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1
Randall, Raymond. "Organisational interventions to manage work-related stress : using organisational reality to permit and enhance evaluation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.246934.
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2
Cerf, Marlon. "Opportunities for organisational training in the virtual world, Second Life." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8575.
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3
Denham, Nicola R. "Rhetoric or reality? : an examination of feelings of empowerment amongst UK employees in 2 major business organisations." Thesis, Loughborough University, 1997. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/6888.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Through the adoption of triangulated methodologies,this thesis seeks to evaluate the success of two large organisations in adopting empowerment initiatives. By focusing on two operating units in each organisation, it considers perceptions of empowerment at the non-managerial employee level and the effects on these perceptions of personality, orientations to work and the contexts of the units and their organisations. Through the use of management interviews, employee focus groups and questionnaires completed by non-managerial employees, the research indicates that aspects of the individual, whilst often contributing to attitudes towards empowerment, do not directly effect whether or not employees feel empowered. Rather, it concludes that job insecurity, management behaviour and the union/management relationship have a larger effect. However, what arises as central to the acceptance of empowerment in modern organisations is the clarity with which the policy is introduced. This thesis finds that organisations introduce ambiguous, mystical messages to their employees which merely cause confusion and unmatched expectations and that rather than increasing staff commitment, organisations are further alienating their employees.
4
Ladner, Jane Alison. "The emergence of organisational identity within integrated public service delivery : a case study of The Children's Workforce within a local authority." Thesis, University of Essex, 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701513.
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5
Nyame-Asiamah, Frank. "The deferred model of reality for designing and evaluating organisational learning processes : a critical ethnographic case study of Komfo Anokye teaching hospital, Ghana." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7582.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The study proposed an evidence-based framework for designing and evaluating organisational learning and knowledge management processes to support continuously improving intentions of organisations such as hospitals. It demarcates the extant approaches to organisational learning including supporting technology into ‘rationalist’ and ‘emergent’ schools which utilise the dichotomy between the traditional healthcare managers’ roles and clinicians’ roles, and maintains that they are exclusively inadequate to accomplish transformative growth intentions, such as continuously improving patient care. The possibility of balancing the two schools for effective organisational learning design is not straightforward, and fails; because the balanced-view school is theoretically orientated and lack practical design to resolve power tensions entrenched in organisational structures. Prior attempts to address the organisational learning and knowledge management design and evaluation problematics in actuality have situated in the interpretivist traditions, only focusing on explanations of meanings. Critically, this is uncritical of power relations and orthodox practices. The theory of deferred action is applied in the context of critical research methods and methodology to expose the motivations behind the established organisational learning and knowledge management practices of Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital (KATH) which assumed rationality design conceptions. Ethnographic data was obtained and interpreted with combined critical hermeneutics and narrative analyses to question the extent of healthcare learning and knowledge management systems failures and unveil the unheard voices as force for change. The study makes many contributions to knowledge but the key ones are: (i) Practically, the participants accepted the study as a catalyst for (re)-designing healthcare learning and knowledge management systems to typify the acceptance of the theory of deferred action in practice; (ii) theoretically, the cohered emergent transformation (CET) model was developed from the theory of deferred action and validated with empirical data to explain how to plan strategically to achieve transformative growth objectives; and (iii) methodologically, the sense-making of the ethnographic data was explored with the combined critical hermeneutics and critical narrative analyses, the data interpretation lens from the critical theory and qualitative pluralism positions, to elucidate how the unheard emergent voices could bring change to the existing KATH learning and knowledge management processes for improved patient care.
6
Steynberg, Johanna Dorothea Irene. "An investigation to explore the impact of construction of reality on motivation in the industry : a narrative investigation / Irene Steynberg." Thesis, Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/430.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of this research study is to attempt to determine whether the realities or life-stories
that successful' employees construct with input from both their cultures of origin (external culture) and the
organisational (internal) culture impact on their state of motivation in the workplace.
This mini-dissertation is approached from both a theoretical and practical point of view. Related
theories and perspectives are explored in an attempt to arrive at an understanding of the philosophy
pertaining to construction of reality and motivation in the workplace. Individual narrative discussions were
conducted with successful employees, also referred to as respondents, in the research and development
division of a South African target industry in an effort to determine whether internal and/or external locus
of control impacted on construction of reality and subsequently on work-related motivation. The results
from a motivation questionnaire were also incorporated in the research study in order to try to determine
whether it supported the findings from the narrative discussions.
It can be concluded from this study that successful employees are mostly also motivated
employees and that both their cultures of origin and the organisational culture impact on their construction
of reality regarding motivation in the workplace. Furthermore, this explanation revealed that an employee's
construction of reality definitely impacts on his3 motivation. It is also evident from this research study that
these employees have an internal and/or external locus of control. It seemed insignificant whether the
respondents were motivated by internal or external factors, but what distinguished them from the other
employees were the finding that they were in fact motivated by some or other factor.
This study confirmed that different motivational factors impact on different employees as a result of
their uniquely constructed realities regarding work-related motivation and success. The challenge for
organisations therefore lies in determining which specific, culturally determined internal and/or external
factors motivate individual employees. This will enable them to instigate, sustain or increase the
motivation of their employees.Thesis (M.A. (Sociology))--Potchefstroom University for Christian Higher Education, 2002.
7
Cheng, Diana Wai Mui. "Propagation of perception and reality construction in organisations by measurement." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340523.
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8
Layland, Peter John. "Public service orientation in housing : theory v reality." Thesis, University of Salford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.314003.
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9
Tsoukas, Haridimos. "Explaining work organisation : a realist approach." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.481035.
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10
Schéele, Fabian von. "Perceived and objective reality : a temporal perspective on economy in service organisations." Licentiate thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, 1999. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-17126.
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11
Eriksson, Madeleine. "Lärande i organisationer." Thesis, Mittuniversitetet, Avdelningen för utbildningsvetenskap, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-21726.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Lärande är nödvändigt för att organisationer ska kunna utvecklas och förbättras. Tidigare forskning har studerat organisatoriskt lärande ur flera olika aspekter, bland annat som ett utvecklingsinriktat respektive anpassningsinriktat lärande. Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva de mekanismer som påverkar lärandet i en organisation. Den organisationen som studerats är en hemtjänstgrupp som börjat arbeta enligt Vanguardmetoden. Datainsamlingen skedde med intervjuer, totalt intervjuades elva personer i hemtjänstgruppen. Studien hade sin ansats i kritisk realism och strävade därmed efter att avtäcka de mekanismer som påverkar lärandet i en organisation. I resultatet redovisas de mekanismer som antas ha haft effekt på detta lärande. Dessa diskuteras sedan i förhållande till vilken effekt de kan ha haft på lärandet i organisationen. Det visade sig att lärandet i en organisation påverkas av flera olika faktorer som tillsammans utgör det sammanhang som antingen gynnar eller hämmar lärande.Godkännandedatum 2013-06-07
12
Jung, Kyung S. "Corporate governance of NOCs : the case of Korean Olympic Committee." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2013. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/13462.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This study identifies the characteristics of seven key principles of good/corporate governance at three levels: as notions that originated in business; in their applications to sport through systematic review; and in relation to the interpretations given to them in the Olympic Movement. The aims of this study are, thus, to establish and utilise the IOC s definitions/interpretations and operationalisations of corporate and/or good governance developed in a western framework and apply to a non-western NOC, the Korean Olympic Committee (KOC). This study adopts critical realist assumptions which give rise to the hypothesis that both the regularities of the Korean society and its unobservable social structures have an impact on the corporate governance of the KOC. It also uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) to examine each interviewee s discourse in order to identify the knowledge embraced by it and to interpret social practice(s) and the exercise of power. CDA is employed in relation to four selected events follows: the KOC/KSC merger, budgetary planning, the recruitment of staff in terms of gender and disability equity and the processes used for selecting the KOC President and the Chef de Mission. The unobservable deep structure is shown to be real domain in Korean society by the social practices exhibited in the four events. The government and, in particular, the State President represent the highest and most influential authority in decision-making on Korean sports policy. That power relationship coupled with the pre-existing structure of the KOC/KSC s financial dependency on the government has resulted in a situation where the government has been able to interfere greatly in the KOC/KSC s overall decision-making on sports policy including the election of the President of the KOC. The KOC/KSC President is the most influential stakeholder in the decision-making within the organisation including the selection of Chef de Mission. As the pre-existing structure of cultural expectations determines that women should usually quit their jobs after marriage and that people with disabilities are incapable of working, the strongly male with abilities-dominated organisational culture has resulted in a social phenomenon whereby few females or people with impairments have succeeded in being promoted to senior positions. From the macro-level perspective, the first KOC/KSC merger accomplished on the orders of the State President shows the dominance of economic power as suggested in Marxist influenced forms of analysis. The incumbent KOC President, who is at the pinnacle of the business elite, contributed to the KOC/KSC merger, which illustrates the aspect of elitism. In connection with the budgetary process, this may be viewed as evidence of the existence of a neo-corporatist structure in which the state plays a central role and acts in a unitary way with the involvement of a limited number of actors. With respect to the meso-level perspective, the aspect of clientelism is exhibited since the government habitually appoints its political aides to be the heads of various sporting organisations. Concerning political governance, it becomes obvious that the government has direct control over KOC/KSC s policy. In terms of systemic governance, the relations among the domestic stakeholders of the KOC are more likely to follow a hierarchical type of governance, as the government has adopted the highest position and the National Federations are under the control of the KOC/KSC. With reference to Lukes (1974) second dimension of power this can be evidenced in the context of the non-decision making roles of women and the disabled. The IOC s interpretations of the key principles of corporate governance in a western framework are applied to the KOC. Accountability, responsibility, transparency and democracy are established but the KOC s governance practices are not equivalent, while effectiveness and efficiency are interpreted as the same ways of the IOC s. In general, power centralisation is apparent throughout the Korean cultural context. The KOC s power structure and organisational culture is likely to be concentrated to the KOC President within the organisation and broadly, the Korean government enjoys its power centralisation decision-making in the Korean context which gives rise to a peculiarly Korean way of interpreting and applying the principles of corporate governance. In such circumstances, nevertheless, where the KOC is making an effort to align its practices with the IOC s recommendations as much as possible, the indication is that the KOC is on course to reflect the IOC s governance practices.
13
Sharpe, Annette. "Organisation change and the psychological contract : the rhetoric of employability, the potential reality of reciprocal brutalism." Thesis, De Montfort University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/2086/4084.
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14
Patnaik, Swetketu. "Inter-organisational collaborations as embedded social systems : a critical realist explanation of alliance evolution." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.576952.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
One of the central debates that pervade research on inter-organisational collaborations pertains to explaining how alliance structures and process interact over time. In fact, in recent years different scholars have responded to calls to integrate these aspects in undertaking longitudinal research on alliance evolution. This thesis is an attempt to study and explain dynamic processes that underpin alliance evolution. The potential contribution of this thesis is threefold. First, it responds to calls for more theoretical and empirical studies on the evolution of alliances. Second, it attempts to provide a multi-level explanation of alliance evolution by 'paying attention to events that took place at inter-organisational (between the partner organisations); intra- organisational (within the partner organisations) and external/competitive and institutional environment levels. Third, it explores the dynamic interaction that takes place between alliance structure and social actors and which underpins alliance evolution in general. This three tier agenda is explored through a broad research question: 'Under what conditions do inter-organisational collaborations evolve over time?' The thesis, through critical realist lens, conceptualises alliances as dynamic and embedded social systems which are embedded in the environments of their parent organisations as well as the broader industry structure. Social structure of an alliance is thus represented by a nexus of internal and necessary and external and contingent structural relations and evolution of an alliance takes place when these structural relations undergo transformation or reproduction. The thesis adopts morphogenetic / stasis approach to explore and explain how pre-existing structural conditions, as a consequence of prior social action, influence social interaction in one morphogenetic cycle and which in turn creates conditions for social interaction in the subsequent cycles.
15
Pratten, Stephen. "Forms of realism, conceptions of science and approaches to industrial organisation." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1994. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/272784.
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16
Leitch, Claire M. "Executive education in the learning company." Thesis, University of Ulster, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.342413.
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17
Mok, Wee Piak. "Exploring organisational learning and knowledge management factors underlying innovation effectiveness." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/13561.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Innovation is widely seen as a basis for competition and knowledge plays a key role in underlying its effectiveness in the present economy which is knowledge-based. The innovation process is highly complex and uncertain; it is fraught with ambiguity, risks, errors and failures. How organisations respond to these downsides is not well reflected in the literature. They are often placed in a black box and left empirically unexplored. This researcher attempts to penetrate this box with an exploratory empirical study consisting of two research phases rooted in positivism. In Phase 1, a questionnaire survey is carried out with error management culture, organisational learning and knowledge management as antecedents of innovation effectiveness. The survey data collected are deductively analysed to test these four constructs. In Phase 2, the same data are inductively explored to determine the factors underlying innovation effectiveness. From deduction, knowledge management is found to be the sole antecedent of innovation effectiveness, affirming the importance of knowledge to innovation. From induction, autonomy and trust are found to be key factors underlying innovation effectiveness. Their attributes in this study are collaboration, knowledge sharing and control (for autonomy) and behaviour, relationship and reciprocal faith (for trust). The contributions from this study are – (a) an empirical confirmation on the importance of knowledge to innovation and (b) the derivation of autonomy and trust as key factors underlying its effectiveness. In addition, it contributes to research methodology with an exploratory integration of deduction and induction as complimentary modes of inference to facilitate the understanding of complex subjects like innovation. As a positivist research does not answer the causal how and why of innovation, it is recommended that future research on a similar topic moves to critical realism as a philosophical realm when an ontological dimension can be added to the epistemological exploration posited in positivism as found in this study.
18
Huvila, Isto. "The ecology of information work : a case study of bridging archaeological work and virtual reality based knowledge organisation /." Åbo : Åbo Akademi University Press, 2006. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb40996867t.
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19
Ritchie, Stephen Harvey. "An investigation of the prevalence and impact of organisational learning in UK police forces." Thesis, Robert Gordon University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10059/590.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research aims to inform the relevance of Organisational Learning (OL) to policing management practice by investigating its impact and prevalence in UK policing. In the prescriptive literature, OL is propounded as an important aspect of effective organisations that needs to be leveraged. The field of OL is found to be diverse, lacking empirical work, and in need of suitable research techniques. To focus the research, a specific example of OL is proposed in performance management (PM) practice. The PM literature shows the theoretical foundations for practice are underdeveloped. This research addresses this by combining these two fields. As a result, practical data is made available to support an examination of OL and a theoretical basis for PM is developed. In the absence of a suitable model to structure data collection, a new OL model of PM is derived from the literature. A Critical Realist position is adopted which aims to identify the nature of the phenomena underlying OL. Three case studies with UK Police Forces, which involved fifty-two interviewees, were undertaken during 2008. A pilot case study was undertaken in Scotland, with the follow-up case studies in England and Northern Ireland. The data from interviews is analysed in NVivo using a range of coding techniques. Using the results from these case studies, the provisional OL Model of PM is tested and developed further. PM practice is found to involve the creation of knowledge and the creation of action and the relationship to organisational purpose is highlighted. Six elements of the OL process are defined as Attention, Analysis, Advising, Adjusting, Affecting and Achieving. Dimensions influencing PM practice in the cases are identified. The outcomes of the research indicate relevance to policing management practice, as well as to the wider fields of PM practice and OL theory.
20
Lambusson, Anne. "Vers la recherche de la qualite totale : une approche historique des theories et une realite concrete." Paris, ENMP, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ENMP0323.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Le sujet de cette these porte sur la qualite. L'origine de la recherche remonte a janvier 1987, lorsqu'une entreprise, l'entreprise s, a fait appel au centre de gestion scientifique pour l'aider a mener a bien une action qualite totale. Cette recherche a permis d'analyser de facon concrete un probleme de qualite vecu dans une entreprise, mais egalement d'enrichir cette analyse par l'etude de la qualite dans le temps (au cours des derniers siecles) et l'espace (la reference actuelle venant du japon). Nous verrons que ce concept qualite a varie au cours du temps, suite aux modifications et a l'environ, nement des contraintes economiques et sociales, chaque etape favorisant l'un des aspects de la qualite pour aboutir a la notion de qualite totale que nous connaissons aujourd'hui. Si le concept de cette qualite totale est connu, est-il percu de facon identique dans les industries francaises et etrangeres? la reponse est negative et une analyse des raisons qui expliquent ce decalage entre la qualite theorique et la qualite vecue dans des entreprises de divers pays est enrichissante. Si l'on parle aujourd'hui de qualite totale, en terme de concept simple, on sous-estime bien souvent les conditions necessaires pour mobiliser une reflexion d'ensemble sur cette question. Et pourtant cette reflexion est indispensable, les annees futures verront encore se renforcer les contraintes en matiere de qualite; les outils sont une aide, mais ils sont souvent inoperants lorsqu'une analyse prealable n'a pas prepare le terrain a leur mise en place et qu'un contexte hostile sur le plan technologique et economique est present. La confrontation entre les differentes composantes de la qualite totale, telles qu'elles apparaissent dans les ouvrages et la realite vecue sur le terrain est riche d'enseignementsThe subject of this thesis relates to quality. The origin of the research goes back january 1987 when a company, the company s, called on the scientific management center (centre de gestion scientifique) to help them to achieve a total quality control action this research allowed the concrete analysis of a quality problem experienced in a company and also to enrich this analysis by the study of quality throughout the years (during the last centuries) and the space (present reference coming from japan). We shall notice that this quality concept changed in the course of time, furthur to the modifications and the environment of economical and social opiigations, each stage favouring one of the aspect of quality to reach the notion of total quality control we know nowadays. If the concept of this totatal quality control is established, is it perceived similarly in french and foreign industries ? the answer is nega, tive and an analysis of reasons that explain the discrepancy between theoritical quality and real quality in companies of various countries is enriching. Today if we talk about total quality control, in simple concept terms, we very often underestimate the conditions necessary to summon up a general consideration on this matter. Nevertheless this remark is essential, the years to come will still witness the increasing of restreints as regards quality; the tools are helpful but they often are inoperative when a previous analysis did not prepare the ground for their ' setting up and when it exists an opposed context in the technological and economical fields. The confron, tation between the different components of the total quality control se they appear in the books and the actual reality is rich in teachings
21
Whitelum, Bernadette, and bernadette_whitelum@ausaid gov au. "Rhetoric and Reality in the World Banks Relations with NGOs: an Indonesian Case Study." The Australian National University. Faculty of Arts, 2003. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040804.140004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The World Bank is one of the most powerful institutions in the world. And it is charged with some of the worlds most important goals, at least in rhetoric. The World Banks mission is A World Free of Poverty. World Bank rhetoric now sees the institution
embrace such goals as poverty alleviation, environmental sustainability, gendermainstreaming, good governance, and partnerships for development. These claims demand critical analysis so that the reality of the Banks agenda and work can be
deciphered from its rhetoric. To that end, this research critically examines the World Banks rhetoric and strategies for engaging NGOs in what it describes as a partnership for development.¶ The World Bank, in the past two decades, has been at the receiving end of an increasing critical commentary, much of which emerges from the Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs). In response the World Bank has started opening its doors, slowly at first, and then with increasing rigour, the Bank sought to intensify its dialogue with NGOs. Its tone is conciliatory towards NGOs, giving the appearance of an institution that is willing to learn, willing to be moved, and willing to transform itself.¶ This thesis analyses literature and primary research gathered from fieldwork experience in Indonesia. In exploring the case study I unearth the ways in which the continuing neoliberal development agenda of the World Bank drives its NGO engagement strategies. I discuss questions such as, do dialogues with NGOs produce change to the World Bank and its development agenda, and if so then what is the nature of those changes? Might the building of relations with the World Bank cause NGOs and their agendas to be transformed whilst the Bank remains relatively unchanged? What is the gendered context of the relationship and how does this reinforce unequal relationships? The Indonesian case study provides the terrain upon which these questions will be explored. Exploring these questions makes evident what can be expected from the World Bank of its engagement with NGOs, in process and outcome. This, in turn, illuminates the agendas open for change and transformation at the Bank, the contested agendas, and the
fundamental, non-negotiable and immutable agendas. In conclusion, this thesis reflects on the possibilities for change in the future.
22
Gilar, Petr. "Návrh organizační struktury realitní společnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232477.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The presented dissertation is concerned with legal problematics connected to founding of real estate trading company, its hierarchy, and possibilities of managing and directing of this type of company. Futhrer, the dissertation investigates possibilities of such enterprise to be incorporated in one of the occupational unions (organizations). Least but not last, the paper researches the services that should be provided by a professional company of such type. The dissertation is divided into theoretical and practical part. Theoretical part builds on the Commercial Code, where the rules concerning trading company are founded. However, the dissertation also uses various textbooks on management which describe various types of organization structures, that have been created by advancement in organization of human activity. In the practical part, I shortly mention the importance of the hierarchic order of a given society in reaction to a change in development on the real estate market. I also investigate the possibilities of real estate companies to create occupational unions (organizations). Further, I describe advantages and disadvantages, as well as the specific aspects of such behavior. The backbone of the dissertation is the fifth chapter. It is dedicated to the proposal of an organization stucture of a Real Estate company, as well as to the choice of legal form such a company should occupy, and finally, it is dedicated to the services, which should be provided by such company.
23
Grauzľová, Žaneta. "Výkon realitní činnosti." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Ústav soudního inženýrství, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-232573.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The aim of this thesis is to define problems in the field of real-estate activities related to business ethics, to explore causes of their origin and to search for possible solutions to improve the present condition. We will get acquainted with the conception of business ethics, their history, place of origin, driving motives and we will learn what the most widely used instruments of business ethics are. This work is dedicated especially to those problems of the Czech real-estate market which are related to business ethics and which are the most discussed ones. The possibilities of supervision over using ethic rules in business and possibilities of legal protection represent significant importance. Via research we will point out the experience and opinions of employees of real-estate agencies concerning business ethics, we will learn their opinion as to the sense of the most used business ethics instrument – code of ethics, the possibilities of its application and checking. Based on results of this research we will try to propose recommendations leading to improvement of present condition.
24
Vogel, Michael. "Addressing pedagogical solitude : a realist evaluation of organisation development at a German higher education institution." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2014. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/10021593/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To establish a culture of collegial exchange about teaching and learning among its academic staff, a German higher education institution is running a seemingly quite successful organisation development (OD) programme, comprising professional learning communities, conferences and other interventions. But how fit for purpose is the programme? A formative realist evaluation is conducted to establish whether and why the programme works for whom and in what circumstances. On the basis of Coleman’s (1987; 1990) social macro-micro-macro scheme, a programme theory is developed and generalised as a framework for theorising, planning, visualising and evaluating OD. Pawson & Tilley’s (1997) Realistic Evaluation is chosen as research methodology, modified to match the programme theory’s structure and applied to a large data pool covering the OD programme’s first four years. Using an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design involving path analysis, content analysis and realist interviews, the programme theory is tested and gradually refined. The detailed realist evaluation reveals a number of problems at the level of the social mechanisms on which the OD programme’s effectiveness and sustainability depend. Unintended self-selection mechanisms limit the programme’s prospective fitness for purpose. Also the programme’s own history and organisational ramifications interfere with its regular functioning. Various possibilities for improvements are considered and thoughts on the programme’s transferability to other contexts are offered. The thesis concludes with critical reflections on Realistic Evaluation.
25
Fry, Joe. "The role of boundary objects in the management of creative processes : a critical realist organisational ethnography of digital advertising work." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.654964.
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26
Conroy, Paul. "What is mutual about Public Service Mutuals? : critical realist study of mutualism within healthcare organisations in England." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/51748/.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Former Cabinet Office Minister Francis Maude once made the ambitious claim that one million public sector workers would own and run the services they provide by 2015. It never happened, but there are still approximately 110 Public Service Mutuals (PSMs) in England. Yet whilst mutuality permeates the discourse of this policy, mutualism in PSMs, as both ethos and practice, is under-theorised and under-researched. This thesis addresses these gaps using a critical realist approach. Drawing on a review of literature on mutuality and co-operation, mutualism in PSMs is conceptualised as interrelated cultural and structural emergent properties, comprising mutual ideas, relations and practices. These are applied in an empirical research project to explore the mutual in PSMs. A large N survey of healthcare providers was followed by in-depth comparative case studies of an NHS Foundation Trust and two PSMs. Using a critical realist framework, mutual structures and generative mechanisms, together with agent (employee) interaction with them, were investigated. The findings revealed that organisational mutual practices of ownership, shared benefit, voice and transparency can cause the emergence of the mutual relations of trust, co-operation and reciprocity when allied to a common purpose. In turn, the causal powers of these mutual relations strengthen organisational mutual practices. However, this does not occur quickly or automatically and the corporate agency of managers and staff, coalescing around joint projects, is necessary for the mutual in Public Service Mutuals to emerge and thrive.
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Brand, Martin Barrie. "Collaborating to shared objectives in the public sector : capabilities required by the individual participant organisation to realise collaborative advantage." Thesis, Kingston University, 2015. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/34546/.
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Burgess, Kevin, and kezmoon@bigpond com. "The Role of the Social Factors in Generating Innovation within Mature Industry Supply Chains � A Case Study." RMIT University. Management, 2008. http://adt.lib.rmit.edu.au/adt/public/adt-VIT20080414.143047.
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Supply chain literature has increasingly argued that supply chains are being used by a wide range of industries to generate innovations which deliver competitive advantage, and that social factors such as trust and collaboration play a key role in making effective supply chain management (SCM). Closer examination of the research suggests that much of this literature is based on studies of industries which deliver consumer products and these studies are predominantly conducted within a positivist research framework. This research bias has resulted in far less attention being paid to studies of mature industrial markets. This case study seeks to redress such bias by posing an overall question regarding the role of social factors in innovation within a well established supply chain which existed across three mature, capital intensive industries � steel manufacturing, transport and railroad track construction and working outside the positivist paradigm by using a m ultidisciplinary research approach within a �critical realist framework�. In responding to the overall research question, three subordinate questions were explored. Firstly, how well suited are present corporate governance structures of individual organisations to deal with the newly emerging interconnected organisational structures in order to support the generation of innovations within supply chains? Secondly, what has been the impact of the widespread adoption of information technology in generating innovation in supply chains? And thirdly, what is the role played by interorganisational social networks in generating innovations within supply chains? The overall findings were that the social factors played a far more important role than had hitherto been acknowledged in either supporting or inhibiting innovation within supply chains. Corporate governance was seen to generally inhibit innovation between organisations. The claims of much of the SCM literature which asserts a strong link between IT and innovation in supply chains was not supported. In fact, it was found that the majority of subjects preferred to get information through social systems. The role of interorganisational networks (IONs) was found to be most effective at generating incremental innovations aimed at maintaining operational efficiency. A critical realist research approach was able to uncover some difficulties associated with a purely positivist research paradigm which restricts investigation to the empirical level of ontology. The critical realist approach was able to explore social causal mechanisms and structures which were not as readily accessible at the empirical level of inves tigation. It was found that multiple realities existed across the supply chain, and that the positivist assumption of a mono reality which underpins much of the enterprise resource planning (ERP), process management and governance approaches was in fact inhibiting the ability of the social system to be innovative and ultimately driving up costs. In fact a process management approach supported by information technology and operating within present corporate governance structures created conflicting goals which increased complexity. A key finding of this study was how the open social system of the supply chain used dynamic relationships to overcome the rigidities and complexity of a closed systems logic embedded in the formal governance and information systems.
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Barroy, Willy. "L’hybridation du dispositif de formation d’Airbus Helicopters face aux technologies immersives : des enjeux d’apprentissage individuel et organisationnel." Thesis, Toulon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018TOUL0002.
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L’objet de cette recherche porte sur l’évolution des dispositifs de formation avec l’introduction de technologies de réalité virtuelle dans des contextes industrialisés. Cette thèse Cifre s’appuie sur une intégration au sein du département « training » d’Airbus Helicopters. La démarche de recherche-action mise en œuvre permet d’observer et de participer à l’élaboration d’une technologie immersive pour la formation de pilotes. Cet outil est mis en situation avec des clients en formation et plusieurs démonstrations sont faites auprès d’acteurs de différents métiers. Nous mettons en avant des configurations hybrides dans le sens ou les situations de formation révèlent des aspects de la pratique et de la théorie telles qu’elles sont pensées dans la « langue de l’organisation ». Nous montrons alors que la mise en œuvre de telles technologies pourrait remettre en question les modèles rationalisés dans l’organisation. Ces éléments nous permettent d’envisager qu’une « approche par l’hybridation des dispositifs » amène l’organisation à interroger à chaque étape du projet ses propres modèles (objets structurés de partage d’information, organigramme, compétences et métiers des acteurs). C’est alors une remise en question en « profondeur » du projet de l’organisation apprenante qui est rendue possible, à partir de l’expérience des sujetsThe purpose of this research is to better understand how training devices evolve, with the introduction of virtual reality technology, in industrialized training situations. This work I based on an immersion in the "training" department of Airbus Helicopters. The research-action approach allows us to observe and participate in the emergence of a technology of reality for pilot’s training. The tool is put in situation with customers as part of their training and several demonstrations are made to actors of different trades around the training. We identify hybrid configurations in the sense that training situations are both practical and at the same time theoretical in the language of the organization. Then we show that the implementation of these technologies requires to rethink a traditional rationalization. These elements allow to suggest an "approach by the hybridization of systems" gives the organization the ability to reconsider its own project (structured objects of information, organization chart, skills and trades of actors). It is a depth questioning of the learning organization that is possible, from the experience of subjects
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Granath, Frida. "En organisation i förändring? : En analys av svenska doktriners uttryckta strategi och militärstrategisk kultur under 2000-talet utifrån liberalism och realism." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-9316.
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The 21st century has brought on a lot of changes in the security politics in Northern Europe. Some reports have described it as a change from sunshine to storm. In correlation with these changes, there will also be changes in strategy and in culture. Strategy can be explained through ends, means, and methods. While ends are mainly expressed in the arena of security politics, means and methods are generally formulated by the military in its doctrines. A country’s strategic culture can also be interpreted through its doctrines. This essay studied the described means and methods in military doctrines through realism and liberalism, in order to establish if the expressed means and methods had changed alongside the changing security politics in Northern Europe. Through this analysis, conclusions could also be made concerning the described strategic culture in the doctrines. The result showed that the described means and methods, as well as the expressed culture had gone through a change and become more influenced by realistic tendencies. This shows that the Swedish Armed Forces has adapted its description of strategy and strategic culture in its doctrines in coherence with the changing politics.
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Augustsson, Fredrik. "They Did IT : The Formation and Organisation of Interactive Media Production in Sweden." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Arbetslivsinstitutet : Sociologiska institutionen, Stockholms universitet, 2005. http://ebib.arbetslivsinstitutet.se/aio/2005/aio2005_16.pdf.
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Vareilles, Gaëlle. "Comprendre la performance des volontaires de santé communautaire : une évaluation réaliste en lien avec la Fédération internationale des Sociétés de la Croix Rouge et du Croissant Rouge." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016REN1G036/document.
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L’implication des volontaires de santé communautaire, tels que les volontaires de la Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge, peut constituer un moyen approprié de s’attaquer au problème d’inégalités sociales et de santé. Pourtant, les connaissances manquent sur ce qui marche pour améliorer la performance des volontaires. Objectifs Comprendre comment, pourquoi, pour quels volontaires et dans quelles circonstances les stratégies organisationnelles mises en œuvre pour améliorer la performance des volontaires de santé communautaire marchent. Méthodes En raison de la complexité des programmes impliquant des volontaires de santé communautaire, nous avons adopté l’évaluation réaliste comme approche méthodologique et l’étude de cas comparative comme modèle d’étude. Dans un premier temps, des entretiens, une synthèse réaliste de la littérature ainsi qu’une revue des théories d’action qui sous-tendent ces programmes ont été réalisés pour développer le cadre théorique de l’évaluation. Ensuite, deux cas ont été sélectionnés sur Kampala, la capitale de l’Ouganda, ou la Société Nationale de la Croix-Rouge et du Croissant-Rouge Ougandaise développe des stratégies pour améliorer la performance des volontaires. Chaque cas correspond à une unité organisationnelle de la Société Nationale Ougandaise, responsable de la mise en place des programmes de santé au niveau d’un district du pays. Les méthodes de collecte de données ont inclus des entretiens individuels, des groupes de discussion, des observations, ainsi qu’une revue de documents. Un processus méthodologique de comparaison constante a été utilisé pour l’analyse des données. Résultats Les stratégies d’intervention, dont les pratiques managériales peuvent influencer positivement la performance lorsqu’elles favorisent la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques des volontaires (l’autonomie, la responsabilisation, la compétence et le lien social). Pour ce faire, les stratégies et leur mise en œuvre doivent s’adapter aux différentes formes de motivation des volontaires et à l’évolution de celles-ci pendant le volontariat. S’agissant du contexte, la reconnaissance communautaire et la reconnaissance organisationnelle sont deux facteurs clés qui interviennent dans la satisfaction des besoins psychologiques des volontaires. Discussion Cette recherche doctorale a des implications pour la Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de la Croix Rouge et du Croissant Rouge. Les résultats fournissent des informations utiles à l’action relative à la mise en place de programmes de volontaires de santé communautaire et l’approche évaluative a des implications générales en ce qui concerne la dynamique d’apprentissage organisationnel. Par ailleurs l’approche de l’évaluation réaliste a également contribué, à sa mesure, au développement du champ de l’évaluation de programme en santé. L’opérationnalisation des concepts de l’approche réaliste a été discutée et approfondie afin de contribuer au développement de cette approcheContext The recruitment of community health volunteers, such as the volunteers of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Society, is an established approach to improve the health of underserved communities. However, there is a dearth of evidence about what works to improve volunteers’ performance. Objectives To understand why, how, for which volunteers and under which circumstances intervention approaches to improve volunteers’ performance is more likely to be successful. Methods Given the complexity of the intervention under study, a realist evaluation as methodological approach and a case study as study design was adopted. Firstly, a realist review together with interviews with the main stakeholders and a review of the theories underlying community health volunteers programme have been conducted to develop the theoretical basis for the evaluation. Secondly for the case study, two contrasted cases have been then selected at district level in the capital of Uganda, where the Red Cross Society is implementing a community-based programme. A case is as a Red Cross unit run by a programme manager that operate around one governmental district structures. Data collection included document review, participant observation and interviews. The constant comparative method was used for the analysis. Results Intervention approaches that include supervision supportive of autonomy, skills and knowledge enhancement and that is adapted to the different sub-groups of volunteers, leads to satisfaction of the three key drivers of volunteer motivation: feelings of autonomy, of competence and of connectedness. This contributes to volunteers’ better performance. Enabling contextual conditions include the responsiveness of the organisation to community needs and recognition from the organisation and the community of the work of the volunteers. Discussion The findings will inform the management of community health volunteers and have implication for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies regrading organisational learning. It also contributed to building the field of programme evaluation in Health and led to methodological developments for doing realist evaluation
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Echajari, Loubna. "Apprentissage organisationnel à partir d’expériences rares et complexes : le rôle de la codification des connaissances. Le cas de deux accidents nucléaires." Thesis, Université Côte d'Azur (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AZUR0013.
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Les expériences rares, qu’elles soient positives ou négatives, surprennent par leur avènement inopiné et brutal. Toutefois, le plus surprenant reste l’incapacité des organisations à en tirer des leçons appropriées. Les expériences rares challengent les approches traditionnelles de l’apprentissage organisationnel fondées sur la réplication et l’amélioration progressive. De plus, les expériences rares sont souvent complexes : elles sont composées d’une grande variété d’éléments qui interagissent de façon incertaine. De ce fait, elles sont marquées par un niveau élevé d’ambiguïté causale qui peut conduire à un apprentissage superstitieux. Dans ces conditions, la littérature souligne la nécessité de mettre en oeuvre un apprentissage délibéré fondé sur la codification des connaissances. Mais la codification est une arme à double tranchant, qui peut rigidifier l’organisation et la littérature reste assez silencieuse sur comment réaliser une « bonne codification ». Ce travail de thèse s’intéresse alors à la question suivante : comment développer et mettre en oeuvre une stratégie de codification appropriée pour faciliter un apprentissage organisationnel délibéré à partir d’une expérience rare et complexe ? Cette recherche menée au sein de l’Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire s’appuie sur étude de cas réaliste critique. Elle vise à étudier deux apprentissages délibérés mis en place au sein de l’institut pour apprendre de deux accidents nucléaires graves : l’accident Fukushima Daiichi et l’accident Three Mile Island. Les résultats obtenus identifient trois mécanismes générateurs clés du processus de codification, leurs modes d’activation et la façon dont ils se combinent. Ces mécanismes s’activent grâce à la fois au contexte environnemental et à l’apparition de structures dédiées à la codification, puis se combinent pour former différentes configurations qui supportent deux cycles distincts d’apprentissage. Ces deux cycles sont essentiels pour apprendre d’une expérience rare et complexeRare experiences, whether they are positive or negative, surprise by their unexpected and brutal occurrence. However, more surprising is organizations’ incapability to draw lessons from such rare experiences. Indeed, these experiences challenge traditional approaches of organizational learning based on replication and incremental improvement. In addition, rare experiences are often complex: they are composed of a large variety of elements that interact in uncertain ways. As a result, rare experiences are characterized by a high level of causal ambiguity that can lead to superstitious learning. In these circumstances, the literature emphasizes the need to implement deliberate learning based on knowledge codification. However, codification is a double-edged sword, which can produce organizational rigidity. Besides, research remains quite silent on how to achieve a "well-performed codification”. This research addresses the following question: how to develop and implement an appropriate codification strategy to facilitate deliberate organizational learning from rare and complex experiences? This research is conducted in the Institute of Radioprotection and Nuclear Safety. It is based on a critical realist case study which aims to study two deliberate learning process implemented within the institute to learn from two serious nuclear accidents: Fukushima Daiichi accident and Three Mile Island accident. Our results identify three key generative mechanisms of the codification process, their activation modes and how they are combined. These mechanisms are activated by both the environmental context and the emergence of dedicated structures to codification. The combination of these mechanisms forms different configurations that support two distinct learning cycles which are essential for learning from a rare and complex experience
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Lindley, David Stewart. "Can expansive (social) learning processes strengthen organisational learning for improved wetland management in a plantation forestry company, and if so how? : a case study of Mondi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1015661.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Mondi is an international packaging and paper company that manages over 300 000 ha of land in South Africa. After over a decade of working with Mondi to improve its wetland management, wetland sustainability practices were still not integrated into the broader forestry operations, despite some significant cases of successful wetland rehabilitation. An interventionist research project was therefore conducted to explore the factors inhibiting improved wetland management, and determine if and how expansive social learning processes could strengthen organisational learning and development to overcome these factors. In doing so, the research has investigated how informal adult learning supports organisational change to strengthen wetland and environmental sustainability practices, within a corporate plantation forestry context. How individual and/or group-based learning interactions translate to the collective, at the level of organisational change was a key issue probed in this study. The following three research questions were used to guide the research: 1. What tensions and contradictions exist in wetland management in a plantation forestry company? 2. Can expansive learning begin to address the tensions and contradictions that exist in wetland management in a plantation forestry company, for improved sustainability practices? 3. Can expansive social learning strengthen organisational learning and development, enabling Mondi to improve its wetland sustainability practices, and if so how does it do this? Cultural historical activity theory (CHAT) and the theory of expansive learning provided an epistemological framework for the research. The philosophy of critical realism gave ontological depth to the research, and contributed to a deeper understanding of CHAT and expansive learning. Critical realism was therefore used as a philosophy to underlabour the theoretical framework of the research. However CHAT and expansive learning could not provide the depth of detail required to explain how the expansive learning, organisational social change, and boundary crossings that are necessary for assembling the collective were taking place. Realist social theory (developed out of critical realism by Margaret Archer as an ontologically located theory of how and why social change occurs, or does not) supported the research to do this. The morphogenetic framework was used as a methodology for applying realist social theory. The expansive learning cycle was used as a methodology for applying CHAT and the theory of expansive learning; guiding the development of new knowledge creation required by Mondi staff to identify contradictions and associated tensions inhibiting wetland management, understand their root causes, and develop solutions. Through the expansive learning process, the tensions and contradictions become generative as a tool supporting expansive social learning, rather than as a means to an end where universal consensus was reached on how to circumvent the contradictions. The research was conducted in five phases: • Phase 1: Contextual profiling to identify and describe three activity systems in Mondi responsible for wetland management: 1) siviculture foresters; 2) environmental specialists; 3) community engagement facilitators. The data was generated and analysed through through document analysis, 17 interviews, 2nd generation CHAT analysis, and Critical Realist generative mechanism analysis; • Phase 2: Analysis and identification of tensions and contradictions through a first interventionist workshop. Modelling new solutions to deal with contractions, and examining and testing new models in and after the second interventionist workshop; • Phase 3: Implementing new models as wetland management projects and involved project implementation. This included boundary crossing practices of staff in the three activity systems, reflection and re-view in a further five progress review/interventionist workshops, and a management meeting and seminar; • Phase 4: Reflecting on the expansive learning process, results, and consolidation of changed practices, through nine reflective interviews and field observations; • Phase 5: Morphogenic/stasis analysis of the organisational change and development catalysed via the expansive social learning process (or not). The research found that expansive social learning processes supported organisational learning and development for improved wetland management by: 1) strengthening the scope, depth, and sophistication of participant understanding; 2) expanding the ways staff interact and collaboratively work together; 3) democratising decision making; 4) improving social relations between staff, reducing power differentials, and creating stronger relationships; 5) enhancing participant reflexivity through deeper understanding of social structures and cultural systems, and changing them to support improved wetland and environmental practice of staff, and developing the organisational structures and processes to strengthen organisational learning and development; and 6) using the contradictions identified as generative mechanisms to stimulate and catalyse organisational learning and development for changed wetland/environmental management.
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Sutherland, Johanna, and mhsjaireth@netspeed com au. "Power and the Global Governance of Plant Genetic Resources." The Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Department of International Relations, 2000. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20091228.092344.
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This thesis explores the location and nature of the power that is deepening and broadening the revolution in modern biotechnologies, and which is inherent in the global governance of one type of genetic resource plant genetic resources. Plant genetic resources are of increasing importance within the global political economy and ecology because of the power/knowledge networks contributing to, and responding to developments in the biotechnology sector, and concerned with the rampant erosion of biological diversity.
The thesis argues that transnational norms, values and knowledge are important aspects of power. Discursive power, and particularly the power inherent in discourses of sustainable development, security and human rights, are a central focus of the thesis. The thesis challenges realist, neo-realist and other structural analyses of power which focus on relative distributions of power at the level of individual states or at the global level.
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Newby, Alison Michelle. "'Women's sphere' and religious activity in America, 1800-1860 : dynamic negotiation of reality and meaning in a time of cultural distortion." Thesis, University of Manchester, 1992. http://www.manchester.ac.uk/escholar/uk-ac-man-scw:230201.
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The thesis uses the case study of the experience of middle-class northern white women in America during the period 1800-1860 to explore several issues of wider significance. Firstly, the research focuses upon the dynamic relationships between the culturally-constructed categories of public/formal and private/informal power and participation at both the practical and symbolic levels, suggesting ways in which they intersected on the lives of women. Secondly, consideration is given to the validity of the stereotyped view that 'domestic' women were necessarily disadvantaged and dominated relative to those who aspired to public political and economic roles. Thirdly, the relationship of religious belief to these two areas is discussed, in order to discover its relevance to the way in which women both perceived themselves and were perceived by others. In seeking to explore these issues, the research has analysed the patterns of social and cultural change in the era under question, indicating how those changes influenced the perceptions and experiences of both women and men. Their reactions in terms of discourse and activity are located as strategies of negotiation in redefining both social role and participation for the sexes. The rhetoric of 'separate spheres', which was used by men and women to order their mental and physical surroundings, is reduced to its symbolic constituents in order to illustrate that the distinction between male and female arenas was more perceptual than actual. The motivating forces behind the activities and ideas of women themselves are investigated to determine the role of religion in the construction of both female self-images and wider negotiational strategies. The context of nineteenth-century social dynamics has been revealed by detailed analysis of extensive primary sources originated by both women and men for private as well as public consumption. Feminist tools of analysis which enable the conceptualisation of 'meaningful discourse' as including female contributions have further enhanced the specific focus on how women constructed their own world-views and approaches to reality. 'Traditional' approaches and tools are shown to have seriously skewed and misrepresented the reality and variety of both discourse and female experience in the era. Great efforts have been made to allow women to speak in their own words. This has produced an insight into a richness of female social participation and discourse which would otherwise be obscured. The research indicates that women were indeed actors and negotiators during the period. Those women who advocated as primary the duties of women in the domestic and social arenas were by no means setting narrow limitations on female participation in both society and discourse. The religious impulses and eschatological frameworks derived by women (varied as they were) served to order and renegotiate reality and meaning, whilst they produced female roles and influence of great significance. Women were not passive victims of male oppression. Religion can thus be perceived as a positive force which women were able to approach both for its own sake, and for their own particular ends.
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Gipson, Christina Marie. "Extreme volunteering : a holistic perspective on international women sport volunteers." Thesis, Brunel University, 2012. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/6566.
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This thesis explores the lives of a group of fifteen exceptional women who were dedicated to the cause of advancing girls and women in sport and physical activity. Over several decades, they worked in a voluntary capacity to transform women in sport through practice and policy development. Moreover, they aligned such unpaid work with personal and local experiences of volunteering that eventually led to their participation in international sport circles and policies. The key settings for their voluntary service came from their roles in the emergence and maintenance of two international women‘s sport organisations – International Association of Physical Education and Sport for Girls and Women (IAPESGW) and WomenSport International (WSI). In addition, their voluntary roles were so substantial that they were inextricably interwoven within all aspects of their lives. Therefore, the purpose of this thesis is to explore the participants‘ relationships with sport volunteering, in the particular settings of IAPESGW and WSI, whilst analysing the role of volunteering in their lives. The study utilised a holistic framework to gain an in-depth understanding about the women‘s commitment to the cause and how volunteering fits into their lifestyle. As there were no models from the sport volunteering field that were appropriate for this study, the research drew upon and developed Hustinx and Lammertyn‘s (2003) non-sport model called the Collective and Reflexive Styles of Volunteering (SOV). The SOV was valuable because it offered a multi-dimensional approach to explain how, why, and when the participants got involved with advancing women‘s sport and physical activity, and how their involvement related to and influenced their wider lifestyles. A critical realist and social constructionist philosophy was employed to have a greater understanding of the women‘s realities, and life history interviews were conducted to gain a greater understanding about how they constructed their knowledge about themselves, sport, and the world around them. The study illustrated the complexity of the women‘s volunteer participation. The findings suggested that their sport passion and identity guided many of their actions and activities throughout their life, such as choices for higher education and within professional work. In addition, the findings showed that it was their personal experiences and gained knowledge about gender disadvantages in sport that initially stimulated and then repeatedly reinforced their interests and commitment. Although these had strong impacts on the women‘s entrance into and commitment to the cause, the findings highlighted that the women had to identify the conditions of their relationships, family, and types of paid work to be compatible with levels of volunteering. The study concluded that sport researchers can benefit from examining volunteers from a holistic perspective to gain a better understanding of the conditions under which individuals make such an extreme, voluntary contribution to sport.
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Persson, Sofie. "Do the voices of the local people really count when sustainable development is being built? : A study about the importance of the local people and the collaboration between the local organisations and WWF." Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för hälsa och samhälle (HOS), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-19208.
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The ambition in this study is to acknowledge the importance of involving local people in sustainable development work. Also to emphasize the great value of collaboration between global organisations, grassroots organisations and local people in the progress of development work. The method being used in this thesis is mainly semi-structured interviews with six representatives from four different non-governmental organisations, NGOs. Two of these organisations have a more environmental and conservation purpose while the other two focus more on the human perspective as they are working with empowerment, education and food security.The area that I have chosen for this research is called Nilgiris which is located in south India. In this research I focused on World Wildlife Fund, WWF, as a global organisation and the purpose is to see whether or not they collaborate with some of the local grassroots organisations in the area. Local organisations generally have good contact with the local people so I consider them as a link between the global organisation and the local people. The theories I have used are a theory of sustainable development, which argues that none of the three approaches, economic, environmental or social can be excluded when sustainable development is pursued. I have also focused on Participatory Rural Appraisal, PRA, this theory is underlying the importance of the local people’s involvement and that organisations must trust the local people’s capacity. The third theory for this research is three interpretations of environment. The conclusion is that co-operation between the global and local organisations are essential in the process of making good sustainable development. The local people that are being affected and emerged in various development projects need to be involved and informed about the project´s aim for the projects to be successful.
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Lindvall, Pettersson Louise. "Svenska kärnvapenprogrammet under Kalla kriget : En studie av den internationella arena som påverkade uppstartandet och nedläggandet av Sveriges kärnvapenprogram." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för statsvetenskap (ST), 2013. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-29110.
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The purpose of this paper is to investigate possible reasons Sweden might have had to motivate the start and end of its nuclear program during the Cold war. This investigation will be conducted using a qualitative research method and making a comparison between the theories realism and liberalism’s ability to explain the decisions. The question this paper is based upon is as follows: Can Sweden’s creating and shutting down of a nuclear weapons program during the Cold war be explained by the international events and actions that were taking place during this time period? The result consists of liberalism pointing out several failures on the international level that might explain the cynical decision from Sweden to create the nuclear weapons. Realism considers the decision to make perfect sense at this point in time, to protect Sweden on the anarchy that was going on at that time according to this theory. The ending of the nuclear weapons program is being explained largely by the rise of the MAD-concept which renders the acute need of nuclear weapons in Sweden void. Liberalism on the other hand considers this a logic step due to the better established UN that is playing a larger role now than in the 1940s. In conclusion, realism does a better job explaining the start of the nuclear weapons program, while liberalism explains the end of it more efficiently. The contribution this thesis has to the research of political science can be seen mainly in three areas. Firstly can the information gathered here be useful when negotiating with other countries regarding the possible shutting down nuclear programs in other states. Secondly has the decision not to develop nuclear weapons in Sweden surely effected 50 years of military strategy. Thirdly does the thesis contribute in the ongoing debate between liberalism and realism.
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Hijazy, Muhammad. "Equity perception and communication among Arab expatriate professionals in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia." Thesis, University of Hertfordshire, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2299/17710.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The research aims to study how the communication context within the Arab cultures influences the employees' perception of equity and reaction to inequity. Specifically, the study explores how employees from Arab cultural backgrounds communicate with each other within the Saudi working context; and how they collect, interpret and use the different contextual information - from the contexts in which they live and work - in order to make judgements about issues related to the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. In order to study the research topic, a conceptual framework is developed to reconcile between Equity Theory, Social Comparison Theory and Hall's Context Model; and as a base serving the process of designing/choosing the methods of collecting and analysing the data. Three main research questions are developed which are about (i) how the communication context is related to employees' willingness and ability to react to inequity (ii) how the communication context shapes the nature of inequity reactions executed by employees and (iii) how the communication context is related to the way equity is perceived among employees. A modified version of critical realism is adopted to focus on exploring the mechanisms, within the communication context, which influence the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. A combination of retroduction and abduction is developed in a sense that retroduction is used to direct the research toward exploring the structure and mechanisms within the research setting, while abduction is used to draw conclusions about how the phenomena studied in the research are evolving by the structure and mechanisms. A mixed methods approach is adopted in the research. The research includes data from thirty-five semi-structured interviews which are conducted in mainly three Saudi private-sector organisations located in Jeddah with twenty-nine male employees and six male managers of six different Arab nationalities. Template analysis is used to analyse the qualitative interview transcripts and field notes, while cluster analysis is used to group the research participants based on their quantitative responses. The research finds that there are no clear-cut areas separating the activities linked to the perception of equity and reaction to inequity. I also conclude that the perception of equity norms and equity comparison components can sometimes be separate activities. Some factors such as the religious interpretation, face-saving, and contextual norms and powers influence the employees' willingness to react to inequity by altering the way in which those employees perceive equity norms. Here, unwillingness decisions are often made not as a result of personal conviction but as a compromise based on the personal evaluation of the surrounding context, realising the inability of the self to react to such situations in the first place. Thus, it can be concluded that inability to react to inequity can reduce the employees' willingness to react against under-rewarded situations. The process of perceiving equity comparison components is found to be related to the type of reaction adopted to re-establish the equity; this relationship is represented by groups affiliated by a hidden factor or factors, which is more influential than the ethnicity/nationality of the group's members. The research makes a methodological contribution to knowledge by suggesting a new approach to study human relations through the communication context; a conceptual contribution by combining the concepts of equity perception, social comparison and communication context in one conceptual framework; and an empirical contribution by providing a fresh insight to contextual themes in the Saudi working environment.
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Svanevie, Kajsa. "Evidensbaserat socialt arbete : Från idé till praktik." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för socialt arbete, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-28646.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As an innovation Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) is designed as a tool for clinical problem solving. According to its theory of use EBP will bring a difference for policy makers, for professionals, for researchers and for service users. One question to be asked is whether EBP actually leads to the radical social change it is designed to accomplish. The aim of the study is to describe and analyse the outcome of the effort to establish EBP, with a focus on the case of social work in Sweden. The research questions are: What is EBP? Why are efforts made to establish EBP? What is the outcome of the EBP project? How can the outcome of the EBP project be explained? The case study was conducted on a critical realistic meta-theoretical ground with a focus on explanation of social change with an explicit actor-structure perspective. Methodologically, a narrative synthesis of studies was made. As a complement primary data were collected to fill empirical gaps. The state of things was described before and after the EBP-initiatives. Several helping theories – Kuhn’s theory of paradigm, program theory, neo-institutional theory and theory of diffusion – were used to analyse the empirically mapped outcome of the EBP project. The results show that the import of the original model of Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) to social work is a part of a wider social movement in the helping and educational professions. The new model has influenced social work as a discipline, as a field of practice and as a field of policy. There are examples of full-scale implementations of EBP, although EBP has not reached a general status as daily practice. Some obstacles remain. The gradual adaption of EBP corresponds to criteria hold by Kuhn for a paradigm shift. Acceptance of the model has contributed to change the structure and function of social systems. At an organizational level, this change means on-going institutionalization. The innovation is influencing the way institutional actors conduct their work. Although the structural conditions have been optimal, the EBP-model has been debated with heat. The EBP-debate and policy-driven infrastructural efforts have brought a more in-depth examination of the model. So-called coercive, normative, and regulative isomorphisms were used to change organizations. The degree of institutionalization depended on the individuals and the organizations willingness and preparedness to change, to understand, and to put the model into practice. When actors used a less strict version of the original EBP model, the pace of cultural and institutional change slowed down.
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Dandelot, Damien. "La structure de la réalité sociale abstraite inhérente aux sociétés prescrites : La quiddité des liens et des structures de coopérations intra-organisationnels issus de l’activité réelle, dans le cas du processus de co-construction de sens découlant des décisions stratégiques." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012CNAM0833/document.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Partant de l’idée que des filiales d’une entreprise sont en mesure de remettre en cause les décisions de la direction générale (maison-mère), l’approche holistique développée dans ce travail part du principe qu’une organisation peut être un « être », laissant entendre ainsi que les informations dont elle dispose seraient extérieures aux individus qui la composent. Ce qui conduit à s'interroger s’il est concevable d’ignorer l’individu dans une telle relation de domination. Cette thèse propose justement un modèle autour de résultats qui montrent la difficile exclusion de l’individu dans un contexte méta-organisationnel (dans lequel les membres seraient des organisations et non des individus). Dans cette veine, ce sont les dynamiques humaines de l’organisation qui sont au cœur de ce travail : il existe par et au travers de l’individu une dynamique issue de l’activité réelle qui permet de faire vivre l’organisation par elle-même, mais également qui permet au prescrit de cette dernière d’évoluer. Bien que les résultats obtenus montrent que l’organisation n’est pas un objet mort et sans force et qu’elle a bien la possibilité de vivre par elle-même, ce sont les individus qui — par leurs engagements conditionnels — permettent cette existence propre de l’organisation comme structure intra-consciente qui impose des droits et des obligations. Dans cette perspective, le modèle proposé vise à dessiner les structures de la réalité sociale abstraite (dénommé dans la recherche menée, l’Entité X) en montrant les forces et les contraintes organisationnelles qui pèsent sur les individus-membres, tout en relevant les capacités humaines à sortir des structures prescrites par la co-construction de liens et de structures transversales de coopérations issus de l’activité réelleBased on the idea that the subsidiaries of a company are able to call into question the decisions of senior management (the parent company), the holistic approach developed in this study assumes that an organization can be a “being”, implying thereby that the information in its possession is external to the individuals who compose it. This raises the question of whether it is conceivable to ignore the individual in such a relationship of domination. This thesis proposes a model based on the results which show the difficult exclusion of the individual in a meta-organizational context (in which members would be organizations and not individuals). Along these same lines, the organization’s human dynamics are at the heart of this research: there exists by and through the individual a dynamic resulting from actual activity that allows the organization to live by itself, while also allowing prescribe to evolve. Although the results show that the organization is not a dead and strengthless object, and it has the opportunity to live by itself, it is the individuals who —through their conditional commitments— allow the separate existence of an organizational structure’s intra-consciousness, which imposes rights and obligations. In this perspective, the proposed model aims to draw the structures of abstract social reality (referred as Entity X in this study) by showing the strengths and organizational constraints that weigh on individual members, while raising the human capacity to emerge from the structures prescribed by the sensemaking of links and transversal structures for cooperation that originate from the actual activity
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Grugulis, C. Irena, and Adrian Wilkinson. "Managing culture at British Airways: hype, hope and reality." 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/955.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YesNearly twenty years after the publication of the (in)famous In Search of Excellence, the notion of `cultural change¿ within organisations continues to excite attention. This is readily understandable, since cultural interventions offer practitioners the hope of a universal panacea to organisational ills and academics an explanatory framework that enjoys the virtues of being both partially true and gloriously simple. Such a combination is apparent in the way that many attempts to shape organisational culture are presented to the public: as simple stories with happy endings.1 This article attempts to rescue a fairy-tale. The story of British Airways is one of the most widely used inspirational accounts of changing culture. Throughout the 1980s and 1990s it was used to demonstrate the necessary compatibility of pleasure and profits2 in celebratory accounts where culture change is presented as the only explanation for the transformation that occurred. This corrective makes no attempt to deny the very substantial changes that took place in BA. Rather, it sets these in context noting the organisation¿s environment at the time of the transformation, the structural changes that took place and observes the impact that such changes had over the long term.3¿5
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Koonin, Marla. "A re-communication conceptual framework: perceived influence of reality-altering events on organisational interaction behaviour." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26459.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
ABSTRACT
The researcher set out to gain an in-depth understanding of the possible influence of a reality-altering event on interaction behaviour (communication). The alteration in interaction behaviour referred to within the context of this study, is the communication phenomenon identified, explained and labelled as part of the study, which the researcher termed “re-communication”. This study partly aims at developing a re-communication conceptual framework that explains the re-communication phenomenon.
In order to explain this unexplored communication phenomenon and develop a re-communication conceptual framework for it, the study focuses on how either strategic or spontaneous communication could be utilised in any reality-altering event to disclose information that would alter the co-constructed social reality between people. This information could be communicated either by the individual, who experienced a reality-altering event, or by persons or forms of communication external to the individual. Within the context of this study, the disclosure becomes the reality-altering event.
Therefore, the proposed re-communication conceptual framework firstly addresses the elements that influence disclosure or non-disclosure. Secondly, it focusses on self-preservation communication strategies used to avoid disclosing or concealing the reality-altering event. Thirdly, the framework focuses on the actual reality-altering event, which, in this case, occurs when a gay individual’s sexual identity is disclosed to colleagues. Lastly, the framework looks at re-communication, which involves a perceived alteration in communication post-disclosure due to the altered reality. It is argued that the co-constructed social reality between a gay individual and a colleague is altered from a position of being unaware of the individual being gay to becoming aware.
It is further argued that, because heterosexuality is regarded as the norm and the language and meaning ascribed to dominant symbols in society support heteronormativity, people often assume that a colleague is heterosexual and construct their reality based on this notion. Going into an interaction, both the gay individuals and their colleagues have their own social reality, which they have constructed through their experiences, as well as the co-constructed social reality they share with each colleague with whom they interact. This study was conducted within an interpretivist research paradigm and from the position of the theoretical foundation of symbolic interactionism, social constructionism and constructivism. A qualitative, exploratory research design was selected to collect the data by means of in-depth semi-structured interviews and narratives. Based on the insights provided by the participants, re-communication as a communication phenomenon was identified, explained and labelled and the resultant re-communication framework was developed. The re-communication conceptual framework was synergised by means of a thematic textual analysis and was guided by a number of assumptions and postulations arising from a strong theoretical foundation and a comprehensive literature review, which were supported by the findings.
In this study, it was found that a reality-altering event is complex and multiple elements influence the way in which gay individuals’ sexual identity are disclosed or not disclosed within the organisational context. However, it has been discovered that communication is the vehicle for self-preservation and for disclosing information that will lead to a reality-altering event. Regardless of how small the influence or how limited the time, post the reality-altering event, the disclosure influences interaction behaviour (communication) and alters the co-constructed social reality between gay individuals and their colleagues.
The colleagues go from a position of not knowing an individual was gay to knowing. It is noted that disclosure of a sexual identity and/or any other reality-altering event is not a once off reality-altering event, but rather a continuous process for gay individuals, because each time a new colleague enters the organisational contexts of gay individuals, they need to consider if – and if so, how – they want to disclose. In some cases, disclosure take places by others and the gay individual needs to decide how to deal with colleagues now knowing s/he is gay.
The most significant contribution of the study is the identification, explanation and labelling of a previously unexplored communication phenomenon – that of re-communication – and the development of a re-communication conceptual framework that could contribute to the organisational reality in a two-fold manner. Firstly, such a framework will provide insights into and possible sense making of the disclosure experiences of gay individuals in the organisational context. Secondly, the outcome illustrates the importance of inclusive and positive organisational climates and/or cultures and the concomitant impact of positive engagements on organisational practices such as inclusive climates and cultures for sharing, employee loyalty, better team cooperation, trust among employees, increased employee wellbeing and more effective communication processes within organisations.Communication Science
D. Phil. (Communication)
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Bahmad, Layla [Verfasser]. "Palestinian non-governmental organisations caught between reality and challenges / vorgelegt von Layla Bahmad." 2007. http://d-nb.info/986687820/34.
Повний текст джерела
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Keen, J., M. Abdulwahid, N. King, J. Wright, Rebecca Randell, Peter H. Gardner, J. Waring, et al. "The effects of inter-organisational information technology networks on patient safety: a realist synthesis." 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YesHealth services in many countries are investing in inter-organisational networks, linking patients’ records held in different organisations across a city or region. The aim of the systematic review was to establish how, why, and in what circumstances these networks improve patient safety, fail to do so, or increase safety risks, for people living at home. Design Realist synthesis, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative evidence, and including consultation with stakeholders in nominal groups and semi-structured interviews. Eligibility criteria The co-ordination of services for older people living at home, and medicine reconciliation for older patients returning home from hospital. Information sources 17 sources including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA). Outcomes Changes in patients’ clinical risks. Results We did not find any detailed accounts of the sequences of events that policy makers and others believe will lead from the deployment of interoperable networks to improved patient safety. We were, though, able to identify a substantial number of theory fragments, and these were used to develop programme theories. There is good evidence that there are problems with the co-ordination of services in general, and the reconciliation of medication lists in particular, and it indicates that most problems are social and organisational in nature. There is also good evidence that doctors and other professionals find interoperable networks difficult to use. There was limited high quality evidence about safety-related outcomes associated with the deployment of interoperable networks. Conclusions Empirical evidence does not currently justify claims about the beneficial effects of interoperable networks on patient safety. There appears to be a mismatch between technology-driven assumptions about the effects of networks and the socio-technical nature of co-ordination problems. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017073004
NIHR Grant 16/53/03
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Keen, J., M. Abdulwahid, N. King, J. Wright, Rebecca Randell, P. Gardner, J. Waring, et al. "The effects of inter-organisational information technology networks on patient safety: a realist synthesis." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18026.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
YesHealth services in many countries are investing in inter-organisational networks, linking patients’ records held in different organisations across a city or region. The aim of the systematic review was to establish how, why, and in what circumstances these networks improve patient safety, fail to do so, or increase safety risks, for people living at home. Design Realist synthesis, drawing on both quantitative and qualitative evidence, and including consultation with stakeholders in nominal groups and semi-structured interviews. Eligibility criteria The co-ordination of services for older people living at home, and medicine reconciliation for older patients returning home from hospital. Information sources 17 sources including Medline, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ACM Digital Library and Applied Social Sciences Index and Abstracts (ASSIA). Outcomes Changes in patients’ clinical risks. Results We did not find any detailed accounts of the sequences of events that policy makers and others believe will lead from the deployment of interoperable networks to improved patient safety. We were, though, able to identify a substantial number of theory fragments, and these were used to develop programme theories. There is good evidence that there are problems with the co-ordination of services in general, and the reconciliation of medication lists in particular, and it indicates that most problems are social and organisational in nature. There is also good evidence that doctors and other professionals find interoperable networks difficult to use. There was limited high quality evidence about safety-related outcomes associated with the deployment of interoperable networks. Conclusions Empirical evidence does not currently justify claims about the beneficial effects of interoperable networks on patient safety. There appears to be a mismatch between technology-driven assumptions about the effects of networks and the socio-technical nature of co-ordination problems. Review registration: PROSPERO CRD42017073004
NIHR Grant 16/53/03
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Hansson, Sofia, Lovisa Neuman, and Emilsson Tove. "Jämställdhet - ambition eller realitet? : En jämförande studie om revisionsbyråers jämställdhetsstrategier - Hur hanteras jämställdhet och hur upplevs det bland de anställda?" Thesis, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-86017.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: Despite the fact that organizations have been working to promote gender equality for several decades, the working environment in Sweden is not yet equal. However, problems often arise during the integration of gender equality in organizations, and too often organizations' gender equality work fails in practice. One way to deal with this is to set goals for gender equality, strategies for achieving these and then convey the strategies through policies. Statistics show that the auditing industry is an industry that is far from being equal, where men dominate at higher levels. At the same time, researchers argue that there are structures and methods in the auditing industry that are not gender neutral. Earlier research also shows that in organizations internal processes it turns out that it surprisingly often occur gender divisions and segregation between the sexes. The authors found a gap in previous research about how the gender equality strategies are reflected in the internal processes of audit firms and how gender equality is perceived by the employees and therefore considered it essential to study this more closely. Purpose: The essay aims to provide an insight into how audit firms work to achieve gender equality, if there are better or worse ways to handle inequality in the auditing industry, and how the perception of gender equality in the companies differs among employees Method: In this multiple-case study, a qualitative research method with a deductive approach is used. The empirical data has been collected through semi-structured interviews and then linked to the theory and analyzed with a comparative approach Conclusion: There are both advantages and disadvantages with the audit firms' gender equality strategies. The audit firm that handles the problem most effectively examines and analyzes the entire organization's structures and processes to find what causes inequality, thus promoting equality in the company. The authors also observe a difference in how the employees perceive the inequality in the workplace, which was that position and length of employment seemed to have an impact on how big a problem they experienced in the inequality at partner level in the auditing industry. Those with a higher position and a longer employment period show greater awareness and insight into the problem of an unequal distribution of gender at the partner level.
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Ogbeiwi, Osahon. "Why written objectives need to be really SMART." 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/12202.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
yesAll successful programmes share goal-setting as a standard practice, and many write their goal statements to satisfy the S.M.A.R.T. criteria. To be SMART, objective statements should be constructed to specify four components: Outcome, Indicator, Target-level and Timeframe (O.I.T.T.). This study reviewed the goal framework of published objective statements to determine the extent to which they are SMART. The statements of 17 published examples of SMART objectives found in literature of mainly four major health organisations: CDC, WHO, NHS and Save the Children, were structurally analysed to measure the completeness of their goal framework according to the OITT components. Only four examples are outcome objectives. 13 (76%) are process or task oriented. The structure of two thirds of the statements shows the similar objective-writing templates used within CDC. All objective statements have an incomplete set of OITT components. The commonest framework has 3 components of indicator, target and timeframe (75% completeness) in 12 statements. Almost all statements specify a timeframe; three-quarter of them mention a target and three-fifth an indicator, but less than 1 in 5 state an outcome. Thus, none of the objective statement is really SMART, and goal-setters are significantly less likely to specify an outcome, than indicator, target or timeframe in their objectives. A high prevalence of non-SMART objectives with low potential for goal attainment in healthcare projects is proposed.
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Esterhuizen, Johanna Maria. "The influence of nursing organisations on the development of the nursing profession in South Africa : 1914-2014." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26157.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of the study is to explore past and current professional nursing organisations by means of historical inquiry and to explain the factors that influenced the development of such organisations, as well as the contribution that these organisations made to the professional development of South African nursing in the period between 1914 and 2014. The researcher conducted a literature review and collected data from archival primary and secondary sources. A priori codes provided structure and historical context, yet allowed flexibility. Philosophically critical realism guided the research and enabled the researcher to explain and critique the social world in which South African nursing organisations historically functioned and exerted their professional influence. The findings revealed that in the past one hundred years political, economic and cultural factors present in the social world influenced the nature of South Africa’s professional nursing organisations. Determined to create a female professional image, status and educational exclusivity, South African nursing leaders of the 20th century opted to establish the South African Trained Nurses’ Association (SATNA), a professional nursing association. Influential associations such as SATNA and the South African Nursing Association (SANA) guided the profession to develop a nursing culture based on philosophical and ethical principles of practice. The result was a recognised, respected and trained nursing corps. Over time, however, a social class system, religion, political ideology and nurses’ economic needs reshaped South Africa’s nursing associations and consequently the profession. By the end of the 20th century, South African nursing leaders accepted that nurses needed their socio-economic welfare to be prioritised and therefore the Democratic Nursing Organisation of South Africa (DENOSA), a professional organisation with a trade unionist stance, was established. The result was a trained, politicised, fragmented nursing corps struggling to find its collective professional voice. The greatest legacy bestowed on South African nursing by its first influential organisations is the professional associations evident today. Over time, the South African Nursing Association’s discussion groups that had been established in the 1950s to discuss nursing-related topics evolved into the specialist groups and associations that were present in 2014.Health Studies
D. Litt et Phil.