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Автор: Grafiati
Опубліковано: 7 липня 2024

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1

Irmeilyana, Irmeilyana, Ngudiantoro Ngudiantoro, Sri Indra Maiyanti, and Siddiq Makhalli. "LOGISTIC REGRESSION MODELING OF REDUCTANT HERBICIDE IN PAGARALAM COFFEE FARMING." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 17, no. 4 (December 18, 2023): 1957–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol17iss4pp1957-1968.

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The presence of weeds can affect the productivity of coffee plants. The use of herbicides that are not wise in controlling weeds can have a negative impact on the quality of coffee production and land. This study aims to obtain a binary logistic regression model of the use of reductant herbicides by coffee farmers in Pagaralam South Sumatera. This research involved 165 coffee farmers, consisting of 81 farmers who used reductants and 85 farmers who did not use reductants. In the results of bivariate analysis, variables that have a significant effect on the status of using reductant herbicides, do not necessarily have a significant effect on the logistic regression model. Overall prediction accuracy of the model results of the enter method and backward method are respectively 78.2% and 76.4%. The two best models obtained show that farmer age, number of trees, number of family workers, and land productivity can reduce the probability value of farmers using reductant herbicide. On the other hand, variables that can increase the opportunity value of using reductants, starting with the greatest effect, are net income, length of harvest, frequency of herbicide use, frequency of use of organic fertilizers, and age of trees. Based on the factors that affect the use of reductants, coffee farmers should set aside costs for land maintenance, including costs for environmentally friendly weed control, so that they can support the coffee plants to continue producing optimally.
2

Perez-Benito, Joaquin F., and Conchita Arias. "A kinetic study on the reactivity of chromium(IV)." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 71, no. 5 (May 1, 1993): 649–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v93-087.

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The inhibition effect of Mn2+ on the rates of the Cr(VI) oxidations of 13 different organic reductants (RH) in aqueous perchloric acid has been studied. The reductants were formaldehyde, formic acid, maleic acid, and 10 alcohols (8 primary and 2 secondary). The second-order rate constants decrease with increasing [Mn2+] according to the law[Formula: see text]Parameter b′ is interpreted as the ratio between the rate constants for the Cr(IV)–Mn2+ and Cr(IV)–RH reactions. Cr(IV) is reduced by Mn2+ (and also by Ce3+) much faster than by organic reductants RH. The Cr(IV) oxidations of primary alcohols follow Taft's equation with a negative reaction constant (ρ* = −0.80 ± 0.06). The Cr(IV) present in aqueous perchloric acid is postulated as an oxo species (CrO2+) capable of reacting by one-electron transfer with both Mn2+ and Ce3+, and by hydride-ion transfer with organic reductants. Relevance of these results to the general mechanism for the Cr(VI) oxidations of organic substrates is discussed.
3

Mukhammadiev, Komil, Dilrabo Mukhammadieva, Akhan Demeuov, and Inoyatkhan Tuichyeva. "Disposal of highly toxic waste chromium solutions." E3S Web of Conferences 531 (2024): 04010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202453104010.

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The aim of the study is to determine the effect of organic reductants (sawdust) on the degree of reduction of chromium (VI) ions in the complex processing of waste chromium-containing solution (electrolyte) of plating production, as at the same time to determine the optimum conditions of the process. Experimental results showed that organic reductants (sawdust, and lignin) in an acid environment work as a reagent-reductant of chromium (VI) ions. The process of reduction of chromium (VI) ions to chromium (III) proceeds intensively for the first 20-30 min and is completed within 50 minutes, while about 1.0-2.5% of chromium (VI) ions remain unreduced, and 97.0-99.0% of chromium (VI) ions of the total amount pass into trivalent form. Chromium (VI) ions are reduced at the first stage of the process, the bulk of them are converted into chromium (III) ions and emitted as chromium (III) hydroxide, and wastewater is further purified at the second stage. When using lignin, the reduction in the concentration of chromium (VI) ions is insignificant, since the number of active functional groups in its structure is limited. Model studies presented in this work and their approbation on production wastewater showed expediency and sufficiently high efficiency of using woodworking wastes (sawdust) to reduce chromium (VI) ions from the spent solutions. Sawdust consists mainly of cellulose; its structure contains functional groups that act as a reductant during oxidation. Further study of the process mechanism and characteristics is essential for the development of recommendations for their utilization.
4

Kipp, Brian H., Chadi Faraj, Guoliang Li, and David Njus. "Imidazole facilitates electron transfer from organic reductants." Bioelectrochemistry 64, no. 1 (August 2004): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bioelechem.2003.12.010.

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5

Irmeilyana, Irmeilyana, Ngudiantoro Ngudiantoro, Sri Indra Maiyanti, and Indrike Febriyanti. "Correspondence Analysis to Know Factors Related to the Use of Reducant Herbicide on Pagaralam Coffee Farmers." Pattimura International Journal of Mathematics (PIJMath) 1, no. 2 (November 1, 2022): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/pijmathvol1iss2pp69-80.

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Weed control is an attempt to care for agricultural land that can affect coffee production. This study aims to analyze the factors that have a relationship with the use of reductant herbicide in Pagaralam coffee farmers by using simple correspondence analysis. The research data included 19 variables and 3 categories of respondents based on the use of reductant herbicide, namely non-users, new users, and users. At the initial stage, each variable was carried out a mean difference test between 2 categories of respondents. Furthermore, each variable is divided into several categories. Then, by using the independence test, the categories of each variable are associated with the category of reductant use. There are 7 factors that have a relationship with the use of reductants, namely education of respondents, age of trees, length of harvest, frequency of herbicide use, frequency of chemical fertilizers used, frequency of organic fertilizers used, and number of labour outside the family (TL). The results of the correspondence analysis plot can show differences in the characteristics of the respondent's categories according to the use of reductant herbicide. The user category is dominantly characterized by having junior high school education, tree age more than 25 years, tend not to use organic fertilizer, and the harvest period can reach 3 months.
6

Beagan, Daniel M., Veronica Carta, and Kenneth G. Caulton. "A reagent for heteroatom borylation, including iron mediated reductive deoxygenation of nitrate yielding a dinitrosyl complex." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 5 (2020): 1681–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt00077a.

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7

Doyle, Michael P., та Yong-Liang Su. "Application of α-Aminoalkyl Radicals as Reaction Activators". Synthesis 54, № 03 (3 листопада 2021): 545–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/a-1685-2853.

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Abstractα-Aminoalkyl radicals are easily accessible through multiple pathways from various precursors. Apart from their utilization as nitrogen-containing building blocks, they have recently been used as halogen atom abstraction reagents or single-electron reductants to transform organic halides or sulfonium salts into their corresponding highly reactive radical species. Benefiting from the richness of various halides and the diverse reactivity of radical intermediates, new transformations of halides and sulfonium salts have been developed. This short review summarizes this emerging chemistry that uses α-aminoalkyl radicals as the reaction activators.1 Introduction2 Activation of Halides as Halogen-Atom Transfer Agents2.1 Addition to Unsaturated Bonds2.1.1 Addition to C=C Bonds2.1.2 Addition to C=O Bonds2.2 Substitution Reactions2.2.1 Deuteration2.2.2 Olefination2.2.3 Allylation2.2.4 Aromatic Substitution2.2.5 Amination3 Activation of Sulfonium Salts as Single-Electron Reductants4 Conclusion and Outlook
8

Irmeilyana, Irmeilyana, Ngudiantoro Ngudiantoro, and Sri Indra Maiyanti. "REGRESSION MODEL ON PAGARALAM COFFEE FARMERS’ INCOME WITH THE INFLUENCE OF THE USE OF HERBICIDE REDUCTANT VARIABLE." BAREKENG: Jurnal Ilmu Matematika dan Terapan 16, no. 2 (June 1, 2022): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/barekengvol16iss2pp409-420.

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The existence of weeds in coffee fields will become competitors for coffee plants, so that they can be economically and ecologically detrimental. Inappropriate use of chemical herbicides can have a negative impact. Herbicide reductants made from organic are used in weed control. This study aims to analyze the variables that affect the net income of Pagaralam coffee farmers using multiple linear regression analysis. One of these variables is a qualitative variable in the form of categories of respondents based on the use of herbicide reductants. The data used was obtained from the results of questionnaires on 56 respondents who are users and 80 respondents who are not users of herbicide reductants. The results of the hypothesis test of mean difference found that the net income of the two respondent categories is not different. The regression analysis also resulted that there was no significant difference in net income between the two respondent categories. Variables that had a significant effect on net income included gross income, farming maintenance costs, estimated yields, and tree age. Several models also contain variables of land area, length of time in coffee farming, number of trees, and frequency of organic fertilizers used. Old coffee trees should be treated better with the use of organic fertilizers and also wise weed control techniques.
9

Yuan, Tao, Meifang Zheng, Markus Antonietti, and Xinchen Wang. "Ceramic boron carbonitrides for unlocking organic halides with visible light." Chemical Science 12, no. 18 (2021): 6323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1sc01028j.

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10

Guo, Wei, Yongbin Zhang, and Guofu Zhou. "Tetrahydropyrimidine Derivatives as Efficient Organic Reductants for Transfer Hydrogenation." HETEROCYCLES 78, no. 6 (2009): 1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.3987/com-08-11603.

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11

Roy, Souvik, Vlad Pascanu, Sonja Pullen, Greco González Miera, Belén Martín-Matute, and Sascha Ott. "Catalyst accessibility to chemical reductants in metal–organic frameworks." Chemical Communications 53, no. 22 (2017): 3257–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cc00022g.

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This study of catalyst accessibility inside metal–organic frameworks demonstrates that pore dimensions, catalyst loadings, concentration of reductant, and reaction times all influence the proportion of catalysts within MOFs that engage in redox chemistry.
12

Liu, Yang, Hongwu Tian, Liyao Xu, Li Zhou, Jinhu Wang, Benyan Xu, Chunli Liu, Lars I. Elding, and Tiesheng Shi. "Investigations of the Kinetics and Mechanism of Reduction of a Carboplatin Pt(IV) Prodrug by the Major Small-Molecule Reductants in Human Plasma." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 12, 2019): 5660. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225660.

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The development of Pt(IV) anticancer prodrugs to overcome the detrimental side effects of Pt(II)-based anticancer drugs is of current interest. The kinetics and reaction mechanisms of the reductive activation of the carboplatin Pt(IV) prodrug cis,trans-[Pt(cbdca)(NH3)2Cl2] (cbdca = cyclobutane-1,1-dicarboxylate) by the major small-molecule reductants in human plasma were analyzed in this work. The reductants included ascorbate (Asc), the thiol-containing molecules L-cysteine (Cys), DL-homocysteine (Hcy), and glutathione (GSH), and the dipeptide Cys–Gly. Overall second-order kinetics were established in all cases. At the physiological pH of 7.4, the observed second-order rate constants k′ followed the order Asc << Cys–Gly ~ Hcy < GSH < Cys. This reactivity order together with the abundances of the reductants in human plasma indicated Cys as the major small-molecule reductant in vivo, followed by GSH and ascorbate, whereas Hcy is much less important. In the cases of Cys and GSH, detailed reaction mechanisms and the reactivity of the various protolytic species at physiological pH were derived. The rate constants of the rate-determining steps were evaluated, allowing the construction of reactivity-versus-pH distribution diagrams for Cys and GSH. The diagrams unraveled that species III of Cys (−SCH2CH(NH3+)COO−) and species IV of GSH (−OOCCH(NH3+)CH2CH2CONHCH(CH2S−)- CONHCH2COO−) were exclusively dominant in the reduction process. These two species are anticipated to be of pivotal importance in the reduction of other types of Pt(IV) prodrugs as well.
13

Ghosh, Subrata K., Christopher C. Cummins, and John A. Gladysz. "A direct route from white phosphorus and fluorous alkyl and aryl iodides to the corresponding trialkyl- and triarylphosphines." Organic Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 23 (2018): 3421–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8qo00943k.

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14

Yamamoto, Kosuke, Kazuhisa Arita, Masashi Shiota, Masami Kuriyama, and Osamu Onomura. "Electrochemical formal homocoupling of sec-alcohols." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 18 (August 22, 2022): 1062–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.18.108.

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Electrochemical pinacol coupling of carbonyl compounds in an undivided cell with a sacrificial anode would be a promising approach toward synthetically valuable vic-1,2-diol scaffolds without using low-valent metal reductants. However, sacrificial anodes produce an equimolar amount of metal waste, which may be a major issue in terms of sustainable chemistry. Herein, we report a sacrificial anode-free electrochemical protocol for the synthesis of pinacol-type vic-1,2-diols from sec-alcohols, namely benzyl alcohol derivatives and ethyl lactate. The corresponding vic-1,2-diols are obtained in moderate to good yields, and good to high levels of stereoselectivity are observed for sec-benzyl alcohol derivatives. The present transformations smoothly proceed in a simple undivided cell under constant current conditions without the use of external chemical oxidants/reductants, and transition-metal catalysts.
15

Ledenev, A., S. Kozodaev, V. Percev, E. Baranov, T. Zagoruyko, and D. Vnukov. "MECHANISMS OF ACT OF VARIOUS KINDS OF ORGANIC MINERAL ADDITIVES IN CEMENT SYSTEM." Bulletin of Belgorod State Technological University named after. V. G. Shukhov 6, no. 9 (September 13, 2021): 8–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.34031/2071-7318-2021-6-9-8-19.

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The article presents the direction of development of the scientific and practical foundations of the technology of cement concretes associated with the use of organic mineral additives. It allows to improve the physical and mechanical characteristics of products and structures. The purpose of research is determination of the mechanism of act organic-mineral additives including reductants of the various physical and chemical nature and an experimental estimation of their effect on a mineral phase structure and properties of cement system. Organic mineral additives are applied in studies for which new options of components of the various physical and chemical nature are observed and received. The study of possible mechanisms of effect organic mineral additives conducted on a water-cement paste and on concreting cement system with roent-gen-phase analysis application are made. The effect of organic mineral additives on properties watering out and concreting cement systems is established. The effect of organic mineral additives including reduct-ants of the various physical and chemical nature, on a modification of a mineral phase structure of growths in the course of a hydration solidification and set strength is determined. The data obtained allow to broaden the understanding of organic-mineral additives effect on a structure and properties of cement sys-tem and to suggest accessible raw reductants in new effective organic mineral additives for obtaining of cement concretes with improved physical-mechanical performances.
16

Charboneau, David J., Haotian Huang, Emily L. Barth, Cameron C. Germe, Nilay Hazari, Brandon Q. Mercado, Mycah R. Uehling, and Susan L. Zultanski. "Tunable and Practical Homogeneous Organic Reductants for Cross-Electrophile Coupling." Journal of the American Chemical Society 143, no. 49 (November 30, 2021): 21024–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jacs.1c10932.

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17

Zhang, Siyuan, Karttikay Moudgil, Evgheni Jucov, Chad Risko, Tatiana V. Timofeeva, Seth R. Marder, and Stephen Barlow. "Organometallic hydride-transfer agents as reductants for organic semiconductor molecules." Inorganica Chimica Acta 489 (April 2019): 67–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2019.02.003.

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18

Rodriguez-Ruiz, Alfonso, Doreen Braun, Simon Pflug, Alexander Brol, Marc Sylvester, Clemens Steegborn, and Ulrich Schweizer. "Insights into the Mechanism of Human Deiodinase 1." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 5361. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23105361.

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The three isoenzymes of iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO1-3) are membrane-anchored homo-dimeric selenoproteins which share the thioredoxin-fold structure. Several questions regarding their catalytic mechanisms still remain open. Here, we addressed the roles of several cysteines which are conserved among deiodinase isoenzymes and asked whether they may contribute to dimerization and reduction of the oxidized enzyme with physiological reductants. We also asked whether amino acids previously identified in DIO3 play the same role in DIO1. Human DIO1 and 2 were recombinantly expressed in insect cells with selenocysteine replaced with cysteine (DIO1U126C) or in COS7 cells as selenoprotein. Enzyme activities were studied by radioactive deiodination assays with physiological reducing agents and recombinant proteins were characterized by mass spectrometry. Mutation of Cys124 in DIO1 prevented reduction by glutathione, while 20 mM dithiothreitol still regenerated the enzyme. Protein thiol reductants, thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, did not reduce DIO1U126C. Mass spectrometry demonstrated the formation of an intracellular disulfide between the side-chains of Cys124 and Cys(Sec)126. We conclude that the proximal Cys124 forms a selenenyl-sulfide with the catalytic Sec126 during catalysis, which is the substrate of the physiological reductant glutathione. Mutagenesis studies support the idea of a proton-relay pathway from solvent to substrate that is shared between DIO1 and DIO3.
19

Jiang, Zhenxiang, Chihiro K. A. Watanabe, Atsuko Miyagi, Maki Kawai-Yamada, Ichiro Terashima, and Ko Noguchi. "Mitochondrial AOX Supports Redox Balance of Photosynthetic Electron Transport, Primary Metabolite Balance, and Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana under High Light." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 12 (June 23, 2019): 3067. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20123067.

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When leaves receive excess light energy, excess reductants accumulate in chloroplasts. It is suggested that some of the reductants are oxidized by the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Alternative oxidase (AOX), a non-energy conserving terminal oxidase, was upregulated in the photosynthetic mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana, pgr5, which accumulated reductants in chloroplast stroma. AOX is suggested to have an important role in dissipating reductants under high light (HL) conditions, but its physiological importance and underlying mechanisms are not yet known. Here, we compared wild-type (WT), pgr5, and a double mutant of AOX1a-knockout plant (aox1a) and pgr5 (aox1a/pgr5) grown under high- and low-light conditions, and conducted physiological analyses. The net assimilation rate (NAR) was lower in aox1a/pgr5 than that in the other genotypes at the early growth stage, while the leaf area ratio was higher in aox1a/pgr5. We assessed detailed mechanisms in relation to NAR. In aox1a/pgr5, photosystem II parameters decreased under HL, whereas respiratory O2 uptake rates increased. Some intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and Calvin cycle decreased in aox1a/pgr5, whereas γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and N-rich amino acids increased in aox1a/pgr5. Under HL, AOX may have an important role in dissipating excess reductants to prevent the reduction of photosynthetic electron transport and imbalance in primary metabolite levels.
20

Zhou, Shuwen, Qing Wang, Jun Chen, Yue Shen, Li Liu, and Cheng Wang. "Preparation and Optimization of MnO2 Nanoparticles." Science of Advanced Materials 14, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 927–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/sam.2022.4255.

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Manganese dioxide (MnO2) is one of the commonly applied inorganic material which is gaining increasing attentions in recent years. However, preparation and optimization of MnO2 nanoparticles have rarely been studied by previous studies, making the mechanisms responsible for preparation of MnO2 remaining largely unknown. Here in this study, we synthesized MnO2 through reduction of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) using different reductants, including protein, polymers and small molecule organic acids. It was suggested that, stable MnO2 nanoparticles can only be obtained in balanced synthesis/stabilization process which requires the reductant to have proper reducibility and stabilization ability at the right charge ratios. Our results concluded that, among these materials, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) K30 showed the best performance at the charge ratio of 8/3 (w/w, PVP K30 to KMnO4, under given reaction conditions, which resulted in nanoparticles (hydrodynamic size: 79.72±31.53) with high stability and well dispersity, which was then selected as the optimal formulation.
21

Lima, Juan Pablo Pereira, Carlos Henrique Borges Tabelini, and André Aguiar. "A Review of Gallic Acid-Mediated Fenton Processes for Degrading Emerging Pollutants and Dyes." Molecules 28, no. 3 (January 24, 2023): 1166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28031166.

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Diverse reducing mediators have often been used to increase the degradation of emerging pollutants (EPs) and dyes through the Fenton reaction (Fe2+ + H2O2 → Fe3+ + HO● + HO−). Adding reductants can minimize the accumulation of Fe3+ in a solution, leading to accelerated Fe2+ regeneration and the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, such as the HO● radical. The present study consisted in reviewing the effects of gallic acid (GA), a plant-extracted reductant, on the Fenton-based oxidation of several EPs and dyes. It was verified that the pro-oxidant effect of GA was not only reported for soluble iron salts as a catalyst (homogeneous Fenton), but also iron-containing solid materials (heterogeneous Fenton). The most common molar proportion verified in the studies was catalyst:oxidant:GA equal to 1:10–20:1. This shows that the required amount of both catalyst and GA is quite low in comparison with the oxidant, which is generally H2O2. Interestingly, GA has proven to be an effective mediator at pH values well above the ideal range of 2.5–3.0 for Fenton processes. This allows treatments to be carried out at the natural pH of the wastewater. The use of plant extracts or wood barks containing GA and other reductants is suggested to make GA-mediated Fenton processes easier to apply for treating real wastewater.
22

Bhattacharya, Anup Kumar, Anath Bondhu Mondal, Anadi C. Dash, G. S. Brahma, and Rupendranath Banerjee. "Kinetics of oxidation of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbic acid by a tribridged manganese(IV,IV) dimer in feebly acidic media." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 77, no. 4 (April 1, 1999): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v99-062.

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In weakly acidic, aqueous buffer (MeCO2-+ bipy), the complex ion [Mn2IV(μ-O)2(μ-MeCO2)(bipy)2(H2O)2]3+, 1 (bipy = 2,2prime-bipyridine), coexists in rapid equilibrium with its hydrolytic derivatives, [Mn2IV(μ-O)2(bipy)2(H2O)4]4+, 2, and [Mn2IV(μ-O)2(μ-MeCO2)(bipy)(H2O)4]3+, 3. The solution quantitatively oxidizes hydrogen peroxide to oxygen and ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid, itself being reduced to MnII. In the presence of excess reductant, the reactions follow simple first-order kinetics with no evidence for the accumulation of a significant amount of any intermediate manganese complex. The ascorbate anion shows overwhelming kinetic dominance over ascorbic acid, but no evidence is available for deprotonation of hydrogen peroxide. The preferred intimate mechanism for hydrogen peroxide is inner sphere but that for ascorbic acid is uncertain. For both reductants, increased extent of aquation leads to increased kinetic activity in the order: 1 < 2 < 3.Key words: kinetics, manganese, ascorbic acid, hydrogen peroxide, 2,2prime-bipyridine.
23

Huang, Huan-Ming, Qiong He, and David J. Procter. "Samarium Diiodide Catalyzed Radical Cascade Cyclizations that Construct Quaternary Stereocenters." Synlett 31, no. 01 (August 28, 2019): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1690196.

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SmI2-catalyzed radical cascade cyclizations were used to generate complex carbocyclic products bearing quaternary stereocenters with high selectivity. Bicyclic scaffolds containing four contiguous stereocenters and one quaternary stereocenter were obtained in excellent yields (up to 99%) and with high diastereocontrol by using 5 mol% of SmI2 at ambient temperature in the absence of co-reductants or additives. Mechanistic studies support a radical relay mechanism.
24

Turek, W., A. Plis, P. Da Costa, and A. Krzton. "Investigation of oxide catalysts activity in the NOx neutralisation with organic reductants." Applied Surface Science 256, no. 17 (June 2010): 5572–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2009.12.149.

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25

Anka-Lufford, Lukiana L., Kierra M. M. Huihui, Nicholas J. Gower, Laura K. G. Ackerman, and Daniel J. Weix. "Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling with Organic Reductants in Non-Amide Solvents." Chemistry - A European Journal 22, no. 33 (July 8, 2016): 11564–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chem.201602668.

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26

Palomba, Mariano, Angela Longo, and Gianfranco Carotenuto. "Gel-Phase Reduction of Graphene Oxide Coatings by L-Ascorbic Acid." Materials Proceedings 4, no. 1 (November 10, 2020): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/iocn2020-07783.

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Reduced graphene oxide (r-GO) has physical–chemical properties like graphene and therefore it can be used for most graphene-based technological applications. r-GO is produced by chemical or thermal reduction of graphene oxide (GO). GO is a highly water-soluble organic compound that can be easily processed in the form of aqueous/alcoholic ink to produce thick self-standing films (i.e., GO paper) or thin coatings supported on a variety of substrates (e.g., polymers, cellulose, glass, silicon, etc.). The best GO reduction technique depends on the substrate chemical/thermal stability, and in the case of thermally unstable substrates (e.g., cellulose), the chemical approach is mandatory. However, traditional reductants, like hydrazine and phenyl-hydrazine, are highly active and therefore detrimental for the substrate. Among the mild reducing agents, L-ascorbic acid (L-aa), a green chemical reductant, has been widely investigated for GO reduction in aqueous solutions. Here, L-aa has been used to convert a GO gel-phase to r-GO by (i) swelling the GO phase with hot water, in order to allow L-aa permeation inside its lamellar structures by diffusion; and (ii) periodically restoring the reductant on the GO layer surface. According to the morphological–structural characterization (SEM, FT-IR, etc.), the proposed approach allowed GO conversion to r-GO, preserving a thin GO interfacial layer essential for a good adhesion.
27

Smith, Hannah L., Jordan T. Dull, Swagat K. Mohapatra, Khaled Al Kurdi, Stephen Barlow, Seth R. Marder, Barry P. Rand, and Antoine Kahn. "Powerful Organic Molecular Oxidants and Reductants Enable Ambipolar Injection in a Large-Gap Organic Homojunction Diode." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 14, no. 1 (January 3, 2022): 2381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.1c21302.

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28

Gomez-Buckley, Adriana C., Gordon M. Showalter, and Michael L. Wong. "Modeling Virus and Bacteria Populations in Europa’s Subsurface Ocean." Life 12, no. 5 (April 21, 2022): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life12050620.

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The search for life in the universe is often informed by the study of “extreme” environments on Earth, which provide analogs for habitable locations in the Solar System, and whose microbial inhabitants may therefore also serve as analogs for potential life forms in extraterrestrial milieus. Recent work has highlighted the ubiquity and importance of viral entities in terrestrial ecosystems, which calls for a greater understanding of the roles that viruses might play in hypothetical extraterrestrial biomes. While some studies have modeled the dynamics of viral and bacterial populations in icy ocean environments on Earth, previous work has yet to apply these findings to icy ocean worlds such as Jupiter’s moon Europa. It is commonly theorized that hydrothermal vents on Europa could produce the necessary reductants for chemosynthesis to take place on the ocean bottom. In the case that Europa’s ocean is a reductant-limited environment, how might reductants and organic matter reach the sub-ice region to power a more easily accessible ecosystem? Here, we propose a ‘viral elevator,’ a mechanism that functions similarly to the ‘viral shunt’ in Earth’s oceans, which could create and shuttle dissolved organic matter (DOM) to a hypothetical sub-ice biosphere through viral carriers. Current models of Europa’s ocean currents and stratification support the movement of DOM to the sub-ice biosphere. We adapt an existing model for bacterial and viral population dynamics in Earth’s Arctic sea ice to Europa and use parameters from various Arctic-based studies as proxies for Europa’s environment. We find that viral burst size has the most significant effect on the virus-to-bacteria ratio (VBR) and system longevity in closed systems (such as brine pockets within Europa’s icy crust), with higher burst sizes clearly increasing both. When applying our model to an open system with an influx of DOM from the viral elevator, we found that a steady-state system is attainable, with resulting sub-ice biofilms on the order of 0.1 mm thick (global equivalent layer). This has implications for future searches for life on Europa, given that life directly under the ice will be easier to detect and observe than life near the ocean bottom.
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Yajurvedi, Deeksha, Om Prakash, and Anurag Choudhary. "Oxidation Kinetics of some Lower Oxyacids of Phosphorus by Picolinium Chlorochromate: Determination of Reactive Reducing Species." French-Ukrainian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 2 (2023): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/fujcv11i2p57-68.

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Picolinium chlorochromate (PICC) in dimethylsuloxide (DMSO) oxidizes lower oxyacids of phosphorus, forming matching oxyacids with phosphorus in a higher oxidation state. The reaction shows a stoichiometry of 1:1. In relation to PICC, the response is first order. Regarding the reductants, a kinetics of the Michaelis-Menten type was noticed. Acrylonitrile does not undergo polymerization as a result of the reaction. Hydrogen ions function as catalysts for reactions. The form of the hydrogen-ion dependency is: kobs = a + b[H+]. Deuterated phosphinic and phenylphosphinic acids showed a significant primary kinetic isotope impact during oxidation. Nineteen different organic solvents were used to study the oxidation. The multiparametric equations of Taft and Swain were used to analyze the solvent effects. The influence of the solvent shows that the polarity of the solvent is crucial to the process. The penta-coordinated tautomer of the phosphorus oxyacid has been shown to be the reactive reductant, and it has been determined that the tricoordinated forms of phosphorus oxyacids do not take part in the oxidation process. It has been hypothesized that the rate-determining phase involves the transfer of a hydride ion.
30

Chen, Mingwei, Jinyu Hu, Xiaoli Tang, and Qiming Zhu. "Piperazine as an Inexpensive and Efficient Ligand for Pd-Catalyzed Homocoupling Reactions to Synthesize Bipyridines and Their Analogues." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 1 (February 4, 2019): 173–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179415666180913131905.

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Aim and Objective: The synthesis of bipyridines, especially 2, 2’-bipyridines, remains challenging because the catalytic cycle can be inhibited due to coordination of bipyridine to transition metal. Thus, the development of efficient methods for the synthesis of bipyridines is highly desirable. In the present work, we presented a promising approach for preparation of bipyridines via a Pd-catalyzed reductive homocoupling reaction with simple piperazine as a ligand. Materials and Methods: Simple and inexpensive piperazine was used as a ligand for Pd-catalyzed homocoupling reaction. The combination of Pd(OAc)2 and piperazine in dimethylformamide (DMF) was observed to form an excellent catalyst and efficiently catalyzed the homocoupling of azaarenyl halides, in which DMF was used as the solvent without excess reductants although stoichiometric reductant was generally required to generate the low-oxidation-state active metal species in the catalytic cycles. </P><P> Results: In this case, good to excellent yields of bipyridines and their (hetero) aromatic analogues were obtained in the presence of 2.5 mol% of Pd(OAc)2 and 5 mol% of piperazine, using K3PO4 as a base in DMF at 140°C. Conclusion: According to the results, piperazine as an inexpensive and efficient ligand was used in the Pd(OAc)2-catalyzed homocoupling reaction of heteroaryl and aryl halides. The coupling reaction was operationally simple and displayed good substrate compatibility.
31

Safonov, Sergey V., Sergey A. Fateev, Lev S. Logunov, Evgeniia M. Khairullina, and Vladimir A. Kochemirovsky. "Laser-Induced Copper Deposition from Solution: Removing the Thermodynamic Restrictions." Advanced Materials Research 893 (February 2014): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.893.45.

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s. The study showed that organic alcohols with 1,2,3,5,6 hydroxyl groups can be used as reducing agents for laser-induced copper deposition from solutions (LCLD).Multiatomic alcohols, sorbitol, xylitol, and glycerol, are shown to be effective reducing agents for performing LCLD at glass-ceramic surfaces unless they are weak reductants. Hypothesis of 2-photon photoeffect during laser induced copper deposition was discussed. Using the described dechnique one can obtain high-conductivity copper micro wires on dielectric surfaces for microelectronics and sensor applications
32

van Tol, Helena M., and E. Virginia Armbrust. "Genome-scale metabolic model of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana highlights the importance of nitrogen and sulfur metabolism in redox balance." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 24, 2021): e0241960. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241960.

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Diatoms are unicellular photosynthetic algae known to secrete organic matter that fuels secondary production in the ocean, though our knowledge of how their physiology impacts the composition of dissolved organic matter remains limited. Like all photosynthetic organisms, their use of light for energy and reducing power creates the challenge of avoiding cellular damage. To better understand the interplay between redox balance and organic matter secretion, we reconstructed a genome-scale metabolic model of Thalassiosira pseudonana strain CCMP 1335, a model for diatom molecular biology and physiology, with a 60-year history of studies. The model simulates the metabolic activities of 1,432 genes via a network of 2,792 metabolites produced through 6,079 reactions distributed across six subcellular compartments. Growth was simulated under different steady-state light conditions (5–200 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and in a batch culture progressing from exponential growth to nitrate-limitation and nitrogen-starvation. We used the model to examine the dissipation of reductants generated through light-dependent processes and found that when available, nitrate assimilation is an important means of dissipating reductants in the plastid; under nitrate-limiting conditions, sulfate assimilation plays a similar role. The use of either nitrate or sulfate uptake to balance redox reactions leads to the secretion of distinct organic nitrogen and sulfur compounds. Such compounds can be accessed by bacteria in the surface ocean. The model of the diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana provides a mechanistic explanation for the production of ecologically and climatologically relevant compounds that may serve as the basis for intricate, cross-kingdom microbial networks. Diatom metabolism has an important influence on global biogeochemistry; metabolic models of marine microorganisms link genes to ecosystems and may be key to integrating molecular data with models of ocean biogeochemistry.
33

Mohammad, Sahib, Satyananda Patra, and Barun Harichandan. "Reductants in iron ore sintering: A critical review." Fuel 332 (January 2023): 126194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126194.

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34

Chen, Feng, Xiu-Hua Xu, Zeng-Hao Chen, Yue Chen та Feng-Ling Qing. "Visible-light-induced nickel-catalyzed α-hydroxytrifluoroethylation of alkyl carboxylic acids: Access to trifluoromethyl alkyl acyloins". Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (11 вересня 2023): 1372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.98.

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A visible-light-induced nickel-catalyzed cross coupling of alkyl carboxylic acids with N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide is described. Under purple light irradiation, an α-hydroxytrifluoroethyl radical generated from a photoactive electron donor–acceptor complex between Hantzsch ester and N-trifluoroethoxyphthalimide was subsequently engaged in a nickel-catalyzed coupling reaction with in situ-activated alkyl carboxylic acids. This convenient protocol does not require photocatalysts and metal reductants, providing a straightforward and efficient access to trifluoromethyl alkyl acyloins in good yields with broad substrate compatibility. The complex bioactive molecules were also compatible with this catalytic system to afford the corresponding products.
35

Alfassi, Z. B., R. E. Huie, P. Neta, and L. C. T. Shoute. "Temperature dependence of the rate constants for reaction of inorganic radicals with organic reductants." Journal of Physical Chemistry 94, no. 25 (December 1990): 8800–8805. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100388a011.

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36

Pan, Zhengzheng, Rui Zhang, and Martin Newcomb. "Kinetic studies of reactions of iron(IV)-oxo porphyrin radical cations with organic reductants." Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 100, no. 4 (April 2006): 524–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2005.12.022.

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37

Alfassi, Z. B., R. E. Huie, and P. Neta. "Solvent effects on the rate constants for reaction of trichloromethylperoxyl radicals with organic reductants." Journal of Physical Chemistry 97, no. 28 (July 1993): 7253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j100130a022.

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38

Tang, Kan, Megan R. Brown, Chad Risko, Melissa K. Gish, Garry Rumbles, Phuc H. Pham, Oana R. Luca, Stephen Barlow, and Seth R. Marder. "Beyond n-dopants for organic semiconductors: use of bibenzo[d]imidazoles in UV-promoted dehalogenation reactions of organic halides." Beilstein Journal of Organic Chemistry 19 (December 14, 2023): 1912–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjoc.19.142.

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2,2’-Bis(4-dimethylaminophenyl)- and 2,2'-dicyclohexyl-1,1',3,3'-tetramethyl-2,2',3,3'-tetrahydro-2,2'-bibenzo[d]imidazole ((N-DMBI)2 and (Cyc-DMBI)2) are quite strong reductants with effective potentials of ca. −2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, yet are relatively stable to air due to the coupling of redox and bond-breaking processes. Here, we examine their use in accomplishing electron transfer-induced bond-cleavage reactions, specifically dehalogenations. The dimers reduce halides that have reduction potentials less cathodic than ca. −2 V vs ferrocenium/ferrocene, especially under UV photoexcitation (using a 365 nm LED). In the case of benzyl halides, the products are bibenzyl derivatives, whereas aryl halides are reduced to the corresponding arenes. The potentials of the halides that can be reduced in this way, quantum-chemical calculations, and steady-state and transient absorption spectroscopy suggest that UV irradiation accelerates the reactions via cleavage of the dimers to the corresponding radical monomers.
39

Mandal, Arabinda, Ranendu Sekhar Das, Bula Singh, Rupendranath Banerjee, and Subrata Mukhopadhay. "Kinetic and mechanistic studies of the reactions of 2-mercaptoethanol and thioglycolic acid with a Co(III)-bound superoxide complex." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 93, no. 11 (November 2015): 1276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjc-2015-0110.

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In acid media ([H+] = 0.01–0.06 M), 2-mercaptoethanol (HSCH2CH2OH, abbreviated as MERCAP) and thioglycolic acid (HSCH2COOH, abbreviated as TGA) reduce the superoxo complex [(en)(dien)CoIII(O2)CoIII(en)(dien)]5+ (1) to the corresponding peroxo complex [(en)(dien)CoIII(μ-O2)CoIII(en)(dien)]4+ (2). The observed rate (ko), although proportional to both [MERCAP] and [TGA], is higher for TGA than for MERCAP, which is contrary to the expected trend on the basis of standard reduction potential (–0.14 versus –0.26 V, respectively). Moreover, ko values decrease with increasing media ionic strength (I) and [H+] and thus, thiolate anions are supposed to be the reactive forms of the reductants. Under the experimental conditions, the concentrations of such reductants (–SCH2CH2OH and HOOCCH2S–, respectively) from MERCAP (pKa = 9.7) and TGA (pKa1, pKa2 = 3.53, 10.10) are very small. However, for TGA, the tautomerization between HSCH2COO– and –SCH2COOH (pKi = 7.0) plays a significant role in increasing the concentration of HOOCCH2S–. The rates of both of the reactions are limited by the rate of solvent diffusion and this fact is also supported by the relatively low activation energy (Ea), for the reactions. The Ea values for the reactions with MERCAP and TGA are close enough (29.6 ± 1.3 and 27.0 ± 0.4 kJ M−1 respectively) to suggest a common reaction mechanism for both.
40

Grierson, PF, and PM Attiwill. "Chemical Characteristics of the Proteoid Root Mat of Banksia integrifolia L." Australian Journal of Botany 37, no. 2 (1989): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9890137.

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The proteoid roots of Banksia integrifolia are concentrated in the surface soil, forming a dense mat beneath the litter layer. Water extracts of the proteoid root mat contained a significantly greater amount of hydrogen ions, reductants and an unidentified chelating agent, than water extracts of soil beneath the root mat, of the litter layer and of soil from beyond the proteoid root zone. The results are discussed in relation to previously reported production of organic chelates by plants causing solubilisation of soil phosphates. It is suggested the proteoid roots of B. integrifolia chemically modify the soil environment thereby enhancing nutrient uptake.
41

Marchenko, V. I., V. N. Alekseenko, and K. N. Dvoeglazov. "Organic reductants of Pu and Np ions in wet technology for spent nuclear fuel reprocessing." Radiochemistry 57, no. 4 (July 2015): 366–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1066362215040050.

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42

Deng, Baolin, and Alan T. Stone. "Surface-Catalyzed Chromium(VI) Reduction: Reactivity Comparisons of Different Organic Reductants and Different Oxide Surfaces." Environmental Science & Technology 30, no. 8 (January 1996): 2484–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es950780p.

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43

Koltunov, Valentin. "Kinetics and Mechanism of RedOx Reactions of Np and Pu Ions with Several Organic Reductants." Journal of Nuclear Science and Technology 39, sup3 (November 2002): 347–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00223131.2002.10875480.

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44

Rele, Shyam, Sanjay Talukdar, Asoke Banerji та Subrata Chattopadhyay. "Generation of Reactive Low-Valent Titanium Species Using Μetal−Αrenes as Efficient Organic Reductants for TiCl3: Applications to Organic Synthesis". Journal of Organic Chemistry 66, № 9 (травень 2001): 2990–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jo001586a.

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45

Opatz, Till, Leander Geske, and Eisuke Sato. "Anodic Oxidation as an Enabling Tool for the Synthesis of Natural Products." Synthesis 52, no. 19 (June 22, 2020): 2781–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1707154.

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Electrochemistry provides a valuable toolbox for organic synthesis and offers an appealing, environmentally benign alternative to the use of stoichiometric quantities of chemical oxidants or reductants. Its potential to control current efficiency along with providing alternative reaction conditions in a classical sense makes electrochemistry a suitable method for large-scale industrial transformations as well as for laboratory applications in the synthesis of complex molecular architectures. Even though research in this field has intensified over the recent decades, many synthetic chemists still hesitate to add electroorganic reactions to their standard repertoire, and hence, the full potential of preparative organic electrochemistry has not yet been unleashed. This short review highlights the versatility of anodic transformations by summarizing their application in natural product synthesis.1 Introduction2 Shono-Type Oxidation3 C–N/N–N Bond Formation4 Aryl–Alkene/Aryl–Aryl Coupling5 Cycloadditions Triggered by Oxidation of Electron-Rich Arenes6 Spirocycles7 Miscellaneous Transformations8 Future Prospects
46

Xiao, Li-Jun, Meng-Chun Ye та Qi-Lin Zhou. "Nickel-Catalyzed Highly Atom-Economical C–C Coupling Reactions with π Components". Synlett 30, № 04 (5 грудня 2018): 361–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1610410.

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This account describes our latest advances in the field of nickel(0)-catalyzed hydrofunctionalization of π components. All reactions proceed either through internal hydride transfer or by using an external proton as the hydride source, thereby eliminating the use of stoichiometric amounts of reductants or oxidants. These nickel-catalyzed atom-economical coupling reactions demonstrate that nickel not only is an inexpensive metal catalyst, but also possesses unique and versatile catalytic abilities. Current limitations and the outlook of these reactions are also discussed.1 Introduction2 Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Hydroacylation of Styrenes with Simple Aldehydes3 Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Hydroalkenylation of Imines and Aldehydes with Alkenes4 Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes and 1,3-Dienes with Organoboronic Derivatives5 Nickel(0)-Catalyzed Hydroalkylation of 1,3-Dienes with Simple Ketones6 Summary and Outlook
47

Jang, Sanha, Shamim Ahmed Hira, Dicky Annas, Sehwan Song, Mohammad Yusuf, Ji Chan Park, Sungkyun Park, and Kang Hyun Park. "Recent Novel Hybrid Pd–Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as Catalysts for Various C–C Coupling Reactions." Processes 7, no. 7 (July 3, 2019): 422. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr7070422.

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The use of nanostructure materials as heterogeneous catalysts in the synthesis of organic compounds have been receiving more attention in the rapid developing area of nanotechnology. In this review, we mainly focused on our own work on the synthesis of hybrid palladium–iron oxide nanoparticles. We discuss the synthesis of Pd–Fe3O4—both morphology-controlled synthesis of Pd–Fe3O4 and transition metal-loaded Pd–Fe3O4—as well as its application in various C–C coupling reactions. In the case of rose-like Pd–Fe3O4 hybrid nanoparticles, thermal decomposition can be used instead of oxidants or reductants, and morphology can be easily controlled. We have developed a method for the synthesis of nanoparticles that is facile and eco-friendly. The catalyst was recyclable for up to five continual cycles without significant loss of catalytic activity and may provide a great platform as a catalyst for other organic reactions in the near future.
48

Bellotto, Ottavia, Maria C. Cringoli, Siglinda Perathoner, Paolo Fornasiero, and Silvia Marchesan. "Peptide Gelators to Template Inorganic Nanoparticle Formation." Gels 7, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7010014.

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The use of peptides to template inorganic nanoparticle formation has attracted great interest as a green route to advance structures with innovative physicochemical properties for a variety of applications that range from biomedicine and sensing, to catalysis. In particular, short-peptide gelators offer the advantage of providing dynamic supramolecular environments for the templating effect on the formation of inorganic nanoparticles directly in the resulting gels, and ideally without using further reductants or chemical reagents. This mini-review describes the recent progress in the field to outline future research directions towards dynamic functional materials that exploit the synergy between supramolecular chemistry, nanoscience, and the interface between organic and inorganic components for advanced performance.
49

O’Loughlin, Edward J., and David R. Burris. "Reduction of Chlorinated Ethenes by Ag- and Cu-Amended Green Rust." Minerals 12, no. 2 (January 25, 2022): 138. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min12020138.

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Chlorinated ethenes have been used extensively as solvents, degreasers, and dry-cleaning agents in a range of commercial and industrial applications. This has created a legacy of contaminated soils and groundwater, particularly with respect to perchloroethylene (PCE; a.k.a. tetrachloroethene—C2Cl4), and trichloroethylene (TCE; a.k.a. trichloroethene—C2HCl3), prompting the development of a wide array of treatment technologies for remediation of chlorinated ethene-contaminated environments. Green rusts are highly redox-active layered Fe(II)-Fe(III) hydroxides that have been shown to be facile reductants for a wide range of organic and inorganic pollutants. The reduction of chlorinated ethenes [vinyl chloride (VC); 1,1-dichloroethene(11DCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (c12DCE), trans-1,2-dichloroethene (t12DCE), TCE, and PCE] was examined in aqueous suspensions of green rust, alone as well as with the addition of Ag(I) (AgGR) or Cu(II) (CuGR). Green rust alone was ineffective as a reductant for the reductive dechlorination for all of the chlorinated ethenes. Near-complete removal of PCE was observed in the presence of AgGR, but all other chlorinated ethenes were essentially non-reactive. Partial removal of chlorinated ethenes was observed in the presence of CuGR, particularly 11DCE (34%), t12DCE (51%), and VC (66%). Significant differences were observed in the product distributions of chlorinated ethene reduction by AgGR and CuGR. The effectiveness of Ag(I)- and Cu(II)-amended green rusts for removal of chlorinated ethenes may be improved under different conditions (e.g., pH and interlayer anion) and warrants further investigation.
50

Gao, Yang, Simin Yang, Yanping Huo, and Xiao‐Qiang Hu. "Recent Progress on Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes by Using Organosilanes as Convenient Reductants." Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis 362, no. 19 (September 8, 2020): 3971–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adsc.202000370.

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