Готові списки джерел за темами / Osmotic coefficients

Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 10 грудня 2022
Оновлено: 29 січня 2023

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Статті в журналах з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

1

Moggia, Elsa. "Osmotic Coefficients of Electrolyte Solutions." Journal of Physical Chemistry B 112, no. 4 (January 2008): 1212–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp074648a.

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2

Frosch, Mia, Merete Bilde, and Ole F. Nielsen. "From Water Clustering to Osmotic Coefficients." Journal of Physical Chemistry A 114, no. 44 (November 11, 2010): 11933–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jp103129u.

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3

Drake, R. E., S. Dhother, R. A. Teague, and J. C. Gabel. "Protein osmotic pressure gradients and microvascular reflection coefficients." American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology 273, no. 2 (August 1, 1997): H997—H1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.1997.273.2.h997.

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Microvascular membranes are heteroporous, so the mean osmotic reflection coefficient for a microvascular membrane (sigma d) is a function of the reflection coefficient for each pore. Investigators have derived equations for sigma d based on the assumption that the protein osmotic pressure gradient across the membrane (delta II) does not vary from pore to pore. However, for most microvascular membranes, delta II probably does vary from pore to pore. In this study, we derived a new equation for sigma d. According to our equation, pore-to-pore differences in delta II increase the effect of small pores and decrease the effect of large pores on the overall membrane osmotic reflection coefficient. Thus sigma d for a heteroporous membrane may be much higher than previously derived equations indicate. Furthermore, pore-to-pore delta II differences increase the effect of plasma protein osmotic pressure to oppose microvascular fluid filtration.
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4

Ding-Quan, Wu, Xu Zheng-Liang, and Qu Song-Sheng. "The Activity Coefficients and Osmotic Coefficients of Sodium Tungstate in Aqueous Solution." Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica 6, no. 05 (1990): 633–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3866/pku.whxb19900523.

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5

Passamonti, Francisco J., María R. Gennero de Chialvo, and Abel C. Chialvo. "Evaluation of the activity coefficients of ternary molecular solutions from osmotic coefficient data." Fluid Phase Equilibria 559 (August 2022): 113464. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fluid.2022.113464.

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6

Nagy, Endre, Imre Hegedüs, Danyal Rehman, Quantum J. Wei, Yvana D. Ahdab, and John H. Lienhard. "The Need for Accurate Osmotic Pressure and Mass Transfer Resistances in Modeling Osmotically Driven Membrane Processes." Membranes 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes11020128.

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The widely used van ’t Hoff linear relation for predicting the osmotic pressure of NaCl solutions may result in errors in the evaluation of key system parameters, which depend on osmotic pressure, in pressure-retarded osmosis and forward osmosis. In this paper, the linear van ’t Hoff approach is compared to the solutions using OLI Stream Analyzer, which gives the real osmotic pressure values. Various dilutions of NaCl solutions, including the lower solute concentrations typical of river water, are considered. Our results indicate that the disparity in the predicted osmotic pressure of the two considered methods can reach 30%, depending on the solute concentration, while that in the predicted power density can exceed over 50%. New experimental results are obtained for NanoH2O and Porifera membranes, and theoretical equations are also developed. Results show that discrepancies arise when using the van ’t Hoff equation, compared to the OLI method. At higher NaCl concentrations (C > 1.5 M), the deviation between the linear approach and the real values increases gradually, likely indicative of a larger error in van ’t Hoff predictions. The difference in structural parameter values predicted by the two evaluation methods is also significant; it can exceed the typical 50–70% range, depending on the operating conditions. We find that the external mass transfer coefficients should be considered in the evaluation of the structural parameter in order to avoid overestimating its value. Consequently, measured water flux and predicted structural parameter values from our own and literature measurements are recalculated with the OLI software to account for external mass transfer coefficients.
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Hess, Berk, Christian Holm, and Nico van der Vegt. "Osmotic coefficients of atomistic NaCl (aq) force fields." Journal of Chemical Physics 124, no. 16 (April 28, 2006): 164509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2185105.

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8

Bhalla, Gaurav, and William M. Deen. "Effects of molecular shape on osmotic reflection coefficients." Journal of Membrane Science 306, no. 1-2 (December 2007): 116–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2007.08.025.

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9

Zhang, Bo, Dahong Yu, Hong-Lai Liu, and Ying Hu. "Osmotic coefficients of polyelectrolyte solutions, measurements and correlation." Polymer 43, no. 10 (May 2002): 2975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00119-2.

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10

Toğrul, İnci Türk, and Ayşe İspir. "Equilibrium distribution coefficients during osmotic dehydration of apricot." Food and Bioproducts Processing 86, no. 4 (December 2008): 254–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fbp.2008.03.001.

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Дисертації з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

1

Knutsen, Jeffrey Steven. "Membrane bioseparations: Cellulase recovery, particle deposition, and second osmotic virial coefficients." Diss., Connect to online resource, 2005. http://wwwlib.umi.com/dissertations/fullcit/3165833.

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2

Parupudi, Arun Kumar. "Demonstration of scale-down dynamic light scattering and determination of osmotic second virial coefficients for proteins." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/theses/available/etd-11092007-112135/.

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3

Bley, Michael. "Simulating Osmotic Equilibria by Molecular Dynamics - From Vapor-Liquid Interfaces to Thermodynamic Properties in Concentrated Solutions." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTS122.

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L’objectif de cette thèse de doctorat est le développement d’une nouvelle méthode théorique basée sur la simulation des équilibres liquide-gaz par simulations de dynamique moléculaire. Cette nouvelle m´méthode prédit les propriétés thermodynamiques telles que l’activité des solvants et les coefficients d’activité des solutés en phases aqueuses et organiques impliquées dans les systèmes d’extraction liquide-liquide. Ces propriétés thermodynamiques sont nécessaires pour les approches de modélisation thermodynamique mésoscopique permettant d’estimer l’efficacité et la s´électivité d’un système d’extraction par solvant jusqu’au une échelle industrielle. Les propriétés thermodynamiques et structurales des solutions électrolytiques aqueuses et des phases organiques, y compris les agrégats résultant des molécules d’extraction des amphiphiles, sont en bon accord avec les données expérimentales et théoriques disponibles. L’approche de dynamique moléculaire de l’équilibre osmotique fournit un nouvel outil puissant permettant d’accéder aux données thermodynamiques
The aim of this PhD thesis is the development of a new theoretical method based on the simulation of vapor-liquid equilibria by means of molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. This new method predicts thermodynamic properties such as solvent activities and solute activity coefficients of aqueous and organic phases used in liquid-liquid extraction systems. These thermodynamic properties are required for mesoscopic thermodynamic modeling approaches estimating the efficiency and selectivity of a given solvent extraction system up to an industrial scale. Thermodynamic and structural properties of aqueous electrolyte solutions and organic solvent phase including aggregates resulting from amphiphilic extractant molecules are reproduced in very good agreement with previously available experimental and theoretical data. The osmotic equilibrium MD approach provides a new and powerful tool for accessing thermodynamic data
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Guell, David Charles. "The physical mechanism of osmosis and osmotic pressure--a hydrodynamic theory for calculating the osmotic reflection coefficient." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/29859.

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Bhalla, Gaurav Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Osmotic reflection coefficient." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/51614.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, 2009.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 149-152).
The presence of a discriminating barrier separating two solutions differing in concentration generates a net volume flux called osmotic flow. The simple case is of the ideal semi-permeable membrane which completely excludes the solute. The flow through such a membrane is directly proportional to the thermodynamic pressure drop less the osmotic pressure drop. For membranes which partially exclude the solute the osmotic contribution to flow is less than that of the semi-permeable membrane, and the reduction is given by the osmotic reflection coefficient [sigma]o,. This work was motivated by understanding the mechanistic aspects of osmotic flow through such membranes, in order to predict [sigma]o. One of the main goals of the research was to develop computational models to predict [sigma]o for charged porous membranes and charged fibrous membranes. The effects of molecular shape on [sigma]o for rigid macromolecules in porous membranes were analyzed using a hydrodynamic model. In this type of model, employed first by Anderson and Malone, steric exclusion of the solute from the periphery of the pore induces a concentration-dependent drop in pressure near the pore wall, which in turn causes the osmotic flow (Anderson and Malone 1974). Results were obtained for prolate spheroids (axial ratio, [gamma] > 1) and oblate spheroids ([gamma] < 1) in cylindrical and slit pores. Two methods, one of which is novel, were used to compute the transverse pressure variation. Although conceptually different, they yielded very similar results; the merits of each are discussed. For a given value of a/R, where a is the prolate minor semiaxis or oblate major semiaxis and R is the pore radius, [sigma]o, increased monotonically with increasing [gamma]. When expressed as a function of aSEIR, where asE is the Stokes-Einstein radius, the effects of molecular shape were less pronounced, but still significant. The trends for slits were qualitatively similar to those for cylindrical pores. When [sigma]o was plotted as a function of the equilibrium partition coefficient, the results for all axial ratios fell on a single curve for a given pore shape, although the curve for cylindrical pores differed from that for slits. For spheres ([gamma]= 1) in either pore shape, [sigma]o was found to be only slightly smaller than the reflection coefficient for filtration (of). That suggests that [sigma]o can be used to estimate of for spheroids, where results are currently lacking. A computational model was developed to predict the effects of solute and pore charge on [sigma]o, of spherical macromolecules in cylindrical pores. Results were obtained for articles and pores of like charge and fixed surface charge densities, using a theory that combined low Reynolds number hydrodynamics with a continuum, point-charge description of the electrical double layers. In this formulation steric and/or electrostatic exclusion of macromolecules from the vicinity of the pore wall creates radial variations in osmotic pressure. These, in turn, lead to the axial pressure gradient that drives the osmotic flow. Due to the stronger exclusion that results from repulsive electrostatic nteractions, ao, with charge effects always exceeded that for an uncharged system with the same solute and pore size. The effects of charge stemmed almost entirely from particle positions within a pore being energetically unfavorable. It was found that the required potential energy could be computed with sufficient accuracy using the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation, high charge densities notwithstanding. In principle, another factor that might influence o in charged pores is the electrical body force due to the streaming potential. However, the streaming potential was shown to have little effect on [sigma]o, even when it markedly reduced the apparent hydraulic permeability. A model based on continuum hydrodynamics and electrostatics was developed to predict the combined effects of molecular charge and size on the o, of a macromolecule in a fibrous membrane, such as a biological hydrogel. The macromolecule was represented as a sphere with a constant surface charge density, and the membrane was assumed to consist of an array of parallel fibers of like charge, also with a constant surface charge density. The flow was assumed to be parallel to the fiber axes. The effects of charge were incorporated into the model by computing the electrostatic free energy for a sphere interacting with an array of fibers. It was shown that this energy could be approximated using a pairwise additivity assumption. Results for [sigma]o, were obtained for two types of negatively charged fibers, one with properties like those of glycosaminoglycan chains, and
(cont.) the other for thicker fibers having a range of charge densities. Using physiologically reasonable fiber spacings and charge densities, [sigma]o, for BSA in either type of fiber array was shown to be much larger than (often double) that for an uncharged system. Given the close correspondence between [sigma]o and the [sigma]f; the results suggest that the negative charge of structures such as the endothelial surface glycocalyx is important in minimizing albumin loss from the circulation.
by Gaurav Bhalla.
Ph.D.
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6

Crozier, Paul S. "Slab-Geometry Molecular Dynamics Simulations: Development and Application to Calculation of Activity Coefficients, Interfacial Electrochemistry, and Ion Channel Transport." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2002. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2.

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Methods of slab-geometry molecular dynamics computer simulation were tested, compared, and applied to the prediction of activity coefficients, interfacial electrochemistry characterization, and ion transport through a model biological channel-membrane structure. The charged-sheets, 2-D Ewald, corrected 3-D Ewald, and corrected particle-particle-particle-mesh (P3M) methods were compared for efficiency and applicability to slab-geometry electrolyte systems with discrete water molecules. The P3M method was preferred for long-range force calculation in the problems of interest and was used throughout. The osmotic molecular dynamics method (OMD) was applied to the prediction of liquid mixture activity coefficients for six binary systems: methanol/n-hexane, n-hexane/n-pentane, methanol/water, chloroform/acetone, n-hexane/chloroform, methanol/ chloroform. OMD requires the establishment of chemical potential equilibrium across a semi-permeable membrane that divides the simulation cell between a pure solvent chamber and a chamber containing a mixture of solvent and solute molecules in order to predict the permeable component activity coefficient at the mixture side composition according to a thermodynamic identity. Chemical potential equilibrium is expedited by periodic adjustment of the mixture side chamber volume in response to the observed solvent flux. The method was validated and shown to be able to predict activity coefficients within the limitations of the simple models used. The electrochemical double layer characteristics for a simple electrolyte with discrete water molecules near a charged electrode were examined as a function of ion concentration, electrode charge, and ion size. The fluid structure and charge buildup near the electrode, the voltage drop across the double layer, and the double layer capacitance were studied and were found to be in reasonable agreement with experimental findings. Applied voltage non-equilibrium molecular dynamics was used to calculate the current-voltage relationship for a model biological pore. Ten 10-nanosecond trajectories were computed in each of 10 different conditions of concentration and applied voltage. The channel-membrane structure was bathed in electrolyte including discrete water molecules so that solvation, entry, and exit effects could be studied. Fluid structure, ion dynamics, channel selectivity, and potential gradients were examined. This work represents the first such channel study that does not neglect the vital contributions of discrete water molecules.
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7

Kebe, Mouhamadou. "Incidence de traitements thermiques sur le parenchyme de Pomme (Malus Domestica) et diffusion des composés phénoliques." Thesis, Avignon, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AVIG0253/document.

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La pomme (Malus Domestica Borkh.), fruit largement répandu dans les pays tempérés est beaucoup consommée. Elle représente une source importante en composés phénoliques. Cette étude s’est intéressée aux polyphénols des tissus du parenchyme. La problématique s’oriente sur les effets de la texture sur la diffusion de ces molécules. L’originalité de l’approche repose sur l’association de la texture, de la pression osmotique et la diffusion des polyphénols. Les méthodes de caractérisations physiques et biochimiques ont permis de mesurer les changements à l´échelle macroscopique et les modifications chimiques qui s’opèrent dans les matrices végétales. Les résultats de l’étude du transfert de matière ont permis de mettre en évidence les différents facteurs pouvant influer sur les valeurs des coefficients de diffusion. La texture, l’épaisseur, la variété du fruit et la pression du milieu diffusant, constituent des facteurs pouvant influencer le transfert de matière. L’étude de l’évolution de composant de la paroi a montré des changements qui s’opèrent au cours de la diffusion. Des analyses microscopiques ont relevé les modifications à l’échelle cellulaire de la diffusion de procyanidines, polyphénols majoritaires et des interactions avec les composants pariétaux
Apple (Malus domestica Borkh. ) fruit widespread in temperate countries, is much consumed.It represents an important source of phenolic compounds. This study was interestedin polyphenol content of apple tissue parenchyma. The problem concerns effects of texturedegradation on the diffusion of polyphenols molecules. The originality of the approach isbased on the combination of texture, osmotic pressure and polyphenol leaching. Physicaland biochemical methods were used to measure changes at macroscopic scale and chemicalchanges occurring in the parenchymateous tissue . The study of mass transfer highlightedvarious factors that may affect apparent coefficient diffusion. The result showed that thedisintegration of texture , thickness, apple variety and osmotic pressure of leaching mediacan influence mass transfer yield. The study of the Cell walls components showed changesthat occur during leaching process. Light microscopic analysis revealed changes at cellularscale, procyanidins the major polyphenols, leaching phenomena and also interactionswith cell walls matrix
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8

Verma, Kusum S. "The osmotic second virial coefficient as a predictor of protein stability." Master's thesis, Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2006. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.

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Miller, Mark Stephen. "Use of osmotic coefficient measurements to validate and to correct the interaction thermodynamics of amino acids in molecular dynamics simulations." Diss., University of Iowa, 2018. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/6476.

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Molecular dynamics simulations are an increasingly valuable tool to biochemical researchers: advances in computational power have expanded the range of biomolecules that can be simulated, and parameters describing these interactions are increasingly accurate. Despite substantial progress in force field parameterization, recent simulations of protein molecules using state-of-the-art, fixed-charge force fields revealed that the interactions among and within protein molecules can be too favorable, resulting in unrealistic aggregation or structural collapse of the proteins being simulated. To understand why these protein-protein interactions are so over-stabilized, I first assessed the ability of simulation force fields to represent accurately the interactions of individual amino acids, employing an osmotic pressure simulation apparatus that enabled direct comparison with experiment. Surprisingly, simulations of most of the amino acids resulted in behavior that was in strong agreement with experiment. A number of amino acids, however—notably those that contain hydroxyl groups and those that carry a formal charge—interacted in ways that were clearly inaccurate. Additionally, some commonly-used force fields failed to accurately represent the interactions of amino acids in a consistent manner. By further investigating the interactions of the functional groups of these amino acids, I was able not only to determine some of the root causes of individual amino acid inaccuracies, but also to implement simple modifications that brought the interactions of these small molecules and amino acids in stronger accord with experiment. These studies have highlighted some of the shortcomings in popular simulation force fields, and have proposed useful modifications to address them. Still, there is additional work that must be—and is being—conducted in order to correctly model the interaction behavior of proteins in simulation.
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Hersh, Lawrence T. "Mathematical techniques for the estimation of the diffusion coefficient and elimination constant of agents in subcutaneous tissue." [Tampa, Fla.] : University of South Florida, 2007. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0002035.

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Книги з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

1

Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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Goldberg, Robert N. GAMPHI--a database of activity and osmotic coefficients for aqueous electrolyte solutions. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, 1985.

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7

Aseev, G. G. Electrolytes, equilibria in solutions and phase equilibria: Calculation of multicomponent systems and experimental data on the activities of water, vapor pressures, and osmotic coefficients. New York: Begell House, 1998.

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8

Aseyev, G. G. Electrolytes, Equilibria in Solutions and Phase Equilibria: Calculation of Multicomponent Systems and Experimental Data on the Activities of Water, Vapor Pressures, and Osmotic Coefficients. Begell House Publishers, 1998.

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Частини книг з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

1

Pande, P. B., S. R. Khandeshwar, and S. P. Bajad. "Filter Paper Calibration Using Osmotic Coefficients to Measure Total Soil Suction." In Lecture Notes in Civil Engineering, 139–52. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5669-9_12.

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2

Mayor, Luis, Ramón Moreira, Francisco Chenlo, and Alberto M. Sereno. "Effective Diffusion Coefficients during Osmotic Dehydration of Vegetables with Different Initial Porosity." In Defect and Diffusion Forum, 575–85. Stafa: Trans Tech Publications Ltd., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/3-908451-36-1.575.

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3

Burchfield, Thomas E., and Earl M. Woolley. "Model for Thermodynamics of Ionic Surfactants: Effect of Electrolytes on Osmotic and Activity Coefficients." In Surfactants in Solution, 69–76. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1831-6_4.

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4

Melchior, Walter, and Ernst Steudle. "Hydrostatic and osmotic hydraulic conductivities and reflection coefficients of onion (Allium cepa L.) roots." In Structure and Function of Roots, 209–13. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3101-0_27.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Osmotic Coefficient." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 507. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_8272.

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Zhang, Suojiang, Qing Zhou, Xingmei Lu, Yuting Song, and Xinxin Wang. "Refractive index and osmotic coefficient of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium iodine mixtures." In Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures, 393–94. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7573-1_32.

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Kimura, S. "Transport Equations and Coefficients of Reverse Osmosis and Ultrafiltration Membranes." In Membranes and Membrane Processes, 447–54. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2019-5_44.

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McCRAY, S. B., and JULIUS GLATER. "Effects of Hydrolysis on Cellulose Acetate Reverse-Osmosis Transport Coefficients." In ACS Symposium Series, 141–51. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0281.ch011.

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Pitzer, Kenneth S., and Janice J. Kim. "Thermodynamics of Electrolytes.: IV. Activity and Osmotic Coefficients for Mixed Electrolytes." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Chemistry, 413–19. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795960_0060.

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Pitzer, Kenneth S., and Guillermo Mayorga. "Thermodynamics of Electrolytes.: III. Activity and Osmotic Coefficients for 2–2 Electrolytes." In World Scientific Series in 20th Century Chemistry, 405–12. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812795960_0059.

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Тези доповідей конференцій з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

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Kitajima, Y., S. Sugino, T. Sanada, Y. Sawae, T. Murakami, and M. Watanabe. "Transport Phenomena in Engineered Cartilage With Tissue Development in Agarose Gel." In ASME/JSME 2007 5th Joint Fluids Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2007-37465.

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Анотація:
The primary function of articular cartilage is to absorb impact in life cycle, however once cartilage is damaged, it has poor ability to recover. And then transplant of engineered cartilage tissue is considered as the promising measure for the therapeutic approach, since it is free from immune reaction. Articular cartilage consists of 2% chondrocyte and 98% extra-cellar-matrix (ECM), which is made by chondrocyte’s metabolic action. ECM shows high osmotic pressure, mainly due to highly negative charged proteoglycan, and hence retain large amount of water. The most characteristic nature of cartilage tissue is avascularity, hence materials, such as nutrition and wastes, are transported from connective tissue or periosteum by mainly diffusion. One of the most significant key factors to control the development of the engineered cartilage is this transport phenomenon, which is, on the other hand, strongly affected by the tissue development. Therefore we study transport processes as ECM development. In this study, we selected ultra-low gelling temperature agarose gel, of different types and weight percent, as the scaffold, and chondrocytes were isolated from the bovine metacarpal-phalangeal joint. Engineered cartilage was obtained by incubating cell-agarose compounds for ECM to be produced. Engineered cartilage tissue specimens were soaked with fluorescent labeled dextran of prescribed molecular weight to observe the diffusion transport process. We evaluated diffusion coefficients by two different methods, namely, global observation in specimen by using flow chamber and local observation diffusion using FRAP method. We compare coefficients of dextran molecules both in engineered cartilage and cell-free agarose gel. First we investigate the effects of tissue development on diffusion coefficients. We observe the effects of incubation periods on the diffusion coefficients of engineered cartilage. And then we investigate the charge effects on the transport phenomena, by comparing the transport processes of charged and uncharged dextran. We also investigate the effects of scaffold type on tissue development.
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Chen, Hsiu-hung, and Dayong Gao. "A Microfluidic Perfusion Chamber Utilized in the Study of Biophysical Properties of Cell Membrane and Its Fluidic Evaluation." In ASME 2009 Second International Conference on Micro/Nanoscale Heat and Mass Transfer. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/mnhmt2009-18393.

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A microfluidic system is demonstrated here to measure the kinetic changes of cell volume under various extracellular conditions, in order to determine cell membrane transport properties. The system is comprised of microchannels, a cell immobilization chamber, an inlet and an outlet, and is made of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) using softlithographic method. During experiments, mouse dendritic cells (mDCs), mixed with media of known concentrations, are quickly injected to the inlet of such microfluidic device, flow through a microchannel, and are then immobilized by a sieving structure, where kinetic images of cell volume response are captured by a CCD camera lively. The fluid keeps flowing due to the continuous suction from the outlet by a programmable syringe pump. Two sets of experiments have been performed: the cells are mixed with (1) solutions prepared in different concentrations of non-permeating solutes, and (2) solutions containing a permeating cryoprotective agent (CPA) plus non-permeating solute, respectively. Based on the captured images, both cell inactive volumes (Vb), permeability coefficients of water (Lp) and of CPA (Ps) through cell membranes of mDCs at different temperatures (10°C, 22°C, and 34°C) can be determined by least-squared curve fittings, respectively. A quantitative evaluation conducted using ImageJ will be performed in order to validate the microfluidic perfusion system, as well as help us understand the dynamic concentration changes around those immobilized cells. The use of this microfluidic perfusion system enables us to: 1) confine cells in a monolayer channel to prevent image ambiguity, 2) perform cell counting, 3) statistically study cell osmotic response and determine cell membrane transport properties, and (4) lower manufacturing costs.
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Shahinpoor, Mohsen. "Electrically Controllable Deformations in Ionic Polymer Metal Composite Actuators." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39037.

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Ionic polymer metal composites (IPMC’s) exhibit spectacular coupling between electrical and mechanical domains. Sensing and actuation properties of these materials and the force and displacement characteristics have been investigated as a means of determining the electromechanical coupling coefficients of the material. An electric field applied across the thickness of the polymer causes electrophoretic ionic migration within the material. Electro-osmotic drag induces solvent migration in addition to the ion motion, and a stress is generated within the material causing the material to deform. This phenomenon is also reversible, making it possible to use ionic polymer materials as sensors, transducers and power generators. The salient feature of ionic polymeric materials, as compared to other electromechanical transducers such as piezoelectrics, is the large deformations that are achievable with low electric fields. Cantilever samples of ionic polymer material exhibit tip displacements on the order of their length with applied electric fields of the order of 10 volts per mm. Recent measurements of the motion of cantilever samples of ionic polymers have demonstrated a controllable, repeatable deformation in which the zero force position of the ionic polymer changes depending on the amplitude of the applied electric field. This effect appears to be controllable in the sense that the change in the zero force position of the polymer is a function of the amplitude of the applied electric field. It is also reversible to a degree because a step change in the voltage with the opposite polarity will change the shape of the ionic polymer strip back to a position that is close to the original position before cycling of the material. Thus, there is a potential to use this effect as a deformation memory mechanism within the polymer material. These observations and subsequent interpretations are reported in this presentation.
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Sahu, Jyoti, and Vinay A. Juvekar. "A view on thermodynamics of concentrated electrolytes: Modification necessity for electrostatic contribution of osmotic coefficient." In PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR ON METALLURGY AND MATERIALS (ISMM2017): Metallurgy and Advanced Material Technology for Sustainable Development. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5038680.

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Sui, P. C., and N. Djilali. "Numerical Analysis of Water Transport in PEM Fuel Cell Membranes Using a Phenomenological Model." In ASME 2004 2nd International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fuelcell2004-2444.

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A numerical investigation on the water transport across the membrane of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell is carried out to gain insight into water management issues, which are crucial to the efficient operation of such fuel cells. The transport equation of water content based on a phenomenological model, which includes an electro-osmotic drag term and a diffusion term, is solved using the finite volume method for a 1-D configuration with the assumption of a uniform temperature distribution. Transport properties including the drag coefficient and diffusion coefficient of water in the membrane and the ionic conductivity of the membrane are expressed as functions of water content and temperature. The effects on the water flux across the membrane and on overall membrane protonic conductivity due to variations of these properties are studied. The numerical results show that water transport in the membrane is mainly determined by the relative strength of electro-osmotic drag and diffusion, which are affected by operating conditions such as current density and relative humidity at the membrane surface, and design parameters such as membrane thickness and membrane material. Computed water fluxes for different humidity boundary conditions indicate that for a thick membrane, e.g. Nafion 117, electro-osmotic drag dominates transport over a wide range of operating conditions, whereas for a thin membrane, e.g. Nafion 112, diffusion of water becomes equally important under certain conditions. Implications of the one-dimensional investigation on comprehensive CFD based modelling of proton exchange membrane fuel cell are also discussed.
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Lee, Dongryul, and Joongmyeon Bae. "Relationship Between Water Transfer Through Membrane and Species Mole Fractions in a Micro PEMFC Channel." In ASME 2008 6th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2008-62077.

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Two main water transport phenomena occur in the electrolyte of PEMFC. Electro-osmotic drag results from proton movements that promote water transport from anode to cathode. Back diffusion is caused by concentration difference that promotes water diffusion from cathode to anode. Electro-osmotic drag is more dominant than back diffusion when the net water transfer coefficient (α) is over zero, and vice versa. Species mole fractions are determined from net water transfer as a result of water transport phenomena and reaction rates related to current density. The hydrogen mole fraction has an extreme point at α = 0.5, while the extremum of the oxygen mole fraction is located at α = −0.75. The change pattern of species mole fraction varies at these extreme points. Net water transfer through membrane influences membrane conductivity and activation loss which are main factors that influence the performance of PEMFC. The relationship between net water movement and species mole fraction is considered in this paper. It is suggested that criteria predict the species mole fraction.
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Zhou, Qi, and Chiu-On Ng. "Dispersion due to Electroosmotic Flow Through a Circular Tube With Axial Step Changes of Zeta Potential and Hydrodynamic Slippage." In ASME 2013 Fluids Engineering Division Summer Meeting. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2013-16468.

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The hydrodynamic dispersion of a neutral non-reacting solute due to steady electro-osmotic flow in a circular channel with longitudinal step changes of zeta potential and hydrodynamic slippage is analyzed in this study. The channel wall is periodically micro-patterned along the axial position with alternating slip-stick stripes of distinct zeta potentials. Existing studies on electrically driven hydrodynamic dispersion are based on flow subject to either the no-slip boundary condition on the capillary surface or the simplification of lubrication approximation. Taking wall slippage into account, a homogenization analysis is performed in this study to derive the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient without subject to the long-wave constraint of the lubrication approximation, but for a general case where the length of one periodic unit of wall pattern is comparable with the channel radius. The flow and the hydrodynamic dispersion coefficient are calculated numerically, using the packages MATLAB and COMSOL, as functions of controlling parameters including the period length of the wall pattern, the area fraction of the slipping region (EOF-suppressing) in a periodic unit, the ratio of the two zeta potentials, the intrinsic hydrodynamic slip length, the Debye parameter, and the Péclet number. The dispersion coefficient is found to show notable, non-monotonic in certain situations, dependence on these controlling parameters. It is noteworthy that the introduction of hydrodynamic slippage will generate much richer behaviors of the hydrodynamic dispersion than the situation with no-slip boundary condition, as slippage interacts with zeta potentials in the EOF-suppressing and EOF-supporting regions (either likewise or oppositely charged).
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Usta, Mustafa, Ali E. Anqi, Michael Morabito, Alaa Hakim, Mohammed Alrehili, and Alparslan Oztekin. "Computational Study of Reverse Osmosis Desalination Process: Hollow Fiber Module." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-70884.

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Reverse Osmosis (RO) is a process whereby solutes are removed from a solution by means of a semipermeable membrane. Providing access to clean water is one of our generation’s grand engineering challenges, and RO processes are taking center stage in the global implementation of water purification technologies. In this work, computational fluid dynamics simulations are performed to elucidate the steady state phenomena associated with the mass transport of solution through cylindrical hollow fiber membranes in hopes of optimizing RO technologies. The Navier-Stokes and mass transport equations are solved numerically to determine the flow field and solute concentration distribution in the hollow fiber membrane bank, which is a portion of the three-dimensional feed channel containing a small collection of fibers. The k-ω Shear Stress Transport turbulence model is employed to characterize the flow field. Special attention is given to the prediction of water passage through hollow fiber membranes by the use of the solution-diffusion model, which couples the salt gradient, water flux, and local pressure at the membrane surface. This work probes hollow fiber membrane arrangement in the feed channel by considering inline and staggered alignments. Feed flow rates for Reynolds number values ranging between 400 and 1000 are considered. Increased momentum mixing within the feed channel solution can substantially enhance the system efficiency, and hollow fiber membrane arrangements and feed flow rates dictate the momentum mixing intensity. Velocity and vorticity iso-surfaces of the flow domain are presented in order to assess the momentum mixing achieved with various hollow fiber membrane arrangements and flow rates. The total water permeation rate per hour is calculated to compare system efficiencies, and the coefficient of performance is calculated to compare membrane performance relative to the necessary power input, both for the various hollow fiber membrane arrangements and feed flow rates.
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Guegan, Eric, Tian Davis, Thomas J. Koob, and Yvonne Moussy. "Transport Characteristics of a Novel Local Drug Delivery System Using Nordihydroguaiaretic Acid (NDGA)-Polymerized Collagen Fibers." In ASME 2007 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2007-171428.

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Local delivery of a drug in vivo would permit high interstitial drug concentration at the desired location without producing high systemic drug levels. Previous local drug delivery systems have included biodegradable polymer implants, hydrogels, and osmotic pumps [1]. In this paper, we describe a novel local drug delivery system using nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA)-polymerized collagen fibers. NDGA collagen fibers were originally developed for use as biocompatible tendon bioprostheses [2]. The NDGA collagen fibers were loaded with either: dexamethasone, a synthetic glucocorticoid with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities; or dexamethasone 21-phosphate, a water soluble pro-drug that is converted into dexamethasone in vivo. Dexamethasone was chosen as the loading agent since experiments pairing the loaded fibers with implantable glucose sensors will be performed in the future. This may be useful for preventing inflammation around implantable glucose sensor [3]. This decrease in inflammation is expected to increase glucose sensor function and lifetime. We also determined the diffusion coefficient of dexamethasone and dexamethasone 21-phosphate in the NDGA collagen fiber. In an effort to control the rate of release of dexamethasone, the biocompatible copolymer, polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) was used to coat the fibers. The information obtained from these experiments is necessary for the future development of an optimal local delivery system of dexamethasone using NDGA collagen fibers in an effort to suppress the inflammatory response around implantable glucose sensors.
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Звіти організацій з теми "Osmotic coefficients"

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M.S. Gruszkiewicz and D.A. Palmer. OSMOTIC COEFFICIENTS, SOLUBILITIES, AND DELIQUESCENCE RELATIONS IN MIXED AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURE. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/884909.

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