Добірка наукової літератури з теми "Organic nano-Coating"

Organic–inorganic hybridization technique is the recent trend to increase the performance of conventional organic coatings. In this work inorganic nano- Al2O3 was incorporated in organic waterborne polyurethane conventional coating (PUA) and applied on mild steel. The problem of lack of interfacial interaction between inorganic nanoreinforcement (nano- Al2O3 ) and organic matrix, agglomeration of high surface energetic nano- Al2O3 within the coating need to be solved. In order to obtain stable hybrid coating the organic bi-functional polymers, methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and 3-glycidoxy-propyltriethoxysilane (GPTMS) were grafted on the surface of nano- Al2O3 and dispersed in PU coating by ultrasonication which were designated as PUM and PUG respectively. AFM analysis indicates that the grafting of nano- Al2O3 significantly reduces the agglomeration problems as well as root mean square surfaces roughness (Rq) of coating. Immersion studies conducted in 3.5 wt.% NaCl solution showed that the dielectric properties (polarization resistance) increases and corrosion rate decreases significantly with grafted coatings as measured by electrochemical technique. The mechanical properties of PUG and PUM hybrid coating showed the much better performance than waterborne Polyurethane (PU) coating.

This paper introduces the innovation of adding inorganic nano additive into the organic anti-rust coating and the development of “organic-inorganic nano-composite coating”, which can be used to realize the effective coverage of reinforcement surface by utilizing “self repair” function and “super extension” behavior of nano materials to remedy the defect for severe corrosion of general organic coating caused by the uneven painting.

The surface modified hydrophilic zinc sulfide nano powder was prepared by hydrothermal method, and the corresponding zinc sulfide/polyurethane organic-inorganic composite transparent coating via in-situ polymerization. The structure of ZnS Nanoparticles and organic-inorganic composite coating were characterized by Infrared Spectroscopy, X-Ray Diffraction, Laser Particle Size Analyzer and Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical properties were measured by Ultraviolet-Visible spectrophotometer and ellipsometry. The results show that the monodisperse hydrophilic nano zinc sulfide powder with a particle size of about 70 nm can be obtained by thioglycolic acid (TGA) modification, which has good compatibility with waterborne polyurethane. Nano zinc sulfide increased the refractive index of the coating significantly and the refractive index of the coatings could be controlled in the region of 1.46–1.71 organic-inorganic composite coating by adding ZnS. When the amount of nano ZnS added was 30%, the refractive index of the hybrid coating can reach 1.71, and the transmittance was more than 90%. The cured coatings were smooth and no agglomeration between nano ZnS particles could be found. After application on the surfaces of resin lens, the coatings presented better impact resistance, which indicated that the coating has application prospects in the field of fine processing of lens’ surfaces.

By referring to the domestic and foreign researches on color anti-skid pavement, the composition of epoxy resin coating material for color antiskid pavement is designed. The purpose of the experiment is to analyze the effect of nano-modified epoxy resin coating by adding 2.5% nano-organic montmorillonite modifier to the existing color anti-skid pavement surface material. Test and compare the change of mechanical properties of nano-modified epoxy resin coating binder before and after nano-modified. Then the effect of nano-modification is analyzed.

The present study concerns hydrophobic surface treatments with silane-based coating on concrete surfaces against external ionic transport. The nano-modification and organic–inorganic modification were carried out on it and applied to the mortar matrix and concrete matrix. Lithium-based protective coating (PC1, PC2), nano-modified coating (NC1, NC2) and organic–inorganic composite coating (OL1) were prepared. The salt erosion resistance of the mortar matrix and concrete matrix was tested, compared with the blank group and the market. The test results found that the organic–inorganic modified OL1 and LC1 coatings have the greatest influence on the chloride penetration resistance of the mortar matrix, in which the chloride penetration depth of 28 days is reduced by 73.03% and 63.83%, respectively, compared with the blank group. The rate of mass change of the blank group, PC1 and PC2 coatings, and NL1 and NL2 coatings were 0.17%, 0.08%, and 0.03%, respectively. The result demonstrated that the lithium-based coating could effectively delay the penetration rate of chloride ions and sulfates into the mortar, and the nano-modified properties could improve the salt resistance. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that coating treatment would promote the secondary hydration of cement-based materials, by reducing the content of Ca(OH)2 in hydration products of cement-based materials and producing C-S-H gel, which is conducive to strength enhancement and pore refinement. The nano-component would promote the reaction degree, while the organic–inorganic coating would have the respective advantages of the two components.

In this paper, nano SiO2 particles modified organic silane coatings were successfully prepared to aim at the application of the self-cleaning coating on PMMA substrate for deep-sea optical windows. The chemicals, surface microstructure, wettability, hardness, adhesion, transparency, water scouring resistance as well as microorganism attachment rate of the coatings were investigated. The results showed that adding SiO2 nanoparticles into the organic silicon coating can effectively improve the hydrophobicity due to generating a micro-nano structure surface. However, excessive addition would result in a decrease in hydrophobicity, adhesion, as well as transparency, due to the inorganic SiO2 particle destroying the integrity of the organic coating. The optimal coating was obtained by adding 0.5 wt% nano SiO2 particles, which possessed a water contact angle of 114.2°, hardness of 4H, adhesion level of 0, and visible light transmittance of 0.886. After 40-h water scouring, the water contact angle decreased to 108.3° and the visible light transmittance decreased to 0.839, suggesting good water scouring resistance. The microorganism attachment rate of the S05 coating was 0.17% after a 6 h immersion test, which was about half that of the PMMA substrate.

Epoxynorbornene linseed oil (ENLO) is a new kind of epoxide from renewable sources. An UV-curable organic/inorganic hybrid films using epoxynorbornene linseed oils (ENLO) and surface treated nano-silica were formulated. The mechanical properties，thermal properties and coating properties of the ENLO /silica coatings were evaluated as the function of nano-silica content. The results indicated that after incorporating the nano-silica, the strength, modulus and glass transition temperature of the hybrid films enhanced, while the elongation at break decreased. The nano-silica also improved the hybrid coating properties such as pencil hardness, solvent resistance and surface wetting properties. The morphology observation of the films by atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the average silica particle size was ~ 70 nm and the particles were well-dispersed in the organic phase.

The cellulose paper-based functional materials modified by Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were prepared by the coating method. The chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-vis and SEM, and the photochromic properties of the composite functional materials were studied. The results showed that Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were successfully prepared and retained on the surface of copy paper, the wavelength of photochromic reaction is between 300-400 nm of MOFs materials. Optical analysis confirmed that the NDI/paper, Zn-NDI/paper and Cu-NDI/paper changed from tan to wheat, light green to olive, and dark tan to brown after 60 seconds of exposure to hernia light irradiations, the MOFs coated paper returned to its original color when it was placed in the dark for 4 hours. The above results indicated that the prepared Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI coated paper composites exhibited excellent photochromic ability and had potential applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting packaging materials.

The cellulose paper-based functional materials modified by Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were prepared by the coating method. The chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-vis and SEM, and the photochromic properties of the composite functional materials were studied. The results showed that Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were successfully prepared and retained on the surface of copy paper, the wavelength of photochromic reaction is between 300-400 nm of MOFs materials. Optical analysis confirmed that the NDI/paper, Zn-NDI/paper and Cu-NDI/paper changed from tan to wheat, light green to olive, and dark tan to brown after 60 seconds of exposure to hernia light irradiations, the MOFs coated paper returned to its original color when it was placed in the dark for 4 hours. The above results indicated that the prepared Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI coated paper composites exhibited excellent photochromic ability and had potential applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting packaging materials.

The cellulose paper-based functional materials modified by Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were prepared by the coating method. The chemical structures were characterized by FTIR, XRD, UV-vis and SEM, and the photochromic properties of the composite functional materials were studied. The results showed that Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI were successfully prepared and retained on the surface of copy paper, the wavelength of photochromic reaction is between 300-400 nm of MOFs materials. Optical analysis confirmed that the NDI/paper, Zn-NDI/paper and Cu-NDI/paper changed from tan to wheat, light green to olive, and dark tan to brown after 60 seconds of exposure to hernia light irradiations, the MOFs coated paper returned to its original color when it was placed in the dark for 4 hours. The above results indicated that the prepared Zn-NDI and Cu-NDI coated paper composites exhibited excellent photochromic ability and had potential applications in the field of anti-counterfeiting packaging materials.

Améliorer la durée de vie de la pâte de ciment constitue un enjeu important dans le secteur de construction. Des recherches expérimentales indiquent que le revêtement de surface, agissant comme une barrière physique, est un moyen efficace d'améliorer la durabilité des matériaux en évitant la pénétration de l'eau ou de substances dangereuses. En raison des limites de l'observation expérimentale, il est important d'approfondir les études au niveau atomique pour comprendre le mécanisme à l'origine du comportement hydrophobe de la surface du ciment modifiée avec un traitement de nano-revêtement.Par conséquent, cette thèse adopte une étude à l'échelle nanométrique pour comprendre et contrôler le processus de nano-revêtement afin de concevoir une surface hydrophobe imperméable de silicate de calcium hydraté (CSH) grâce au nano-revêtement par un film d'époxy et de caoutchouc dans un environnement agressif. À cette fin, des simulations de dynamique moléculaire (MD) basées sur une combinaison potentielle d'un champ de force général (CLAYFF) et du champ de force à valence constante (CVFF) ont été utilisées pour représenter les interactions interatomiques entre le CSH et les films époxy ou en caoutchouc. Un modèle réaliste a été utilisé pour représenter la nanostructure CSH.La thèse est consacrée, dans un premier temps, à étudier en profondeur les propriétés de surface hydratée de la pâte CSH afin de bien comprendre la nature hydrophile de la surface (001) de CSH. Ensuite, une étude approfondie a été réalisée sur l'interaction interfaciale et les propriétés d'adhésion entre le nano-revêtement de résines époxy et la surface CSH. Pour cela, nous utilisons l'éther diglycidylique du bisphénol A (DGEBA) comme monomère époxy et la m-phénylènediamine (MPD) comme durcisseur. Par la suite, une analyse approfondie du processus de nano-revêtement de caoutchouc hydrophobe sur une surface CSH est explorée. Quatre types de caoutchouc sont utilisés, comme le TPI (1,4-trans-Polyisoprène), le CPI (1,4-cis-Polyisoprène), le TPB (1,4-trans-Polybutadiène) et le CPB (1,4-cis-Polyisoprène). Polybutadiène). Enfin, le présent travail s'intéresse à l'analyse du processus de détérioration de l'interface entre les films de époxy/caoutchouc et la surface de CSH dans un environnement agressif, comme l'eau salée (4% en poids de NaCl).Les résultats obtenus indiquent que l'énergie de surface des CSH recouverts de films d'époxy et de caoutchouc est considérablement réduite et sa valeur est de 33.7 mJ/m2 à 48.4 mJ/m2. Ceci réduit considérablement le caractère hydrophile de la surface du CSH. L'angle de contact moyen entre la nano-gouttelette d'eau et la surface CSH recouverte de caoutchouc se situe entre 92.85° et 98.11°. L'adhésion interfaciale calculée entre les revêtements organiques (époxy et caoutchouc) et le CSH est comprise entre 49.42 mJ/m2 et 102.81 mJ/m2. De plus, les résultats montrent que la m-phénylènediamine (MPD) améliorerait considérablement l'efficacité du nano-revêtement époxy. Concernant le nano-revêtement de caoutchouc, on constate que le processus de revêtement avec du TPI (1,4-trans-Polyisoprène) et du CPB (1,4-cis-Polybutadiène) améliorera efficacement l'imperméabilité de la pâte CSH. Dans des conditions agressives, le nano-revêtement partiel par l'époxy se détache de manière plus déformée dans une solution à 4 % en poids de NaCl en raison des ions chlore qui sont responsables de l'attaque de la surface CSH. Un nano-revêtement de caoutchouc continu et bien réparti est capable de rendre le CSH imperméable dans des environnements difficiles, ouvrant la voie à un avenir prometteur pour les matériaux cimentaires durables.La thèse de doctorat conclut la faisabilité et la fiabilité du nano-revêtement par un film en caoutchouc pour prévenir la détérioration interfaciale des surfaces CSH dans un environnement agressif et pour améliorer l'imperméabilité de la surface CSH nano-revêtue pour des matériaux cimentaires plus durables
Improving the life-time of cement paste is a significant challenge in construction sector. Surface treatment approaches, such as surface coating, surface pore sealing, and surface impregnation, have been playing a significant role to improve the durability of cement-based structures especially in preventing surface deterioration and damage. Experimental investigations indicate that surface coating, acting as a physical barrier, is an effective way for enhancing the durability of materials by avoiding the penetration either of water or hazards substances. Due to the experimental observation limitations, there is an urgency need to deeper delve the atomic level to understand the mechanism behind the success hydrophobic behavior of cement surface modified with a nano-coating treatment.Therefore, this dissertation adopts a nano-scale level study to understand and control the nano-coating process to engineer an impermeable hydrophobic Calcium-Silicate-Hydrate (CSH) surface through nano-coating of epoxy and rubber films under aggressive environment. To this end, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations based on a combination potential of a general force field (CLAYFF) and the consistent-valence force field (CVFF) have been employed to represent the interatomic interactions between CSH and epoxy or rubber films. A developed realistic model has been used to represent the CSH nanostructure.The thesis is dedicated, first, to study deeply the hydrated surface properties of CSH paste in order to thoroughly understand the hydrophilic nature of the (001) CSH surface. Then, a fully investigation has been performed on the interfacial interaction and adhesion properties between epoxy resins nano-coating and CSH surface. For that, we use diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) as epoxy monomer and m-phenylenediamine (MPD) as hardener. Thereafter, an in-depth analysis of a hydrophobic rubber nano-coating process onto CSH surface is explored. Four types of rubber are employed, as TPI (1,4-trans-Polyisoprene), CPI (1,4-cis-Polyisoprene), TPB (1,4-trans-Polybutadiene), and CPB (1,4-cis-Polybutadiene). Finally, the present work is devoted to analyze the interfacial deterioration process between epoxy/rubber nano-coating of CSH surfaces under aggressive environment, like a salty water (4 wt.% of NaCl).Results obtained indicate that epoxy and rubber coated CSH surface energy are drastically dropped to the range of 33.7 mJ/m2- 48.4 mJ/m2, which extremely reduces the hydrophilicity of the CSH surface. The averaged contact angle between water-nanodroplet and rubber coated CSH surface is found in range of 92.85° and 98.11°. The calculated interfacial adhesion between organic-coatings (epoxy and rubber) and CSH is in range of 49.42 mJ/m2 to 102.81 mJ/m2. Additionally, m-phenylenediamine (MPD) would highly improve the epoxy nano-coating efficiency. Regarding rubber nano-coating, it is found that coating process with TPI (1,4-trans-Polyisoprene) and CPB (1,4-cis-Polybutadiene) than CPI (1,4-cis-Polyisoprene) and TPB (1,4-trans-Polybutadiene) will enhance efficiently the impermeability of CSH paste. Under aggressive conditions, non-fully epoxy nano-coating is detached more distorted in 4 wt.% of NaCl solution due to the chlorine ions, which are responsible to attack the CSH surface. A continuous well-distributed rubber nano-coating is capable to make CSH impermeable under harsh environment leading to a promising future for sustainable cementitious materials.The doctoral thesis concludes the feasibility and reliability of nano-coating by rubber film to prevent the interfacial deterioration of CSH surfaces in aggressive environment and to improve the impermeability of nano-coated CSH surfaces for more durable cementitious materials

Active layer morphology of polymer-based solar cells plays an important role in improving power conversion efficiency (PCE). In this thesis, the focus is to improve the device efficiency of polymer-based solar cells. In the first objective, active layer morphology of polymer-solar cells was optimized though a novel solvent annealing technique. The second objective was to explore the possibility of replacing the highly sensitive aluminum cathode layer with a low-cost and stable alternative, copper metal. Large scale manufacturing of these solar cells is also explored using roll-to-roll printing techniques. Poly (3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl (PCBM) were used as the active layer blend for fabricating the solar cell devices using bulk heterojunction (BHJ), which is a blend of a donor polymer and an acceptor material. Blends of the donor polymer, P3HT and acceptor, PCBM were cast using spin coating and the resulting active layers were solvent annealed with dichlorobenzene in an inert atmosphere. Solvent annealed devices showed improved morphology with nano-phase segregation revealed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) analysis. The roughness of the active layer was found to be 6.5 nm. The nano-phase segregation was attributed to PCBM clusters and P3HT domains being arranged under the solvent annealing conditions. These test devices showed PCE up to 9.2 % with current density of 32.32 mA/cm2, which is the highest PCE reported to date for a P3HT-PCBM based system. Copper was deposited instead of the traditional aluminum for device fabrication. We were able to achieve similar PCEs with copper-based devices. Conductivity measurements were done on thermally deposited copper films using the two-probe method. Further, for these two configurations, PCE and other photovoltaic parameters were compared. Finally, we studied new techniques of large scale fabrication such as ultrasonic spray coating, screen-printing, and intense pulse light sintering, using the facilities at the Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research at the University of Louisville. In this study, prototype devices were fabricated on flexible ITO coated plastics. Sintering greatly improved the conductivity of the copper nano-ink cathode layer. We will explore this technique’s application to large-scale fabrication of solar cell devices in the future work.

碩士
國立清華大學
化學工程學系
98
Coating solutions with a significant amount of solid particles added are not unusual for many industrial applications. Products such as backlit films, diffusers for LCD panels, CIGS solar cells are just a few examples. Two issues arise for delivering such solutions, i.e. the solutions may have yield stress and particle sedimentations may appear in the manifolds for conventional coat-hanger or T-dies. There are experimental evidences that clearly indicate that particle sedimentation can be serious in the manifold on the die. A die that can maintain relatively high shear ratse in the manifold can improve this precipitation problem. The purpose of this research is to design a coat-hanger die which has a shallow manifold with rectangular cross-sectional area. Therefore, flow field with high shear rate can be achieved. Due to the high cost of traditional coat-hanger die, this research also propsed a new idea-using two easily-replaced shims to make a die, this design can effectively reduce the cost of manufacture. Both the theoretical modeling and the experimental verifications were carried out for die design. The coating solutions were assumed to obey the Bingham viscoplastic model. A mathematical model based on the 1D lubrication approximation, 2D Hele-Shaw flow and 3D flow simulations were developed to predict the performance of the new design, the computer-aided solutions by the finite difference (FDM) and the finite element method (FEM) could be obtain. The performance of the design based on the lubrication approach is in agreement with the 3D simulation and experimental results, therefore the new die can develop uniform flow and no stagnent zone can exist in the end of the manifold, so that the sedimentation can be avoided. We also compared the sedimentation and uniformity of our design to a commercial T-die and fishtail die experimentally, the results indicated the performance of our design is excellent, sedimentation and uniformity problem appeared in both the T die and fishtail die. The design of our research can be applied to the wet coating process of CIGS solar cell & TCO films.

The discovery of new materials and the manipulation of their exotic properties for device fabrication is crucial for advancing technology. Nanoscience, and the creation of nanomaterials have taken materials science and electronics to new heights for the benefit of mankind. Advanced Materials and Nanosystems: Theory and Experiment covers several topics of nanoscience research. The compiled chapters aim to update students, teachers, and scientists by highlighting modern developments in materials science theory and experiments. The significant role of new materials in future technology is also demonstrated. The book serves as a reference for curriculum development in technical institutions and research programs in the field of physics, chemistry and applied areas of science like materials science, chemical engineering and electronics. This part covers 12 topics in these areas: 1. Recent advancements in nanotechnology: a human health Perspective 2. An exploratory study on characteristics of SWIRL of AlGaAs/GaAs in advanced bio based nanotechnological systems 3. Electronic structure of the half-Heusler ScAuSn, LuAuSn and their superlattice 4. Recent trends in nanosystems 5. Improvement of performance of single and multicrystalline silicon solar cell using low-temperature surface passivation layer and antireflection coating 6. Advanced materials and nanosystems 7. Effect of nanostructure-materials on optical properties of some rare earth ions doped in silica matrix 8. Nd2Fe14B and SmCO5: a permanent magnet for magnetic data storage and data transfer technology 9. Visible light induced photocatalytic activity of MWCNTS decorated sulfide based nano photocatalysts 10. Organic solar cells 11. Neodymium doped lithium borosilicate glasses 12. Comprehensive quantum mechanical study of structural features, reactivity, molecular properties and wave function-based characteristics of capmatinib

Two-dimensional C/C-ZrB2-ZrC-SiC composites with three phases of ultra high temperature ceramics (UHTCs) are fabricated for the first time using blending pre-ceramic polymeric precursors through the traditional polymer infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) technique, in which a porous carbon fiber reinforced pyrolytic carbon (C/C) with a porosity of about 60% is prepared as preforms. The fabricated composite possesses a matrix of 20ZrB2-30ZrC-50SiC, which is obtained by co-pyrolysis of three pre-ceramic polymers solution in xylene with certain molar ratios. Pyrolysis of these ZrB2-ZrC-SiC pre-ceramic precursors is studied with XRD characterization of the residual solids. The gas phase products are analysized with an on-line GC-MS-FTIR coupling technique, which confirms the formation of crystalline ZrC and ZrB2 from these precursors at temperatures above 1400°C. Possible mechanisms of pyrolysis and formation of pure ZrB2 from the precursors with various B/Zr molar ratios are suggested. The densification process and microstructures of the fabricated composite are studied. It is found that a composite with a bulk density of 2.06 g/cm3 and open porosity of 9.6% can be obtained after 16 PIP cycles. The formed matrix exhibits homogeneous dispersion of three matrix ceramics without any oxide impurities, i.e., the nano sized ZrB2 and ZrC particles dispersed in a continuous SiC ceramic with clean crystalline boundaries and particle dimensions less than 200 nm. No erosion or interface reaction occurs upon the carbon fiber reinforcement, which therefore avoids a dramatic deterioration of mechanical strength of carbon fiber and the composite. Improvement of PIP benefits from two aspects; firstly, the dense pyrolytic carbon interphase deposited on fiber surface by CVI serves as barrier coating and secondly, pyrolysis of the novel organic polymeric precursors does not release corrosive by-products such as hydrogen chloride.

The chemical has wide range in the environment which has contaminate our earth’s land, water and air. This chemical also shows impact environment and human health. Among this containments many comes from the industry and commercial area like roads, parking, oil and chemical spills and storm drains like non point sources. The waste water treatment plants and sewage system also produces chemical containments in the environment. In the ecosystem food chain some containment entered by breakdown and accumulating. The containment accumulated by fish or any other wildlife has been eaten by human and thus it enters into the food chain system. The environmental pollution refers to unwanted or undesirable change in the chemical, physical and biological characters of water, air and soil. It has harmful for living organisms. The noise, heat or light are the chemical substance or energy form of pollution. A contaminate are enters into the body of human by four main route like inhalation, injection, ingestion and absorbed by the skin and eyes. A contaminate substance occurs by absorption via respiratory tract, and it absorbed into blood stream and distributed into throughout of body. The chemicals inhaled into the body in the form of vapors, mists, fumes, fine dust and as aerosols. The symptoms of this chemicals occur through inhalation include eyes, nose and throat irritation. It also shows the symptoms like coughing, headache, dizziness, difficulty in breathing, confusion and collapse. The mixture of many chemical species occurs in air borne particulate so it is not single particle of pollutant. It has solid core with liquid coating shows the complex mixture of aerosols contain liquid small drops and dry solid fragments and solid mixture. It has different in size, shape and chemical composition. It found in earth’s crust from, organic compounds, element of carbon, inorganic ion and metallic compounds. The air quality regulatory the air borne particle defined by his diameter. In the environment many pollutants has affect on human health and also cause different environmental problems like global warming, climate change and acid rain formation. The common surface water and ground water pollutants on lands are organic matter, bacteria, industrial waste, hydrocarbons, agrochemicals, pesticides and household products. The pollutants on the earth occur everywhere it can found in water that we drinks, it occur in air that we breathe and it also found in the food that we can it, these pollutant takes toll on our health. In the year 2015 pollution estimated about nine millions deaths worldwide , the malaria, tuberculosis and AIDS like diseases combined together but pollution has shows three time more deaths. This type of dangerous effect of chemicals condiments occur on the human health

Abstract. СVD chromium coatings are evaporated on steel substrate from chrome-organic compounds. For crystallization with forming of nano-particles of chromium carbides, subsequent heating (annealing) of tool steel with hybrid coatings is carrying out. Significant increase of micro-hardness of the coating up to 27000 MPa is observed due to the dispersion strengthening. Optimal annealing parameters (temperature and duration) are determined, which maximally strengthen the coatings and increase their adhesion to the steel substrate.

Carbon steel piping can be exposed to environments that contain various chemical and organic elements that induce corrosion and cracking events. This can lead to the loss of fluid into surrounding sensitive and remote environments. To minimize this inherent risk, various coating technologies have been utilized over the years in industry. These coatings typically suffer from complex application methods, high application cost, and vulnerabilities to environmental effects such as mechanical damage and cathodic disbondment. To overcome these challenges, a novel epoxy based composite coating that utilizes the properties of various nano-particulates such as graphene nanoplatelets (GnP), multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), chitosan, and hBN (Hexagonal boron nitride) is developed. These nanoparticles create a nano-scale “brick and mortar” type effect that is analogous to various natural structures such as the abalone shell (nacre). These nano-structures also enhance coating performance by increasing mechanical strength and anti-bacterial properties while simultaneously decreasing gas permeability. This performance enhancement serves to reduce overall corrosion-induced disbondment area. The dispersion of nanoparticles is verified using various microscopy methods such as scanning election microscopy and an optical 3D profilometer. To confirm the role of nanoparticles in the epoxy composite, the samples undergo rigorous testing to determine both mechanical properties as well as the feasibility of coating application, in particular, for use on girth welds. Using a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), the material strength of each combination of nanocomposites is tested and used to determine the glass transition temperature. The testing also includes abrasion, and both long-term mechanical and thermal behaviors of the coating. To test the feasibility of the coating, cathodic protection tests in an accelerated corrosive environment, and gas permeability tests are carried out. The results show that the composite coating made from these nanomaterials had a decrease in cathodic disbondment area and gas permeability and an increase the glass transition temperature and scratch resistance. Therefore, the nanocomposite coatings are found to be a significant improvement over standard epoxy-based coating.

Organic thick coatings (epoxy, polyurethane, and acrylic-urethane) have been widely applied to high modulus substrates (e.g., steel) for anticorrosion protection. To improve performance, reinforced components (clay, bochmite, nanopaticles, etc.) are usually added to these coatings. However, the acoustic evaluation of these coatings is difficult due to their low acoustic velocities and high attenuation coefficients. In this paper, first, the scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) is used to image sub-surfaces, coating/substrate interfaces, and to measure acoustic velocities. Different phases can be observed on some coatings and defects can be found at some interfaces. Secondly, the atomic force microscope (AFM) is applied to image surfaces at high resolution (compared to SAM). These results agree with SAM images. Thirdly, a nano-indentation technique is utilized to measure the reduced Young’s modulus and absolute hardness of the coatings. The results show that epoxy has the highest Young’s modulus and acrylic-urethane has the lowest. Reinforced components can either increase or decrease Young’s modulus, and hardness depending on the coating material. Finally, results from the SAM, AFM and nano-indentation are compared and analyzed to optimize the evaluation.

Contrary to the negative predictions, the graphic arts industry keeps continuing its growth. The modern world is transferring information through digital platforms leading to decrease of the serial publications on paper (newspaper, magazines etc). But on the other hand, packaging industry is increasing its revenue by high numbers. In the same way as for the whole industry, many predicted that paper use will also decrease, as for a long period of time (still partly present) paper was thought of as being killer of trees. Today, along with new findings, paper is becoming more popular with EU Commission banning single use plastics. Paper as a substrate is becoming popular in packaging industry, mainly due to being suitable for both organic and material recycling. However, due to lack of some functional properties, materials are often coated. Coating as a process includes covering of a surface by another substance. The coatings processes are present in various industries and are intended to enhance properties of the base materials. In the graphic industry the coating process is often called varnishing, due to the resins used as a coating material. Varnishing is used to improve rub resistance and provide varnished material with special effects (combination of gloss and matte surfaces). Applicability and functionality of the coatings is achieved using various materials, among which are nano-engineered materials. Results of various researchers show benefits of introducing nanocomposites in the packaging industry by improving prints’ resistance to degradation by UV irradiation, improving barrier to water vapour and enabling packaging surface to inhibit microbes’ growth. To conclude, coatings development and application plays a significant role in the material development, as it can provide common materials with improved properties, as well as enhanced aesthetics. At the same time, application of coatings could present some obstacles in both materials and organic recycling, and for that reason development of coatings should include evaluation of recyclability of the coated product as well as the characterization of coating’s functionality.

Abstract The structures and mechanical strength existing in three different hydrophobic silane compounds, Henicosyl-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrododecyltrichlorosilane (FDDTS), Tridecafloro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyltrichlorosilane (FOTS) and [Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silyethyl]dimethylchlorosilane (Alkyl) under same deposition conditions were studied and presented in this paper. The effect of the chemical composition on the mechanical strength and the structural evolutions as related to chlorosilane was inquired. The structures were investigated by using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), atomic force microscope (AFM) and surface profiler while the nature of the mechanical strength was determined from nanoindentation and nano scratch. From the data obtained, the FDDTS showed to be denser in structures than both Alkyl and FOTS. The root-mean-square (RMS) roughness exhibited by FDDTS was larger when compared to the other two silanes. The mechanical ability shows that the FDDTS has the largest maximum penetration load as well as highest scratch resistance. Overall, the FDDTS would perform excellently in the applications where combine hard and wear resistance organic coating is required.

A Bioelectrochemical fuel cell was fabricated with pretreated and fermented rice husks. The fuel was characterized with variation of process variables by determination of chemical oxygen demand (COD) which is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of electrochemically oxidizable organic fuel to produce electrical energy. The electrodes of the cell were made with nano porous anodized Al coated with Platinum, Platinum-Ruthenium and Platinum-Ruthenium-Carbon. Anodization parameters were optimized by studying E-I characteristics in sulphuric and oxalic acids with variation of concentration and temperature. Pore size in the order of 30–50 nm was obtained by a two stage anodization. The performance of the cell was evaluated by determining open circuit potential, E-I characteristics, polarization studies and cyclic voltammetry. A steady onload potential of 600–800 mV was obtained with current density in the order of 15–25 mA/cm2. High power density of 10–15 mW/cm2 has been obtained with electrode materials coated with Pt+Ru or Pt+Ru+C. The performance of coating on nanoporous structure was much reflected in the polarization studies, which showed a huge reduction of polarization resistance and increase of exchange current density by many times, the effect being more for anode in anodic solution, fermented rice husk, than with cathode in phosphate buffer cathodic solution. The surface morphology examined by SEM, showed nano deposits of Pt, Pt-Ru and the presence of carbon like structure. XRD peaks clearly reveal presence of Pt, Pt-Ru and carbon.

Abstract Shale inhibition solutions that are commonly used in water-based fluids employ chemical systems that are not universally applicable. For example, kaolinite rich shales, can lose strength when exposed to KCl through cation exchange with potassium. In the United States, government regulations prohibit the disposal of greater than 3,000 ppm chloride on lease or 1,000 ppm chloride off lease. The hazardous nature of choline chloride restricts its use as shale inhibitor for water-based fluids. Nanosilica Based Shale Inhibitor (NSBSI) has been developed to mitigate the difficulties in clay stabilization in particularly challenging formations. NSBSI is used when drilling with low solids, non-dispersed muds, such as polymer and PAC muds. It can be used as an alternative to polyamine-based shale inhibitors and silicate-based shale inhibitors. Field trials were conducted in three wells. Commonly used shale inhibitor (polyamine based) were replaced by NSBSI in mud formulations in order to complete the field trials. Trouble-free drilling through problematic shale sections with no changes in mud properties, and no indications of lack of inhibition were experienced. Further addressing field requirements for shale inhibition in water-based muds, we have also developed a second shale-inhibiting product which is functionalized nanoplatelets composed of amine functionalities anchored on the nanometer-thick magnesium silicates (LMS-NH2). A facile synthetic approach was employed to synthesize lab-scale quantity of LMS-NH2 through combination of sol-gel and precipitation techniques. The structural characterization was conducted using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to evaluate generation of anticipated LMS-NH2. Shale stabilization characteristics of LMS-NH2 were tested and compared with other commercial shale inhibitors. Clay swelling and clay dispersion tests were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the impermeable coating of nano-platelets on to the clay-rich shales. The LMS-NH2 have demonstrated 87% recovery of swellable shales after dispersion tests. The microscopic study conducted on the treated shales reveals the formation of inorganic film on the shales, which provide impervious coating to protect the water susceptible clays. The linear swelling measurements were also performed to understand the effectiveness of LMS-NH2 over 72 hours demonstrating minimized the hydration and subsequent swelling of clay-rich shales. The newly developed inhibitor in the current study has outperformed conventional shale inhibitors wherein the presence of inorganic constituents aids stronger film formation compared to solely organic inhibitors. Comparative studies have been carried out against commercially used shale inhibitors using linear swell meter, dispersion test and pore pressure penetration test and the results will be presented.

The project aims to address the need for an inorganic coating composite for corrosion protection of pipelines in an aggressive environment. The inorganic coating does not generate CO2 emission or volatile organic content (VOC). Inorganic coatings are frequently used in the construction industry as anti-corrosion coatings, which are effective, chemically inert, hard, and thermally stable. In this study, microfiber reinforcement and Nano-modification were used to improve the performance of the inorganic coating system. The research work integrates both laboratory testing and numerical simulations. The major tasks conducted are 1) development of an inorganic coating with Nano modification; 2) accelerated corrosion testing; 3) durability and adhesion strength testing; 4) shear testing of coating with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and 5) analytical study of composite repair system of the pipeline.