Дисертації з теми "Organizational viru"

Research on the development of management strategies for the establishment of an effective organizational culture in schools was conducted in the following phases. In the first place, an. attempt is made to determine the nature of organizational culture, the context in which organizational culture functions, and the transformation and establishment of an effective organizational culture. as well as to describe the characteristics and advantages of an effective organizational culture. Secondly the aspects of organizational culture are discussed on the basis of a theoretical model that has been developed from literature. In so doing, every aspect of organizational culture is spell out, the role and place of each aspect of the culture is explained, as is the contribution of every aspect of organizational culture to the efficacy of such a culture. In the third place, the degree to which aspects of the organizational culture are emphasized in schools has been empirically determined by means of quantitative and qualitative research methods. Fourthly, research results have indicated that the intangible fundamentals and the concrete manifestations of organizational culture are emphasized at good schools while this happens to a lesser degree at average and poor schools. It becomes clear that certain basic aspects are present in the intangible fundamentals and the concrete manifestations of the organizational culture of schools. The successful functioning of these aspects Is essential for the establishment of an efficient organizational culture In schools. Finally these primary aspects of organizational culture form the basis for the development of management strategies which can be used to establish an effective culture of organization in schools. Special mention is made of general points of departure and guidelines for developing action plans and putting them to effect. The actual plans of action are not addressed, as schools should develop their own plans according to their unique composition, requirements and environment.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2003

The research aim was firstly to establish the prevailing organisational climate of the primary schools in the North West Province, and secondly, to develop management strategies to establish an effective organisational climate in primary schools. The study was conducted by means of a thorough literature study with a view to place the concept organisational climate in context. Following this, the information gained during the literature study was empirically verified, and certain findings were made based on the data. From the last-mentioned data and findings, a number of management strategies could be developed and certain recommendations were also formulated. In Chapter 1 the problem statement as well as four research objectives were formulated. The research aim was motivated and the research methodology discussed. The chapter division was explained and a number of relevant ethical aspects were discussed. A few contributions made by this study were discussed briefly. The nature of organisational climate was discussed in Chapter 2. Organisational climate was placed in the correct context by discussing a number of relevant concepts, namely: school climate, organisational climate, educational climate, classroom climate, quality of work life, systemic factors and the influence thereof on organisational climate, individual factors, job satisfaction, job performance, work stress and job motivation. The maintenance and the importance of a positive organisational climate also received attention. The determinants of an effective organisational climate received attention in Chapter 3. Determinants such as presented in the literature were discussed. Following this, determinants identified from different measuring instruments were also discussed. The "Organizational Climate Description Questionnaire for Elementary Schools" (OCDQ-RE) was discussed in detail, since this questionnaire was used for the research in question. The research approach and methodology was discussed in Chapter 4. Different research approaches were discussed, namely the interpretivistic, the critical, the positivistic and the postpositivistic approaches. Next, the quantitative investigative method was discussed fully, since this is the manner in which the data in this research were obtained. The statistical data processing was discussed comprehensively. The chapter was concluded with a number of relevant ethical aspects. In Chapter 5 the data interpretation was discussed. The responses were processed statistically and certain findings were inferred from it. The following statistical processing was done: two factor analyses were done, the reliability of the questionnaire was determined, openness indexes were discussed, categorisation was done regarding the prevailing organisational climate in the schools, the practical meaningfulness was reported on and finally, the South African data were compared with that of the American research. A number of management strategies were designed in Chapter 6 to establish an effective organisational climate in the primary school. These management strategies were formulated from existing literature concerning organisational climate, as well as from the processed data in the empirical study. The management strategies were formulated based on the actions and behaviour of the school principal as well as those of the educators. The research was concluded in Chapter 7 with a summary, findings and recommendations. Firstly, a brief summary of each chapter was given, followed by a few findings, and the chapter was concluded with seven recommendations, each coupled with a motivation. The following important findings stemmed from the research: Research objective ONE: The nature of organisational climate in the primary school. • Certain aspects such as school climate, educational climate and classroom climate regarding the organisational climate of the school are intertwined and they form a unit that determines the organisational climate of the school. • The organisational climate of a school is influenced by a variety of factors. Examples of these factors are as follows: quality of the work life of educators, tangible and non- tangible factors, task, maintenance and development needs, job satisfaction, job performance, job motivation and work stress. However, it is important to take cognisance of the fact that these factors are people driven and that all role-players in the school are responsible for the development, establishment and maintenance of an effective organisational climate. • The importance of an effective organisational climate is accentuated by the creation and maintenance of a positive work life, positive values and norms and effective communication. By meticulously applying these above-mentioned principles, a positive organisational climate will become a reality in schools. Research objective TWO: The nature of the different determinants of organisational climate in the primary school: • The findings in the literature correspond to a large extent with the findings that came to the fore from the measuring instruments. The findings are categorised in two determinants for organisational climate, namely the actions or behaviour of the school principal and those of the educators. Research objective THREE: The current standing of the organisational climate in the primary schools: • The total openness index of the schools in the study population explains the actions and behaviour of the principals, as well as those of the educators, as a mean. • The schools were divided into four categories as follows: Uninvolved organisational climate (22.73%), Closed organisational climate (22.73%), Open organisational climate (21.21%), Involved organisational climate (33.33%). Research objective FOUR: Management strategies for the development and establishment of an effective organisational climate in the primary school: • Four management strategies were formulated concerning the actions or behaviour of the school principal and three regarding the actions or behaviour of the educators. The following important recommendations were made: Recommendation 1: Principals need to be empowered to fulfil a more supporting role, mainly in the case of black and Coloured educators. Constructive criticism, reasons for criticism and paying attention to the well-being of educators are examples of fields in which principals need to be empowered. Recommendation 2: Principals need to be empowered to follow alternative managerial styles, rather than an autocratic and "iron-fist" approach. Recommendation 3: Principals need to demonstrate less restrictive behaviour towards educators, especially in the case of Coloured educators. Examples of restrictive behaviour principals need to devote attention to are as follows: educators are expected to serve on too many committees and the amount of administrative work needs to be cut back on. Recommendation 4: Educators need to be empowered to act more fraternally towards one another. Examples of fields in which empowerment is required are as follows: educators do not accept one another's shortcomings, educators often depart for home directly after school hours, and educators socialise in small, selected groups. Recommendation 5: The extent to which trusting behaviour occurs among educators requires active improvement. Factors that need attention are as follows: colleagues do not invite one another for home visits, educators do not know one another's home backgrounds, educators socialise during work hours, and educators do not arrange social meetings for one another. Recommendation 6: Educators' attitude towards and involvement in the school's activities need to be addressed actively and improved. The following factors need to receive attention: the problem that educators describe staff meetings as futile, and also that they converse amongst each other during staff meetings. Recommendation 7: Further research is needed regarding the validation of a measuring instrument that is directly meant for the South African context.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2010.

Ljungan virus är ett virus som isolerades i Sverige i mitten på nittiotalet. Under perioden 1989-1992 avled flera svenska elitorienterare plötsligt i hjärtmuskelinflammation. Man misstänkte att orienterarna kunde ha utsatts för en vektorburen infektion eftersom de exponeras för djur som finns i skog och mark under träning och tävling. Det är sedan tidigare känt att sorkar är den naturliga reservoaren för ett annat virus (Puumala virus) som kan orsaka njurskada hos människor. Sorkantalet i vissa delar av Sverige varierar kraftigt från år till år i ett cykliskt förlopp. Man fann ett samband mellan antalet sorkar och förekomsten av hjärtmuskelinflammation, typ 1 diabetes och Guillain-Barre's syndrom vilket ledde till att ett tidigare okänt virus, Ljungan virus, kunde isoleras från sorkar. Detta virus är ett litet RNA-virus som tillhör familjen Picornavirus. Till denna familj hör också flera kända virus såsom många av våra vanligt förekommande förkylningsvirus, men också virus som kan orsaka svåra sjukdomar, till exemel poliovirus och mul- och klövsjukevirus. Ljungan virus är ett nyupptäckt virus och därför är kunskapen om viruset begränsad. För att öka vår förståelse om viruset så har arvsmassan för tre svenska isolat (87-012, 174F och 145SL) av Ljungan virus kartlagts (artikel IV). Denna studie visade att Ljungan virusets arvmassa har flera unika egenskaper. Släktskapstudier visade att Ljungan virus är endast avlägset släkt med redan kända picornavirus och viruset bör därför utgöra en egen undergrupp i familjen (artikel III). Med kunskap om Ljungan virusets arvsmassa så var det möjligt att visa att Ljungan virus förekommer även på andra ställen än i Sverige (artikel VI). I mitten på 60-talet isolerades ett virus, M1146, från sork som fångats i Oregon, USA. Baserat på egenskaper hos proteinhöljet (kapsiden) så antog man då att M1146 var ett picornavirus. Studier av arvsmassan för detta virus visade att M1146 är närmast besläktat med de svenska Ljungan virus isolaten och har samma unika egenskaper i sin arvsmassa (artikel VI). Dessa studier har varit möjliga eftersom vi tidigare har utvecklat en metod för att producera stora mängder av hela arvsmassan (artikel I och II). Slutligen har det proteinhölje som innesluter och skyddar Ljungan virusets arvsmassa studerats (artikel V). Dessa studier visade att kapsiden är uppbyggd av tre proteiner och inte fyra som hos de flesta picornavirus. Dessa studier underlättades av att en enkel och effektiv metod för att odla Ljungan virus i provröret har utvecklats (artikel V). Sammantaget så har dessa studier försett oss med nya kunskaper om Ljungan virus som möjliggör fortsatta studier av dess biologi och eventuella förmåga att orsaka sjukdom hos människor och djur.

Melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), is an isometric plant virus with a monopartite, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome. This thesis reports the nucleotide sequence of regions of the MNSV genome which are noncoding or which encode nonstructural proteins, as well as the number and approximate sizes of the subgenomic RNAs produced by MNSV during infection. These data show that the MNSV genome comprises at least 4,262 nucleotides encoding, in two different reading frames, three or four nonstructural proteins for which there is some evidence of in vivo expression. These proteins, listed in order of their location on the genome from the 5' terminus, have molecular weights of ca. 29,000 (p29), 89,000 (p89), 7,000 (p7) and 14,000 (pl4). The p29 and P89 proteins are probably translated from genomic length RNA, while p7 and pl4 are probably translated from a ca. 1.9 kb subgenomic RNA. A second subgenomic RNA of ca. 1.6 kb is the likely template for translation of the 3' proximal, 42 kDa coat protein. Expression of p89 and p14 requires read-through of the amber termination codons of p29 and p7, respectively. MNSV p89 is the putative viral replicase; its read-through domain contains the GDD motif characteristic of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerases of several plant and animal viruses. The MNSV replicase shows very little amino acid sequence similarity with the replicases of viruses from either of the two established virus supergroups. The MNSV polymerase, however, shows a high degree of similarity with the polymerases of maize chlorotic mottle virus as well as carmo-, tombus- and luteoviruses which have been suggested to form a third virus supergroup. The role of p29 is unknown, but it presumably functions in replication. The functions of p7 and p14 are also unknown, but may be related to virus transport. Although MNSV shows amino acid sequence similarity in some of its proteins with viruses in several plant virus groups, it shows the most extensive similarities with members of the carmovirus group. MNSV also closely resembles these viruses in the number, sizes and genomic organization of its proteins as well as in its probable translation strategy. For these reasons, as well as previously reported physico-chemical similarities with the carmoviruses, MNSV should be classified as a member of the carmovirus group.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

[EN] Plant viruses are obligate intracellular parasites which were used to develop recombinant plant virus vectors to express heterologous proteins and to modify endogenous metabolic pathways of natural products in plants. The main limitation of many plant virus-based systems is the difficulty to co-express various heterologous proteins in the same cell with proper subcellular localization, which is a crucial question in metabolic engineering. This work provides a solution to overcome this problem by using a potyvirus-based vector system. Potyviruses (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) are plus-strand single-stranded RNA viruses, which have a genome expression strategy that allows the equimolar production of most viral proteins. On the basis of an infectious clone of Tobacco etch virus (TEV), Bedoya et al. (2010) developed an expression system in which the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (NIb) gene was replaced by an expression cassette, harboring several heterologous proteins. This viral vector was able to express three fluorescent proteins with nucleocytoplasmic localization in equimolar amounts in transgenic tobacco plants in which NIb was supplemented in trans. Despite of the apparent simplicity of potyvirus genome expression strategy, foreign cDNA insertion is a complicated task. Thus, our first goal was to analyze the effect of gene insertion on TEV genome stability. As a result of this work, a novel insertion position was discovered at the amino-terminal end of the potyvirus polyprotein, which opened the possibility to explore new questions of recombinant protein expression. Since metabolic pathways are highly compartmentalized, proper subcellular targeting of enzymes is an essential task. Thus, our second objective centralized on the subcellular targeting of expressed proteins from the TEV-based viral vector. cDNAs coding for the green fluorescent protein (GFP) fused to chloroplast, nucleus and mitochondria targeting signal sequences were inserted into the newly described amino-terminal insertion position or into an internal site, replacing the NIb cistron. Our results showed that for protein delivery to chloroplasts and mitochondria, foreign genes have to be inserted at the amino-terminal site of the viral vector, but for nuclear delivery, both insertion positions are suitable. The last objective of this work was to investigate whether the potyvirus-based vector was able to express an entire heterologous multistep biosynthetic pathway in plant cells. For this aim we purposed to produce lycopene, a plant pigment with health promoting properties. To do so, we inserted cDNAs coding for the enzymes of a three-step metabolic pathway of bacterial origin into the potyvirus-based vector. Infected tobacco plants developed orange symptoms indicating lycopene accumulation, which was confirmed by high-performance liquid chromatography analysis and microscopy observations. Our results also illustrated that the sole expression of Pantoea ananatis phytoene synthase, crtB, is enough to induce carotenoid accumulation, conferring yellow coloration to the infected tissue and serves as reporter system to visually track viral infection in several plant species.
[ES] Los virus de plantas son parásitos intracelulares obligados que han sido utilizados para desarrollar vectores virales y expresar proteínas heterólogas y modificar rutas metabólicas endógenas de productos naturales. La principal limitación de muchos sistemas basados en virus de plantas es la dificultad de coexpresar diversas proteínas heterólogas en la misma célula con la localización subcelular apropiada, lo cual es una cuestión crucial en ingeniería metabólica. Este trabajo presenta una solución para superar este problema mediante el uso de un vector viral basado en un potyvirus. Los potyvirus (género Potyvirus, familia Potyviridae) son virus de RNA de cadena positiva simple que tienen una estrategia de expresión génica que permite la producción de la mayoría de las proteínas virales en cantidades equimolares. Basado en un clon infeccioso del virus del grabado del tabaco (Tobacco etch virus, TEV) Bedoya et al. (2010) desarrollaron un sistema de expresión en el que el gen de la RNA polimerasa dependiente de RNA (NIb) fue sustituido por un casete de expresión, que albergaba varias proteínas heterólogas. Este vector viral fue capaz de expresar tres proteínas fluorescentes con localización nucleocitoplásmica en cantidades equimolares en plantas de tabaco transgénicas que complementaban el cistron NIb en trans. A pesar de la aparente simplicidad de la estrategia de expresión génica de los potyvirus, la inserción de un cDNA foráneo es una tarea complicada. Por lo tanto, nuestro primer objetivo fue analizar el efecto de la inserción en la estabilidad del genoma de TEV. Como resultado de este trabajo, descubrimos una nueva posición de inserción en el extremo amino-terminal de la poliproteína viral que nos permitió explorar otras cuestiones sobre la expresión de proteínas recombinantes. Dado que las vías metabólicas son muy compartimentalizadas, la adecuada localización subcelular de enzimas es una tarea esencial en ingeniería metabólica. Por eso, nuestro segundo objetivo se centró en la distribución de las proteínas heterológas expresadas con el vector viral a diferentes orgánulos subcelulares. cDNAs que codificaban la proteína fluorescente verde (green fluorescent protein, GFP) fusionada a péptidos señal se insertaron en la nueva posición amino-terminal y en un sitio interno, sustituyendo el cistrón NIb, para enviarla al cloroplasto, núcleo y a la mitocondria. Nuestros resultados mostraron que para la distribución de proteínas al cloroplasto y mitocondria, los genes foráneos deben ser insertados en el sitio amino-terminal del vector viral, pero para la distribución nuclear, ambas posiciones son adecuadas. El último objetivo de este trabajo fue estudiar si el vector viral basado en potyvirus es capaz de expresar una ruta biosíntética de múltiples pasos en células vegetales. Para ello nos propusimos producir licopeno, un pigmento vegetal con propiedades beneficiosas para la salud humana. Para ello, insertamos un cDNA que codificaba las enzimas de una ruta metabólica de tres pasos de origen bacteriano en el vector viral. Las plantas de tabaco infectadas con el vector viral desarrollaron síntomas de color naranja indicando la acumulación de licopeno, que fue confirmado por análisis de cromatografía líquida de alta eficacia y observaciones de microscopía. Nuestros resultados también ilustraron que la sola expresión de la fitoeno sintasa de Pantonea ananatis, crtB, es suficiente para inducir la acumulación de carotenoides que confieren una coloración amarilla al tejido infectado y sirve como sistema reportero visual en varias especies de plantas.
[CAT] Els virus de plantes són paràsits intracel·lulars obligats que han estat utilitzats per a desenvolupar vectors virals i expressar proteïnes heteròlogues y modificar rutes metabòliques endògenes de productes naturals silenciant certs gens o expressant factors de transcripció i enzims metabòlics. La principal limitació de molts sistemes basats en virus de plantes és la dificultat de coexpressar diverses proteïnes heteròlogues en la mateixa cèl·lula amb la localització subcel·lular apropiada, cosa que és una qüestió crucial en enginyeria metabòlica. Aquest treball presenta una solució per a superar aquest problema mitjançant l'ús d'un vector viral basat en un potyvirus. Els potyvirus (gènere Potyvirus, família Potyviridae) són virus d'RNA de cadena positiva simple que tenen una estratègia d'expressió gènica que permet la producció de la majoria de les proteïnes virals en quantitats equimolars. Basat en un clon infecciós del virus del gravat del tabac (Tobacco etch virus, TEV) Bedoya et al. (2010) van desenvolupar un sistema d'expressió en el qual el gen de l'RNA polimerasa depenent d'RNA (NIb) va ser substituït per un casset d'expressió, que albergava diverses proteïnes heteròlogues. Aquest vector viral va ser capaç d'expressar tres proteïnes fluorescents amb localització nucleocitoplàsmica en quantitats equimolars en plantes de tabac transgèniques que complementaven el cistró NIb en trans. Malgrat l'aparent simplicitat de l'estratègia d'expressió gènica dels potyvirus, la inserció d'un cDNA forà és una tasca complicada. Per tant, el nostre primer objectiu va ser analitzar l'efecte de la inserció en l'estabilitat del genoma de TEV. Com a resultat d'aquest treball, hem descobert una nova posició d'inserció en l'extrem amino terminal de la poliproteïna viral que ens va permetre explorar altres qüestions sobre l'expressió de proteïnes recombinants. Atès que les vies metabòliques són molt compartimentalitzades, l'adequada localització subcel·lular d'enzims és una tasca essencial en enginyeria metabòlica. Per açò, el nostre segon objectiu es va centrar en la distribució de les proteïnes heteròlogues expressades amb el vector viral a diferents orgànuls subcelul·lars. cDNAs que codificaven la proteïna fluorescent verda (green fluorescent protein, GFP) fusionada a pèptids senyal es van inserir en la nova posició amino terminal i en un lloc intern, substituint el cistró NIb, per a enviar-la al cloroplast, nucli i al mitocondri. Els nostres resultats van mostrar que per a la distribució de proteïnes al cloroplast i mitocondri, els gens forans han de ser inserits en el lloc amino terminal del vector viral, però per a la distribució nuclear, ambdues posicions són adequades. El lloc amino terminal va resultar ser més adequat per a produir quantitats més grans de proteïnes recombinants, però el lloc d'inserció intern va demostrar ser més estable. Sobre la base d'aquests resultats, hem sigut capaços de distribuir dues proteïnes fluorescents diferents als cloroplasts i nuclis des d'un únic vector viral. L'últim objectiu d'aquest treball va ser estudiar si el vector viral basat en potyvirus és capaç d'expressar una ruta biosintètica de múltiples passos en cèl·lules vegetals. Per açò ens vam proposar produir licopè, un pigment vegetal amb propietats beneficioses per a la salut humana. Per això inserírem un cDNA que codificaba els tres enzims de una ruta metabòlica de tres passos d'origen bacterià en el vector viral. Les plantes de tabac infectades amb el vector viral van desenvolupar símptomes de color taronja indicant l'acumulació de licopè, que va ser confirmat per anàlisi de cromatografia líquida d'alta eficàcia i observacions de microscòpia. Els nostres resultats també van il·lustrar que la sola expressió de fitoè sintasa de Pantonea ananatis, crtB, és suficient per a induir l'acumulació de carotenoides que confereixen una colora
Majer, E. (2016). Metabolic engineering of plants using a disarmed potyvirus vector [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/68477
TESIS

Der Viruspartikelzusammenbau hängt von der Anreicherung viraler Untereinheiten in spezifischen Domänen der PM ab. Es wird vorgeschlagen, dass Membran-Rafts – geordnete, sphingomyelin- und cholesterinreiche Mikrodomänen in der PM – als lokale Rekrutierungsstellen dienen. Hämagglutinin (HA) ist ein homotrimeres Glykoprotein in der Hülle des Influenzavirus. Es dient der Bindung an die Wirtszelle und der Fusion mit dem Endosom. Es wird angenommen, dass HA bei der Abschnürung der Viruspartikel von der Zelle mitwirkt. Zwei Hauptbeobachtungen führten zu der Hypothese, dass sich HA in Lipid-Mikrodomänen einlagert: HA wurde biochemisch in Detergens-resistenten Membranen nachgewiesen und die Virushülle ist mit raftbildenden Lipiden angereichert. Um die Rolle der HA-Transmembrandomäne für die Lipid-Raft-Inkorporation aufzuklären, wurde ein Konstrukt entwickelt, das den C-Terminus von HA mit dem gelb fluoreszierenden Protein YFP fusioniert, und die Transmembrandomäne, nicht aber die N-terminale Ektodomäne von HA enthält. In transfizierten Säugetierzellen wurde der Förster-Resonanz-Energie-Transfer (FRET) zwischen diesem Konstrukt und einem GPI-verankerten cyan fluoreszierenden Protein CFP (Raft-Marker) durch Fluoreszenz-Lebenszeit-Mikroskopie (FLIM) gemessen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich HA-Konstrukte in Cholesterin-abhängigen Lipiddomänen anreichern, was durch eine erhöhte FRET-Effizienz nachgewiesen wurde. Zudem führen ein Cholesterinentzug aus der PM und die Deletion hochkonservierter Palmitylierungsstellen zu einer signifikanten Verringerung selbiger; sehr gering war diese zwischen dem HA-Konstrukt und einem Nicht-Raft-Marker. Darüberhinaus konnte durch ortsspezifische Mutagenese gezeigt werden, dass die verwendeten Konstrukte disulfidbrückenverbundene Oligomere bilden, welche Voraussetzung für den Transport der Konstrukte an die PM sind. Zeitaufgelöste Anisotropiemessungen ergaben für diese ein starkes Homo-FRET-Signal, welches die Oligomerisierungshypothese bestätigt.
Numerous enveloped viruses bud from the host cell plasma membrane (PM). Assembly of the new viral particles depends on the accumulation of the viral subunits at specific sites of the cell membrane. Lipid domains or rafts enriched of sphingomyelin and cholesterol were suggested as sites for local recruitment of viral components. Hemagglutinin (HA), a homotrimeric glycoprotein embedded in the envelope of influenza virus, mediates binding of the virus to the host cell and fusion between the viral envelope and the endosomal membrane. HA might play an important role in budding of the viral particles from the host cell. Two observations led to the suggestion that HA entraps in lipid microdomains. First, HA was rescued in DRM fractions, second the viral envelope was found to be enriched in lipids generally forming rafts. To elucidate the role of the HA transmembrane domain in lipid raft localization we expressed constructs harboring the transmembrane domain and the cytoplasmic tail but lacking the N-terminal ectodomain of HA in the PM of mammalian cells. We studied energy transfer (FRET) between these constructs and a GPI anchored CFP as a raft marker by fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). Our results suggest that HA constructs are indeed sorted into cholesterol-dependent lipid domains since cholesterol depletion of the PM caused a significant decrease of FRET efficiency. Likewise, deletion of the three highly conserved palmitoylation sites of HA is also accompanied by a reduction of FRET efficiency. Site directed mutagenesis demonstrated that TMD-HA constructs form disulfide linked oligomers and that oligomerization is fundamental for the transport to the PM. This result was corroborated by time resolved anisotropy measurements that revealed strong homoFRET between TMD-HA-YFP molecules, thus indicating protein clustering. Accordingly, trimerization of full length HA is fundamental for stability and the subsequent delivery of the protein to the cell surface.

Thesis (MPA)--Stellenbosch University, 2003.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The new management model for the Government places the responsibility for the execution of the human resources function within the management domain of the executive authority, department heads and line managers. Other than in the past, the human resources function has been decentralised at all provincial departments within the Western Cape. Departments subsequently went ahead and established their own human resources components. However, the creation and structuring of the said function within the different departments were completed, to a great extent, in isolation with each other. Although all departmental components had to perform the same functions within the same regulatory framework, there was little consistency in the way it was structured. The purpose of the research is to create a generic organisational structure to serve as a guideline whereby departmental human resources components could be organised. In order to design a model a literature study has been undertaken with the emphasis on structuring of organisations and a functional analysis of the human resources function has been done. The focus was on literature that deals with the structuring of human resources components. An analysis was also done on the regulatory framework in which the human resource function should function, within the Government. In view of the preceding discussions and due to specific principles, a generic organisational structure has been developed and is recommended that it serve as a guide to be applied within the Western Cape Provincial Administration.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die nuwe bestuursmodel vir die staatsdiens plaas die verantwoordelikheid vir die uitvoering van die menslike hulpbronbestuursfunksie binne die bestuursdomein van die uitvoeringsgesagte, departementshoofde en lynbestuurders. Waar die menslike hulpbronbestuursfunksie ten opsigte van bepaalde departemente binne die Wes-Kaapse Provinsiale Administrasie voorheen vanuit 'n gesentraliseerde komponent gelewer is, is die funksie gedesentraliseer en het departemente gevolglik begin om hul eie menslike hulpbronbestuur komponente te vestig. Die vestiging en strukturering van hierdie komponente het in isolasie tot mekaar plaasgevind, en was daar weinig sprake van patroonmatigheid in die wyse waarop dit gestruktureer is, alhoewel almal dieselfde funksies ingevolge dieselfde regulatoriese raamwerk moet verrig. Die doel van die navorsingstudie is om 'n generiese organisasiestruktuur te ontwerp om as riglyn te dien waarvolgens hierdie departementele menslike hulpbronbestuur komponente gestruktureer kan word. Ten einde die model te ontwerp is 'n literatuurstudie ten opsigte van organisasie-teorie met die klem opdie strukturering van organisasies onderneem, en is 'n funksionele analise van die menslike hulpbronbestuur funksie gemaak. Aandag is geskenk aan literatuur ten opsigte van die strukturering van menslike hulpbronbestuur komponente en is daar ook 'n ontleding van die regulatoriese raamwerk waarbinne die menslike hulpbronbestuur funksie binne die staatsdiens verrig staan te word, gedoen. Op grond van die voormelde en aan die hand van bepaalde beginsels is 'n generiese organisasiestruktuur ontwerp, en word aanbeveel dat dit dien as riglyn vir toepassing binne die Wes-Kaapse Provinsiale Administrasie.

Background: The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) is considered one of the most successful international efforts to protect, promote and support breastfeeding. The initiative has proven impact, increasing the likelihood of babies being exclusively breastfed for six months. Official designation as Baby Friendly requires careful assessment completed by a trained external team to confirm that the institution is truly carrying out all Ten Steps of successful breastfeeding and conforming to the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes (BMS).The implementation of these principles are however challenging for facilities as it requires &ldquo
strategic planning, implementation and maintaining change&rdquo
within the facilities. Aim: To assess the factors influencing the implementation of BFHI principles in non accredited MOU` s in the Metropole region of the Western Cape.

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitetura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura.
O trabalho desenvolvido explora a temática das favelas na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Este é um problema que existe há mais de um século e continua à espera de solução, continuando a crescer a população na cidade informal. A investigação tem como objectivo distinguir cidade formal de cidade informal e apontar soluções para este problema e para um futuro melhor. Nessa medida, este trabalho procura entender o conceito de Favela, a sua História, a sua relação com a cidade formal, de modo a poder intervir num espaço com uma identidade tão forte sem o corromper, requalificando-o. Esta requalificação do Vidigal, com base na investigação feita, só pode ser alcançada através de um plano urbano capaz de intervir nos vazios urbanos, tornando-os factos urbanos na favela. Estes factos urbanos são espaços públicos interligados, com equipamentos para a comunidade com a intenção de proporcionar o encontro entre toda a população, de modo a presenciar a cultura carioca no seu estado puro. No fundo, este projecto visa melhorar as condições de vida da comunidade, articulando a cidade formal e a cidade informal.
ABSTRACT:This project explores the issue of the favelas [shanty towns] in Rio de Janeiro. This problem has existed for over a century and is still awaiting a solution, While the population of the informal city continues to increase. This research study sets out to distinguish the formal from the informal city and to propose solutions for the problem with a view to improving the quality of life of its inhabitants. It is on this specific level that this project seeks to understand the concept of favela, its history and its relationship with the formal city, in order to intervene in an area with such a strong identity of its own without corrupting it, but rather by requalifying it. The research suggests that the Vidigal favela can only be requalified by means of an urban plan that is able to intervene in urban voids, transforming them into urban facts in the Favela.These urban facts are interconnected public spaces with community facilities that serve to bring together the entire population so as to experience the carioca [specific to Rio de Janeiro] culture in its pure state. Basically, this project aims to improve the living conditions of the community by creating a dialogue between the formal city and the informal city.

Dans cette thèse, l’auto-assemblage en molécules colloïdales de virus en forme de filament, les bactériophages M13, est étudié. Comme première approche, l’affinité de la streptavidine pour la biotine ou un Strep-tag est utilisée et quantitativement comparée. Pour ce faire, des virus modifiés génétiquement, M13-AS, présentant des Strep-tag et des virus M13C7C chimiquement bioconjugués par de la biotine ont réagi via leur extrémité proximale avec des nanoparticules fonctionnalisées par de la streptavidine. Il en résulte la formation de molécules colloïdales en étoile, dont la valence ou nombre de virus par structure, peut être simplement contrôlée par l’excès molaire initial. Cependant, la stabilité de ces molécules colloïdales est limitée par la libération progressive et la dégradation de la streptavidine. Nous avons alors développé une seconde approche basée sur l’affinité soufre-métal, qui s’est avérée à la fois pratique expérimentalement et fiable. Grâce aux groupements disulfures présents sur les cystéines de la protéine P3, des nanoparticules métalliques peuvent se lier à l’extrémité des virus. Le caractère générique de cette méthode est vérifié en faisant varier la nature du métal des nanoparticules ainsi que la souche des virus, dont la sauvage. La valence des structures formées est déterminée en fonction de plusieurs paramètres, dont l’excès molaire initial, la taille des nanoparticules et la force ionique. Un modèle rendant compte des résultats expérimentaux a été élaboré, dont les principales variables sont la surface des nanoparticules et le diamètre effectif électrostatique des virus. Cette approche est étendue à la réalisation de diblocs colloïdaux hétéro bifonctionnels, utilisant les virus comme briques constitutives. Comme preuve de concept, des diblocs bicolores à base de virus sont obtenus par auto-assemblage et leur dynamique est étudiée à l’échelle du bloc élémentaire en microscopie optique de fluorescence. Ainsi, nous avons montré dans cette thèse la réalisation par auto-assemblage d’une nouvelle génération de molécules colloïdales, dont l’auto-organisation peut conduire à la formation de superstructures hiérarchiques hybrides de complexité croissante, potentiellement utiles en sciences des matériaux
In this thesis, the self-assembly of rod-like viral particles, specifically the M13 bacteriophages, into colloidal molecules is studied. As the first method, the affinity of streptavidin to biotin or Strep-tag is used and quantitatively compared. In this case, both biologically engineered M13-AS displaying Strep-tags and chemically biotinylated M13C7C viruses have reacted with streptavidin activated nanoparticles via their functionalized proximal ends. This results in star-like colloidal molecules, whose valency – or number of viruses par structure – can be solely controlled by tuning the initial molar excess. However, the stability of these colloidal molecules is limited by streptavidin release and degradation. Thus, we develop the second method based on the sulfur—metal interactions, which is more convenient and reliable. Thanks to the exposed disulfide groups located at p3 proteins, metallic nanoparticles are able to bind to proximal ends of the M13 virus. The generic feature of this method is verified by using different metals and two virus strains including wt-M13. Afterwards, the control of the valency is explored by varying the initial molar excess, the nanoparticle size and the ionic strength. A quantitative model is built correspondingly, using the surface area of Au nanobead and the effective electrostatic diameter of the virus as variables, which accounts for the assembly of colloidal molecules with desired valencies. This method is further applied to assemble heterobifunctional diblocks by using filamentous viruses as building units. As a proof-of-concept experiment, bicolored diblocks are produced and tracked by each block simultaneously. Overall, we demonstrate the synthesis of a new generation of hybrid colloidal molecules, whose self-organization could serve as a promising means to create novel hierarchical biologic/inorganic superstructures that may find applications in materials science

Synthese d'une copie complete d'adn complementaire qui est ensuite clone dans un vecteur d'expression pgemi. La comparaison de la sequence des cdna avec celle de l'arn 3 met en evidence une duplication dans la region 5' non codante, d'une sequence de 56 nucleotides qui constitue la difference majeure entre ces 2 sequences. La structure primaire de la region 5' non codante a ete examinee dans l'arn 3 de 3 souches du virus. Cette etude est completee par une analyse conformationnelle, en utilisant des sondes chimiques (dms) et enzymatique (v1 et s1)

La sequence de l'arn-2 de l'isolat s comporte une seule phase de lecture ouverte qui correspond a une proteine de p. M. 150 k. La proteine de la coque est localisee dans la region c terminale de la proteine 150 k. Une proteine "de diffusion" se situerait en amont de la proteine de la capside. Les sequences des arn satellites issus d'isolats appartenant aux serotypes s (s et l) et g (g, e et c) comportent toutes une seule phase de lecture ouverte correspondant a une proteine de 48 k. La comparaison des sequences permet de distinguer 2 groupes: les arn s et l d'une part, les arn g, e et c, d'autre part. A l'interieur de chaque groupe, les arn presentent plus de 90% d'homologie de sequence tandis que 63% des nucleotides sont communs aux 5 arn etudies

Le papovavirus de hamster (hapv) possede un tropisme restreint in vivo vis a vis des keratinocytes et des lymphocytes. Il se replique dans les tumeurs cutanes qui apparaissent chez des hamsters syriens, et induit egalement des lymphomes chez le hamster. L'organisation genetique du hapv deduite de sa sequence a montre qu'il appartient a la famille des polyomavirus. Le hapv est present dans les lymphomes sous forme de multiples copies libres possedant toujours une deletion localisee dans la meme region du genome. Les signaux de transcription precoce du hapv semblent etre actives par la region precoce de ce virus

Le bnyvv est un virus a composants multiples a symetrie helicoidale dont les arn sont cappes en 5' et polyadenyles a l'extremite 3'. Les arn 1 et 2 ont des longueurs constantes. Les arn 3 et 4 ont des longueurs variables, ne sont pas des arn subgenomiques et peuvent meme etre absents dans certains isolats du bnyvv. En appliquant les techniques classiques de clonage et de sequencage, les structures primaires completes des quatre arn ont ete obtenues

On procede au sequencage du genome complet du virus constitue d'un arn de polarite positive a 6318 nucleotides et contenant 3 cistrons. Parmi les strategies mises en oeuvre pour synthetiser ses proteines, on presente la maturation proteolytique de la proteine 206 k codee par ce virus. Une approche "arn-sens" pour la lutte anti-virale est testee experimentalement: des arn "pseudogenomiques" rentrent en competition avec l'arn du virus et sont capables d'inhiber sa replication in vitro

Le virus 3 grenouille (fv3), famille des iridoviridae, a un genome d'adn double brin de 160 kb hautement methyle, a redondances terminales et circulairement permute. Une arn polymerase ii de la cellule hote est impliquee dans la transcription precoce, mais l'adn viral purifie n'est pas infectieux, il est reactive par des proteines du virion. L'expression des genes est sequentielle. L'ordre des genes est determinee par selection des arns par hybridation aux recombinants suivi de leur traduction in vitro. L'organisation de transcripts est obtenue par cartographie a la nuclease s1. La comparaison des extremites 3'des arns revele la presence d'une sequence repetee inversee. Les sequences regulant l'initiation et la terminaison de la transcription sont voisines, sinon communes

Analyse structurale (structure secondaire et tertiaire) d'un fragment contenant la sequence "trna like" (extremite 3' oh possedant plusieurs caracteristiques d'un arn de transfert). Modelisation de la structure sur ecran graphique. Analyse des zones de contact entre ce fragment d'arn et la valyl-trna synthetase, a l'aide de differentes sondes structurales. Discussion sur le role de l'extremite "trna like" dans le cycle de developpement du virus (regulation de la traduction de l'information genetique portee par l'arn viral)

An investigation into stress experience and the use of coping skills by departemental heads of schools: guidelines for support. Stress occurs when one's perception of demands exceeds his perception of his abilities to meet them. Except for work related demands, a variety of demands and threats in the environment have to be faced continuously. As a result stress is created that manifest in people's behavior, work efficiency and socialization. In general, the education profession is considered among the most stressful careers in the world. This also applies to the South African educational system. U'hm teachers experience stress, it has a negative effect on their beloved ones. colleagues and the learners. Therefore teacher stress has a negative effect on the teaching system in general. Thus teacher stress can be considered to be a national problem. The real situation of teachers in South Africa was determined by means of an empirical study that \\as complimented by a qualitative investigation. In this study. stress is dealt with from the educational psychology. However. stress is a holistic multi-dimensional concept that can only by understood at best when it is approached from a multi-professional point of view. Equally all the actions to cope with stress are rnultidimensional actions. This research aims to develop among teachers an awareness of stress manifestations. with the purpose to identi6 and control stressors. These actions are strengthened by appropriate adaptations in life style and the management of resources. A comprehensive support program is suggested to guide teachers towards an understanding and control of stress. and the establishment of a social support system. while serious manifestations of stress should be addressed by means of professional services. Key words: stress. cope. stress management. education. self control. stress control, environment. work stress: organization stress. community stress. health. wellness. neurological exercise. physical exercise. physiological exercise. religion. humor. feeding. free radicals. anti-osidants. and diet.
Thesis (Ph.D. (Education))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Confirmation de la carte genetique du camv et identification de 4 produits de transcription. Caracterisation des regions promotrices de type "tata". Construction d'un vecteur hybride par association de sequences virales strategiques a un plasmide bacterien et au gene de resistance a la kanamycine

M.Ed.
High demands in education are set by a complicated and rapidly developing society. Due to better techniques and changing circumstances the task of the principal as well as his management team has become more complex. The management team no longer needs to be reactive to changing circumstances. A pro-active approach such as strategic management can be followed. Strategic management demands that the school management team develop a strategic plan. The mission must be formulated in conjunction with all interested parties. Once the main aim has been compiled, an analysis of the internal environment of the school should take place in order to determine strong and weak points. It now becomes the urgent task of the management team to pay attention to the following aspects, namely: structure, culture, climate, resources, manpower and marketing in order to determine the prevailing situation in the school. Analysis of the external environment should guide the management team to pinpoint the opportunities and threats present in the school environment. A clear mission and an awareness of the school's strong and weak points, as well as the opportunities and threats should lead to the development of aims and objectives. This in turn leads to establishing a common ground for meaningful functioning within the school. It becomes the task of the management team to consider alternative strategies for the execution of the school's aims/objectives. After careful consideration of alternative strategies a choice has to be made as to which strategy should be followed. This strategic plan must be changed into a practical plan. It is essential that the objectives of the strategies are carefully formulated. This in turn leads to the implementation of short term functional activities. A policy framework is developed wherein decisions must be taken and this becomes a barometer as to how all the set aims/objectives are to be achieved. The institutionalization of the policy demands a thorough reflection of organisation structure, leadership, culture and the various means of recognition. Strategy and structure should complement each other. Several structures and their suitability should be considered for strategy implementation. Successful strategy implementation demands strong leadership characterized by personal example. Strategic management is a participative management process. The value of visible management can never be overemphasized. Successful implementation demands that there be clarity of present and envisaged school culture. School culture and the chosen strategy must complement each other. Recognition is an important part of strategical implementation and will motivate staff, which will lead to success. The last part of the strategic management model is the evaluation of performance and the control of work activities. Control follows planning. It ensures that the school achieves what it set out to accomplish. Just as planning involves the setting of objectives along with the strategies and programs necessary to accomplish them, the control process compares performance with desired results and provides the feedback necessary for management to evaluate the results and take corrective action, as needed. This process consists of a four-step feedback model, but is not always easily distinguished. The identification of key success factor areas and strategical control points help to facilitate control. One should also consider.

M.Comm.
Change is an ongoing process right around the globe. South Africa is even more subject to change as a result of socio-economic and political transformation. This community tendency affects the South African organisation intensely, and a need exists for comprehensive guidelines for the handling of this transformation process. There are few publications which are relevant to the field of organisation development in South Africa. In this literature study attention was firstly given to the theoretical description of the term organisation development, the works of a number of theorists were examined. In the second place the historical development of the study field of organisation development was researched and the progress over time was reflected. Five approaches to organisation development were identified as they developed chronologically, viz. (a) laboratory training, (b) survey research and feedback, (c) action research (d) quality of working life, and (e) strategic change as the most recent contribution. The conclusion was reached that all five approaches still have merit, and that not one can be summarily eliminated for current usage. In the third place the organisation development process was examined in detail. Theories and models addressing the nature of planned change were examined with a view to establishing a generic model of change. This model comprises four phases which are each discussed in reasonable depth, viz. (a) initialising and contracting, (b) diagnosing, (c) planning and implementation, and (d) evaluation and institutionalisation. In the fourth place the organisational development practitioner was closely examined and an attempt was made to identify the skills, knowledge and qualifications which distinguish successful practitioners from those who achieve less success. The broad South African socio-economic and political environment, with its differing community trends, was investigated in order to draw up a scenario within which the South African organisation development practitioner must function at present. A skills profile as well as basic guidelines for the successful practitioners were finally established. The conclusion was reached that the organisation development practitioner within the South African environment must possess expertise, additional to the identified skills profile of the international practitioner, in order to be effective.

M.Comm.
The people who make waves in today's business world aren't playing by yesterday's rules. They've jettisoned tradition. They've turned the old cosy business of being in business upside down and inside out. Towering corporate structures are crumbling. Middle managers are a dying breed. Successful â bosses now lead their troops from the front. People are becoming multiskilled. Enlightened businesses make this happen. Whatever it takes. Our society, facing momentous challenges in the closing years of the twentieth century, needs visions of the future so attractive, inspiring, and compelling that people will shift from their current mind-set of focusing on immediate crises to one of eagerly anticipating the future - a future where the health and well-being of the earth and its inhabitants is secure. As we round the corner of the millennium, questions about our future loom ever larger on the horizon. The decade ahead is sure to bring more radical changes in everything from marketing to enterpreneuring, resources, demographics, lifstyles and more. Success in 2000 and beyond will mean riding the crest of this wave of change- but if we are to catch the wave before it catches us, we must see it coming. This study have adopted Alvin Toffler's concept of waves of change, to serve as the framework for the vision of business in the twenty-first century. The First Wave of change, the agricultural revolution, has essentially ended. The Second Wave, co-incidental with industrialisation, has covered much of the earth and continues to spread, while a new, postindustrial Third Wave is gathering force in the modern industrial nations. A Fourth Wave is following close upon the Third

碩士
國立中興大學
植物病理學系
91
Lisianthus necrosis virus (LNV), a positive single-stranded RNA virus, was first found in Japan in 1983 and later in Taiwan in 1995. LNV causes severe necrotic spots on leaves and stems, colored stripes on petioles, and malformation of flowers in both lisianthus〔Eustoma russellianum (Don.) Griseb〕and carnation (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). LNV was delineated as a tentative species of the genus Necrovirus based on its physical, antigenic, and biological properties. In order to classify the taxonomic status of LNV, molecular characteristics including the genome organization and the sequence of coat protein gene are needed. So far there is no molecular information of LNV available yet. The objectives of this study were to clone and elucidate the genome organization and genomic sequence of LNV and to confirm or re-classify its taxonomic status. Virions purified from LNV-L-infected plants revealed the size of the particles measuring about 32 nm in diameter under electron microscope. Single coat protein with Mr. about 41 kDa was observed from the purified virions assayed by SDS-PAGE and immunoblotting. In order to obtain sequence information of LNV, two pairs of degenerate primers for Necrovirus were designed. One cDNA fragment around 700 base pairs (bp) was amplified from the total RNAs extracted from LNV-infected N. benthamiana by RT-PCR using the degenerate primer pairs Fjj2003-13/ Fjj2003-14 and Fjj2003-15/Fjj2003-16 in combination. This 700 bp RT-PCR product was cloned into the pCRII-TOPO vector, then sequenced and was found to have more than 90% nucleotide identities with those of Pear latent virus (PLV), a putative species of Tombusvirus. Three distinct cDNA fragments covering most of the LNV genome except the 5’- and 3’-termini were obtained by RT-PCR using degenerate primers designed from PLV and tombusviruses. The sequences of the 5’ and 3’ termini were obtained from RT-PCR using oligo-d (T) as primer with the polyadenylated dsRNA as template. The complete genomic sequence of LNV was then determined. The genome of LNV consists of 4764 nucleotides (nt) with five open reading frames (ORFs). ORF 1 around 2457 nt long encodes a 33.2-kDa protein and read-through of its amber termination codon gives a protein of 92 kDa. ORF 2 measuring around 1167 nt encodes a 41-kDa protein. ORF 4 is nested within the ORF 3 in a different reading frame. The molecular weight of the protein encoded by ORF 3 and ORF 4 are 21 and 19 kDa respectively. ORF 5 is located at the 3’ terminus of the genome with a molecular weight of 3.2 kDa. The genome organization of LNV was found to be similar to that of Tombusvirus, showing a nucleotide identity ranging from 73.2% to 97.2%, with the highest nucleotide identity (97.2%) to those of Pear latent virus (PLV). The phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein of LNV with other viruses in the Tombusviridae revealed that LNV is closely related to Tombusvirus rather than Necrovirus. The phylogenetic analysis of the coat protein of LNV with those of the other viruses in the Tombusvirus revealed that the LNV is closely related to the PLV. Taken together, based on nucleotide and amino acid identities of the CP gene and genome organization between LNV, Tombusvirus, and PLV, we suggest that LNV should be re-delineated from Necrovirus into Tombusvirus.

Text in Afrikaans
Die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur word onder toenemende druk geplaas om meer en beter dienste, wat onder andere sport- en rekreasiedienste behels, aan die gemeenskap te voorsien. Dit kan daaraan toegeskryf word dat veranderinge in die omgewing plaasvind wat vereis dat die Substruktuur in die gees van die heropbou en ontwikkeling van die gemeenskap, daarby moet aanpas. Een manier om die druk op die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te verlig is om sport- en rekreasiedienste aan die hand van eenvormige beleid te organiseer. Hieruit spruit 'n doelwit voort, te wete om beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur te ondersoek. Die ondersoek omsluit die milieu waarbinne beleid ontwikkel het, byvoorbeeld die eksterne omgewing en die bestaande organisatoriese reelings wat vir sport- en rekreasiedienste in die Substruktuur geld. In die studie is bevind dat beleid vir die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste van die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur gebrekkig en gefragmenteerd is. Daar is ook bevind dat die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste, weens 'n gebrek aan beleid, tot organisatoriese leemtes, soos die duplisering van dienste en gebrekkige kommunikasie, aanleiding gee. 'n Verdere doelwit met die studie is om 'n universele beleidsmodel vir die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur saam te stel waardeur leemtes in die organisering van sport- en rekreasiedienste uitgeskakel kan word en eenvormige beleidsreelings getref kan word. Daar is bevind dat die universele beleidsmodel wetenskaplik gefundeerde riglyne vir die daarstelling van beleid bied. Sodanige bevinding het tot die gevolgtrekking gelei dat die beleidsmodel 'n ideale raamwerk skep waarvolgens plaaslike owerhede, soos die Suidelike Pretoria Metropolitaanse Substruktuur, probleme kan identifiseer, doelwitte kan stel, organisatoriese reelings kan tref en beleid kan formuleer, implementeer en evalueer. Dit skep in der waarheid 'n raamwerk waarvolgens beleidbepalers te werk kan gaan om beleid te bepaal. Die beleidsmodel het 'n universele toepassingswaarde omdat dit riglyne bevat wat deur enige ander plaaslike owerheid in die proses van beleidbepaling aangewend kan word.
Increased pressure is placed on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure to provide more and improved services, such as sport and recreation services, to the community. This can be ascribed to changes taking place within the external environment and which, in the spirit of reconstruction and development, requires the Substructure to adapt to such changes. One way to relieve the pressure on the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure is to organize sport and recreation services according to a uniform policy. This resulted in an objective, namely to investigate policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure. The investigation entails the environment within which policy develops, for example the external environment and the present organizational arrangements applicable to sport and recreation services in the Substructure. During the study it was determined that policy for the organization of sport and recreation services of the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure was limited and fragmented. It was also determined that, due to the lack of policy, the organization of sport and recreation services resulted in organizational shortcomings such as the duplication of services and insufficient communication. A further objective with the study is to construct a universal policy-model for the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure through which shortcomings in the organization of sport and recreation services can be limited and uniform policy arrangements can be determined. It was determined that the universal policymodel offered scientifically based guidelines for the determination of policy. The aforementioned determination lead to the conclusion that the policy-model created an ideal framework within which local governments, such as the Southern Pretoria Metropolitan Substructure, could identify problems, determine objectives and organizational arrangements, formulate, implement and evaluate policy. In fact it creates a framework within which policymakers can work to determine policy. The policy-model is of universal value because it offers guidelines which can be applied by any other local authority during the policy-making process.
Public Administration and Management
D. Admin. (Publieke Administrasie)

M.Comm.
The environment in which a South African business operates are distinguished by change. Businesses must on a continuous basis adopt to the demands of change in their environment. This study focus on the unseen or invisible components of a business, such as the structure, culture, leadership and human resource compliment, which enable the business to implement the formalised strategy, which in turn assist the business in adopting to the change in environment. Chapter two contains a short summary of strategy formulation and implementation. As soon as the strategy has been formalised and implementation of strategy must take place, the emphasised is moved to the unseen components of business. From Chapter three to six a iscussion on the resources required to support and manage the implementation of strategy, follows. In these chapters the following is raised: the structure that is required to ensure that strategy objectives are achieved; the required leadership, with emphasis on the role of leaders vs managers in a business; the relationship of strategy and culture; and the optimal composition of the human resource complement to ensure the implementation of the strategy. A summary of the recommendations of the study are the following: develop a suitable structure to support the strategy of business and tend to move to flatter organisational structures; obtain and develop leaders in the business; build and encourage a strong corporate culture; and Top Management must ensure and commit them to obtain the required human resource compliment in the business. In conclusion a recipe to the successful implementation of a strategy "Be customer focused and get the basis right.

M.A.
Aihoewel die tradisionele organisasie oor die algemeen 'n soliede vergoedingstelsel met 'n sterk fokus op koste-effektiwiteit en administratiewe presisie gehad het, het die moderne organisasie, wat gekenmerk word deur platter organisasiestrukture, groter buigsaamheid, 'n meer deelnemende bestuurstyl en 'n groter mate van openheid, ander vereistes gestel aan die tradisionele vergoedingstelsel. Die modeme vergoedingstelsel, wat die modeme organisasie kenmerke ondersteun, word beskou as 'n stelsel wat uitset gerig is, met min salarisvlakke, wat min of geen status simbole bevat, wat groter deursigtigheid bevorder en waar meganistiese beheer stelsels vervang word met analitiese bestuursbeheer. Dit het aanleiding gegee daartoe dat nuwe moderne vergoedingspraktyke, onder meer ook bandverbreding, die lig gesien het. Die verhandeling het ten doel om bandverbreding, wat gedefinieer word as die vermindering van posvlakke en die dienooreenkomstige verbreding van salarisbande, om sodoende 'n platter organisasiestruktuur te skep wat groter aanpasbaarheid en dinamika tot gevolg sal he, te verken en te omskryf. Die fokus val veral op die ontwerp en die proses van implementering van bandverbreding binne 'n Suid-Afrikaanse organisasie. Die tradisionele posevalueringstelsel, wat die hart van enige vergoedingstelsel gevorm het, het sterk onder die vergrootglas gekom nadat die bandverbredingsproses bekendgestel is. Die invloed van bandverbreding op die onderskeie posevalueringstelsels asook op die plek daarvan binne 'n holistiese vergoedingstrategie word van naderby bekyk en beskryf Die teoretiese oorsig dek ook onder andere die redes waarom organisasies bandverbreding implementeer, die gereedheid van organisasies vir die bandverbredingsproses, die praktiese probleme waarmee organisasies gekonfronteer word wanneer bandverbreding geimplementeer word en mites aangaande die proses. Twee Suid-Afrikaanse organisasies binne die finansieledienste bedryf wat bandverbreding in sy voile omvang geimplementeer het, het die basis gevorm van die ondersoek. Die faktore wat aanleiding gegee het tot die implementering van bandverbreding, en wat die gereedheid van die organisasie beinvloed het, die potensiele struikelblokke, die ontwerp van die bandverbredingstrukture asook die implementeringsproses wat beide organisasies gevolg het, het die navorser in staat gestel om 'n aanbeveling to maak aangaande 'n implementeringsmodel. Die implementeringsmodel, wat beskou kan word as 'n opsomming van die bevindinge van die navorsing, beveel aan dat bandverbreding as deel van 'n holistiese vergoedingstrategie geimplementeer word en dat die proses deur 'n vergoedingsfilosofie, wat die bandverbredingsfilosofie komplimenteer, ondersteun word. Dit is egter duidelik dat alhoewel die bandverbredingskonsep 'n groot bydrae kan maak tot die vestiging van die modeme organisasie, die sukses daarvan opgesluit le in die effektiewe implementering en toepassing daarvan.

VOVES, Petr. Úloha Světové zdravotnické organizace v případu epidemie viru eboly na území západní Afriky v roce 2014. Praha, 2017. 95 s. Diplomová práce (Mgr.) Univerzita Karlova, Fakulta sociálních věd, Institut politologických studií. Katedra mezinárodních vztahů. Vedoucí diplomové práce PhDr. Irah Kučerová, Ph.D. Abstract The M.A. thesis deals with the World Health Organization's response to the outbreak of the ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia and Sierra Leone in 2014. The spread of the disease is mapped from its very beginning at the end of December 2013 until the creation of UNMEER in September 2014, which was the first international medical mission ever created by UN Security Council. The purpose of this thesis is to evaluate the particular problems, which limit WHO's role in a timely and effective response to the public health threats of international concern (PHEIC) under the reformed International Health Regulations (IHR). The response of WHO representatives to the spread of the disease is evaluated taking into account the available material and competence capacities of the organization as well as its previous practice in this field. The specific misconduct of WHO representatives is explained in the context of longstanding WHO's problems, which are mainly linked to the vertical fragmentation...

M.Comm.
From the literature is it well known that the environment in which companies currently compete, is continuously changing. It is therefore increasingly important for companies to align the energy of all its employees with the strategy of the company. Furthermore it is important that the management team not only receive feedback on whether the company's strategy is implemented, but also on how well it is implemented and executed. Measuring the progress towards the successful execution of the strategy is vital for management in the continuously changing environment. The balanced scorecard methodology enables management to align the energy of the employees to the proper execution of the strategy and measuring the progress towards achieving the strategy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the balanced scorecard as a measuring tool as implemented in a local petrochemical company.

Afrikaans text
The researcher was approached by the security industry to identify leadership shortcomings and to design a leadership course aimed at supervisory level. The research question YJas: "Is it possible to identify shortcomings in individuals in respect of leadership qualities and to address these shortcomings by means of a leadership training model?" After a background study, a leadership training model was developed ·and a bottom-up needs analysis was executed. The developed questionnaire was distributed and the response was statistically processed and interpreted. The target group was identified. The course was designed, presented and evaluated. The impact of this course will be determined through research after a period of 12 to 18 months by comparing and interpreting personnel statistics on aspects like absence without leave, personnel turnover, sick leave and a number of disciplinary hearings.
Die navorser is deur 'n sekuriteitsmaatskappy genader om leierskap­ tekortkominge te identifiseer en 'n kursus te antwerp en aan te bied wat op toesighouervlak gerig is. Die navorsingsvraag is : "Is dit moontlik om tekortkominge ten opsigte van leierskapkwaliteite te identifiseer en deur middel van 'n leierskap­ opleidingsmodel aan te spreek?" Na afloop van 'n agtergrondstudie, is 'n leierskapmodel ontwikkel en 'n onder-na-bo-behoeftebepaling uitgevoer. Die ontwikkelde vraelys is versprei en die terugvoere is statisties verwerk en ge'interpreteer. Die teikengroep is ge'identifiseer. Die kursus is antwerp, aangebied en geevalueer. Die impak van die kursus sal deur middel van verdere navorsing na 'n periode van 12 tot 18 maande getoets word deur die vergelyking en interpretering van personeelstatistieke met betrekking tot afwesighede sander verlof, personeel omset, siekteverlof en die aantal dissplinere verhore.
Curriculum and Instructional Studies
M. Ed. (Didaktiek)

M.Ed.
The aim of this dissertation is focused on how the knowledge of accounting concepts effects the financial management of schools. The aim of this research is divergent and contains the following aspects according to Mouton and Marais (1989: 43): • to gain new insight over an unknown domain; • to explore central concepts; • to set priorities for further research. Overall, the aim of this dissertation is: • identify those accounting concepts applicable to financial school management; • discuss these accounting concepts; • discuss the application and use of these accounting concepts; • discuss the implication of application of these accounting concepts on financial school management. Guidelines will be set how accounting concepts can be used in financial school management.

M.A.
Policy is considered one of the most stressfull occupations, which often results in psychiatric disorders, divorces, misuse of alcohol and suicide. The researcher has been motivated by the possible changes that a social group work programme can bring about in the general functioning of members of the South- African Police. GOAL OF THE STUDY The description of the experience of the participants of a group work programme with emphasis on scientific development of group work within the South-African Police Service. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 3.1. The discription from the literature as to the nature and influence that a police official's working conditions affect him as a person. 3.2. The discription from the literature as to the nature and the process of social group work as well as the factors that need to be considered within the social work group. 3.3. Discription of participants experience with the implimentation of the group work programme. 3.4. The recommendations to further develop programme contents scientifically. METHOD OF STUDY For the purpose of this study the descriptive method of research was used. Qualitative methods of data gathering were used. METHODS OF DATA GATHERING A literature study in respect of the police official and the influence of his working conditions on himself as well as that of the social work group was conducted. Questionnaires were completed after completion of each group session and after completion of the programme by members of the target group. ACHIEVEMENT OF GOALS Above mentioned goals were conclusively achieved. These conclusions can be summarised as follows: The police official is as a result of the nature of his work exposed to traumatic happenings that is beyond the norm that is normally experienced. This tension as well as the tension of which the level is unknown , eg. salaries, disparity, etc. can result in shortcomings in role functioning. Through scientific handling of the group process and relations in a group the social worker can develop possibilities for group members to grow, change and develop better social functioning. Exposed from group session description and programme description it is evident that the skills of members for example their selfesteem, commumication skills, conflict handling, budgeting skills and handling of stres, shown great improvement. 7. RECOMMENDATIONS Recommendations were specifically made in terms of further use of the group work programme in the SAPD. All members of the South-African Police Service can be exposed to the groupwork program. Group sessions can be programmed for junior members of the South-African Police Service at college level for preperation in advance. The impact made through social group work to members are to such extend that social workers in the SAPS can make more use of this social work method in enhancing general functioning of members.

M.Ed.
This treatise, which deals with "Effective Teamwork" as an educational imperative for school principals, will hopefully serve as an information source for the school principal. From this study it has become clear that the school principal of today has a comprehensive and complex role to play, a role characterised to a great extent by the responsibility to ensure educational excellence in his/her school. Achieving this objective is not an easy task, since education today is constantly subject to change which may include internal and external factors and may also vary in complexity and intensity. In this continual quest for excellence in education, the school principal must have the skills to: identify the changes; and effectively handle the changes. However, the task of identifying and handling changes and continually achieving educational excellence is too comprehensive for the school principal to carry out alone, and all the role players in his school will have to be involved. In this study the spotlight falls on the teachers as a functional team assisting the principal in his task of delivering excellent service in his/her school. From the above the problem addressed in this study flows, namely: How can the school principal (as team leader) go about guiding and training his teachers to function as an effective team so as to ensure educational excellence within rapidly changing conditions. In an attempt to resolve this problem, research has been undertaken into: the essential aspects of an effective team, i.e. to determine the nature, functions and characteristics of an effective team; and essential team leadership, i.e. to determine the nature, functions, skills and characteristics of an effective team leader.

M.Ed. (Education Philosophy)
The purpose of this study is to indicate that school renewal and improvement is necessary. The researcher aims to describe the crisis in schools in South Africa and tries to give a practical solution to this crisis, by means of a literature study. The literature study describes the crisis in South African schools, as well as the role different agents play in the improvement of school practice. Finally, ten criteria for school improvement are identified and briefly described and a visual, practical model is developed to show how these criteria can be utilized in practice. The most important findings are: • that the school principal, teachers, parents and pupils have a definite role to play in school improvement; • that a change for the better can be brought about; • for improvement to the implemented in a successful mannerthe process of change and improvement involves certain criteria, which must be adhered to. Recommendations are: • school improvement in practice is possible, when crisis in the school situation is removed; • school improvement can only take place with the active participation of the agents or roleplayers of improvement such as the school principal, teachers, parents and pupils. • the practical implementation of such a process of improvement be applied through a practical process model taking the ten criteria of improvement into serious consideration.

M.Ed. (Philosopy of Education)
Every year the failure rate among matrics causes great concern among various parties such as the students’ parents, the community and teachers. These reports focus attention on a serious problem, namely the effectiveness of schools in South Africa. Economic, social and political factors significantly contribute to the large percentage of matric students who either drop out or fail their studies. The high number of dropouts and students who fail, is a serious problem that have severe implications and it must be addressed urgently. In order to address this problem it is imperative to investigate school effectiveness. The specific purpose of this study is to investigate schools in South-Africa, to identify problems, define criteria that can be used in school improvement programmes and to design models that explain the role of the criteria during implementation of school improvement programmes. The study required literature research in order to investigate the factors influencing the performance of students and to determine possible criteria for school effectiveness. The following criteria resulted from the research and would be interpreted in a functional simulation improvement model : * Clear academic goals * Social network * School ambience * Responsible leadership * Teacher efficiency * Quality instruction * Pupil well-being

With respect to a multienzyme complex of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) synthesis somehow juxtaposed with DNA replication sites, our laboratory has demonstrated the existence of a multienzyme complex in T4-infected E. coli, named the T4 dNTP synthetase complex, but the idea of direct linkage of dNTP synthesis to DNA replication and organization of the complex has not been well established. This study had two objectives. The first objective was to test the specific hypothesis that gp32, the single-stranded DNA binding protein encoded by gene 32, plays a role in recruiting enzymes of dNTP synthesis to the replisome and in organizing the dNTP synthetase complex. By use of two newly created gene 32 mutants along with several experimental approaches, DNA-cellulose chromatography, coimmunoprecipitation, and glutathione-S-transferase pull downs, interactions of gp32 with thymidylate synthase (gptd), ribonucleotide reductase (gpnrdA/B), and E. coli NDP kinase have been identified. These results support the hypothesis that gp32 helps to recruit enzymes of dNTP synthesis to DNA replication sites. As the second objective, I investigated contributions of two host proteins, E. coli nueleoside diphosphate kinase (NDP kinase) and adenylate kinase (Adk), to the organization of the complex. As an important step to understand roles of E. coli NDP kinase in the complex, I identified direct interactions of E. coli NDP kinase with gpnrdA/B, dCMP hydroxymethylase (gp42), and dihydrofolate reductase (gpfrd) by means of coimmunoprecipitation and glutathione-S-transferase pull-down experiments. Interestingly, these interactions were influenced by the presence of substrate nucleotides or an analog for E. coli NDP kinase, suggesting that metabolite flux may affect the preference of E. coli NDP kinase binding to enzymes in the complex in vivo. Meanwhile, Adk involvement in DNA precursor synthesis has been suggested, particularly in phage T4-infected E. coli, from observations of increased thermostability of temperature-sensitive Adk in situ. The involvement of E. coil Adk in the complex was demonstrated by identifying some proteins of the T4 dNTP synthetase complexgp42, dNMP kinase (gpl), gpfrd, and E. coli NDP kinasedirectly interacting with Adk, implying that E. coil Adk would be properly located in the complex to efficiently carry out the conversion of dNDPs to dNTPs. This implication was supported by measurements of T4 DNA synthesis. Taken together, this research strongly supports the idea of connection of dNTP synthesis to DNA replication and allows us to take a step toward understanding the organization of the complex at DNA replication sites.
Graduation date: 2005

M.Ed. (Educational Management)
Situational leadership can be very effective in schools if applied correctly. It is therefore essential for the head of department to know exactly what situational leadership is all about. Situational leadership is defined by the Hersey and Blanchard as follows: Situational leadership is based on an interplay among: the amount of guidance and direction (task behaviour) a leader gives, the amount of socio-emotional support (relationship behaviour) a leader provides, and the readiness level displayed by the followers in performing a specific task, function or objective. There is unfortunately no one best way to influence teachers. It is of the utmost importance that the head of department must have the ability to diagnose and interpret the situation correctly in order to adapt his style accordingly. The leadership style of the head of department will therefore match the maturity level of the teachers. The ultimate goal will be the effective changing of leadership style from telling to selling to participating and eventually to delegating. The teachers will then be able to function independent and autonomous. The influence of various management models and-theories will also be dealt with in this research. The model of Hersey and Blanchard most probably originated from the model of Tannenbaum and Schmidt. Situational leadership is accepted worldwide as effective and functional if applied correctly. The correct application will thus result in effective teaching and positive results in that specific department. It is therefore an indisputable fact that situational leadership has a positive influence on teaching and educating if applied efficiently.

M.Ed.
The central theme of this study is the development of guidelines to create more effective classroom management in "township" schools. In the research the focus is based on the factors which influence classroom management and what the learning facilitators would do for the improvement thereof. The investigator's involvement with classroom management and the run-up to this research will be enunciated in the following two paragraphs. The researcher is employed in the Department of Educational Management and Educational Studies of the Faculty of Health and Social Sciences at the Technikon Northern Gauteng. The Faculty of Health and Social Sciences has at task the training of learning facilitators that are principally accommodated in "township" schools after completion of their studies. With effect from 1996 a four year B.Tech (Education) degree course with Educational Management as a major subject is implemented at.the above-mentioned Faculty. Classroom management is a component in the instructional programmes of Educational Management and of which the researcher is co-responsible for the instructional presentation thereof. Indicators that are symptomatic of the undesired discipline in the schools have been observed during teaching practice. The indicators are among others a lack of punctuality and a high percentage of daily absenteeism. On the ground of the preceding discussion and prompted by regular reporting on the unacceptable functioning of some schools, as well as the poor annual school-leaving results, the aim of this study is to: -qualitatively determine what the present standing of classroom management in "township" schools is; and -lay down guidelines to establish effective classroom management in "township" schools. The findings of this study indicates that: various and diverse factors contribute to unproductive classroom management; classroom management is not separate (independent) actions, but is intertwined with the interests and needs of the school, parents, learners and a dynamic society. On the ground of the research results the investigator is of the opinion that short, as well as long-term solutions should be put into operation in making classroom management more productive.