Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Oscillating-Diffusive regime"

Abstract In this paper, the authors explore the conditions under which a double-diffusive interface may become unstable. Focus is placed on the case of a cold, freshwater layer above a warm, salty layer [i.e., the diffusive convection (DC) regime]. The “diffusive interface” between these layers will develop gravitationally unstable boundary layers due to the more rapid diffusion of heat (the destabilizing component) relative to salt. Previous studies have assumed that a purely convective-type instability of these boundary layers is what drives convection in this system and that this may be parameterized by a boundary layer Rayleigh number. The authors test this theory by conducting both a linear stability analysis and direct numerical simulations of a diffusive interface. Their linear stability analysis reveals that the transition to instability always occurs as an oscillating diffusive convection mode and at boundary layer Rayleigh numbers much smaller than previously thought. However, these findings are based on making a quasi-steady assumption for the growth of the interfaces by molecular diffusion. When diffusing interfaces are modeled (using direct numerical simulations), the authors observe that the time dependence is significant in determining the instability of the boundary layers and that the breakdown is due to a purely convective-type instability. Their findings therefore demonstrate that the relevant instability in a DC staircase is purely convective.

AbstractWe performed numerical simulations of dissolved oxygen (DO) transfer from a turbulent flow, driven by periodic boundary-layer turbulence in the intermittent regime, to underlying DO-absorbing organic sediment layers. A uniform initial distribution of oxygen is left to decay (with no re-aeration) as the turbulent transport supplies the sediment with oxygen from the outer layers to be absorbed. A very thin diffusive sublayer at the sediment–water interface (SWI), caused by the high Schmidt number of DO in water, limits the overall decay rate. A decomposition of the instantaneous decaying turbulent scalar field is proposed, which results in the development of similarity solutions that collapse the data in time. The decomposition is then tested against the governing equations, leading to a rigorous procedure for the extraction of an ergodic turbulent scalar field. The latter is composed of a statistically periodic and a steady non-decaying field. Temporal averaging is used in lieu of ensemble averaging to evaluate flow statistics, allowing the investigation of turbulent mixing dynamics from a single flow realization. In spite of the highly unsteady state of turbulence, the monotonically decaying component is surprisingly consistent with experimental and numerical correlations valid for steady high-Schmidt-number turbulent mass transfer. Linearly superimposed onto it is the statistically periodic component, which incorporates all the features of the non-equilibrium state of turbulence. It is modulated by the evolution of the turbulent coherent structures driven by the oscillating boundary layer in the intermittent regime, which are responsible for the violent turbulent production mechanisms. These cause, in turn, a rapid increase of the turbulent mass flux at the edge of the diffusive sublayer. This outer-layer forcing mechanism drives a periodic accumulation of high scalar concentration levels in the near-wall region. The resulting modulated scalar flux across the SWI is delayed by a quarter of a cycle with respect to the wall-shear stress, consistently with the non-equilibrium state of the turbulent mixing.

The goal of this work is to analyse how solid body rotation affects forced turbulence enclosed within solid boundaries, and to compare it to results of the experiment performed by Hopfinger et al. (1982). In order to identify various mechanisms associated with rotation, confinement, and forcing, a numerical pseudo-spectral code is used for performing direct numerical simulations. The geometry is simplified with respect to the experimental one. First, we are able to reproduce the linear regime, as propagating inertial waves that undergo reflections at the walls. Second, the Ekman pumping phenomenon, proportional to the rotation rate, is identified in freely decaying turbulence, for which the evolution of the flow bounded by walls is compared to the evolution of unbounded homogeneous turbulence. Finally we introduce a local forcing on a plane in physical space, for simulating the effect of an oscillating grid, so that diffusive turbulence is created, and we examine the structuring of the flow under the combination of the linear and nonlinear mechanisms. A transition to an almost two-dimensional state is shown to occur between the region close to the forcing and an outer region in which vortices appear, the number of which depends on the Reynolds and Rossby numbers. In this region, the anisotropy of turbulence is examined, and the numerical predictions are shown to reproduce many of the most important features present in the experimental flow.

Abstract This study examines the interaction of diffusive convection and shear through a series of 2D and 3D direct numerical simulations (DNS). The model employed is based on the Boussinesq equations of motion with oscillating shear represented by a forcing term in the momentum equation. This study calculates thermal diffusivities for a wide range of Froude numbers and density ratios and compares the results with those from the analysis of observational data gathered during a 2005 expedition to the eastern Weddell Sea. The patterns of layering and the strong dependence of thermal diffusivity on the density ratio described here are in agreement with observations. Additionally, the authors evaluate salinity fluxes that are inaccessible from field data and formulate a parameterization of buoyancy transport. The relative significance of double diffusion and shear is quantified through comparison of density fluxes, efficiency factor, and dissipation ratio for the regimes with/without diffusive convection. This study assesses the accuracy of the thermal production dissipation and turbulent kinetic energy balances, commonly used in microstructure-based observational studies, and quantifies the length of the averaging period required for reliable statistics and the spatial variability of heat flux.

Time-dependent electron current response of GaAs-based miniband superlattice under dual ac electric fields and a magnetic field is studied using balance equation approach. The space charge-induced self-consistent electric field is taken into account in the model. The miniband superlattice operates in the diffusive regime without electric field domain formation. Electron current displays very complicated oscillating behavior with the influence of external fields. The effect of dissipation on nonlinear electron transport is carefully studied based on Poincaré bifurcation diagram and power spectrum. The exhibition of complicate nonlinear oscillation in superlattice is attributed to the nonlinearity induced by self-consistent field and interaction between external radiation and internal cooperative oscillating mode relative to Bloch oscillation and cyclotron oscillation.

A recently developed Shastry’s formalism for energy transport is used to analyze the temporal and spatial behaviors of the electron energy and heat transport in metals under delta function excitation at the surface. Comparison with Cattaneo’s model is performed. Both models show the transition between nonthermal (ballistic) and thermal (ballistic-diffusive) regimes. Furthermore, because the new model considers the discrete character of the lattice, it highlights some new phenomena, such as damped oscillations, in the energy transport both in time and in space. The energy relaxation of the conduction band electrons in metals is considered to be governed by the electron-phonon scattering, and the scattering time is taken to be averaged over the Fermi surface. Using the new formalism, one can quantify the transfer from nonthermal modes to thermal ones as energy propagates in the material and it is transformed into heat. While the thermal contribution shows a wave-front and an almost exponentially decaying behavior with time, the nonthermal part shows a wave-front and a damped oscillating behavior. Two superimposed oscillations are identified, a fast oscillation that is attributed to the nonthermal nature of energy transport at very short time scales and a slow oscillation that describes the nature of the transition from the nonthermal regime to the thermal regime of energy transport.

Abstract The diffusive transport in two-dimensional incompressible turbulent fields is investigated with the aid of high-quality direct numerical simulations. Three classes of turbulence spectra that are able to capture both short and long-range time-space correlations and oscillating features are employed. We report novel scaling laws that depart from the γ=7/10 paradigm of percolative exponents and are dependent on the features of turbulence. A simple relation between diffusion in the percolative and frozen regimes is found. The importance of discerning between differential and integral characteristic scales is emphasized. 

Through a combination of laboratory experiments and theoretical models, we investigate the interaction of a mean upwelling through a closed basin with a vertical buoyancy flux. The fluid is mixed by a horizontally oscillating rake, which either traverses the whole basin or which oscillates just near one vertical boundary. We first review the steady state and demonstrate that, in both mixing regimes, the vertical density profile across the basin is controlled by the steady-state balance between the upward advective and diffusive fluxes of salinity as described by the classical model introduced by Munk (Deep-Sea Res., vol. 13, issue 4, 1966, pp. 707–730). However, with boundary mixing, we show that both the upwelling and the buoyancy transport are localised to the mixing zone near the boundary, and the interior fluid is stagnant. We then develop a model to describe the transient evolution of the system if there is either a discrete increase or gradual decrease to the buoyancy flux. In the boundary mixing case, the change in the buoyancy flux at the lower boundary leads to a change in the buoyancy of the fluid in the boundary mixing region, and this induces a transient, buoyancy-driven flow in the boundary region in addition to the steady upwelling. In turn, an equal and opposite vertical flow develops in the interior, and this leads to a change in the density stratification of the interior fluid as the system adjusts to a new equilibrium. However, in our experiments, there is no vertical mixing in the interior and interior fluid may upwell or downwell dependent on the change to the buoyancy forcing. We discuss the implications of our results for the transport and mixing in the deep ocean, and the associated interpretation of field experiments.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de clarifier les conditions d'émergence en métaux liquides des ondes d'Alfvén dans un domaine géométriquement contraint. La première partie de ce travail de recherche est consacrée à une étude linéaire des ondes d'Alfvén dans l'approximation bas-Rm et en régime non inertiel. La seconde partie porte sur l'étude expérimentale d'un écoulement oscillant forcé électriquement, soumis à un champ magnétique axial, statique et uniforme, et confiné entre deux parois horizontales rigides, sans glissement et électriquement isolantes.Dans l'étude théorique menée, une première partie vise à discuter la relation de dispersion pour la dynamique des ondes d'Alfvén. Elle présente les conséquences liées à des gradients (mécaniques et magnétiques) perpendiculaires au champ magnétique imposé, plus particulièrement la manière dont la propagation de l'onde est ainsi modifiée. Dans la deuxième partie, un vortex axisymétrique confiné entre deux parois horizontales isolées électriquement et sans glissement est magnétiquement forcé à une fréquence donnée. Ce forçage prend en compte le rayon du vortex afin d'étudier l'impact des gradients transversaux sur la dynamique de l'écoulement. Une étude semi-analytique de la dynamique de l'écoulement est à nouveau réalisée dans un cadre bas-Rm et non inertiel. Cette étude, réalisée en faisant varier la fréquence de forçage et l'intensité du champ magnétique, met en évidence deux régimes très distincts, à savoir un premier régime oscillant-diffusif, régi par la compétition entre l'effet pseudo-diffusif de la force de Lorentz et le terme instationnaire de la quantité de mouvement, et un second régime, propagatif, régi par les ondes d'Alfvén et obtenu pour des fréquences de forçage plus élevées. L'étude met également en évidence l'impact des gradients transversaux sur ce régime propagatif. En plus de sur-amortir les ondes, les gradients transversaux modifient les fréquences naturelles des pics de résonance d'ondes, lesquels résultent de la superposition d'ondes incidentes et réfléchies entre les parois du domaine d'étude.Parallèlement à ce travail théorique, un dispositif a été conçu afin d'étudier expérimentalement la dynamique d'écoulements oscillants sous un champ magnétique (jusqu'à 10T). Un écoulement est forcé dans un récipient cubique de 15 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm au moyen d'un courant alternatif injecté à l'aide de quatre électrodes situées sur la plaque inférieure. En utilisant une instrumentation basée sur les différences locales de potentiel électrique aux niveau des plaques (d'Hartmann) supérieure et inférieure, nous validons les prédictions du modèle. Plus précisément, nous retrouvons un régime propagative modifié par les gradients transversaux ainsi que le régime oscillant-diffusif, obtenu pour des fréquences de forçage plus faibles.En plus des résultats obtenus à la fréquence de forçage, un premier aperçu des signaux obtenus à d'autres fréquences est présenté. Certains des pics de fréquence obtenus ne pouvant pas être expliqués par une approche linéaire, nous suggérons qu'ils sont générés par des interactions non linéaires d'ondes d'Alfvén. En outre, une étude préliminaire sur le pic à la première harmonique de la fréquence de forçage montre qu'il est très probablement associé à des ondes d'Alfvén
The thesis aims to clarify the conditions for Alfvén waves to propagate in a closed liquid metal domain. A first part of the research work presented is dedicated to a linear study of Alfvén waves in the low-Rm approximation and under the inertia-less limit. The second part is the experimental investigation of an electrically-induced oscillating flow subjected to an axial, static and uniform magnetic field and confined between two electrically insulating and no-slip horizontal walls.The theoretical study is itself split into two sub-parts. The first one aims to discuss the dispersion relation which contains the Alfvén wave dynamics. It presents the consequences of (mechanical and magnetic) gradients perpendicular to the imposed magnetic field. As such transverse gradients tend to impede the wave propagation. In the second sub-part an axisymmetric vortex confined between to electrically insulated and no-slip horizontal walls is magnetically forced at a given frequency. This forcing is radially dependent so as to study the impact of transverse gradients on the flow dynamics. A semi-analytical investigation of the flow dynamics is again carried out in the low-Rm approximation and under the inertia-less limit. This investigation is performed by varying the forcing frequency and the magnetic field intensity. This brings to emphasize two very distinct regimes for the oscillating vortex:- an oscillating-diffusive regime governed by the competition between pseudo-diffusive effects of the Lorentz force and the unsteady term of the momentum- a truly propagative regime, obtained for higher forcing frequencies, found definitelygoverned by Alfvén waves.The study also highlights how the propagative regime can be affected by transverse gradients. In addition to over-damping the waves, transverse gradients are found to modify the natural frequencies for which wave resonance peaks result from the superimposition of incident and reflected waves in the container.Beside this theoretical work, a setup has been designed in order to experimentally investigate the dynamics of oscillating flows under a strong magnetic field (up to 10T). A flow was forced in a cuboid vessel 15 cm x 15 cm x 10 cm by means of AC currents injected through a cartesian grid of four electrodes located at the bottom plate. Using instrumentation based on the measurement of local electric potential differences at the top and bottom horizontal (Hartmann) plates, we validate model's prediction. More precisely, a propagative dynamics in the presence of transverse gradients is recovered. The oscillating-diffusive regime is also recovered from experiments performed at small enough forcing frequency.In addition to results obtained at the forcing frequency, a first insight of signals obtained at other frequencies is shown. Frequency peaks obtained, eg the harmonics of the forcing frequency, are demonstrated not to be explained by a linear approach. We suggest that Alfvén wave non-linear interactions are a good candidate to explain these peaks. A preliminary study further shows that peaks at the first harmonic are likely to be Alfvén waves

A recently developed Shastry formalism for energy transport is used to analyze the temporal behavior of the energy and heat transport in metals. Comparison with Cattaneo’s equation is performed. Both models show the transition between ballistic and diffusive regimes. Furthermore, because the new model considers the discrete character of the lattice, it highlights some new phenomena such as oscillations in the energy transport at very short time scales. The energy relaxation of the conduction band electrons in metals is considered to be governed by the electron-phonon scattering, and the scattering time is taken to be averaged over the Fermi surface. Using the new formalism, one can quantify the transfer from ballistic modes to diffusive ones as energy propagates in the material and it is transformed into heat. While the diffusive contribution shows an almost exponentially decaying behavior with time, the non-diffusive part shows a damped oscillating behavior. The origin of this oscillation will be discussed as well as the effect of temperature on the dynamics of the energy modes transport.

An experimental investigation on quenching distance for Al dust flames have been done in improved flow system which can yield stable, controlled, and uniform dust mixtures. Experiments were performed with 18 micron aluminum particles diameter. Dust dispersion technique uses an annular high-speed jet which disperses dust continuously supplied via a piston-type dust feeding system. Laminarized dust flow ascending in a vertical Pyrex tube (d = 4.6cm, L = 150cm) was ignited at the open tube end. Constant pressure flames propagating downwards were observed. A set of thin, evenly spaced steel plates was installed in the upper third part of the tube in order to determine the flame quenching distance. Three different stages of flame propagation were observed: laminar, oscillating (transition region), and turbulent accelerating flames. Quenching distance as a function of dust concentration were determined during the laminar stage of flame propagation in dust-21% Oxygen-79% Nitrogen, dust-30% Oxygen-70% Nitrogen, and in dust-21% Oxygen-79% Argon mixtures. Furthermore, this research studies the effects of bed-gas on quenching distance and lean limit of combustion. It was found that the minimum quenching distance decreases when concentration of oxygen increases in the mixture. The minimum quenching distance is found to be about 4mm in air and decreases to 2mm in mixture of 30% O2. Also, it was found that the amount of lean limit of combustion decreases with increasing of oxygen percentage in mixture. The substitution of Argon for Nitrogen in air decreases the minimum quenching distance from about 4 to 3mm, and the amount of lean limit of combustion increases. The results is discussed with a mechanism of diffusive oxygen transport to the surface of burning Al particles in which a higher rate of oxygen transport in the N2/O2, as compared to the Ar/O2 gas mixtures.