. The results of kinematic analyses of both variants of differential planetary gearbox with differential in output are shown in tabular and graphical form

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21

Duan, Lian, Wei Huang, Chengyan Ma, Xiaofeng He, Yuhua Jin, and Tianchun Ye. "A single-to-differential low-noise amplifier with low differential output imbalance." Journal of Semiconductors 33, no. 3 (March 2012): 035002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-4926/33/3/035002.

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22

Egan, Jonathan, Andrew Brownfield, and Quentin Herr. "True differential superconducting on-chip output amplifier ^*." Superconductor Science and Technology 35, no. 4 (March 10, 2022): 045018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6668/ac5314.

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Abstract The true-differential superconductor on-chip amplifier has complementary outputs that float with respect to chip ground. This improves signal integrity and compatibility with the receiving semiconductor stage. Both source-terminated and non-source-terminated designs producing 4 mV demonstrated rejection of a large common mode interference in the package. Measured margins are ±8.5% on the output bias, and ±28% on AC clock amplitude. Waveforms and eye diagrams are taken at 2.9–10 Gb s − 1 . Direct measurement of bit-error rates are better than the resolution limit of 1 × 10 − 12 at 2.9 Gb s − 1 , and better than 1 × 10 − 9 at 10 Gb s − 1 .

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23

Haraguchi, Rintaro, Koichi Osuka, and Toshiharu Sugie. "Development of Output Coupling Mechanisms for Mechanical Systems." Journal of Robotics and Mechatronics 15, no. 4 (August 20, 2003): 432–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jrm.2003.p0432.

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This paper proposes a new type of output coupling mechanism, which consists of two differential gears. The mechanism distributes the surplus input power to the other outputs, thus using the input power more effectively. The fundamental equations of the mechanism with respect to velocity and efficiency of input/output are obtained. Furthermore, its effectiveness is demonstrated using an experimental device.

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24

LU, X. Y., and D. J. BELL. "Realization theory for differential algebraic input-output systems." IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information 10, no. 1 (1993): 33–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/imamci/10.1.33.

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25

Kallas, Konstantinos, Filip Niksic, Caleb Stanford, and Rajeev Alur. "DiffStream: differential output testing for stream processing programs." Proceedings of the ACM on Programming Languages 4, OOPSLA (November 13, 2020): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3428221.

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26

Banu, M., J. M. Khoury, and Y. Tsividis. "Fully differential operational amplifiers with accurate output balancing." IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits 23, no. 6 (1988): 1410–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/4.90039.

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27

Kuijper, M., and J. M. Schumacher. "Input-output structure of linear differential/algebraic systems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 38, no. 3 (March 1993): 404–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/9.210139.

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28

Madden, S. F., B. O'Donovan, S. J. Furney, H. R. Brady, G. Silvestre, and P. P. Doran. "Digital extractor: analysis of digital differential display output." Bioinformatics 19, no. 12 (August 11, 2003): 1594–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg198.

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29

Vardanyan, V. R., and N. V. Vardanyan. "Cavity differential-absolute-pressure transducer with frequency output." Measurement Techniques 36, no. 7 (July 1993): 770–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00981650.

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30

Harada, Michihiro, and Hitoshi Hayashi. "Quadrature differential output six‐port rat‐race coupler." Electronics Letters 57, no. 10 (March 24, 2021): 407–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ell2.12145.

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31

Idzura Yusuf, Siti, Suhaidi Shafie, Hasmayadi Abdul Majid, and Izhal Abdul Halin. "Differential input range driver for SAR ADC measurement setup." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 750. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i2.pp750-758.

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<span>Differential successive approximation register (SAR) of analog to digital converter (ADC) requires two balancing input signals that have same amplitude with 180⁰ out of phase. Otherwise, it performs inaccurately and degrades the performance during ADC testing procedure. Therefore, an implementation of AD8139 chip single to differential amplifier was chosen as an ADC driver to generate sufficient differential output for the ADC. The chip was placed on a printed circuit board (PCB) to test the functionality as well as the performance of static and dynamic SAR ADC. The result shows that the single-ended input transform into differential voltage outputs. The amplitudes for the amplifier remain equal and is 180° out of phase for DC and AC voltage input signal. Besides, the fabricated 0.18µm CMOS technology of differential 10-bit SAR ADC is capable of digitising full code digital output and perform 9.5-bit effective number of bit (ENOB) from analog input driving by the ADC driver.</span>

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32

Xiaoping, Liu. "Asymptotic output tracking of nonlinear differential-algebraic control systems." Automatica 34, no. 3 (March 1998): 393–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0005-1098(97)00224-0.

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33

Toumazou, C., and F. J. Lidgey. "Novel bipolar differential input/output current-controlled current source." Electronics Letters 21, no. 5 (1985): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19850140.

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34

Pearson, A., and F. Lee. "On the identification of polynomial input-output differential systems." IEEE Transactions on Automatic Control 30, no. 8 (August 1985): 778–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tac.1985.1104051.

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35

Kar, Sougata Kumar, Procheta Chatterjee, Banibrata Mukherjee, Kenkere Balashantha Murthy Mruthyunjaya Swamy, and Siddhartha Sen. "A Differential Output Interfacing ASIC for Integrated Capacitive Sensors." IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement 67, no. 1 (January 2018): 196–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tim.2017.2761238.

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36

Barlow, P. S., R. G. Davis, and M. J. Lazarus. "Negative differential output conductance of self heated power MOSFETs." IEE Proceedings I Solid State and Electron Devices 133, no. 5 (1986): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-i-1.1986.0036.

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37

Sulikowski, Bartlomiej, Krzysztof Galkowski, and Eric Rogers. "PI output feedback control of differential linear repetitive processes." Automatica 44, no. 5 (May 2008): 1442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.automatica.2007.10.005.

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38

Sperila, Andrei, Cristian Oara, and Bogdan D. Ciubotaru. "H 2 Output Feedback Control of Differential-Algebraic Systems." IEEE Control Systems Letters 6 (2022): 542–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/lcsys.2021.3083399.

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39

Hulle, Marc M. Van. "Joint Entropy Maximization in Kernel-Based Topographic Maps." Neural Computation 14, no. 8 (August 1, 2002): 1887–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/089976602760128054.

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A new learning algorithm for kernel-based topographic map formation is introduced. The kernel parameters are adjusted individually so as to maximize the joint entropy of the kernel outputs. This is done by maximizing the differential entropies of the individual kernel outputs, given that the map's output redundancy, due to the kernel overlap, needs to be minimized. The latter is achieved by minimizing the mutual information between the kernel outputs. As a kernel, the (radial) incomplete gamma distribution is taken since, for a gaussian input density, the differential entropy of the kernel output will be maximal. Since the theoretically optimal joint entropy performance can be derived for the case of nonoverlapping gaussian mixture densities, a new clustering algorithm is suggested that uses this optimum as its “null” distribution. Finally, it is shown that the learning algorithm is similar to one that performs stochastic gradient descent on the Kullback-Leibler divergence for a heteroskedastic gaussian mixture density model.

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40

Zhang, Mei, Boutaïeb Dahhou, Qinmu Wu, and Zetao Li. "Observer Based Multi-Level Fault Reconstruction for Interconnected Systems." Entropy 23, no. 9 (August 25, 2021): 1102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e23091102.

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The problem of local fault (unknown input) reconstruction for interconnected systems is addressed in this paper. This contribution consists of a geometric method which solves the fault reconstruction (FR) problem via observer based and a differential algebraic concept. The fault diagnosis (FD) problem is tackled using the concept of the differential transcendence degree of a differential field extension and the algebraic observability. The goal is to examine whether the fault occurring in the low-level subsystem can be reconstructed correctly by the output at the high-level subsystem under given initial states. By introducing the fault as an additional state of the low subsystem, an observer based approached is proposed to estimate this new state. Particularly, the output of the lower subsystem is assumed unknown, and is considered as auxiliary outputs. Then, the auxiliary outputs are estimated by a sliding mode observer which is generated by using global outputs and inverse techniques. After this, the estimated auxiliary outputs are employed as virtual sensors of the system to generate a reduced-order observer, which is caplable of estimating the fault variable asymptotically. Thus, the purpose of multi-level fault reconstruction is achieved. Numerical simulations on an intensified heat exchanger are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

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41

Nambu, Takao. "Output stabilisation for a class of linear parabolic differential equations." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Section A Mathematics 110, no. 1-2 (1988): 125–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308210500024914.

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SynopsisWe study the output stabilisation for a class of linear parabolic differential equations in a Hilbert space by means of feedback controls. The output is given as a finite number of linear functionals. Stabilisationof the state, of course, implies stabilisation of the output. In the present paper, however, we give a sufficient condition (an algebraic condition on the above functionals) for the output stabilisation, which is weakerin some sense than that for the state stabilisation.

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42

Qu, Lu, Donglai Zhang, and Zhiyun Bao. "Output Current-Differential Control Scheme for Input-Series–Output-Parallel-Connected Modular DC–DC Converters." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 32, no. 7 (July 2017): 5699–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpel.2016.2607459.

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43

Milovanovic, Vladimir, and Horst Zimmermann. "A double-differential-input/differential-output fully complementary and self-biased asynchronous CMOS comparator." Facta universitatis - series: Electronics and Energetics 27, no. 4 (2014): 649–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fuee1404649m.

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A novel fully complementary and fully differential asynchronous CMOS comparator architecture, that consists of a two-stage preamplifier cascaded with a latch, achieves a sub-100 ps propagation delay for a 50mVpp and higher input signal amplitudes under 1.1V supply and 2.1mWpower consumption. The proposed voltage comparator topology features two differential pairs of inputs (four in total) thus increasing signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and noise immunity through rejection of the coupled noise components, reduced evenorder harmonic distortion, and doubled output voltage swing. In addition to that, the comparator is truly self-biased via negative feedback loop thereby eliminating the need for a voltage reference and suppressing the influence of process, supply voltage and ambient temperature variations. The described analog comparator prototype occupies 0.001mm2 in a purely digital 40 nm LP (low power) CMOS process technology. All the above mentioned merits make it highly attractive for use as a building block in implementation of the leadingedge system-on-chip (SoC) data transceivers and data converters.

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44

KUMAR, UMESH. "Nonlinear modelling and analysis of differential input differential output amplifier based canonic RC oscillators." International Journal of Electronics 76, no. 3 (March 1994): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219408925939.

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45

TSUKUTANI, TAKAO, SUMIO TSUIKI, MASARU ISHTDA, and YUTAKA FUKUI. "A novel current-mode active-R biquad using differential-input differential-output operational amplifiers." International Journal of Electronics 79, no. 5 (November 1995): 607–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207219508926297.

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46

West, Guy R., and Ari Gamage. "Differential Multipliers for Tourism in Victoria." Tourism Economics 3, no. 1 (March 1997): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/135481669700300104.

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This study assesses the significance of different types of tourists to Victoria, Australia, by their relative contribution to the economy. Differential impacts are calculated using an input–output model incorporating marginal household coefficients. The analysis demonstrates that the conventional input–output model can overestimate the flow-on effects to value added, income and employment by a significant amount. It finds that domestic tourists are the largest contributor to the State economy, with day-trippers spending the greatest amount. International tourists rank last in terms of economic impacts on the state.

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47

Muthavhine, Khumbelo, and Mbuyu Sumbwanyambe. "Securing IoT Devices against Differential-Linear (DL) Attack Used on Serpent Algorithm." Future Internet 14, no. 2 (February 13, 2022): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fi14020055.

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Cryptographic algorithms installed on Internet of Things (IoT) devices suffer many attacks. Some of these attacks include the differential linear attack (DL). The DL attack depends on the computation of the probability of differential-linear characteristics, which yields a Differential-Linear Connectivity Table (DLCT). The DLCT is a probability table that provides an attacker many possibilities of guessing the cryptographic keys of any algorithm such as Serpent. In essence, the attacker firstly constructs a DLCT by using building blocks such as Substitution Boxes (S-Boxes) found in many algorithms’ architectures. In depth, this study focuses on securing IoT devices against DL attacks used on Serpent algorithms by using three magic numbers mapped on a newly developed mathematical function called Blocker, which will be added on Serpent’s infrastructure before being installed in IoT devices. The new S-Boxes with 32-bit output were generated to replace the original Serpent’s S-Boxes with 4-bit output. The new S-Boxes were also inserted in Serpent’s architecture. This novel approach of using magic numbers and the Blocker Function worked successfully in this study. The results demonstrated an algorithm for which its S-Box is composed of a 4-bit-output that is more vulnerable to being attacked than an algorithm in which its S-Box comprises 32-bit outputs. The novel approach of using a Blocker, developed by three magic numbers and 32-bits output S-Boxes, successfully blocked the construction of DLCT and DL attacks. This approach managed to secure the Serpent algorithm installed on IoT devices against DL attacks.

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48

Abdalla, Kasim K. "New Two Simple Sinusoidal Generators with Four 45o Phase Shifted Voltage Outputs Using Single FDCCII and Grounded Components." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 8, no. 6 (December 1, 2018): 5080. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v8i6.pp5080-5088.

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Two new 45o phase shifted sinusoidal oscillator configurations employing single Second Generation Fully Differential Current Conveyor (FDCCII), two grounded capacitors and two grounded resistors are presented. The proposed oscillators can provide four sinusoidal voltage outputs with each a 45o phase difference. These circuits can also be utilized as voltage-mode quadrature oscillators. Additional output stages incorporation in FDCCII can also result in current outputs spaced 45 degree apart. The proposed circuits enjoy the simplicity and less passive and active component. The Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) of the output waveforms was reasonability values (less than 4.5%). The circuits can supply two equi-quadrature outputs and the Lissajous patterns confirm the quadrature voltage output waveforms. The workability of the circuits is simulated by PSPICE 0.18 μm CMOS technology. The non-ideal analysis and simulation results verifying theoretical analyses are also investigated.

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49

Kota, S., and S. Bidare. "Systematic Synthesis and Applications of Novel Multi-Degree-of-Freedom Differential Systems." Journal of Mechanical Design 119, no. 2 (June 1, 1997): 284–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2826248.

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A two-degree-of-freedom differential system has been known for a long time and is widely used in automotive drive systems. Although higher degree-of-freedom differential systems have been developed in the past based on the well-known standard differential, the number of degrees-of-freedom has been severely restricted to 2n. Using a standard differential mechanism and simple epicyclic gear trains as differential building blocks, we have developed novel whiffletree-like differential systems that can provide n-degrees of freedom, where n is any integer greater than two. Symbolic notation for representing these novel differentials is also presented. This paper presents a systematic method of deriving multi-degree-of-freedom differential systems, a three and a four output differential systems and their applications including all-wheel drive vehicles, universal robotic grippers and multi-spindle nut runners.

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50

Muñoz-Enano, J., P. Vélez, M. Gil, and F. Martín. "Microfluidic reflective-mode differential sensor based on open split ring resonators (OSRRs)." International Journal of Microwave and Wireless Technologies 12, no. 7 (May 15, 2020): 588–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1759078720000501.

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AbstractThis paper proposes a differential sensor based on a pair of open split ring resonators (OSRR) operating in reflection. The output signal is thus the differential reflection coefficient of both resonators, intimately related to their dielectric loading. Thus, for identical loads in both sensing resonators, the individual reflection coefficients are equal, thereby providing an ideally null output signal. By contrast, when unequal dielectric loads truncate the symmetry, the reflection coefficients are different, resulting in a differential output signal related to the level of asymmetry. In order to ease the measurement of the output signal, a rat-race hybrid coupler is used. The OSRR sensing loads are connected to the coupled ports of the hybrid coupler, whereas the input signal is injected to the Δ-port, and the output signal is collected at the isolated port (Σ-port). By this means, the output signal, i.e. the differential reflection coefficient between both sensing loads, is obtained from the transmission coefficient of a simple two-port structure. For experimental validation purposes, the sensor is applied to the measurement of isopropanol content in aqueous solutions, and for that purpose, the sensitive regions are equipped with microfluidic channels.

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