Дисертації з теми "Origine de la sismicité"
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Namjesnik, Dalija. "Origin of seismicity related to a flooded abandoned coal mining district at Gardanne, Provence, France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021LORR0116.
The closure of mines and post-mining management nowadays present a major challenge as the problems that arise can greatly concern public security. When mines are abandoned, groundwater pumping systems are usually stopped and the water which progressively fills the remaining voids can affect the mechanical stability of underground structures. In general, mechanisms of observed seismicity in flooded, post-mining districts have been poorly understood. As a case study, this thesis focused on the abandoned, flooded coal mine in Gardanne, France, which has been experiencing significant post-mining seismicity problems. Seismic activity in Gardanne mine seems to originate from an interaction between rocks and fluids, as spatio-temporal distribution of events suggests the link with intense rainfall events as well as the active pumping. The knowledge on the origin and the triggering mechanisms of the seismic activity in Gréasque and Regagnas sector is the key for seismic hazard assessment of the entire Gardanne basin. Thesis work focused on questions concerning precise identification of seismic source origin evaluating two hypothesis, determination of the mechanism behind the seismicity, link between seismicity and the hydrogeological system, as well as improving of the detection and location of microseismicity with a sparse network. The new developed detection and location methodology adapts the full waveform-based method BTBB by Poiata by overcoming the challenges of the sparse seismic monitoring network, and includes a novel approach for noise removal from continuous dataset as well as location quality-based classification system. The seismicity clustering behaviour was indicated by the new seismic catalogue 2014-2017, which was further analysed more thoroughly. All results are in favour of the origin of the seismic sources on the fault below the mine. Spatial and temporal characteristics of observed seismic events and multiplet and repeater occurrences provided a clearer image of the active geological structures and allowed a preliminary interpretation of possible mechanisms affecting the initiation and driving of the repeating or after-shock like behavior of seismic events, based on comparison with available hydrological data. Despite the general understanding of the mechanism behind the seismicity, the maximum magnitude of the events that can be triggered is at this moment is difficult to quantify and predict due to limitations of available data. As a prospective, in order to better understand the seismic hazard, more accurate observations of the seismicity, mechanical parameters and water level changes in the seismically active zone are required to improve the understanding and the interconnection between these factors
Guyoton, Fabrice. "Sismicité et structure lithosphérique des Alpes occidentales." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 1991. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00544553.
Helmstetter, Agnes. "Ruptures et instabilités : sismicité et mouvements gravitaires." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002GRE10101.
Arroucau, Pierre. "Sismicité du Massif Armoricain : relocalisations et interprétation tectonique." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00117056.
Barés, Jonathan. "Fracture des matériaux hétérogènes fragiles, Intermittence, Crackling et Sismicité." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00875585.
Convert, Agnès. "Parole et origine." Paris 4, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA040179.
This is an inquiry about original ontology. It take place in the Judeo-Christian civilization. Since the origin, the word is there. Searching what are the relations between origin and word is inquiring about a way of being in the world. Through the creative word, its transforming power, its truth, we find a man who is together one and three, build of the divine trinity. And we see haw he can be adequate to what the has to live
GAUSSERAND, JEAN-PHILIPPE. "Origine des lunettes." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31111.
Noyon-Collier, Laurent. "La mort comme origine." Thesis, Nice, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014NICE2019/document.
This research is about the question of death, and her effects in the clinical practice of the psychologist clinician directed by the psychoanalysis. It ensues from it the resumption of the question of the death in the works of Sigmund Freud, Jacques Lacan, and other authors, and a possible criticism of the concept of death drive. Thereby, the death suggests as confidentially connected to the question of the desire. The postmodern social link marking a tendency to close at the same time these two dimensions, the question of the speech which underlies it as it does not spell, can join to the passage of a subject getting organized around the fantasy, to a subject getting organized around image, what underlines the difference to be operated between image and imagination. It ensues from it for the author, the thorough review of three questions who question him most in clinical : that he has to be the desire of the clinician there to operate for cure by the words, as well as the involvement of the anxiety and for the transfer in this type of therapeutic support
Mercerat, Enrique Diego. "Sismicité induite et modélisation numérique de l'endommagement dans un contexte salin." Thesis, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007INPL053N/document.
Within the framework of a research program carried out by the GISOS (Scientific Grouping of Research Interest on the Impact and Safety of Underground Works), the pilot site of Cerville-Buissoncourt (Lorraine, France) was the subject of a large geophysical and geotechnical instrumentation to ensure the monitoring of a salt cavity at 200 m depth, from its stationary state to the final overburden collapse. The main objectives of this work consisted on : 1) the validation of the microseismic monitoring technique in a salt mine environment, and 2) the numerical modelling of the mechanical behavior of the overburden, particularly the initiation and the propagation of microcracks. The analysis of the recorded induced seismicity allowed to characterize the initial state of the cavity in terms of microseismic activity. Two types of events were identified : isolated events corresponding to localized ruptures, and swarms of events, of tens of seconds of duration. According to hypocenter location results, the totality of the recorded seismicity is generated either in the cavity surroundings within the salt layer, or in the marly facies of the current cavity roof. Swarms would be related to delamination of clayley marls in the immediate roof, followed by rock debris falling in the brine filled cavity. The numerical modelling was focused on the possibility of accounting for the damage in the fragile layers of the overburden. We implemented a hybrid geomechanical model of the pilot site which integrates the various geological formations present in the overburden, as well as the initiation, the propagation and the coalescence of microcracks in the stiff layer, using FLAC and PFC2D softwares. The calibration of the discrete PFC2D model to reproduce the tensile behaviour of the stiff layer was numerically checked on the site scale. The validation was based on the comparison, in terms of the elastic response and the damage onset in the stiff layer, between the hybrid approach FLAC-PFC2D and the purely continuous modelling using FLAC. The hybrid model thus defined would be used for back-analysis studies once in-situ measurements, in particular microseismic recordings and deformation data, will be available at Cerville-Buissoncourt
Hoste, Colomer Roser. "Variations latérales de sismicité le long du méga-chevauchement himalayen au Népal." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PSLEE031/document.
The seismicity located along the Himalayan mega-thrust, within the trace of the great M8+ 1505AD earthquake, displays striking spatial variations which remained poorly resolved. In order to better constrain and understand these variations, we deployed a 15-stations temporary seismological network for 2 years (2014-2016) as a complement to the national network. We first processed the data with an automatic detection with Seiscomp3, then a manual picking of earthquakes recorded by the network, followed by a Hypo71 absolute localization and HypoDD relative relocation of clustered events. The resulting catalogue contains 2154 local events, shallow to midcrustal (8 - 16 km). The seismicity presented temporal variations suggesting fluid migrations. The confrontation between the seismicity and the geologic balanced cross-sections shows that most eartbquakes happen within the hangingwall of the Main Himalayan Thrust fault nearby ramps or suspected contacts between lesser Himalayan slivers. The lateral variations of some of the structures associated to this seismicity are likely to partially control the extent of the coseismic ruptures during intermediate earthquakes that break partly the locked fault zone, in a similar way as what was reported after the Mw7.8 2015 Gorkha-Nepal earthquake. Better characterizing the segmentation of such faults is an important input for seismic hazard studies
Njike, Kassala Jacques Duclos. "Contribution à l'étude géophysique de la Chaîne pyrénéenne : sismicité et structure lithosphérique." Toulouse 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992TOU30187.
Ahmed, Abdulhakim. "Structure lithosphérique des marges continentales du Yémen et sismicité récente : implications géodynamiques." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066046.
In the framework of YOCMAL ANR project, we map crustal thickness, structure and bulk seismic velocity variations across the western Gulf of Aden, southern Red Sea and Socotra (southeastern margin of the Gulf of Aden). We analyse P-wave receiver functions in order to address the role of magmatism, faulting and crustal thinning in both volcanic and nonvolcanic margins setting. We analyse teleseismic data from 46 stations of the temporary networks with permanent (GFZ-Yemen) in Yemen mainland and Socotra Island. We show that: (1) for western Yemen the thickness of unextended crust on the Yemen plateau is ~35 km and thins to ~22 km in coastal areas reaching less than 14 km on the Red Sea coast, with the evidence of the presence of a high velocity lower crust (HVLC). The average Vp/Vs ratio for the western Yemen Plateau is 1. 79, increasing to ~1. 92 near the Red Sea coast and decreasing to 1. 68 for stations located on or near the granitic rocks; and (2) for Socotra Island the thickness of unextended crust for the central Socotra is ~28 km thins to ~21 km to the west with a trend of crustal thinning to ~16 km on the west-northernmost coast of the Island. Low Vp/Vs ratio of 1. 65-1. 71 is observed for the stations located on or near granitic bodies, intermediate values of 1. 75-1. 84 are observed for the sedimentary basins and higher value more than 1. 89 is observed below the northern coast. In the spreading axis of the western Gulf of Aden, a significant seismo-volcanic event occurred. We used regional seismic networks in Djibouti and Yemen to locate 1134 moderate size earthquakes occurred from Nov. 2010 to Mar. 2011, along N115°E segment of the axial valley centered at 44. 024°E and 12. 021°N. The cumulative seismic moment associated with this sequence 6. 8x1017N. M, and taking into account a very low seismic versus geodetic moment, we estimate anhorizontal opening of ~0. 4 to 2. 2m. We interpreted this event to be mainly caused by magmatic activity focused along a single spreading segment of the Aden ridge, followed by strike-slip focal mechanisms at the locus of the change of trend and limit of the oceanic lithosphere
Brighi, Livia. "Gruppo: origine di una definizione." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2012. http://amslaurea.unibo.it/4427/.
Sinkunas, Bryan. "Sismicité postglaciaire et mouvements de masse subaquatiques au lac Témiscouata, Est du Québec." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28420/28420.pdf.
Minetto, Riccardo. "Essaims sismiques : comparaison des séismes naturels et induits." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Grenoble Alpes, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023GRALU009.
A seismic sequence is a cluster of earthquakes that occur in close spatial and temporal proximity. One type of seismic sequence is a seismic swarm, which is typically characterized by earthquakes whose location changes over time and by the absence of a single, dominant, large earthquake.In this thesis, I investigate the spatio-temporal evolution of natural and induced seismic swarms with the aim of identifying the physical processes that drive them and characterizing the properties of the activated fault systems. More specifically, I focus on three key aspects of the seismic activity: temporal evolution of the seismicity rate, earthquake location and frequency-magnitude distribution. The study focuses on two seismic swarms. The first one, of natural origin, occurred in the Maurienne valley (French Alps) between 2017 and 2019, while the second one was induced by hydraulic fracturing operations at Preston New Road, UK, in 2019. To ensure a high-resolution analysis of these sequences, I first created improved catalogs, which incorporate newly detected events and more accurate magnitudes and hypocenter locations.The migration of earthquakes during the Maurienne swarm suggests that this sequence may have been triggered by a combination of multiple pulses of high-pressure fluids and earthquake-to-earthquake interactions. Additionally, the proportion of small and large events (i.e., the b-value of the Gutenberg-Richter law) varies in space, and this change may be linked to the size of the active fault systems.In addition to the study of the seismic activity, I applied ambient noise interferometry to assess if stress changes during the Maurienne swarm produced detectable variations in seismic wave velocity. The velocity changes appear to be primarily influenced by a seasonal process possibly related to pore pressure variations due to rainfall. However, during the main period of seismic activity, such changes may also be accentuated by the continuous ground shaking resulting from the prolonged occurrence of earthquakes.The Preston New Road sequence is characterized by a seismicity rate and a frequency-magnitude distribution that gradually evolve as fluids are repeatedly injected and the seismogenic volume expands in size. This suggests that the seismic activity during an injection stage depends on the injection history of past stages.The Maurienne and Preston New Road sequences are just two examples of the broader phenomenon of seismic and induced swarms. Nonetheless, these two sequences illustrate that induced and natural swarms can exhibit similar patterns in their spatio-temporal evolution, such as earthquake migration and the dependence of the b-value on the scale of the fault system. This emphasizes the potential of applying the knowledge gained from studying one type of swarm to improve our understanding of the other
Stambazzi, Fabio. "Biosintesi di carotenoidi di origine microbica." Bachelor's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2019.
Algrain, Isabelle. "L'alabastre attique: origine, forme et usages." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209979.
La première partie de cette thèse est consacrée à l’identification de l’origine de l’alabastre et à sa diffusion en Méditerranée orientale. L’alabastre est originaire d'Égypte, où les premiers exemplaires en albâtre se développent à partir du VIIIe s. av. J.-C. Après avoir tracé son évolution morphologique, la thèse met en évidence les diverses régions de la Méditerranée orientale telles que le Levant, la Mésopotamie ou la Perse, où la forme est exportée et copiée, le plus souvent par des ateliers qui produisent des vases en pierre. Cette première partie met également l’accent sur le statut particulier de l’alabastre en pierre en Orient et en Égypte, où il restera longtemps associé au pouvoir royal ou aristocratique. Elle traite enfin de l’apparition de l’alabastre et de son statut dans le monde grec oriental. Ces importations déclenchent une réaction presque immédiate chez les artisans de ces régions qui produisent des alabastres en argent, en verre, en faïence, en ivoire, en bois et en céramique.
La seconde partie de cette étude aborde la production de l’alabastre attique en céramique qui s’étend du VIe s. av. J.-C. au début du IVe s. av. J.-C. Un premier chapitre est consacré à l’étude de son introduction dans le répertoire formel au milieu du VIe s. av. J.-C. par l’atelier d’Amasis et aux inspirations probables de cet artisan. Cette section s’est également penchée sur le difficile problème des phases de la production et de l’organisation interne des différents ateliers. Pour ce faire, nous avons élaboré une méthode d’analyse basée à la fois sur l’examen minutieux du travail du potier grâce aux variations dans les profils des vases et sur les données obtenues par les études ethno-archéologiques pour tenter de différencier les alabastres produits au sein d’ateliers différents et d’identifier, quand cela s’avérait possible, différents potiers au sein d’un même atelier. Cette étude formelle a distingué trois phases différentes de production qui présentent des caractéristiques typologiques distinctes. L’examen de l’organisation interne des ateliers a également mis en évidence les caractéristiques morphologiques des vases et a identifié les potiers les plus importants. L’examen attentif des pièces céramiques a permis de regrouper au sein d’un même atelier des artisans dont les liens étaient jusqu’alors insoupçonnés. Enfin, la deuxième partie se clôture par une analyse de la carte de distribution des alabastres attiques
La troisième partie de ce travail porte sur la fonction et les différents usages de l’alabastre sur base des sources littéraires, épigraphiques, iconographiques et archéologiques. Cette section se penche plus particulièrement sur l’identification des utilisateurs privilégiés des alabastres. En effet, de nombreuses études lient, de manière presque systématique, l’alabastre au monde féminin. Ce propos mérite d’être nuancé car, si le vase apparaît à maintes reprises dans des contextes féminins tels que ceux de la toilette et de la parure, il ne constitue pas exclusivement un symbole du monde des femmes. Cette troisième partie met en évidence le fait que l’alabastre est également utilisé dans un grand nombre d’autres contextes, notamment rituels, et représente souvent un symbole de luxe et de raffinement à l’orientale.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Rommelaere, Samuel. "Pantéthéinases sériques : Nature, origine et fonctions." Aix-marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4114.
Vanin (vnn) genes code for pantetheinases that hydrolyse pantethine to pantothenate and cysteamine. Vnn enzymes appear as modulators of tissue stress response to infectious, toxic or immune challenges. A seric pantetheinase activity has been described but its origin, molecular nature and function are not known. The objectives were to identify regulators of seric Vnn and to investigate its functions
Knödlseder, Jürgen. "L' origine de l'26Al galactique." Toulouse 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997TOU30296.
Rejaud, Alexandre. "Origine et diversité des Amphibiens d'Amazonie." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021TOU30161.
With more than six million square kilometers, Amazonia hosts the largest tract of lowland tropical rainforest in the world and a large portion of the global terrestrial diversity. However, the temporal and spatial origins of this diversity remain poorly understood and need to be better comprehended to identify the processes responsible for this tremendous diversification. Amphibians are a particularly adequate group for investigating patterns of biogeographical history within Amazonia because they extensively diversified within the region and present important disparities in habitat use and dispersal abilities across groups. We first investigated the historical biogeography of the terra-firme genus Allobates and identified western Amazonia as an important source of diversification between 14 and 10 million years ago (Mya). This spatio-temporal pattern was coinciding with the existence of the Pebas system, a mega-wetland system that occupied most of western Amazonia during this period, that was unsuitable for terra-firme species. The Pebas system discharge was likely followed by an extension of terra-firme forests that likely fostered Allobates diversification. Our results also suggested that western Amazonia rivers might have subsequently (after 10 Mya) promoted diversification, by acting as semi-permeable barriers allowing speciation by dispersal and isolation. Secondly, we investigated the biogeographical history of the Pristimantis conspicillatus group which, instead, presented a continuous diversification throughout Neogene. This group displays a striking spatial pattern of diversification with four ancient clades that have diversified concomitantly in distinct areas in Amazonia and the Atlantic Forest, with much fewer dispersal events between areas than in Allobates. These differences suggest that amphibian species display differences in dispersal abilities that can be related to their life history traits. Finally, we compared the biogeographic histories of six frog clades, including the two aforementioned ones, that share comparable crown ages and span the Amazonian frog diversity in terms of life history traits, taxonomy, habitat use and reproduction modes. We identified western Amazonia as the principal source of diversification for Amazonian amphibians, although it acted as such only after 10 Mya for the groups that have adapted to various types of habitats; and only between 10 and 5 Mya for the ecologically conservative groups. This suggest that species with lower habitat availability reach niche filling more rapidly than ecologically adaptive species, resulting in shorter diversification phases. Our results also suggest that riverine barrier effect seems to have affected solely conservative groups particularly when the river course is stable over time. While these results were obtained by considering only a fraction of Amazonian diversity, they provide interesting insights on the influence of niche conservatism upon Amazonian evolutive trajectories, which will hopefully foster further and more ample research in this direction
VIALE, ANNE-CLAIRE. "Lymphocytes b murins : origine et devenir." Paris 6, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992PA066629.
TIREL, OLIVIER. "Origine dynamique de la multifragmentation nucleaire." Caen, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998CAEN2059.
Bonnet, Balazut Amélie. "Origine de l’art, art des origines." Aix-Marseille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20105.
Sahinler, Menter. "Origine, influence et actualité du kémalisme." Paris 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA010512.
Being an empirical movement and not a dogmatical system, kemalism inscribes itself in the Turkish cultural heritage and at the issue of the Ottomanian reforms of the 19th century. In the decades of 1920 et 1930, Mustafa Kemal Ataturk and his supporters have insured the independence of the Turkish nation and have established a republican dictatorship determined to impose the kamalist reforms. The aim of the government was the westernization of Turkey, in other words its secularization, its modernization and the creation of the necessary conditions for democracy. Nevertheless, the establishment of democracy in 1950 has coincided with a degradation of the acquirements of kemalism, and above all of the secularization, whence the intervention of the army, guarantor of the kemalist inheritance, in 1960. Kemalism in Turkey is exposed to the opposition of the radical Islamists who threaten democracy and secularization
Bertrand, Marylène. "Origine exogène des acides aminés prébiotiques." Thesis, Orléans, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009ORLE2025/document.
This study concerns the transport to Earth of exogenic organic matter by meteorites or micrometeorites in order to better determine the conditions under which organic molecules synthesized in space contributed to the emergence of the life on Earth four billion years ago or more. Organic molecules were exposed to space conditions on board the international space station as well as in laboratory experiments. Moreover, simulated meteorite impacts on organic molecules associated with a clay were carried out to determine the survival of the organic components. Amino-acids and dipeptides were selected for these studies because of their prebiotic interest and for the diversity of their functional groups. Methods of derivatization for chiral and not chiral analysis of these molecules by gas chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer were developed. The results of the experiments show that the resistance of the molecules to irradiation and to impact is a function of their chemical nature, and that transport in the space environment as well meteoritic impact could be used as molecular filters by favouring the survival of certain molecules rather than others
Loison-Robert, Ludwig. "Cellule souche gingivale : origine et multipotence." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC0083/document.
Gingiva is a natural regeneration model thanks to its "ad integrum" healing capability. Gingival fibroblasts are the main actors of this property. These cells, the main cellular component of the gingival connective tissue, regulate the inflammatory responses and healing process. This tissue contains, like many others, mesenchymal stem cells; which also partly explain these regenerative abilities. Moreover, as the gingiva is abundant and easily accessible, the use of these stem cells may interest cell therapy or in vitro model tissues responses. In this work, we demonstrated that Stem Cells Derived from Human Gingiva (SCHG) have common properties with neural crest adult stem cells. These cells can be called "stem cells" for their ability to self-renew, adhere to plastic and to differentiate. First, we have shown that the method and the culture products used for isolation of gingival fibroblasts from gingival biopsy had an influence on the obtained cells. Secondly, an analysis of in vitro clonal populations of gingival fibroblasts has shown that gingival fibroblasts are composed of subpopulations that express specific markers of stem cells and neural crests. In addition to their embryological origin, the study of their multipotency was also characterized after expansion and depending on the used additives. Finally, two examples of using these cells and dental pulp stem cells as a model to study the in vitro biocompatibility of biomaterials have been developed, mimicking oral mucosa or dentin reactions (reparative or reactional)
POLKA, JUSTYNA URSZULA. "Caratterizzazione di lactobacilli di origine intestinale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1316.
The species of the Lactobacillus genus are generally believed to be microorganisms with no pathogenic potential. Many of them have granted GRAS and QPS status. Non-pathogenic bacteria as lactobacilli-intentionally added or accidentally present in food-are under evaluation, as they could act as reservoir of resistant genes. This thesis was aimed to evaluate some methods used for testing and to characterize some Lactobacillus species, as regards their safety and potential probiotic activity. The first part of the research focused on the comparison of two broth microdilution methods: ISO and CLSI, in order to assess the resistance of 54 L. plantarum strains to antimicrobial agents. The results suggest better performances of the phenotypic assay developed by ISO, at least for strains belonging to L. plantarum species.Then the assessment of the PCR detection limit for 8 sets of primers for the detection of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from infant faeces confirmed different levels of effectiveness for the primers. Next part of the thesis was the research project aimed at identifying genes or genetic loci of different strains of two Lactobacillus species (i.e. Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) involved in the interaction with the host, immune-modulation of host cells and pathogen growth inhibition in order to find new probiotic strains. The phenotypic analysis of 40 selected strains demonstrated large variability between strains of these species, which could serve to the association of phenotypic differences to genome specificities. A strain of Lactobacillus mucosae was found within the framework of the same project. As it is a relatively new species, it was chosen to further investigate its properties, comparing it with three other L. mucosae strains. This study led to confirm some information but first and foremost it has provided new data on the examined species.
POLKA, JUSTYNA URSZULA. "Caratterizzazione di lactobacilli di origine intestinale." Doctoral thesis, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10280/1316.
The species of the Lactobacillus genus are generally believed to be microorganisms with no pathogenic potential. Many of them have granted GRAS and QPS status. Non-pathogenic bacteria as lactobacilli-intentionally added or accidentally present in food-are under evaluation, as they could act as reservoir of resistant genes. This thesis was aimed to evaluate some methods used for testing and to characterize some Lactobacillus species, as regards their safety and potential probiotic activity. The first part of the research focused on the comparison of two broth microdilution methods: ISO and CLSI, in order to assess the resistance of 54 L. plantarum strains to antimicrobial agents. The results suggest better performances of the phenotypic assay developed by ISO, at least for strains belonging to L. plantarum species.Then the assessment of the PCR detection limit for 8 sets of primers for the detection of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria from infant faeces confirmed different levels of effectiveness for the primers. Next part of the thesis was the research project aimed at identifying genes or genetic loci of different strains of two Lactobacillus species (i.e. Lactobacillus paracasei and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) involved in the interaction with the host, immune-modulation of host cells and pathogen growth inhibition in order to find new probiotic strains. The phenotypic analysis of 40 selected strains demonstrated large variability between strains of these species, which could serve to the association of phenotypic differences to genome specificities. A strain of Lactobacillus mucosae was found within the framework of the same project. As it is a relatively new species, it was chosen to further investigate its properties, comparing it with three other L. mucosae strains. This study led to confirm some information but first and foremost it has provided new data on the examined species.
Muscoggiuri, Alessio <1990>. "Origine e sviluppo della scrittura cinese." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8923.
Daniel, Guillaume. "Réponse sismique de la croûte terrestre à un changement de contrainte : application aux doublets de séismes." Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00239445.
Larroque, C. "Aléa sismique dans une région intraplaque à sismicité modérée : la jonction Alpes - Bassin Ligure." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00453377.
Chanard, Kristel. "Déformation saisonnière de la Terre sous l’effet des variations hydrologiques : impact sur la sismicité." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSU0031/document.
In this thesis, we aim at modeling accurately seasonal deformation of the Earth induced by redistribution of hydrosphere masses. We take advantage of seasonal ground displacements measured by continuous stations of the Global Positioning System (cGPS) and the estimate of the spatio-temporal evolution of surface hydrology derived from the Gravity and Recovery Climate Experiment (GRACE) measurements. Precise geophysical models of the seasonal deformation, discussed in Chapter 1, of the Earth have far-reaching implications in defining international terrestrial reference frame, detecting potential transient deformation with comparable period or even understanding the link between induced stress perturbations and seasonal seismicity. In Chapter 2, we show that seasonal ground displacements recorded by cGPS stations in the Himalaya are fairly well explained by the Earth’s response to seasonal hydrology derived from GRACE, which induces coherent surface displacements, in first orderapproximation, with horizontal and vertical observations simultaneously, provided that a realistic elastic, spherical and layered model for Earth is used. We extend the model to a global scale in Chapter 3, and compare displacements induced by the seasonal load at 195 cGPS stations globally distributed. We account for the degree-1 contribution in GRACE using results from Swenson et al. (2008). We find that, while the vertical displacements are well predicted by the model, the horizontal components are systematically underpredicted and out-of-phase with the observations. We show a significant improvement when we do not apply a priori degree-1 coefficients but estimate and apply a posteriori a Helmert transformto the horizontal components. The fit in phase and amplitude of the seasonal deformation model to the horizontal components is improved and does not affect the fit to the vertical measurements. We conclude that horizontal misfits result mostly from degree-one deformation plus reference frame differences between model and observations, and not from the limited spatial resolution of GRACE. However, the amplitude of global seasonal horizontal displacement remains slightlyunderpredicted. We show that mantle volume variations due to mineral phase transitions may play a role in the seasonal deformation and, as a by-product, use this seasonal deformation to provide a lower bound of the transient astenospheric viscosity. Finally, in order to test the impact of seasonal forcing on seismicity, we estimate the amplitude of periodic stress perturbations induced by seasonal loading. To further investigate the question, we performa set of triaxial deformation experiments on water-saturated Fontainebleau sandstones. Rock samples are loaded by the combined action of steps of constant stress, intended to simulate tectonic loading and small sinusoidal pore pressure variations, analogous to tides or seasonal loading. Our experimental results suggest that the correlation of small stress perturbations and acoustic emissions depends primarily on the state stress of the rock and that emissions occur more likely when cracks are unclamped. In other words, our observations suggest that tidal triggering might occur favorably during the long nucleation phase of earthquake
Dublanchet, Pierre. "Etude des régimes de sismicité dans un modèle quasi-dynamique d'aspérités rate-and-state." Institut de physique du globe (Paris), 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GLOB0703.
Almakari, Michelle. "Réactivation Hydro-Mécanique d’une Faille Rate & State ˸ Glissement, Sismicité et Évolution de Perméabilité." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019PSLEM065.
This PhD thesis is dedicated to the study of injection induced fault reactivation using a coupled hydro-mechanical rate and state modelof a fault. Even though the principal mechanisms behind induced fault reactivation are well known, different aspects are not yet fully explored, nor understood. In the first part of this thesis, we explore successively the role of the injection protocol (in particular, injection maximum pressure and injection pressure rate), and the fault frictional parameters on the rate of induced events and their magnitude content, for different heterogeneous 2-D fault configurations. We first point out a temporal correlation between the seismicity rate and the pore pressure rate governing the fault. We then show a dependence of the rate and magnitude content of the seismic events on the injection parameters, as well as the existence of an important trade-off between them, which could not be addressed using the Dietrich(1994)’s seismicity rate model. Concerning the frictional parameters, we show that for the faults tested in this study, the ones having a more stable frictional behavior exhibit a lower induced seismicity rate and seismic moment released. In the last part of this study, the variation of the hydraulic diffusivity during fluid injection with shear slip and effective stress reduction is addressed. For this, we use laboratory injection experiments on an Andesite rock sample, during which the pore pressure was measured at two locations along the fault plane. In an inversion framework, we estimate the best model and the associated uncertainties of an effective diffusivity history that could explain the experimental data. Using this information, we could extend our hydro-mechanical model, which would allow the computation of pore pressure, diffusivity and slip changes along the experimental fault
Abbad, Salah. "Etude des variations de l'activité volumique radon dans les sols en fonction des paramètres météorologiques et géologiques : applications à des fins de prévision sismique dans la région Provence Alpes Côte d'Azur (France) et le golfe de Corinthe (Grèce)." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA077346.
Lemieux, Paul. "Le clergé catholique de la Vallée du Saint-Laurent, 1756-1810 : évolution numérique, origine géographique et origine sociale." Thesis, University of Ottawa (Canada), 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/4966.
Daniel, Guillaume. "Réponse sismique de la croûte terrestre à un changement de contrainte : application aux doublets de séismes." Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10273.
Nous présentons une analyse des variations du taux de sismicité liées aux doublets de forts séismes. Cette étude se concentre sur la zone des répliques du 1er séisme, et cherche à estimer l’impact du 2nd choc principal sur cette activité. Nous nous sommes penchés sur deux cas de doublets de séismes : la séquence turque des séismes d’Izmit et de Düzce en 1999, et le doublet sud-islandais de juin 2000. Ces deux exemples nous apprennent que la réactivation de sismicité induite par le 2nd séisme d’un doublet n’est pas forcément corrélée avec les régions d’augmentation de la contrainte statique, et qu’elle s’établit avec prédilection sur les sites d’une activité géothermale. Sa décroissance temporelle n’est pas systématiquement conforme à la loi d’Omori, puisque des apaisements de ce taux peuvent apparaître avec un délai de quelques jours à quelques mois. Nous avons également investigué les propriétés des doublets de séismes à l’échelle globale, et nous montrons que ceux-ci peuvent être simplement décrits par les lois habituelles gouvernant la sismicité, la loi d’Omori-Utsu et la loi de Gutenberg-Richter. Enfin, contrairement aux résultats obtenus à partir de catalogues régionaux, il semblerait que la production moyenne de répliques consécutive aux 2nds séismes des doublets soit équivalente à la superposition des productions de deux séismes isolés de magnitudes similaires. Cette dernière remarque mérite toutefois d’être étayée par une analyse plus fine des catalogues régionaux, au vu du manque de résolution d’un tel catalogue global pour les séismes de petite magnitude
Revillon, Sidonie. "Origine et composition du plateau océanique Caraïbe." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00145360.
La ride de Béata est formée de gabbros et de dolérites. Ces roches, comme celles de Curaçao, dérivent de liquides basaltiques et montrent des spectres de terres rares (TR) plats. Leur source est isotopiquement appauvrie. L'âge des roches de Béata suggère une longue histoire magmatique pour la formation du plateau en trois épisodes (90 Ma, 76 Ma et 55 Ma).
Toutes les roches plutoniques de Gorgona (gabbros, dunites et wehrlites) dérivent de liquides basaltiques montrant des spectres de TR plats ou appauvris en TR légères. Les picrites et les komatiites dérivent de liquides ultra-magnésiens appauvris ou très appauvris en TR légères. Les compositions isotopiques de Nd indiquent deux sources mantelliques : une appauvrie et une plus enrichie (epsilon Nd +10 et +6). La similitude des rapports d'éléments incompatibles et des compositions isotopiques suggère que certaines roches plutoniques dérivent par différenciation des liquides komatiitiques. Ces magmas se mettent ensuite en place dans des sills à faible profondeur.
Les conclusions principales sont :
(a) le système d'alimentation du plateau est complexe
(b) les liquides parents sont hétérogènes : ultra-magnésiens ou basaltiques, appauvris ou non en éléments incompatibles. La source comprend un composant enrichi et un composant appauvri.
(c) la tête du panache est zonée. Ceci est lié au processus de fusion partielle. Au cœur, de haute température, les liquides ultra-magnésiens se forment. Un processus de fusion fractionnée avancé permet de former des liquides très appauvris et l'échantillonnage du composant appauvri. Dans les bordures, plus froides, les liquides basaltiques se forment par des taux de fusion fractionnée moindres, ce qui favorise l'échantillonnage du composant enrichi. Ces liquides sont ensuite homogénéisés et acquièrent des signatures géochimiques uniformes.
Germain, Damien. "Anatomie des Lépospondyles et origine des Lissamphibiens." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MNHN0028.
The origin of lissamphibians has been one of the most debated subjects in the last few years and lepospondyls have been proposed to be their stem-group. A revision of the diplocaulids from the Permian of Argana (Morocco) reveals that they are more closely related to the genus Diploceraspis. An aistopod from the Stephanian of Montceau-les-Mines (France) is described using X-ray tomography. Aistopods may have come out from water earlier than other Tetrapods and independently. The origin of lissamphibians is approached by a study of the skull ossification sequences of urodeles and by a large-scale phylogenetic analysis that shows that phylogenetic relationships among Paleozoic tetrapods are obscured by an extensive homoplasy and huge gaps in the fossil record. An analysis of lissamphibian ancestral morphotypes allows imagining which morphology will exhibit these hypothetical protolissamphibians
Mbala, Owono Rigobert. "Origine sociale et éducation au Sud-Cameroun." Paris 5, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA05H037.
Reininger, Luc. "Origine génétique et pathogénicité des auto-anticorps." Aix-Marseille 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990AIX22060.
Revillon, Sidonie. "Origine et composition du plateau oceanique caraibe." Rennes 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999REN10120.
Nacir, Houda. "Nature et origine des lipides des plastoglobules." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0080/document.
Plastoglobules are small lipoprotein particles localized inside plastids. They are surrounded by a monolayer of polar lipids, proteins and they store neutral lipids such as triacylglycerol, carotenoids and tocopherol. During plastid development or in response to stress conditions, plastoglobules increase in number and size along with thylakoids disintegration, and reciprocally, their number and size decrease while thylakoids are developing. Plastoglobules are surrounded by a leaflet contiguous with the thylakoid outer leaflet and therefore share a physical link with thylakoids. This connection suggests exchange of molecules between these two compartments. The protein composition of plastoglobules is well known. However, the lipid composition of plastoglobules is still unknown. Thereby, the aim of our study is, at first, to establish the nature and the origin of plastoglobules from Arabidopsis and pea leaves. Using TLC/GC-FID analysis and by LC-MS/MS we identified nature of the lipids composing the plastoglobules. Moreover, doing pulse and chase analysis during stress condition, we obtained information about the origin of plastoglobules lipids. Our results show that plastoglobules are composed in majority from neutral lipids, principally free fatty acids and phytyl esters. Moreover, plastoglobules contain polar lipids such as galactolipids and phospholipids (PC and PG) have a specific lipid composition different from the thylakoid leaflet and envelope. In addition, during stress conditions plastoglobules store phytyl esters coming from fatty acids of galactolipides in degradation. To summarize, the specific composition of plastoglobules suggest that microdomains might exist in thylakoids that would favor plastoglobule formation
Mbala, Owono Rigobert. "Origine sociale et éducation au Sud-Cameroun." Lille 3 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb375997098.
Schoumacker, Rachel. "Perception du gras : variabilité interindividuelle et origine." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS030/document.
To reduce the fat content in food products as recommended by the National Nutrition and Health Plan, it is necessary to understand the fat perception mechanisms. In this context, this thesis work aimed to contribute to the understanding of fat perception through the study of interindividual variability in fat perception and the research of its origin.For this purpose, a multidisciplinary approach combining physico-chemistry of “fatty” aroma molecules, subjects’ oral physiology, food oral processing and sensory perception during food consumption has been established. A particular focus has been done on the olfactory component of fat perception, especially on the potential contribution of the metabolites produced in the human nasal cavity from odorous volatile compounds.This work shows that reducing fat content in cottage cheese decreases the perception of the cream aroma, increases bitterness and astringency and decreases the perceived greasy film. The results confirmed the multidimensional nature of fat perception. This work also shows that fat perception is related to the lipid content of the mouth coating as well as the aroma compounds composition of the food matrix.It highlights three groups of subjects with significant difference in fat sensitivity. These groups also differ in several physiological and anatomical parameters which can impact tactile, taste and smell sensations and therefore potentially fat perception. Finally, this work proves the existence in the human olfactory mucosa of enzymes capable of metabolizing odorous compounds into volatile metabolites. These metabolites proved to be themselves odorants could be involved in fat perception or its modulation
Delaunay, Cédric. "Brisure de symétrie électrofaible : origine et conséquences." Paris 11, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA112353.
The electroweak symmetry of the Standard Model of particle physics has to be spontaneously broken to explain the sparsity of radioactive decays. Since over thirty years, the condensate of a scalar field, the Higgs boson, is blamed for this breaking. However, beyond the fact that this particle has never been observed yet, the Standard Model provides no explanation for the origin of this condensate. Moreover, when the latter is imposed to be stable under radiative quantum corrections, the Standard Model strongly suggests the existence of a new physics at about the TeV scale. In this thesis, we start with a review of the main experimental constraints put on the possible forms of new physics. Then we explore its effects on the electroweak phase transition that occured soon after the Big Bang. In particular, we study the conditions under which these new particles allow the Higgs mecanism to drive the disappearance of the antimater in the universe. We describe also the spectrum of gravity waves emitted at this time and discuss its possible observation at future spacebased interferometers. Finally, we address the flavour problem within a spacetime of more than four dimensions. After having recalled how the presence of extra spacelike dimensions stabilizes the electroweak scale, we propose in this context a complete model of electroweak breaking which reproduce the hierarchy of lepton masses as well as neutrino phenomenology, while staying safe from the present experimental constraints on flavour changing processes
Deleage, Claire. "Origine du VIH/SIV dans le sperme." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S065.
Although semen represents the main vector for HIV dissemination worldwide, the origin of the virus in this body fluid remains unknown. Viral strains in semen are partly different from viral strains in the blood, indicating local viral production within the male genital tract. In addition, the in situ detection of viral elements within testicular germ cells suggests an infection of these spermatozoa progenitors. In this context, my thesis was articulated around 2 axes: 1 The study of the origin of HIV in semen: We demonstrated that the resident immune cells of the human seminal vesicles can support productive HIV infection in vitro and in vivo, and therefore have the potential to contribute virus to semen. Furthermore, we began a phylogenic comparison of SIV strains amplified from the organs of the male genital tract, semen and blood, to unravel the sources of seminal SIV/HIV. 2 Study of testicular germ cells and HIV interactions: We showed that testicular germ cells express potential receptors for HIV and that the virus can bind to these cells isolated from healthy men. Preliminary results suggest that testicular germ cells can support HIV entry. Based on the literature and on our results, it clearly appears that the male genital tract organs are infected by the HIV and thus susceptible to contribute to the seminal viral load. Furthermore, our results indicate the existence of interactions between human testicular germ cells and HIV-1, which pave the way for further investigations
Bardainne, Thomas. "Étude de la sismicité de Lacq et analyse des formes d'ondes par décomposition en chirplets." Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011997.
un axe préférentiel SSW-NNE sur les failles principales d'orientation WNW-ESE. Les zones WNW et ESE du gisement sont quant à elles déformées de manière asismique, comme le montre les profils de nivellement. La confrontation de la sismicité avec l'historique et le modèle de réservoir a permis de mettre en avant (i) un essaim déclenché par une injection d'eau involontaire, (ii) une connexion importante entre le centre du réservoir et les réserves de gaz au nord-est et la déplétion associée, (ii) ainsi qu'une réinterprétation du modèle de réservoir dans certaines zones mal connues. La seconde voie d'étude a été portée sur l'analyse des formes d'ondes par décomposition atomique en chirplets, généralisation de la transformée en ondelettes et de la transformée de Gabor. Après une généralisation à 7D des paramètres de construction des chirplets pour une adaptation aux ondes sismologiques et l'utilisation d'algorithme de séparation d'ondes, il a été possible de décomposer les sismogrammes en un nombre limité d'atomes. Chacun des atomes est qualifié de 9-tuplet, caractérisé par des attributs morphologiques : (i) un temps d'arrivée, (ii) un fréquence centrale, (iii) une énergie, (iv) une phase, (v) une durée, (vi) un taux de modulation de fréquence, (vii) un type de modulation de fréquence, (viii) une asymétrie d'enveloppe et (ix) une plateau constant de l'enveloppe. Grâce à cette caractérisation poussée des ondes, il a été possible de pratiquer des classifications des sismogrammes. La classification et la représentation en dendrogramme ont montré une différenciation nette entre les séismes déclenchés par surpression de fluide des autres, révélant que la source des évènements déclenchés est plus courte et impulsive. En se basant uniquement sur les attributs morphologiques et en filtrant la composante de temps et fréquence des arrivées des ondes, nous avons montré qu'il était possible de comparer des séismes de localisations différentes.
Bardainne, Thomas. "Etude de la sismicité de Lacq et analyse des formes d'ondes par décomposition en chirplets." Pau, 2005. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011997.
The Lacq gas field seismicity (moderate seismicity) is induced by fluid extraction. After the cleaning and Automatic Picking of the seismologicaldatabase we localised more than 1600 events. The comparison of hypocenter locations and focal mechanisms with well and 3D-seismic data has shown that earthquakes were associated to relatively important faults well-oriented for stress perturbation accommodation. The distribution of events is oriented WNW-ESE, occuring on WNW-ESE faults. The WNW and ESE parts of the field are strained aseismicaly. By comparing the seismicity distribution to the field exploitation history and the field modelisation, two main results have been highlighted : a water over-pressure triggered swarm, and an important connexion between the central zone of the field and the gas reserves to the North of the field. The second aim of this study was the analyse of waveforms with atomic chirplet decomposition. We first genalised the chirplet construction to 7D (7 construction attributes). Then, we developed an algorithm of wave separation. Finally, we can decompose a seismogramm in a few number of atoms. Each of these atoms is a 9-tuplet, characterised by morphological attributes : time, frequency, an energy, phase, duration, frequency modulation, frequency modulation type, asymmetric shape and a flat shape. With this wave characterisation algorithm, we can classify events. The classification and the associated dendrogramm representation have allowed to differentiate events triggered by water injection from others, revealing a shorter and more impulsive source for triggered events
Lin, Jing-Yi. "Sismicité et volcanisme dans le sud-ouest du bassin arrière-arc d’Okinawa (Nord-Est Taiwan)." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2015.
In November 2003, 15 ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) were deployed during a period of 12 days in the southwestern Okinawa Trough. More than 3300 earthquakes were localized. The seismicity is essentially restricted to the central part of the southwestern Okinawa Trough and terminates abruptly against the N-E trending prolongation of the Lishan fault. Most of the microearthquakes are aligned along the E-W trending normal faults. The existence of a lower crustal / upper mantle magma chamber is suggested by the presence of low frequency earthquakes in the 3 - 10 Hz bandwidth. Based on numerous earthquakes recorded by land stations and the microseismicity acquired during this cruise, two tomographic inversions were performed (1) A low Vp, Vs but high Vp/Vs sausage-like body, about 30 km in diameter, on top of the western Ryukyu slab extremity, at depths ranging between 20 and 125 km. We suggest partial melting and/or a H20-rich component formed by dehydration processes above the Ryukyu slab and the slab edge might explain the presence of this anomalies. A low Vp, Vs but high Vp/Vs channel rises obliquely from the sausage-like body in direction of the andesitic Kueishantao Island showing the veins and/or narrow conduits that magmas propagate through. (2) A mantle inflow characterized by low Vp, Vs and high Vp/Vs passing through the slab tear was imaged. This melt and/or fluid component is rising obliquely from the slab tear in direction of the CBVT, of the northern slope of the southern Okinawa Trough and north of Iriomote Island. In addition, the asthenospheric intake is also imaged by an inclined chip-like high Vp/Vs and low Vp, Vs body dipping northerly