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Статті в журналах з теми "Orthopaedic and trauma surgery"

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Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

Оновлено: 7 липня 2024

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1

Dırvar, Ferdi, Sevda Uzun Dırvar, Alper Köksal, Osman Çimen, Anıl Erbaş, İlhan Avni Bayhan, and Mehmet Akif Kaygusuz. "Experiences from a non-COVID hub referral orthopedic trauma hospital during the COVID-19 pandemic in Turkey." International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics 7, no. 2 (February 23, 2021): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20210611.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> During the COVID-19 pandemic period, resources should be reorganized to treat the increased burden of COVID-positive patients under the best conditions while simultaneously providing non-deferrable treatment to patients with no suspicion of COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to analyse the trauma patient profile and treatment strategies that emerged in the regional orthopaedic and traumatology hospital during the pandemic period after the implementation of “hub and spoke” organization among the orthopaedic and traumatology clinics.</p><p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-observational study was conducted in a training and research hospital in the field of orthopaedics and traumatology that was converted to a non-COVID referral orthopaedic trauma center during the pandemic. Gender, age, length of hospitalization, duration of trauma, place of trauma, severity of trauma, type of admission, type of anaesthesia and site of trauma were evaluated in the patients that presented between March 16 and May 16, 2020.</p><p><strong>Results:</strong> Of the orthopaedic trauma patients requiring surgery, 169 (62.6%) were men and 101 (37.4%) were women. In comparison of the data with that of the last year, significant increases were observed in the number of home traumas (241.5%), low-energy traumas (87.4%), patients referred from other institutions (328.9%), regional anaesthesia patients (124.2%) and patients with hip traumas (226.7%). The length of hospitalization decreased significantly (p<0.05).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The creation of hub and spoke organization through the cooperation of orthopaedics and traumatology clinics in the region can reduce the burden on pandemic hospitals by isolating trauma patients requiring orthopaedic surgery who were not suspected of COVID-19 and directing them to dedicated orthopaedics and traumatology hospital.</p>

2

Reuter, Merrill W., Clyde Meckstroth, and Diane M. Anger. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00139.

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3

Edwards, Willie S., and M. D. Florence. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00140.

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4

Hodges, Scott D. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00141.

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5

Benjamin, Johnny C., Douglas J. Weiland, Paul J. Zak, Andrew C. Maser, and Elizabeth C. Sirna. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00142.

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6

Mastantuono, Marco, Massimo Larciprete, Luigi DiGiorgio, Erica Bassetti, and Roberto Passariello. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00143.

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7

Whitman, C. S., Kent Reninker, and Chason S. Hayes. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00144.

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8

Hamdy, Reggie C., Stéphane Parent, and Morris Duhaime. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00145.

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9

Mastantuono, Marco, Massimo Larciprete, Luigi DiGiorgio, Erica Bassetti, and Roberto Passariello. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00146.

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10

Bramlet, Dale G., and Lisa Rementer. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00147.

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11

Bramlet, Dale G., and Susan Weiss-Lessard. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00148.

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12

Basamania, Carl J. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00149.

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13

Koay, Jack S. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00150.

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14

Dickson, Kyle F., and Joel M. Matta. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00151.

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15

Majd, Mohammad E., and Richard T. Holt. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00152.

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16

Humphreys, S. Craig, J. Eck, M. Coppes, T. H. Lim, and L. Eskowski. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00153.

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17

Holt, Richard T., Jorge E. Isaza, B. G. Nunn, J. I. Williams, and T. S. Whitecloud. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S78—S79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00154.

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18

Reuter, Merrill W., Clyde S. Meckstroth, and Diane M. Anger. "Orthopaedic & Trauma Surgery." Southern Medical Journal 90, Supplement (October 1997): S162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00007611-199710001-00357.

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19

Johnson, D. S., and R. B. Smith. "Orthopaedic and trauma surgery." BMJ 311, no. 7000 (July 29, 1995): 331. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.311.7000.331.

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20

Bentley, G. "Trauma and orthopaedic surgery." Current Orthopaedics 14, no. 3 (May 2000): 205–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/cuor.2000.0101.

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21

Agar, Anil, Adem Sahin, Orhan Gunes, Deniz Gulabi, and Cemil Erturk. "Seasonal variation in paediatric orthopaedic trauma Patients – A single centre experience from Turkey." Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery 30, no. 1 (January 2022): 230949902110681. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/23094990211068146.

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Purpose It is known that the incidence of paediatric orthopaedic trauma peaks in the summer months as a result of increased and uncontrolled physical activity. The aim of this study was to review the experience of a single centre with paediatric orthopaedic traumas and determine the relationship between the severity and the variations in the incidence of traumas in relation to the seasons and temperatures during the study period. Materials and Methods A single institutional review of the historical data of all patients aged 0–16 years who presented for orthopaedic trauma between January 2018 and December 2020 in the emergency department of Level 1 tertiary orthopaedic trauma centre was conducted. 65,182 paediatric orthopaedic trauma cases had been retrieved from the hospital data base during the 3 -year study period. We classified the traumas according to the variants of the patients’ and by holidays, seasons, school days and weekends, months and in which part of the body it occurred. Results After excluding the summer vacation, 77% of paediatric orthopaedic trauma patients attended to the hospital on weekdays and 23% on weekends. While it was observed that hot weather had a statistically positive effect on trauma attendance, rainy weather had an negative effect ( p < 0.05). Trauma attendances were found to be statistically higher in summer months, except for injuries that may occur with indoor activities such as metacarpal fracture, phalanx fracture and pulled elbow ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Orthopaedic trauma at a Level 1 tertiary health care trauma center do vary significantly with the weather and are highest in the summer season. Therefore, it should focus more attention on preventive strategies for paediatric trauma in the summer season.

22

Tamai, Junichi. "Pediatric orthopaedic trauma." Current Opinion in Orthopaedics 15, no. 6 (December 2004): 423–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.bco.0000146126.07997.87.

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23

Poacher, Arwel T., Hari Bhachoo, Jack Weston, Kavita Shergill, Gethin Poacher, and Joe Froud. "Undergraduate education of trauma and orthopaedic surgery in the UK." Bone & Joint Open 3, no. 7 (July 1, 2022): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.37.bjo-2022-0044.r1.

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Aims Evidence exists of a consistent decline in the value and time that medical schools place upon their undergraduate orthopaedic placements. This limited exposure to trauma and orthopaedics (T&O) during medical school will be the only experience in the speciality for the majority of doctors. This review aims to provide an overview of undergraduate orthopaedic training in the UK. Methods This review summarizes the relevant literature from the last 20 years in the UK. Articles were selected from database searches using MEDLINE, EMBASE, ERIC, Cochrane, and Web of Science. A total of 16 papers met the inclusion criteria. Results The length of exposure to T&O is declining; the mean total placement duration of two to three weeks is significantly less than the four- to six-week minimum advised by most relevant sources. The main teaching methods described in the literature included didactic lectures, bedside teaching, and small group case-based discussions. Students preferred interactive, blended learning teaching styles over didactic methods. This improvement in satisfaction was reflected in improvements in student assessment scores. However, studies failed to assess competencies in clinical skills and examinations, which is consistent with the opinions of UK foundation year doctors, approximately 40% of whom report a “poor” understanding of orthopaedics. Furthermore, the majority of UK doctors are not exposed to orthopaedics at the postgraduate level, which only serves to amplify the disparity between junior and generalist knowledge, and the standards expected by senior colleagues and professional bodies. Conclusion There is a deficit in undergraduate orthopaedic training within the UK which has only worsened in the last 20 years, leaving medical students and foundation doctors with a potentially significant lack of orthopaedic knowledge. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(7):549–556.

24

Cannada, Lisa K., Bradley Dart, Niloofar Dehghan, Kyle Jeray, and Anna N. Miller. "Allies in Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery." OTA International: The Open Access Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 4, no. 2 (June 2021): e098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/oi9.0000000000000098.

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25

McLaurin, Toni M. "Operative Techniques: Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery." JAMA 305, no. 4 (January 26, 2011): 410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.35.

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26

Janipireddy, Satish B., Zoha Arif Saeed, and Muhammad Zahid Saeed. "Role of robotics in trauma and orthopaedics." International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 5, no. 8 (July 26, 2017): 3268. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20173522.

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There is always an ardent desire to obtain the best outcome in any surgery. To improve the quality of life of their patient is amongst the top priorities of most orthopaedic surgeons. It is a big challenge to accurately match a perfect pre-operative planning and obtain that intra operatively. Robotic technology is fast evolving in many surgical branches with orthopaedics as well, but limited with the price tag it comes with. Nevertheless, robotics is gaining momentum with some encouraging short-term results. Robotic surgery can offer significant improvement in surgical planning, accurate implant or prosthetic placement, which provide good outcomes that ultimately enhance patient safety. We review the various robotic advancements in the field of trauma and orthopaedic surgery.

27

Steinhorst, Bernward. "Review of orthopaedic trauma." Current Surgery 60, no. 5 (September 2003): 500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7944(03)00132-6.

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28

Aujla, RS, DJ Bryson, A. Gulihar, and GJ Taylor. "Trends in orthopaedic antimicrobial prophylaxis in the UK between 2005 and 2011." Annals of The Royal College of Surgeons of England 95, no. 7 (October 2013): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/003588413x13629960047038.

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Introduction Antimicrobial prophylaxis remains the most powerful tool used to reduce infection rates in orthopaedics but the choice of antibiotic is complex. The aim of this study was to examine trends in antimicrobial prophylaxis in orthopaedic surgery involving the insertion of metalwork between 2005 and 2011. Methods Two questionnaires (one in 2008 and one in 2011) were sent to all National Health Service trusts in the UK using the Freedom of Information Act. Results In total, 87% of trusts that perform orthopaedic surgery responded. The use of cefuroxime more than halved between 2005 and 2011 from 80% to 36% and 78% to 26% in elective surgery and trauma surgery respectively. Combination therapy with flucloxacillin and gentamicin rose from 1% to 32% in elective and 1% to 34% in trauma surgery. Other increasingly popular regimes include teicoplanin and gentamicin (1% to 10% in elective, 1% to 6% in trauma) and co-amoxiclav (3% to 8% in elective, 4% to 14% in trauma). The majority of changes occurred between 2008 and 2010. Over half (56%) of the trusts stated that Clostridium difficile was the main reason for changing regimes. Conclusions In 2008 a systematic review involving 11,343 participants failed to show a difference in surgical site infections when comparing different antimicrobial prophylaxis regimes in orthopaedic surgery. Concerns over C difficile and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus have influenced antimicrobial regimes in both trauma and elective surgery. Teicoplanin would be an appropriate choice for antimicrobial prophylaxis in both trauma and elective units but this is not reflected in its current level of popularity.

29

Kayastha, S. R., B. Parajuli, A. Basi, and D. Shrestha. "Orthopaedic Services during Nationwide COVID-19 Lockdown: Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital Experience and Review." Kathmandu University Medical Journal 18, no. 2 (November 17, 2020): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/kumj.v18i2.32941.

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Background The Nepal government issued a nationwide lockdown due to COVID-19 from 24 March to 21 July 2020. This halted elective medical services in our hospital. A number of modifications in the orthopaedic practices at our department were made. Objective This article discusses the impact on orthopaedic load at the Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital during the lockdown. Method This is a longitudinal observational study done during the nation-wide lockdown including all the patients who presented to the hospital requiring orthopaedic consultation. For comparison purposes, the patient numbers from the same date in previous year (2019) were retrieved. Result We received no COVID-19 cases requiring orthopaedics consultation. A total of 1828 patients were seen in the Orthopaedic Outpatient Department, 1077 trauma patients in the Emergency Department, 216 patients were admitted and 210 orthopaedics procedures were performed at the operation theatre. There was 82.21% decrease in OPD patients and 56% less surgeries in OT compared to the same duration of last year. Conclusion There was a great reduction in the patient numbers visiting the hospital, which reflected in decreased number of admission and surgery. A greater part of our work during the lockdown was trauma.

30

Perry, D. C., J. G. Wright, S. Cooke, A. Roposch, M. S. Gaston, N. Nicolaou, and T. Theologis. "A consensus exercise identifying priorities for research into clinical effectiveness among children’s orthopaedic surgeons in the United Kingdom." Bone & Joint Journal 100-B, no. 5 (May 2018): 680–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/0301-620x.100b5.bjj-2018-0051.

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Aims High-quality clinical research in children’s orthopaedic surgery has lagged behind other surgical subspecialties. This study used a consensus-based approach to identify research priorities for clinical trials in children’s orthopaedics. Methods A modified Delphi technique was used, which involved an initial scoping survey, a two-round Delphi process and an expert panel formed of members of the British Society of Children’s Orthopaedic Surgery. The survey was conducted amongst orthopaedic surgeons treating children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Results A total of 86 clinicians contributed to both rounds of the Delphi process, scoring priorities from one (low priority) to five (high priority). Elective topics were ranked higher than those relating to trauma, with the top ten elective research questions scoring higher than the top question for trauma. Ten elective, and five trauma research priorities were identified, with the three highest ranked questions relating to the treatment of slipped capital femoral epiphysis (mean score 4.6/ 5), Perthes’ disease (4.5) and bone infection (4.5). Conclusion This consensus-based research agenda will guide surgeons, academics and funders to improve the evidence in children’s orthopaedic surgery and encourage the development of multicentre clinical trials. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2018;100-B:680–4.

31

Karachalios, Theofilos, Katre Maasalu, and Li Felländer-Tsai. "Personal protection equipment for orthopaedic and trauma surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic: The results of an EFORT survey initiative." EFORT Open Reviews 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eor-21-0120.

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Orthopaedic and trauma surgeons performing surgery in the COVID-19 pandemic environment faced problems with availability, use, rationing, modification, compliance and recycling of personal protection equipment (PPE). Orthopaedic and trauma surgeons were not well informed concerning the use of PPE for aerosol-generating orthopaedic and trauma procedures. Scientific bodies, health authorities and management have provided insufficient guidelines for the use of PPE in aerosol-generating orthopaedic and trauma procedures. The availability of specific PPE for orthopaedic and trauma operating theatres is low. Hospital management and surgeons failed to address the quality of operating theatre ventilation or to conform to recommendations and guidelines. Operating theatre PPE negatively affected surgical performance by means of impaired vision, impaired communication, discomfort and fatigue. Existing PPE is not adequately designed for orthopaedic and trauma surgery, and therefore, novel or modified and improved devices are needed.

32

Beringer, Antonia, Liz Hagan, and Hannah Goodman. "Waiting for surgery after orthopaedic trauma." Paediatric Nursing 21, no. 3 (April 27, 2009): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed.21.3.34.s31.

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33

Beringer, Antonia, Liz Hagan, and Hannah Goodman. "Waiting for surgery after orthopaedic trauma." Paediatric Care 21, no. 3 (April 27, 2009): 34–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/paed2009.04.21.3.34.c7036.

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34

Perugia, L., C. Tudisco, and M. R. Moneta. "Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery During Pregnancy." Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology 7, sup1 (January 1986): S18. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01443618609089370.

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35

Eardley, William GP, and Caroline Cheesman. "Practical procedures in orthopaedic trauma surgery." Trauma 17, no. 3 (June 10, 2015): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1460408614551819.

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36

Harris, Ian. "Practical Procedures in Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery." ANZ Journal of Surgery 78, no. 3 (March 2008): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04407.x.

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37

Bulstrode, C. J. K. "Recent Advances: Orthopaedic and trauma surgery." BMJ 310, no. 6984 (April 8, 1995): 917–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.310.6984.917.

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38

Lohmann, C. H., R. Hameister, and G. Singh. "Allergies in orthopaedic and trauma surgery." Orthopaedics & Traumatology: Surgery & Research 103, no. 1 (February 2017): S75—S81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.otsr.2016.06.021.

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39

Schep, N. W. L., I. A. M. J. Broeders, and Chr van der Werken. "Computer assisted orthopaedic and trauma surgery." Injury 34, no. 4 (May 2003): 299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0020-1383(01)00208-x.

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40

Silbiger, Martin. "Imaging of Orthopaedic Trauma and Surgery." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 6, no. 2 (June 1992): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199206000-00029.

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41

Clay, Nigel, and Jonathan Jewell. "Damage - Control Surgery in Orthopaedic Trauma." Bulletin of the Royal College of Surgeons of England 94, no. 8 (September 1, 2012): 274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1308/147363512x13189526441356.

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Picture the scenario: late on Saturday night you are phoned by your registrar who is in accident and emergency (A&E). The patient is a 24-year-old intoxicated male who has fallen off 30-foot-high scaffolding outside a nightclub in town. He has a severe open tibial fracture on the left leg, which is bleeding torrentially at the site of the accident. Paramedics have applied a military-style tourniquet.

42

SELL, P. "Key topics in orthopaedic trauma surgery." Postgraduate Medical Journal 76, no. 892 (February 1, 2000): 127b—127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pmj.76.892.127b.

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43

Swiontkowski, M. F. "Outcomes measurement in orthopaedic trauma surgery." Injury 26, no. 10 (December 1995): 653–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0020-1383(95)00127-1.

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44

Hurley, Robert J., Fergus J. McCabe, Luke Turley, Danielle Maguire, Julie Lucey, and Conor J. Hurson. "Whole-body radiation exposure in Trauma and Orthopaedic surgery." Bone & Joint Open 3, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 907–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2633-1462.311.bjo-2022-0062.r1.

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Aims The use of fluoroscopy in orthopaedic surgery creates risk of radiation exposure to surgeons. Appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE) can help mitigate this. The primary aim of this study was to assess if current radiation protection in orthopaedic trauma is safe. The secondary aims were to describe normative data of radiation exposure during common orthopaedic procedures, evaluate ways to improve any deficits in protection, and validate the use of electronic personal dosimeters (EPDs) in assessing radiation dose in orthopaedic surgery. Methods Radiation exposure to surgeons during common orthopaedic trauma operations was prospectively assessed using EPDs and thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). Normative data for each operation type were calculated and compared to recommended guidelines. Results Current PPE appears to mitigate more than 90% of ionizing radiation in orthopaedic fluoroscopic procedures. There is a higher exposure to the inner thigh during seated procedures. EPDs provided results for individual procedures. Conclusion PPE currently used by surgeons in orthopaedic trauma theatre adequately reduces radiation exposure to below recommended levels. Normative data per trauma case show specific anatomical areas of higher exposure, which may benefit from enhanced radiation protection. EPDs can be used to assess real-time radiation exposure in orthopaedic surgery. There may be a role in future medical wearables for orthopaedic surgeons. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2022;3(11):907–912.

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Braun, Benedikt J., Bernd Grimm, Andrew M. Hanflik, Meir T. Marmor, Peter H. Richter, Andrew K. Sands, and Sureshan Sivananthan. "Finding NEEMO: towards organizing smart digital solutions in orthopaedic trauma surgery." EFORT Open Reviews 5, no. 7 (July 2020): 408–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1302/2058-5241.5.200021.

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There are many digital solutions which assist the orthopaedic trauma surgeon. This already broad field is rapidly expanding, making a complete overview of the existing solutions difficult. The AO Foundation has established a task force to address the need for an overview of digital solutions in the field of orthopaedic trauma surgery. Areas of new technology which will help the surgeon gain a greater understanding of these possible solutions are reviewed. We propose a categorization of the current needs in orthopaedic trauma surgery matched with available or potential digital solutions, and provide a narrative overview of this broad topic, including the needs, solutions and basic rules to ensure adequate use in orthopaedic trauma surgery. We seek to make this field more accessible, allowing for technological solutions to be clearly matched to trauma surgeons’ needs. Cite this article: EFORT Open Rev 2020;5:408-420. DOI: 10.1302/2058-5241.5.200021

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Brumback, Robert J. "MasterCases. Orthopaedic Trauma." Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery-American Volume 81, no. 11 (November 1999): 1658. http://dx.doi.org/10.2106/00004623-199911000-00021.

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Giannoudis, Peter V., and Daniel S. Horwitz. "Orthopaedic Trauma Association." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 33 (December 2019): i—ii. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000001646.

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Borrelli, Joseph. "Orthopaedic Trauma Protocols." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 8, no. 3 (June 1994): 267. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199406000-00019.

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Born, Christopher T., E. Frederick Barrick, Kathryn E. Cramer, Michael E. Miller, Stephen H. Sims, David J. Stephen, Paul Tornetta, Raymond R. White, and A. Paige Whittle. "Orthopaedic Trauma Education." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 13, no. 6 (August 1999): 432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005131-199908000-00007.

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Cannada, Lisa K. "Orthopaedic Trauma Education." Journal of Orthopaedic Trauma 28 (October 2014): S23—S26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/bot.0000000000000210.

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