Дисертації з теми "Orientation préférentielle de forme"
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Arbaret, Laurent. "Orientation préférentielle de forme dans les magmas : modélisation analogique 3D en cisaillement simple." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995CLF21732.
Повний текст джерелаSaur, Hugo. "Étude des microstructures par tomographie à rayons X : application aux roches clastiques à grain fin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Pau, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022PAUU3005.
Повний текст джерелаThe study of the microstructure of rocks is essential for our contemporary and future challenges in energy, engineering and construction. Furthermore, this study allows us to characterize the geological deformation processes that led to the current state of geological formations. Fine-grained clastic rocks, commonly called "shales", represent about two-thirds of all sedimentary rocks. 3D data concerning silt-sized grains or clasts embedded in the porous clay-rich matrix of this type of rock are relatively scarce despite the fact that these data are crucial to understand the anisotropic properties of these rocks at the macroscale but also to evaluate the deformation state of the rock matrix. A better understanding of the microstructure of these rocks would allow us to predict their mechanical or physical properties, which are essential for applications in the energy sector, among others. X-ray computed tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive technique providing a 3D image of the microstructure of any object. A direct geometric characterization of the constituents of fine-grained clastic rocks is possible with this technique. Based on XCT images, this thesis aims first to develop methodological aspects to study the 3D shape fabric of silt particles and their spatial distribution. The moments of inertia of segmented grains from 3D digital images are used for this development. We then present applications on fine-grained rocks with a sedimentary fabric and on deformed fine-grained rocks with a tectonic fabric. The first application part of the thesis focuses on the same lithologic unit having experienced different amounts of deformation. Samples from the South Pyrenean Basin and samples from a historical outcrop in the Central Appalachians were collected. We provide new data on the evolution of the 3D shape of grains and pores at the micrometer scale and their arrangement in the rock matrix with respect to the deformation intensity. The obtained data allow discussing the deformation mechanisms at the grain scale of the different mineralogical phases. However, the limited size of the imaged samples by means of XCT (≤ 2 mm diameter) raises the question of the representativeness of these analyses. On the South Pyrenean site, some samples are studied in more detail to evaluate the homogeneity of the results. We show that the XCT data complement the indirect petrophysical measurements by providing access to localized sub-fabrics that are integrated in a bulk measurement of the rock fabric. The limits are reached when the characteristic length of the deformation structures are on the order of the sample size imaged by XCT. In the second application part, samples from turbiditic systems of the South Pyrenean basin are analyzed. These systems, when deformed in compressive tectonic settings, record the same amount of shortening differently expressed in the various siliciclastic matrices. The results obtained from the shape data of the clasts are compared to our bulk magnetic fabric measurements and show a good consistency. The methodology presented in this work can be extended to other types of porous and granular media for a better understanding of the influence of fabric anisotropy on their macroscopic properties and mechanical behavior
Ildefonse, Benoît. "Les linéations et la déformation : aspects naturels, théoriques et expérimentaux des orientations préférentielles de forme." Lyon 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987LYO10141.
Повний текст джерелаPicard, David. "Déformation HP-HT des magmas siliceux : contraintes expérimentales sur l'évolution structurale et les transitions rhéologiques aux moyennes et fortes cristallinités." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00400042.
Повний текст джерелаChampallier, Rémi. "Déformation expérimentale à Haute Température et Haute Pression de magmas partiellement cristallisés." Phd thesis, Université d'Orléans, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008988.
Повний текст джерелаLes travaux entrepris à haute température - haute pression (HT-HP) se proposaient d'étudier ce phénomène ainsi que la rotation des cristaux. Une telle étude nécessite de disposer d'un appareil de déformation des magmas fonctionnant à HT-HP. Ce mémoire présente les tests de deux appareils développés dans cette optique ainsi que ceux réalisés en presse Paterson. Une large place est également consacrée aux artefacts expérimentaux rencontrés et aux moyens mis en œuvre pour les résoudre.
Ansel, Valérie. "L'anisotropie du manteau déduite de la biréfringence des ondes de cisaillement." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112376.
Повний текст джерелаLejars, Antoine. "Mécanisme de sélection de l'orientation préférentielle lors de la croissance de couches minces, application au dépôt d'oxyde de zinc par pulvérisation magnétron à impulsions de haute puissance." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0182/document.
Повний текст джерелаA piezoelectric fiber constituted of ZnO cylindrical coating on a stainless steel wire has been achieved by High Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering (HiPIMS) by using a prototype designed and assembled during this PhD work. The piezoelectric fiber can be used as a strain probe or as a vibration harvesting generator for embedded electronics. The analyses of deposited layer allow to understand ZnO growth mechanism in order to optimize to deposition process. A special emphasis has been placed on the selection of preferential orientation during the growth. The low volume of steel wire, allow to control his temperature by adjusting some process parameters, like the pressure and the average power. Temperature sensitive wires (e.g. polymer) can be treated in the mildest conditions. Preferential nucleation followed by self-epitaxy have been proposed to explain the very strong preferential orientation identified in coatings deposited at low temperature. At high peak current, preferential nucleation and evolutionary growth can promote the (101)* orientation. At highest peak currents no preferential orientation was identified and the high residual stress has been attributed to the excess of oxygen in the coating
Vechambre, Cyril. "Mémoire de forme et matériaux à base d'amidon : propriétés et mécanismes impliqués." Nantes, 2011. https://archive.bu.univ-nantes.fr/pollux/show/show?id=4c6af3be-d8c6-4bfd-8995-6a4d3bbe640a.
Повний текст джерелаThe main objective of this study was to characterize the shape memory effect in extruded starch-based materials and to understand the related structure implicated in this particular effect. The shape memory performances of thermoplastic starch are very similar to those of most synthetic polymers, with for optimized conditions, a fixity about 98%, a shape recovery of 95% and a recovery stress close to 3MPa. Moreover, the shape change of starch-based materials can be triggered by both humidity and temperature. Synchrotron radiation polarized infrared microspectroscopy and wide angle x-ray scattering experiments evidence a orientation of amorphous segments and the presence of a local order constituted of helical fragments. This local order allow chains orientation without slippage. Shape recovery stimulated at the glass transition lead to a isotropic state. It has been shown that the deformation induce the formation of residual stresses, linearly dependent on the orientation of the amorphous chains. In the temporary shape a lower molecular mobility is observed. This lower mobility can results from the formation of a secondary network, created during the deformation and seems to be due to hydrogen bonds. The results are discussed in terms of usual mechanisms proposed for shape memory synthetic polymers
Lejars, Antoine, Philippe Pigeat, and David Horwat. "Mécanisme de sélection de l'orientation préférentielle lors de la croissance de couches minces, application au dépôt d'oxyde de zinc par pulvérisation magnétron à impulsions de haute puissance." Phd thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00781090.
Повний текст джерелаKnoll, Mickaël. "Modélisation multi-échelle de l’effet de la structure héritée sur la déformation des plaques continentales." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20020.
Повний текст джерелаTo understand the effect of inherited lithospheric structures on the continental plates deformation process, we have developed a multi scale model that explicitly takes into account an anisotropic viscosity due to the Crystal Preferred Orientation (CPO) of olivine in the mantle by coupling a viscoplastic self-consistent simulation of the deformation at the polycrystalline aggregate to a 3D Finite Element code. Using this tool, we calculate the mechanical behaviour of a continental lithosphere submitted to extension for various initial structures. The first set of experiments investigates the deformation of a plate with a homogeneous initial olivine CPO. Results show that the macroscopic anisotropy is strongly dependent on the initial CPO and its evolution. The second set of experiments aims to analyse the deformation of a continental plate containing pre-existing lithospheric scale shear zones. These multi-domain models allow us to better understand the mode of reactivation of pre-existing lithospheric scale shear zones
Fu, Shangyi. "L'orientation et la propriété de mémoire de forme des polymères cristallins liquides à chaînes latérales covalents et supramoléculaires." Thèse, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/9453.
Повний текст джерелаHaissat, Sébastien. "Analyse des carrières professionnelles ou bénévoles des intervenants en gymnastiques de forme : comparaison entre les animatrices de la Fédération Française d’Entraînement Physique dans le Monde Moderne Sports pour Tous et les Brevets d’Etat des Métiers de la Forme." Besançon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BESA1018.
Повний текст джерелаThis is a comparative study of two types of careers for fitness instructors, particular to France. The instructors with diplomas from the Fédération Française d’Entraînement Physique dans le Monde Moderne Sports pour Tous (F. F. E. P. M. M. ) are called animatrices and those with diplomas from the Brevets d’Etat des Métiers de la Forme (B. E. M. F. ) are called BEMFs. This study uses a sociological approach to identity construction and is based on the biographical interviews of 23 persons (12 animatrices and 11 BEMFs). Three successive processes were studied : the decision-making process during which the actors decided to become fitness instructors, the process whereby they acquired their positions, and the statute mobility process. Results showed that the decision-making process took the form of an identity negotiation with the actors themselves and with those in their environment. Becoming an animatrice or a BEMF was viewed as an identity resource in response to particular critical moments. Analysis of this process revealed an interesting typology of identity strategies. The process whereby they acquired their positions was studied as a conversion process. Initiation, which was the adoption of a specific teaching model, took place in two distinctly different social worlds. Analysis of the interviews revealed that the models played an influential role in whether the actors applied to, and were hired by, businesses or fitness associations. This information helped explain the distribution of actors in the two work sectors. Different types of status mobility, such as obtaining the position of instructor, manager, or becoming self-employed, were also analyzed as a decision-making process. This process showed that mobility was the result of identity negotiations occurring at new critical moments which appeared in the private lives or workplaces of the instructors, or in their parallel professions
Browaeys, Jules Thomas. "Modélisation directe de l'anisotropie sismique mantellique dans un contexte de point chaud : Hawaii et Islande." Paris, Institut de physique du globe, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005GLOB0023.
Повний текст джерелаKnoll, Mickael. "Modélisation multi-échelle de l'effet de la structure héritée sur la déformation des plaques continentales." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00369463.
Повний текст джерелаGong, Li. "Selective external oxidation of Fe-Mn (1 wt.%) binary alloys during continuous annealing." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASC014.
Повний текст джерелаThis work is focused on the selective oxidation behavior of Fe-Mn (1 wt.%) binary alloy during continuous annealing under the industrial galvanizing conditions, to understand the diffusion of manganese and oxygen and the mechanism oxide formation on the surface.An analytical model was first developed to describe the surface reactions and thermodynamics involving water vapor and diffusion of O and Mn in the alloy, and the heterogeneous nucleation and growth of MnO oxides on the surface. Theoretical equations were established and sovled to calculate the critical radius and nucleation rate of MnO embryos and the size and surface coverage fractions of MnO oxides as a function of annealing.Annealing experiments were then conducted and the annealed surfaces were analyzed by: EBSD maps to determine the ferrite grain orientation; EDS analysis to determine the chemical nature; SEM and AFM to study the geometrical characteristics of oxides; TEM/STEM on the crosee-sections to observe the lateral shape of oxides; XPS to study the oxide nature and Mn concentration profiles as a function of depth and diffraction patterns to determine the orientation relationship of MnO and ferrite substrate.Wulffmaker software was used to simulate the equilibrium crystal of MnO. Observations by SEM, AFM and TEM/STEM make it possible to realize the facets composing MnO crystals
Lin, Chunqing. "Crystallographic study on Ni-Mn-Sn metamagnetic shape memory alloys." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0359.
Повний текст джерелаBeing a novel magnetic shape memory material, Ni-Mn-Sn based alloy systems possess multiple physical properties, such as shape memory effect of polycrystalline alloys, giant magnetocaloric effect, large magnetoresistance effect and exchange bias effect. So far, most studies have been focused on the improvement of the multifunctionalities of these alloys, but the fundamental information which is highly associated with these properties is still unclear. Thus, a thorough study on the crystal structures of martensite and austenite, microstructural and crystallographic features of martensitic transformation has been conducted in the present PhD work. The austenite of Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 was confirmed to possess a L21 cubic structure (Fm"3" ̅m, No.225). The lattice parameter of austenite in Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 is aA=5.9813 Å. The martensite possesses a four-layered orthorhombic (4O) structure (Pmma, No.51). The lattice parameters of martensite in Ni50Mn38Sn12 and Ni50Mn37.5Sn12.5 are a4O = 8.6068 Å; b4O = 5.6226 Å and c4O = 4.3728 Å, and a4O = 8.6063 Å, b4O = 5.6425 Å, and c4O = 4.3672Å, respectively. The 4O Ni-Mn-Sn martensite exhibits a hierarchically twinned microstructure. The martensite is organized into broad plates in the original austenite grain. The plates contain irregularly shaped colonies with two characteristic microstructural patterns: classical lamellar pattern and herring-bone pattern. In each colony, there are four orientation variants (A, B, C and D) and they form three types of twins (Type I, Type II and compound twin). The interfaces between the corresponding variants are in coincidence with their twinning plane K1. The interface planes of the compound twin pairs A-D and B-C can have one or two different orientations, which leads to the two microstructural patterns. The corresponding variants in the neighboring colonies within one broad plate (intra plate colonies) possess close orientations and colony boundary is curved, whereas the inter plate colony boundary is relatively straight. The Pitsch OR, specified as "{1 0 1}" A//"{2 " "2" ̅" " "1" ̅"}" 4O and "<1 0 " "1" ̅">" A//"<" "1" ̅" " "2" ̅" 2>" 4O, was uniquely determined to be an effective OR between the cubic austenite and 4O modulated martensite. Under this OR, 24 variants can be generated within one austenite grain. Such 24 variants are organized into 6 groups and each group corresponds to a martensite colony. The finely twinned martensite structure (sandwich microstructure) is the basic microstructural constitute produced by martensitic transformation. Such a structure ensures an invariant phase interface (habit plane) for the transformation. During the transformation, martensite variants are organized into diamond shaped clusters composed of variant colonies and with wedge shaped structures at the transformation front. Each wedge is composed of two sandwich structures separating by a midrib plane {1 0 1}A. The variant pairs in each wedge should have the same twin type with either Type I or Type II relation to ensure good geometrical compatibilities of the variants at phase interface and at the midrib plane. Within the diamonds, colonies are separated by step-like boundaries with low interfacial energy that evolve into the intra plate colony boundaries and by straight boundaries that become the inter plate colony boundaries. The diamonds elongates along the direction nearly paralleled to the midrib planes of the wedges and plate shape of martensite is finally formed. Such features of the diamond structure in Ni-Mn-Sn alloys are realized by self-accommodation of transformation strains for energy minimization. The present work provides comprehensive microstructural and crystallographic information on martensite and on martensitic transforamtion of Ni-Mn-Sn alloys and it is useful for understanding their multi functionalities associated with martensitic transformation and helpful on property optimization
Rawiso, Michel. "Etude structurale de macromolecules lineaires par diffusion de neutrons." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987STR13209.
Повний текст джерелаCayouette-Remblière, Joanie. "Le marquage scolaire : une analyse "statistique ethnographique" des trajectoires des enfants de classes populaires à l'Ecole." Paris, EHESS, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013EHES0060.
Повний текст джерелаMass education has changed the role school plays in life cycles since the 1980's. However, students from low socio-economic backgrounds are still more likely to drop out from school than students from privileged milieus, and less likely to get the most prestigious credentials. This dissertation thus explores: (1) why and how lower-class students fail or succeed at school in the age of mass education, and (2) what a new and prolonged socialization period at school me ans for these students -in terms of schemes of perception, but also of social dispositions. This thesis draws on original and rich materials (notably individual school files), and on a new analytical method, which relies on what 1 cali "ethnographical statistics". Namely, 1 use school records to get a fine-grained perspective on the school and professional careers oftwo cohorts of students, and 1 systematically confront the results to those of parallel ethnographical investigations. This method will be presented in a preliminary chapter. The thesis is then divided into three parts. The first part sets the social and geographical stage of the study. The second part offers a new perspective on the development of inequalities within the collège unique. The third part analyses the social and institutional mechanisms which drive selection processes at the end of middle school, throughout high schools, and within vocational education
Zhang, Chunyang. "Crystallographic study on microstructure and martensitic transformation of NiMnSb meta-magnetic multi-functional alloys." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0030/document.
Повний текст джерелаNiMnSb based Heusler type alloys, as a novel multi-functional material has attracted considerable attention due to their multiple properties, such as magnetic shape memory effect, magnetocaloric effect, exchange bias effect, magnetoresistance effect. To date, many aspects of the NiMnSb alloys, such as crystal structure, microstructure, magnetic properties and mechanical properties etc., have been widely investigated. However, many fundamental issues of this family of materials have not been fully revealed, which largely restricts the development of this new kind of multi-functional materials. In the present work, a thorough investigation has been conducted on ternary NiMnSb alloys in terms of crystal structures of austenite and martensite; microstructural and crystallographic features of martensite; martensitic transformation orientation relationship (OR) and its correlation with variant organization; transformation deformation characteristics and self-accommodation of transformation strain. The work confirmed that the austenite of NiMnSb alloys possesses a cubic L21 crystal structure belonging to the space group Fm3m (No. 225). The martensite has a four-layered orthorhombic (4O) structure with space group Pmma (No. 051). The lattice constants of the Ni50Mn37Sb13 and Ni50Mn38Sb12 martensite are aM = 8.5830 Å, bM = 5.6533 Å and cM = 4.3501Å, and aM = 8.5788 Å, bM = 5.6443 Å and cM = 4.3479 Å, respectively. The microstructure of the 4O NiMnSb modulated martensite possesses a hierarchical organization feature. Martensite fine lamellae are first organized into broad plates. Each plate possesses 4 distinct twin related variants A, B, C and D forming type I twins (A and C; B and D), type II twins (A and B; C and D) and compound twins (A and D; B and C). The variant interfaces are defined by the corresponding twinning planes. The complete twinning elements for each twin relation are fully determined. The plates are further organized into sub-colonies and sub-colonies into plate colonies. The neighboring plates in one sub-colony and plate colony share one common plate interface orientation. Plate colonies with different oriented plate interfaces finally take the whole original austenite grain. The Pitsch OR, specified as {011}A // {221}M and <011>A // <122>M, is the effective OR between the cubic austenite and the 4O modulated martensite. Under this OR, a maximum of 24 distinct variants can be produced. The 24 variants are organized into 6 distinct variant colonies, 12 distinct sub-colonies and finally 6 distinct plate colonies. The twinning plane of type I twin and the intra-plate plate interfaces all correspond to the same family of {011}A planes of austenite. The formation of martensite variant colonies can be both form intragranular and intergranular during the phase transformation. The sandwich structured variant colony is the basic microstructural unit of the martensite. This structure is composed of twin related variants and possesses the full compatible inner variants interfaces and invariant habit planes. The deformation manner of the twin related variants result in the high occurrence frequency of the type II twins and affects the morphology of the sandwich colonies. The wedge-shaped structure is composed of two compatible sandwiches and conjoined by a midrib plane with a small atomic misfit. All these results indicate that the martensitic transformation is self-accommodated and the microstructure is determined by the self-accommodation of the microstructural constituents. The aim of this work is to provide fundamental crystallographic and microstructural information of NiMnSb alloys for interpreting their magnetic and mechanical characteristics associated with the martensitic transformation and further investigations on property optimization
Beaulieu, Julien. "La contribution de la stéréoscopie à la constance de forme." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10730.
Повний текст джерелаThis study was conducted to evaluate the contribution of stereopsis to the shape constancy phenomenon. Four groups of eight participants each were asked to perform a visual exploration task. The first group was exposed to a stereoscopic stimulation, the second group was exposed to a reversed stereoscopic stimulation, the third group was exposed to a monocular stimulation with textures and shadow and the fourth group was exposed to a monocular stimulation with shadow only. Response times and error rates were used to measure participant's performance. Results show an interaction between rotation effects (familiar viewpoints vs. non-familiar viewpoints) and available depth cues (stereopsis, reversed stereopsis, textures and shadow, shadow only). The rotation cost was smaller in the group exposed to a reversed stereoscopic stimulation. These results are congruent with the use of tridimensional representations underlying visual processing.
SATSUKAWA, Takako. "Interactions magma-roche, déformation à haute température et anisotropie sismique dans le manteau de la transition continent-océan et dans la lithosphère océanique." Phd thesis, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795505.
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