Статті в журналах: "Organic fertilizers Asia"

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Juliani, Rita, Ruth Fika Ronauli Simbolon, Warmi Hartati Sitanggang, and Jon Berghauser Aritonang. "PUPUK ORGANIK ENCENG GONDOK DARI DANAU TOBA." JURNAL PENGABDIAN KEPADA MASYARAKAT 23, no. 1 (April 11, 2017): 220. http://dx.doi.org/10.24114/jpkm.v23i1.6637.

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Abstrak Danau Toba adalah danau terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Bapak Presiden Republik Indonesia menggalangkan Danau Toba menjadi Monaco Asia, namun keindahan Danau Toba berkurang disebabkan pertumbuhan eceng gondok yang tinggi. Tujuan dari PKM – M membantu masyarakat untuk mengolah eceng gondok yang ada di Danau Toba menjadi pupuk organik yang berguna bagi masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam pelatihan meliputi sosialisasi, pelatihan serta monitoring dan evaluasi. Pengetahuan masyarakat tentang eceng gondok berubah, sehingga masyarakat tahu cara pembuatan pupuk organik eceng gondok yang dapat membantu pertanian dan membantu perekonomian masyarakat. Hasil training eceng gondok yang telah dilakukan, eceng gondok yang melimpah di Danau Toba dapat dijadikan menjadi pupuk organik yang berguna bagi masyarakat serta dapat meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat daerah. Sehingga dengan kegiatan berkelanjutan Danau Toba akan kembali bersih dan indah.Kata kunci : Pupuk organik, Enceng gondok, Pelatihan, Danau tobaAbstractLake Toba is the biggest lake in Southeast Asia. The president of the republic Indonesia has a plan to make Lake Toba as Monaco Asia. However, the beauty of Lake Toba has reduced as a result of uncontrolled growth of water hyacinth. The purpose of this PKM-M was to help the society to modify water hyacinth as fertilizer organic so that this parasite could be benefical for them. The methods that had been used were socialization, training, monitoring and evaluation. Community awareness of the water hyacinth has changed, so that they know how to produce organic fertilizers form water hyacinth that can help agriculture and economy. From the training that had been accomplished, the abundant water hyacinth can be modified as organic fertilizers which had benefical effect as well as improving the economy of local communities. So if these activities is still being done continiously, Lake Toba would be regained its beauty and cleanness.Key words: Organic fertilizers, Water hyacinth, Training, Lake toba

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CHAMBON, BÉNÉDICTE, XUAN LAI DAO, URAIWAN TONGKAEMKAEW, and FRÉDÉRIC GAY. "WHAT DETERMINE SMALLHOLDERS’ FERTILIZATION PRACTICES DURING THE MATURE PERIOD OF RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN THAILAND?" Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 6 (July 31, 2017): 824–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479717000400.

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SUMMARYFertilization of rubber plantations has been poorly documented despite the huge economic and ecological impact of this tropical perennial crop, especially in Southeast Asia. The main objective of this paper is to provide information on the fertilization practices of rubber smallholders in Thailand and to investigate the drivers of these practices. Data were sourced from individual interviews conducted with 414 rubber smallholders. The results showed that 99.4% of the mature rubber plantations were fertilized with either chemical or organic fertilizers, or both. The average dose of chemical fertilizers was 105/53/92 kg ha−1 of N/P/K that is consistent with the national recommendations. We estimated that almost two-thirds of the plantations had intensive or very intensive fertilization practices. Geographical location, especially the distinction between historical and new rubber-producing areas, appeared as a major factor explaining differences in fertilization practices. Several drivers commonly found in the literature did not affect the fertilization practices of the rubber farmers, highlighting some specificity of perennial crops and a context where access to fertilizer was not an issue. The high economic and environmental costs of intensive fertilization practices, while their benefit to the yield of rubber plantations continues to be debated, show the need to conduct research on sustainable fertilization practices in rubber smallholdings.

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Moe, Kyi, Aung Htwe, Thieu Thu, Yoshinori Kajihara, and Takeo Yamakawa. "Effects on NPK Status, Growth, Dry Matter and Yield of Rice (Oryza sativa) by Organic Fertilizers Applied in Field Condition." Agriculture 9, no. 5 (May 22, 2019): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture9050109.

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The decline in rice yields as a result of excessive chemical fertilizer (CF) inputs is a matter of great concern in rice-growing regions of Asia. In two-year’s field experiments, the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (NPK) status, growth characteristics and yield of rice were examined by application of poultry manure (PM), cow manure (CM) and compost (CP). Organic fertilizers were applied as EMN (estimated mineralizable N) based on their total N content. Six treatments were assigned in a randomized complete block design: (1) no-N fertilizer (N0); (2) 50% CF (CF50), (3) 100% CF (CF100); 50% CF + 50% EMN from (4) PM or (5) CM or (6) CP. Compared with CF100, the CF50PM50 (total N ≥ 4%) accumulated higher N, P and K content in leaf, sheath, panicle and seeds, resulting in greater growth and yield. The CF50PM50 increased yield by 8.69% and 9.70%, dry matter by 4.76% and 5.27% over CF100 in both years. The continuous application of CF50CM50 (total N < 4%) and CF50CP50 (total N < 4%) treatments led to similar NPK contents but higher yields than those of CF100 treatment in 2018. In conclusion, the organic fertilizer (total N ≥ 4%) with the EMN method enhances higher N availability in each year. Continuous application of organic fertilizer (total N < 4%) over two years effectively increased N availability in the second year. The 50% organic fertilizer (total N ≥ 4%) and 50% CF led to increased NPK availability and rice yields over the 100% CF treatment, reducing CF usage and leading for sustainable agriculture.

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Mak-Mensah, Erastus, Peter Bilson Obour, and Qi Wang. "Influence of tied-ridge-furrow with inorganic fertilizer on grain yield across semiarid regions of Asia and Africa: A meta-analysis." PeerJ 9 (August 17, 2021): e11904. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11904.

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Background In semiarid areas, low productivity of crops has been attributed to lack of appropriate soil moisture conservation practices since droughts and soil erosion are rampant in most areas of this region. Consequently, ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting is widely used in these regions across the globe. Despite ridge-furrow being widely practiced, tied-ridge-furrow has not been extensively adopted by small-scale farmers in semi-arid regions. Consequently, the effectiveness of tied-ridge-furrow as a viable method of increasing crop yield has received less attention. Methodology For large-scale implementation, a detailed assessment of how ridge furrow, tied–ridge-furrow with fertilizer, tied-ridge-furrow with mulching and tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer influence crop yield in different agro-environments under varying climatic conditions is needed. This study used the PRISMA guidelines to determine the impact of tied-ridge-furrow rainwater harvesting technique with mulching or fertilizer on sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) and pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) grain yields. Results Sorghum grain yield increased by 17% greater in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer in comparison to flat planting. This may be due to increase in soil organic carbon in the region (9 g kg−1). Grain yield of millet significantly increased by 20–40% in Africa from 18 study observations in tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer application as compared to tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatments. This might be due to the significant increase in total nitrogen by 13–42% in the soil at <50 mg kg−1 quantity which had an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67]. In terms of soil texture, grain yield of millet and sorghum significantly increased in heavy textured soils (clay loam, silt clay, and clay soils) with an effect size of 469.14 [65.60, 872.67] compared to light and medium-textured soils of zero effect sizes. Millet and sorghum grain yields in tied-ridge-furrow with mulching, on the other hand, were not significantly different from those in flat planting. This may be due to the mulching materials used in those tests. Conclusion In view of yields of sorghum and millet increased significantly by 32% and 17% in tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment compared to flat planting and tied-ridge-furrow with fertilizer treatment compared with tied-ridge-furrow without mulching or fertilizer treatment, respectively, this study recommend the use of fertilizers in a tied-ridge-furrow system to increase grain yield in semiarid areas compared to flat planting. Again, the study recommends more research on tied-ridge-furrow systems with other organic mulches and fertilizers in semiarid areas.

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Hajiboland, Roghieh. "Environmental and nutritional requirements for tea cultivation." Folia Horticulturae 29, no. 2 (December 20, 2017): 199–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fhort-2017-0019.

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AbstractTea (Camellia sinensis) is an important beverage crop cultivated in the tropics and subtropics under acid soil conditions. Increased awareness of the health-promoting properties of the tea beverage has led to an increase in its level of consumption over the last decades. Tea production contributes significantly to the economy of several tea-cultivating countries in Asia and Africa. Environmental constrains, particularly water deficiency due to inadequate and/or poorly distributed rainfall, seriously limit tea production in the majority of tea-producing countries. It is also predicted that global climate change will have a considerable adverse impact on tea production in the near future. Application of fertilizers for higher production and increased quality and quantity of tea is a common agricultural practice, but due to its environmental consequences, such as groundwater pollution, the rate of fertilizer application needs to be reconsidered. Cultivation of tea under humid conditions renders it highly susceptible to pathogens and pest attacks. Application of pesticides and fungicides adversely affects the quality of tea and increases health risks of the tea beverage. Organic cultivation as an agricultural practice without using synthetic fertilizers and other chemical additives such as pesticides and fungicides is a sustainable and eco-friendly approach to producing healthy tea. A growing number of tea-producing countries are joining organic tea cultivation programmes in order to improve the quality and to maintain the health benefits of the tea produced.

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Suharyono, Mayasuri Presilla. "THE DEVELOPMENT OF ORGANIC FARMING IN VIETNAM." Jurnal Kajian Wilayah 9, no. 1 (June 28, 2018): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.14203/jkw.v9i1.783.

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Organic products nowadays are very potential to be developed because of the increasing demand from consumers around the world on safe food which are free from agrochemicals, such as fertilizers and chemical. Demand for organic products mainly comes from countries in the western of Europe, in the northern America, in the East Asia. Besides promoting health for human and the environment, organic farming can also increase income for farmers due to the higher price of organic products compared to ordinary agricultural products. The growing market share of organic products in the world is a great opportunity for agricultural producers to shift its agriculture from conventional to organic systems. This article is written based on the PSDR-LIPI research about sustainable agriculture in Vietnam in 2013, coupled with current news on Vietnam's organic farming today. The research result shows that the opportunity to reach a large organic market has not been caught by the agricultural producer countries, such as Vietnam. Until now, organic agriculture in Vietnam has not developed rapidly, although it has spread in some provinces. The slow growth of organic agriculture is as the consequence of several things, such as the orientation of agricultural development which emphasize more on quantity and not quality, lack of legal framework, and complicated and high investment costs for developing organic farming.Keywords:organic farming, organic market, legal framework, high investment, agriculture AbstrakProduk-produk organik saat ini sangat potensial untuk dikembangkan karena semakin besarnya minat konsumen dunia akan produk makanan yang bebas dari penggunaan bahan-bahan kimia, seperti pupuk dan pestisida kimia, sehingga aman untuk dikonsumsi. Permintaan produk-produk organik terutama datang dari negara-negara Eropa Barat, Amerika Utara, serta Asia Timur. Berbagai keuntungan yang bisa didapatkan dari pertanian organik adalah peningkatan kesehatan tubuh, kesehatan ekosistem (tanah, air, hewan, dan tumbuhan), serta peningkatan penghasilan bagi para petani karena harga produk organik yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan produk-produk pertanian pada umumnya. Semakin besarnya pangsa pasar produk organik di dunia merupakan kesempatan besar bagi para produsen pertanian untuk beralih dari sistem konvensional ke sistem organik. Artikel ini ditulis berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan oleh penulis bersama dengan tim peneliti PSDR-LIPI lainnya tentang pertanian berkelanjutan di Vietnam pada tahun 2013, dan ditambah dengan berita-berita terkini tentang pertanian organik Vietnam. Hasil penelitian dan penelusuran menunjukkan bahwa kesempatan untuk meraih pasar organik yang besar belum banyak ditangkap oleh negara-negara produsen dan pengekspor hasil pertanian, misalnya Vietnam. Hingga saat ini, pertanian organik di Vietnam belum berkembang pesat, walaupun keberadaannya telah tersebar di beberapa daerah. Lambatnya perkembangan pertanian organik ini disebabkan oleh beberapa hal, di antaranya pembangunan pertanian yang masih berorientasi pada masalah kuantitas dan bukan kualitas, belum ada tuntutan yang besar dari pasar domestik untuk masalah keamanan pangan, dan besarnya biaya investasi untuk sebuah pertanian organik.Kata kunci: pertanian organik, pasar produk organik, kerangka hukum, investasi besar, dan pertanian

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Reis, Rafael B., Felipe S. Bragagnolo, Thiago M. R. Gianeti, Sérgio A. Rodrigues, Cristiano S. Funari, Gabriela G. Gonçalves, and Lin C. Ming. "Brugmansia suaveolens Leaf Productivity and Alkaloid Contents Under Different Doses of Organic Fertilizer." Journal of Agricultural Science 11, no. 3 (February 15, 2019): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v11n3p341.

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According to the World Health Organization, the use of mineral fertilizers and pesticides should be avoided in the cultivation of medicinal plants due to their potential antagonistic actions. Brugmansia spp. is a perennial bush native to South America, but it is also cultivated in Europe, Central America, and Asia due to its ornamental characteristics. Aerial parts of this plant are used in ethnomedicine to alleviate ulcers and pain, as well as to treat abscesses, fungal infection of the skin, and dermatitis. Tropane alkaloids scopolamine and atropine are recognized as active principles of this plant. This study evaluated the applicability of organic agricultural techniques in the cultivation of Brugmansia suaveolens. The influence of different dosages (0-60 tons/ha) of organic fertilizer on the mass productivity of plant shoot as well as their atropine and scopolamine contents were investigated. The average dry matter of leaves (26.54±5.12-55.41±12.85 g) and stems (26.73±8.51-58.60±17.62 g) per plant increased with increasingly availability of organic fertilizer (0-60 ton/ha). The same behavior was observed when the contents of the active tropane alkaloids scopolamine (0.72±0.03-0.86±0.13 mg/g) and atropine (0.79±0.03-0.96±0.11 mg/g) were monitored by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometer. Overall, the treatment at the maximum level tested in this work (60 ton/ha) should be preferred over the other treatments. B. suaveolens could be a potential source of tropane alkaloids for the community of Botucatu city, which is a leading city in Brazil for the cultivation of food products under organic, biodynamic, and agroecology premises.

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Ranva, Santosh, Yudh Vir Singh, Neelam Jain, Ram Swaroop Bana, Ramesh Chand Bana, Gajender K. Aseri, Raghavendra Madar, et al. "Impact of Safe Rock® Minerals, Mineral Fertilizers, and Manure on the Quantity and Quality of the Wheat Yield in the Rice–Wheat Cropping System." Plants 11, no. 2 (January 11, 2022): 183. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11020183.

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Rice–wheat (RW) rotation is the largest agriculture production system in South Asia with a multifaceted role in maintaining the livelihood of people. The customary practices and indiscriminate use of synthetic fertilizers have culminated in the decline of its productivity and profitability during the past two decades, thus affecting the sustainability of wheat. Safe Rock® Minerals (SRM) is a multi-nutrient rich natural rock mineral with great potential to manage soil degradation, reducing the input of fertilizers, improving soil fertility, and plant health. Thus, a field trial was conducted at the research farm of ICAR—Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi from 2016 to 2018 to evaluate the impact of Safe Rock® Minerals (SRM) on biometric parameters, productivity, quality, and nutrient uptake by conventional wheat and System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) in the wheat–rice cropping system. The results indicate that SWI performed better in terms of growth, yield, and quality parameters than conventional wheat. Among nutrient management practices; the highest growth, yield, and yield attributes of wheat were achieved with the use of SRM application 250 kg ha−1 + 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF). SRM application also increased grain protein content significantly. In conclusion, the integrated use of SRM with organic manures can serve as an eco-friendly approach for sustainable wheat production.

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Thapa, Parbati, and Kabita Poudel. "AZOLLA: POTENTIAL BIOFERTILIZER FOR INCREASING RICE PRODUCTIVITY, AND GOVERNMENT POLICY FOR IMPLEMENTATION." JOURNAL OF WASTES AND BIOMASS MANAGEMENT 3, no. 2 (April 1, 2021): 62–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/jwbm.02.2021.62.68.

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Rice is the staple food for the significant population of Asia. Due to projected population growth in this region, the demand for this food is also predicted to be increased exponentially soon. Nitrogen (N) plays a dominant role in increasing rice yield as it is the most critical yield-limiting nutrient of rice. Chemical N fertilizers which are a major source in supplying N nutrients to rice, have adverse effects on overall soil and environmental health in the long term. The application of free-floating aquatic fern Azolla as a biofertilizer can be an alternative to improve rice yield without degrading the environment. It provides a natural source of many nutrients, especially N, improves the availability of other nutrients, plays a critical role in weed suppression, enhances soil organic matter, and improves efficiency of the inorganic fertilizers while maintaining the suitable soil pH condition for rice growth, which overall contribute to rice yield increment. Therefore, Azolla application has tremendous potential to improve soil health and boost yield sustainability.

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Akhter, Pervaiz, Zafar Iqbal Khan, Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain, Kafeel Ahmad, Muhammad Umer Farooq Awan, Asma Ashfaq, Usman Khalid Chaudhry, et al. "Assessment of Heavy Metal Accumulation in Soil and Garlic Influenced by Waste-Derived Organic Amendments." Biology 11, no. 6 (June 1, 2022): 850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11060850.

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In South Asia, the high costs of synthetic fertilizers have imposed research on alternative nutrient inputs. We aimed to identify potential trace elements (PTE) present in some organic manure that might be a source of environmental pollutions and risk to public health following consumption. The study aims to evaluate how different organic waste (poultry waste, PW; press mud, PM; and farmyard manure, FYM) influences the heavy metal migration in soil, the accumulation in garlic, and their potential health risks. Organic waste caused a higher accumulation of certain metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, and Co), whereas Mn, Cd, Cr, and Pb were in lower concentrations in soil. Amendments of soil with PM revealed a higher accumulation of Cd, Cr, Fe, and Pb, whereas PW resulted in Cu and Zn accumulation in garlic. Treatment of soil with FYM exhibited higher metal concentration of Co and Mn. An environmental hazard indices study revealed that pollution load index (PLI) was highest for Cu following treatment with PM. The health risk index (HRI) was greater for Cd following amendment with PM. Maximum daily intake of metals (DIM) was observed for Zn after treatment with PW. The Pb exhibited maximum bioconcentration factor (BCF) in PM-amended plants. Based on these findings, we concluded that garlic grown on contaminated soil with organic waste may pose serious health hazards following consumption.

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Múnera-Porras, Luisa María, Santiago García-Londoño, and Leonardo Alberto Ríos-Osorio. "Action Mechanisms of Plant Growth Promoting Cyanobacteria in Crops In Situ: A Systematic Review of Literature." International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (August 27, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/2690410.

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Background and Aims. An excessive and prolonged use of fertilizers undermines soils’ quality and, consequently, that of the crops they support, thus reducing the content of organic matter and generating environmental damages and problems to human health. Therefore, the use of biofertilizers such as cyanobacteria becomes a promising alternative. However, it is not always possible to generalize these fertilizers’ applicability, because microorganisms may be impacted by the physical and chemical variations of their environment. We will describe the action mechanisms or the characteristics of cyanobacteria involved in plant growth promotion for different crops in situ through a systematic review of scientific literature. Methods. A comprehensive search for original articles in two different databases, ScienceDirect and Scopus, was performed. We included in our search documents published from 2009 to 2018. After the screening process and the addition of gray literature publications, we obtained 23 articles for theoretical analysis. Results. The studies were distributed mainly in Asia and part of Africa, without any important temporal variation. They also showed a tendency to describe the use of cyanobacteria genera such as Anabaena sp., Nostoc sp., and Calothrix sp., besides mechanisms as N2 fixation, phosphate solubilization, phytohormone production, bioactive compounds excretion, and symbiotic associations, mainly on rice, wheat and corn crops. Conclusions. Cyanobacteria fertilizers used in situ are a widespread strategy, mainly in cereal crops. Their use is predominant in countries where cereal crops make an important contribution to their national economy. The great variety of mechanisms and characteristics of cyanobacteria used to promote plant growth in the field demonstrate the dramatic influence that physical, chemical, and biological variables have in their development.

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Vlek, Paul L. G., Ronald F. Kühne, and Manfred Denich. "Nutrient resources for crop production in the tropics." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 352, no. 1356 (July 29, 1997): 975–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1997.0076.

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For the foreseeable future a majority of the population, and almost all the mal– and under–nourished, will continue to be found in the tropics and subtropics. Food security in these parts of the world will have to be met largely from local resources. The productivity of the land is to a large extent determined by the fertlity of the soil, which in turn is mostly determined by its organic matter content and stored nutrients. Soil organic matter is readily lost when organic matter inputs are reduced upon cultivation and more so upon intensification. The concomitant loss of topsoil and possible exposure of subsoil acidity may cause further soil degradation. Plant nutrients to replenish what is yearly taken from the soil to meet the demands for food and fibre amount to 230 million tonnes (Mt). Current fertilizer consumption stands at about 130 Mt of N, P 2 O 5 ,and K 2 O, supplemented by an estimated 90 Mt of N from biological nitrogen fixation worldwide. Although 80 per cent of the population lives in the developing world, only half the world's fertilizer is consumed there. Yet, as much as 50% of the increase in agricultural productivity in the developing world is due to the adoption of fertilizers. World population growth will cause a doubling in these nutrients requirements for the developing world by 2020, which, in the likely case of inadequate production, will need to be met from soil reserves. Because expansion of the cultivable land area is reaching its limits, the reliance on nutrient inputs and their efficient use is bound to grow. With current urban expansion, nutrients in harvested products are increasingly lost from the rural environment as a whole. Estimates of soil nutrient depletion rates for sub–Saharan Africa (SSA) are alarmingly high. The situation may be more favourable in Latin America and Asia where fertilizer inputs are tenfold those of SSA. Closing the nutrient cycle at a community level in rural areas may be tedious; on an inter–regional level it is associated with considerable costs of collection, detoxification and transportation to the farms. Yet, at the rate at which some of the non–renewable resources such as phosphorus and potassium are being exploited, recycling of these nutrients will soon be required.

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Ogello, EO, FT Mlingi, BM Nyonje, H. Charo-Karisa, and JM Munguti. "Can integrated livestock-fish culture be a solution to East Africa’s food insecurity: A review." African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development 13, no. 59 (September 23, 2013): 8058–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18697/ajfand.59.12920.

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Integrated livestock -fish culture approach envisages the integration of fish farming with cattle, sheep, goat s, poultry, pig s or rabbi t husbandry in a design allowing wastes from one system to be used as input s in another system . The aim is to conserve resources while increasing farm returns . This paper reviews integrated livestock -fish culture in Asia and some Africa n countries towards stimulating growth in East Africa’s livestock -fish integration practices . Livelihood challenges and current status of integrated livestock -fish culture in some segment s of East Africa are discussed . Economic analyses of integrated livestock -fish farming in selected places are presented. Challenges facing integrated livestock -fish aquaculture in the region include: government neglect of aquaculture sector, weak aquaculture research and applications, political interferences as well as social and religious challenges. Poor publicity, poor infrastructure , lack of clear legislations and policies and high illiteracy among potential fish farmers have also been mentioned as bottlenecks to the growth of integrated fish farming in the region. So far, fish -poultry integration is the most popular across Africa and Asia while fish -cattle integration is unpopular in many countries. Livestock manure as source of organic fertilizer for fish ponds and biogas production can help reduce cost of investment in purchasing inorganic fertilizers . With the present high cost of pelleted fish feeds , integrated fish farming stands to reduce the cost of feeding fish while simultaneously increasing the yield , leading to high economic returns. This paper concludes that livestock -fish integration is one of the most practicable solutions to food insecurity and malnutrition in the East African community despite its current poor status. In fact, it could be the forgotten asset that can guarantee present and future aquaculture sustainability in the region. The paper recommends capacity building among stakeholders to recognise integrated aquaculture as a ‘self feeding’ biotechnology unit, which deserves special attention in East Africa.

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Molnár, Katalin, Imre-István Nyárádi, Béla Bíró-Janka, István Simó, János Bálint, and Erzsébet Domokos. "Preliminary Study of the Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilizers on a Semi-Natural Grassland in Vlăhiţa, Harghita Mountains, Romania." Acta Biologica Marisiensis 3, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 56–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/abmj-2020-0011.

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Abstract The aim of the research was to examine the effect of different fertilizers on the floristic composition and biomass yield of the semi-natural grassland used as hayfield near Vlăhița locality (Harghita County, Romania) in order to improve its management. In the same time the qualitative structure of the studied grassland was evaluated after the first application of the fertilizers. The vegetation survey was made before mowing, and a total of 84 plant taxa were identified. The studied plant community belongs to the association Festuco-Agrostetum capillaris Horv. 1951. From the 31 fodder species, 13 had very good or good nutritional value. The qualitative structure analysis indicates that the vegetation has developed under moderate anthropogenic pressure. Beside the Euro-Asian elements the Circumpolar and the Cosmopolite elements were well represented. Many species with high tolerance for temperature, soil pH, and soil mineral nitrogen content were registered. After the first application of fertilizers in all treated plots the biodiversity increased compared to the control plot. Fertilized plots also had a significantly higher biomass yield than the control plot. All fertilizers reduced the proportion of the species with good nutritional value from the Poaceae family. Organic fertilizer affected positively the proportion of other plant families than Poaceae and Fabaceae. Long-term experiments are necessary to evaluate the response of the vegetation on treatment with organic fertilizer in order to optimize productivity of the hayfield and sustain species richness.

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Qamar, Rafi, Atique ur Rehman, Hafiz Muhammad Rashad Javeed, Abdul Rehman Abdul Rehman, Muhammad Ehsan Safdar, Hasnain Ali, and Shakeel Ahmad. "Tillage Systems Affecting Rice-Wheat Cropping System." Sains Malaysiana 50, no. 6 (June 30, 2021): 1543–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17576/jsm-2021-5006-04.

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Rice-wheat production is an essential component of cropping systems in the Indus-Ganga Plains (IGP) which play a pivotal role in food security of south Asia. These crops are being cultivated on an area of about 13.5 M ha of South Asia. In rice-wheat cropping system, the major reason for lower wheat grain yield is use of unwise tillage practices during wheat seedbed preparation, cultivation of late maturing rice varieties, water shortage, labor shortage, high cost of fertilizers and poor crop management practices. Resource-conserving technology improves the sustainability and productivity of wheat, which ultimately increase the farmer’s livelihood and reduce poverty. Tillage plays an important role in agricultural operation for soil manipulation to optimize the crop productivity. Different tillage systems are being practiced for wheat production in rice-wheat cropping systems including intensive tillage system, conventional and deep tillage, conservation tillage that consisting of minimum tillage, ridge tillage, and no-till or zero tillage system. Zero tillage gives more accessible and efficient planting system that ensures timely wheat cultivation, cut off the tillage operation, better crop residue management that ultimately minimize the cost of production and keeps environment clean. Operational costs for wheat sowing are 50-60% lower with zero tillage (ZT) sowing than with conventional sowing. The cost saving effect is the main reason for the spread of zero tillage technology in rice-wheat system. Current paper presented a review of different tillage systems and their effects on soil physical properties, plant available water, soil organic matter and nutrients, rice residues, wheat yield and farmer’s economics.

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Elizabeth David, S., and T. C. Jennerjahn. "Extreme dissolved organic nitrogen fluxes in the human impacted Pamba River, Kerala, India." Biogeosciences Discussions 10, no. 10 (October 18, 2013): 16137–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bgd-10-16137-2013.

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Abstract. Cultural eutrophication of coastal aquatic systems is a major undesired phenomenon of today, which is mainly ascribed to the application of inorganic fertilizers in agriculture. Consequently, dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) is considered the major problem and widely studied. However, human interventions also strongly influence the riverine dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) concentrations and fluxes. Studies of nutrient inputs from tropical river catchments are biased towards DIN, even though they account for only a portion of the total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) pool, whereas the rest is comprised of DON and has been largely ignored. The tropical Pamba River was studied because of its manifold human activities in the catchment and was sampled during the south west monsoon (SWM), north east monsoon (NEM) and the pre monsoon (PM) months during 2010 to 2013. The largest pilgrim center on earth, the Sabarimala temple, located in the upstream forest is a unique feature of the catchment. Fertilizer application, livestock farming and inadequate sewage treatment are the prevailing land use practices. The goals of this study were to (i) define cause-effect relationships by assessing the effect of various human interventions such as the pilgrims, agriculture and sewage disposal in combination with the seasonal variations in hydrology on the DON concentrations and fluxes and to (ii) quantify the inputs from respective land use segments. The global maximum DON concentration (29 302 μM) was measured for the Pamba River. Pilgrim activities, high population density, agricultural and livestock farming as well as the lack of infrastructure for sanitation facilities were the cause for extremely high DON concentrations and fluxes in the plantation and settlement with mixed tree crop (SMT) segments. A DON yield of 745 kg ha−1 yr−1 was calculated for the Pamba catchment. The total DON inputs from all quantifiable sources amounted to 514 kg ha−1 yr−1 comprising of 69% of the total Pamba DON yield. In the Pamba River, sewage is the major source of DON and the unique Sabarimala pilgrim event accounts for most of it. Nevertheless, sewage input from the rest of the densely-populated catchment is high, which is a common feature of developing countries that lack adequate sanitation and water technology, i.e. in South and Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. Our study shows that DON makes up a significant portion of anthropogenic nitrogen in rivers, in particular in those regions, which are, however, scarce in respective data. It underscores the need for more quantitative studies from densely-populated tropical river catchments in order to improve global nitrogen budgets and the assessment of the consequences of anthropogenic nitrogen inputs into coastal aquatic systems.

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Dahmani, Rachid, Amine Habib Borsali, Abdessamad Merzouk, Mohamed Zouidi, Sid Ahmed Aouadj, and Hadj Khatir. "The Effect of Beneficial Autochthonous Microorganisms (Bams) on the Chemical Quality of Agricultural Soils and Olive Production in the Wilaya of Tlemcen (Western of Algeria)." Advanced Research in Life Sciences 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/arls-2023-0001.

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Abstract Beneficial Autochthonous Microorganisms (BAMs) are a multi-purpose technology that has already been used in Latin America and Southeast Asia but is still unknown in Africa and particularly Algeria. The aim is to examine the effect of BAMs on agricultural soils and olive fields. The study was carried out in two degraded olive fields located in the Oued Tafna basin west of Tlemcen (The Semi-arid region in Western Algeria). The objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of BAMs on the chemical characteristics of the soils, particularly in terms of organic matter (MO), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total limestone (CaCO3), moisture, organic carbon (C) and olive production and its weight. Statistical analysis (Independent Test) between all groups (treated and controls) showed a significant difference, in conductivity (EC) where we recorded “0.214±0.03μs /cm “ in treated soils vs. “0.198±0.029μs/cm “ in control soils a different statistical significance was recorded for the other parameters, however, it was observed that there is a relative increase in these parameters in the soils of the treated groups such as carbon (C): “2.85±1.06%” organic matter (MO): “4.91± 1.83%”, “pH=7.81±0.225”, “CaCO3 27.76±4.99% and a decrease in humidity “15.11±3.77%” compared to control soils. The results of statistical analyses (Mann-Whitney Test and Suite Test) of olive production showed a clear alternation (every other year) in fruit production in the control group and a positive effect of BAMs on olive production in the treated group, with a slight increase of production (19 kg in 2019 vs. 30 kg in 2020), but without any significant difference regarding the weight of the fruit between the two sessions. However, a highly significant difference “p=0.00<0.001” in fruit weight was noted between the treated groups “3.908g” and “5.70g” and the control ones “4.40g “ and “5.00g” in 2019 and 2020 respectively. The use of MAB is an interesting technique to restore the chemical properties of degraded soils, and increase olive tree production. To achieve more reproducible results (in terms of quantity and quality), sufficient doses of these BAMs and periodicals must be added to provide a good nutritional supplement and reduce farmers’ use of pesticides and mineral fertilizers.

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Zahid, Adnan, Sajid Ali, Mukhtar Ahmed, and Nadeem Iqbal. "Improvement of Soil Health through Residue Management and Conservation Tillage in Rice-Wheat Cropping System of Punjab, Pakistan." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (November 24, 2020): 1844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121844.

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In South Asia, soil health degradation is affecting the sustainability of the rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS). Indeed, for the sustainability of the soil quality, new adaptive technologies, i.e., conservation tillage and straw management resource conservation, are promising options. This investigation was focused on the interaction of tillage and straw management practices and their effects on Aridisols, Yermosols soil quality, and nutrients dynamics with different soil profiles within RWCS. The long-term field experiment was started in 2014 with the scenarios (i) conventional tillage (SC1), (ii) residue incorporation (SC2), (iii) straw management practices (SC3 and SC4) and conservation tillage (SC5). Conservation tillage practice (SC5) showed significant impact on properties of soil and availability of nutrients in comparison with that of conventional farmers practice (SC1) at the studied soil depths. The SC5 showed significant results of gravitational water contents (25.34%), moderate pH (7.4), soil organic-matter (7.6 g kg−1), total nitrogen (0.38 g kg−1), available phosphate (7.4 mg kg−1), available potassium (208 mg kg−1) compared to SC1 treatment at 0 to 15 cm soil depth. Whereas, DTPA-extractable-Cu, Mn, and Zn concentration were significantly higher, i.e., 1.12 mg kg−1, 2.14 mg kg−1, and 4.35 mg kg−1, respectively under SC5 than conventional farmer’s practices, while DTPA (diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid) extractable Fe (6.15 mg kg−1) was more in straw management practices (SC4) than conventional and conservation tillage. Therefore, conservation tillage (SC5) can surge the sustainability of the region by improving soil assets and nutrients accessibility and has the potential to minimize inorganic fertilizers input in the long run.

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MOHAMMEDALTOM, ARD ALSHAM ADAM, and YASSIN MOHAMED IBRAHIM DAGASH. "The influence of fertilizer type and time of application on growth and forage productivity of mung bean." Asian Journal of Agriculture 1, no. 01 (June 15, 2017): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g010105.

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Mohammedaltom AAA, Dagash YMI. 2017. The effect of fertilizer type and time of application on growth and forage productivity of mung bean. Asian J Agric 1: 22-28. A field experiment was conducted on April 3, 2016, at the Demonstration Farm of College of Agricultural Studies, Sudan University of Sciences and Technology, Shambat, Khartoum, Sudan to study the effect of some fertilizers and their time of application on growth and forage productivity of mung bean. The treatments were arranged factorially in split-plot trial with four replications. Application time was assigned to the main plot as three times of application: before sowing, with sowing and after sowing. Types of fertilizers as the sub plot including four types of fertilizers: without fertilizer (control), 50 kg ha-1 (organic manure), 100 kg ha-1 (diammonium phosphate), and 10 L ha-1 (humic acid). Different characters were measured include plant height (cm), stem thickness (cm), number of branches/plant, number of leaves/plant, fresh weight/plant (g) as well as dry weight/plant (g). The results revealed that there is a highly significant difference for types and application time of fertilizers and their interaction on plant height, number of leaves, and fresh forage and dry forage. Highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.01) were recorded in types of fertilizers and interaction between different application time and types of fertilizers for number of branch and significant difference (p ≤ 0.05) of application time for number of branch and stem diameter. There was no significant difference in types of fertilizers for stem diameter. The highest height of the plant (28.78 cm), the highest number of branches/plant (9.37), the maximum stem diameter (6.43 cm), the largest number of leaves/plant (31.69), the best fresh weight (815 kg ha-1) and dry weight (161 kg ha-1) were recorded for the treatment of 50 kg ha-1 organic manure applied after sowing.

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Rana, Masud, Md Morshedul Islam, and Md Atiqur Rahman Bhuiyan. "Effectiveness of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield parameters of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.)." Asian-Australasian Journal of Food Safety and Security 4, no. 2 (November 30, 2020): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajfss.v4i2.53879.

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Integrated use of organic and inorganic fertilizers could improve both growth and yield of okra plant. The present study was carried out to evaluate the effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth and yield parameters of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) at experimental area of Noakhali Science and Technology University, Bangladesh during the period of 18th December, 2018 to 19th March, 2019 (Rabi season). In this experiment, “Arka Anamika” variety of okra was used. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four treatments viz. T1= INM (organic and inorganic), T2= Inorganic (NPK), T3= Organic (cowdung), T4= Control and three replications. Data were taken on the growth and yield parameters such as plant height (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of branches per plant, days to first flowering (days), number of fruit per plant, individual fruit weight (gm), fruit length (cm) and fruit diameter (cm). Among all treatments INM (organic and inorganic) was responsible for highest plant height (49.96 cm), maximum number of leaves per plant (22.33) and branches per plant (6.33), accelerated days to first flowering (39 days), increases the number of fruit per plant (14.33), individual fruit weight (24.89 gm), fruit length (15.5 cm) and fruit diameter (1.98 cm). So this study clearly indicated that, among all treatments INM (Organic and inorganic) performed the best and it will be suitable for okra production. Asian Australas. J. Food Saf. Secur. 2020, 4 (2), 41-48

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Rodriguez, Divina Gracia P. "An Assessment of the Site-Specific Nutrient Management (SSNM) Strategy for Irrigated Rice in Asia." Agriculture 10, no. 11 (November 19, 2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10110559.

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The site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) strategy provides guidelines for effective nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium management to help farmers make better decisions on fertilizer input and output levels in rice (Oryza sativa) production. The SSNM fertilizer recommendations are based on the yield goal approach, which has been frequently cited in empirical studies. This study evaluates the assumptions underlying the SSNM strategy for rice in the top rice-producing countries around the world, including India, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. Using a generalized quadratic production function, I explore whether major nutrients are substitutes as inputs and if there are complementarities between inorganic fertilizer and soil organic matter (SOM). The results suggest the relationships among major nutrients vary across sites—some inputs are complements, some are substitutes, and some are independent. The SOM also significantly affects the nitrogen fertilizer uptake. I conclude by suggesting that the SSNM strategy can be made to be more adaptive to farmer’s fields if these relationships are accounted for in the fertilizer recommendation algorithm.

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Chen, Zekai, Fangdan Liu, Guangyuan Cai, Xiaoshan Peng, and Xiaolong Wang. "Responses of Soil Carbon Pools and Carbon Management Index to Nitrogen Substitution Treatments in a Sweet Maize Farmland in South China." Plants 11, no. 17 (August 24, 2022): 2194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11172194.

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In China, excessive nitrogen fertilizer application in sweet maize fields contributes to greenhouse gas emissions. This study used maize straw (MS), cow dung (CD), biogas residue (BR), and straw-based biochar (CB) to substitute the mineral nitrogen fertilizer at 20% and 50% ratios in the Pearl River Delta in China. In comparison with a conventional amount of mineral nitrogen fertilizer (CK), the soil organic carbon (SOC) storages of the different treatments increased by 6.5–183.0%. The CB treatment significantly improved the inert organic carbon pool in the soil, while other types of organic materials promoted the formation of activated carbon pools. The treatments increased the soil carbon pool management index by 21.1–111.0% compared to the CK. Moreover, the CB treatments increased the soil carbon sequestration index by 78.3% and 155.8% compared to the CK. In general, substituting the mineral N fertilizer with BR, CB, and CD could improve the SOC accumulation in sweet maize farmland in South China. The CB at the high substitution level was the best measure for stabilizing carbon sequestration in the sweet maize cropping system. This experiment provides valuable information for ensuring the clean production of sweet maize in a typical subtropical area in East Asia.

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PILBEAM, C. J., A. M. McNEILL, H. C. HARRIS, and R. S. SWIFT. "Effect of fertilizer rate and form on the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to wheat in Syria." Journal of Agricultural Science 128, no. 4 (June 1997): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859697004371.

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15N-labelled fertilizer was applied at different rates (0, 30, 60, 90 kg N ha−1) and in different forms (urea or ammonium sulphate) to wheat grown in Syria in three seasons (1991/92, 1992/93 and 1994/95).Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the above-ground crop at harvest was low (8–22%), with the amount of 15N-labelled fertilizer recovered in the crop increasing as the rate of application increased. Fertilizer application caused a significant increase in the amount of unlabelled soil N in the crop, suggesting that the application of N fertilizer caused a ‘real’ added nitrogen interaction. Recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer in the crop was unaffected by the form of the fertilizer.On average 31% (14–54%) of the 15N-labelled fertilizer remained in the soil at harvest, mostly in the 0–20 cm layer. At the lowest application rate (30 kg N ha−1) most of the residual fertilizer was as organic N, but at the higher application rates (60 and 90 kg N ha−1), a greater proportion of the 15N-labelled fertilizer was recovered as inorganic N, presumably as the result of top-dressing N in dry conditions in the spring. The amount of 15N-labelled fertilizer remaining in the soil increased as the fertilizer rate increased, but was unaffected by the form of fertilizer applied.Losses of 15N-labelled fertilizer were large (>35%), probably caused by gaseous losses, either through volatilization of N from the calcareous soil, or through denitrification from wet soils rich in organic residues.N fertilization strategies in the West Asia/North Africa (WANA) region should take note of the low recovery of N fertilizer by the crop in the season of application, and the resultant large quantities of residual fertilizer.

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Liu, Jianrong, Xiangfang Song, Zhimin Wang, Lihu Yang, Zhenyu Sun, and Wenjia Wang. "Variations of carbon transport in the Yellow River, China." Hydrology Research 46, no. 5 (August 16, 2014): 746–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2014.077.

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The Yellow River is the second largest river in China. Carbon transport by the Yellow River has significant influence on riverine carbon cycles in Asia. In order to monitor seasonal and spatial variations of carbon concentrations and to estimate carbon exports, water and suspended solids were sampled every 10 days at three representative stations (Qingtongxia, Tongguan, and Luokou) along the mainstream of the Yellow River. Results showed that riverine carbon was mainly in dissolved form, except during flood period and water and sediment regulation (WSR) scheme, when particulate organic carbon (POC) dominated. Concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon was mostly 5 to 10 times higher than that of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). DOC was mainly related to a natural process (leaching effect) in the upstream and anthropogenic activities in the midstream (domestic sewage and fertilizer application) and downstream (industrial wastewater). POC was connected with high suspended solids. Annually carbon delivered to the Bohai Sea was 1.34 × 1012 g/yr, accounting for 0.15% of the global total riverine carbon flux. Mean DOC exported accounted for 0.12% of the Asian rivers' DOC flux. WSR played an important role in the carbon transport, which accounted for 1/5 to 1/3 of the corresponding annual fluxes.

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Ma.Khristine T. Helera, Jeanette Angeline B. Madamba, Normito R. Zapata Jr, and Jimmy B. Williams. "THE ASIAN ORGANIC FERTILIZER INDUSTRY : WHAT ARE THE PROSPECTS FOR THE PHILIPPINES?" Journal of International Trade & Commerce 9, no. 2 (May 2013): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.16980/jitc.9.2.201305.47.

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NJOROGE, KINYANJUI SAMUEL, DANIEL MUGENDI NJIRU, and BERNARD VANLAUWE. "Effect of fertilizer-N and organic resource management on soil aggregates formation and carbon cycling in the central highlands of Kenya." Asian Journal of Agriculture 2, no. 01 (June 1, 2018): 25–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g020105.

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Njoroge KS, Mugendi DN, Vanlauwe B. 2018. Effect of fertilizer-N and organic resource management on soil aggregates formation and carbon cycling in the central highlands of Kenya. Asian J Agric 2: 25-37. To inquire the way the alteration of soils of various textures and fertility values with fertilizer-N and organic resources influencing aggregate formation and subsequent carbon (C) cycling in aggregates became the objective of this research. The experiment was carried out in Embu and Machang'a regions of central Kenya and was rooted on a putrefaction tube experiment that was established in April 2005. This experiment was intended at completing long-term field experimentations initiated in 2002 to set up the impact of the application of various combinations of organic and mineral resources on soil nutrient status. The main variables were fertilizer-N and organic resources, with the sub-management being soil fertility values. Maize stover and urea fertilizer were mixed with 3.2 kg of soil and put in putrefaction tubes. The implementation rate was 4 ton and 120 kg per hectare for the maize stover and fertilizer respectively. Four management were developed, namely: control (no organic resources or fertilizer-N added), lone fertilizer-N, lone stover, and combined stover and fertilizer-N, with each management having three replicates. To decide the alterations in soil aggregates, dirt samples acquired from the putrefaction tubes were fractionated through wet sieving. SOM fractionation was also carried out to gain the various SOM fractions. All achieved aggregates and SOM fractions were then dried in the oven, ground, and analyzed for C. All collected data were examined with the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS and the means separated at p <0.05. Bigger quantity of macroaggregates from Embu soils was studied than that from Machang'a soils. For both Embu and Machang'a soil, the alteration of soils with lone or combined fertilizer-N and organic resources had a notable impact (p <0.05) on the portions of all aggregate class sizes. The alteration of soils of various fertility values with lone or combined fertilizer-N and organic resources also had a notable impact on the allocation of SOM fractions for both Embu and Machang' soils. Remarkable discrepancies in whole soils, aggregates and SOM fractions percentage carbon values were also studied. On the whole, the silt and clay fraction had higher C values than that in other aggregate size classes representing higher stabilization of C within this fraction. From the results of this research, it is concluded that the utilization of combined organic and mineral resources is preferred for the enhancement and the preservation of soil fertility in high fertility soils. In low fertility coarse-textured soils, the lone implementation of organic resources is suggested for the enhancement and the preservation of soil fertility.

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ELIDAR, YETTI. "Seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as a response of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application." Asian Journal of Agriculture 2, no. 01 (June 1, 2018): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/asianjagric/g020102.

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Elidar Y. 2018. Seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata) as a response of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application. Asian J Agric 2: 8-13. The research was aimed to know the effect of seed scarification and liquid organic fertilizer application to the seed emergence and growth of the short age sugar palm (Arenga pinnata (Wurmb.) Merr). The research was conducted at two experiments, i.e. (i) effect of seed scarification, and (ii) effect of liquid organic fertilizer application. The first experiment was a single factor designed at Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The factor consisted of 4 scarification technique treatments i.e. s1 = seed abaxial scarification; s1 = seed tip scarification; s3 = seed left and right sides scarification; s4= seed embryo scarification. All treatments were replicated 6 times. The second experiment was arranged at a factorial (3 x 3) using Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with 6 replications. The first factor was the dose/volume of liquid organic fertilizer treatment in concentration of 3 cc L-1 of water (D) consisting of 3 levels i.e. d1 = 300 mL; d2 = 400 mL; d3 = 500 mL, while the second treatment was the interval of liquid organic fertilizer (I) application consisting of 3 levels i.e. i1 = 2 weeks; i2 = 3 weeks; i3 = 4 weeks. Seedling emergence test, germination rate, vigor index and seed germination percentage were measured and the growth parameters such as the plant height increase, plant midrib girth, number of midrib increase, and number of leaves were observed. The results showed that scarification at the embryo part (s4) resulted in the best seed germination percentage of the short age sugar palm at around 99.81%. Combination treatments between 500 mL dose of liquid organic fertilizer in concentration of 3 cc L-1 of water with the interval of 2 weeks (d3i1) produced the best seedling growth of the short age sugar palm.

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Carrillo, Lorraine A., and Susan M. Gallardo. "Heavy Metals Characterization of Sludge from a Philippine Recycling Paper Mill." ASEAN Journal of Chemical Engineering 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2004): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ajche.50839.

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Wastewater treatment sludge, which is the largest volume residual waste stream generated by the pulp and paper industry, is generally disposed of in a dedicated landfill. Composting the sludge is an alternative method proposed by the Asian Regional Research Program on Environmental Technology-De La Salle University (ARRPET-DLSU) Minor Issue Group. The Philippine Department of Agriculture's (DA) standards for an organic fertilizer's maximum allowable content of heavy metals provided the legislative regulation for the conversion of sludge to compost. The research was designed to characterize the sludge samples from TIPCO, a Philippine paper-recycling mill, and establish whether the sludge contained the heavy metals cadmium, chromium, lead, mercury, nickel, and zinc using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (MS). Sampling was done for four weeks during newsprint and white paper production. Three discharge terminals were established as sampling points. The samples showed that the metal content of the sludge vary from point to point and was highest throughout the manufacture of white paper. Chromium, mercury, and nickel, however, were nondetectable in all the samples, while cadmium was detectable only in very few samples. Lead and zinc were present at all three points and were highest at the de inking sludge. Comparing the results with Part 503 of the United States EPA and the DA's guidelines for organic fertilizers yield significantly lower parameter values. Composting the sludge was, therefore, found to be a feasible option for recycling paper-mill sludge since the metal content were very low compared to local and international standards.

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Timsina, Jagadish. "Can Organic Sources of Nutrients Increase Crop Yields to Meet Global Food Demand?" Agronomy 8, no. 10 (October 3, 2018): 214. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8100214.

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Meeting global demand of safe and healthy food for the ever-increasing population now and into the future is currently a crucial challenge. Increasing crop production by preserving environment and mitigating climate change should thus be the main goal of today’s agriculture. Conventional farming is characterized by use of high-yielding varieties, irrigation water, chemical fertilizers and synthetic pesticides to increase yields. However, due to either over- or misuse of chemical fertilizers or pesticides in many agro-ecosystems, such farming is often blamed for land degradation and environmental pollution and for adversely affecting the health of humans, plants, animals and aquatic ecosystems. Of all inputs required for increased agricultural production, nutrients are considered to be the most important ones. Organic farming, with use of organic sources of nutrients, is proposed as a sustainable strategy for producing safe, healthy and cheaper food and for restoring soil fertility and mitigating climate change. However, there are several myths and controversies surrounding the use of organic versus inorganic sources of nutrients. The objectives of this paper are: (i) to clarify some of the myths or misconceptions about organic versus inorganic sources of nutrients and (ii) to propose alternative solutions to increase on-farm biomass production for use as organic inputs for improving soil fertility and increasing crop yields. Common myths identified by this review include that organic materials/fertilizers can: (i) supply all required macro- and micro-nutrients for plants; (ii) improve physical, chemical and microbiological properties of soils; (iii) be applied universally on all soils; (iv) always produce quality products; (v) be cheaper and affordable; and (vi) build-up of large amount of soil organic matter. Other related myths are: “legumes can use entire amount of N2 fixed from atmosphere” and “bio-fertilizers increase nutrient content of soil.” Common myths regarding chemical fertilizers are that they: (i) are not easily available and affordable, (ii) degrade land, (iii) pollute environment and (iv) adversely affect health of humans, animals and agro-ecosystems. The review reveals that, except in some cases where higher yields (and higher profits) can be found from organic farming, their yields are generally 20–50% lower than that from conventional farming. The paper demonstrates that considering the current organic sources of nutrients in the developing countries, organic nutrients alone are not enough to increase crop yields to meet global food demand and that nutrients from inorganic and organic sources should preferably be applied at 75:25 ratio. The review identifies a new and alternative concept of Evergreen Agriculture (an extension of Agroforestry System), which has potential to supply organic nutrients in much higher amounts, improve on-farm soil fertility and meet nutrient demand of high-yielding crops, sequester carbon and mitigate greenhouse gas emissions, provide fodder for livestock and fuelwood for farmers and has potential to meet global food demand. Evergreen Agriculture has been widely adapted by tens of millions of farmers in several African countries and the review proposes for evaluation and scaling-up of such technology in Asian and Latin American countries too.

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Afrin, Syeda Rubaiya, and Shaikh Motasim Billah. "Effect of Decomposed Fruit Waste on the Growth and Biomass Production of Red Amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus)." South Asian Journal of Agriculture 8, no. 1-2 (April 23, 2022): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/saja.v8i1-2.59260.

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This study attempts to observe the effect of decomposed fruit waste on the growth and biomass production of red amaranth (Amaranthus cruentus). Decomposed fruit waste used as organic fertilizer to ensure soil health. Besides, the use of organic fertilizer instead of using toxic chemical fertilizer is an alternative eco-friendly approach. In this experiment, compost was prepared by using banana and orange peel wrapped in two different poly bags and kept them for 6 months under the soil. Here five treatments and three replications were used in which 1000 kg ha1 and 2000 kg ha-1 orange peel and banana peel composts were used as treatments. Red amaranth was grown as a test crop. After harvesting plants, different growth parameters such as shoot length, root length, leaf number, fresh weight, oven-dry weight and percent of moisture content were measured. The results exhibited that all growth parameters increased significantly by the application of decomposed fruit wastes. However, the application of 2000 kg ha-1 decomposed orange peel performed better in all respects. South Asian J. Agric., 8(1&2): 1-5

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Jahan, Israt, AKM Abul Ahsan, MMR Jahangir, Mahmud Hossain, and Md Anwarul Abedin. "Changes in physico-chemical properties of paddy soil due to water and fertilizer management." Asian-Australasian Journal of Bioscience and Biotechnology 5, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/aajbb.v5i2.53865.

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Soil physico-chemical properties are an important phenomenon for sustainable crop production and maintenance of optimum soil health. Hence, a laboratory measurement was conducted with soil samples of three years long experimental field of the Department of Soil Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh to assess the changes in five selected soil physico-chemical properties viz. soil texture, bulk density, soil pH, total nitrogen and organic matter. The experiment was laid out in a split plot design with two water regimes (continuous flooding and alternate wetting & drying) in the main plots and five fertilizer treatments (N0 - control, N1- 140 kg N/ha as PU, N2- 104 kg N/ha as USG (2× 1.8 g/ 4 hills), N3 - 5 t CD + PU @ 140 kg N /ha on IPNS basis and N4- 5 t CD + USG (2× 1.8 g/ 4 hills @ 104 kg N/ha)) in the subplots under rice-rice cropping pattern with three replications. After three years, soil samples were collected at 0-5 and 5-10 cm soil depths for measuring bulk density and at 0-10 cm depth for other soil properties and analyzed. Results found that % sand, % silt, % clay, bulk density and soil pH was not changed significantly compared to initial status. Percentage of total nitrogen and organic matter was significantly affected by irrigation and fertilization. Total nitrogen (%) was higher in AWD whereas organic matter (%) was higher in CF practice. The highest total nitrogen (%) and organic matter (%) was found in N4 treatment in which USG was applied in combination with cowdung as organic manure. It can be suggested that N4 treatment was formed good combination for sustaining chemical properties of soil. Further long- term experimentation will be needed to know the changes in soil properties for sustainable crop production and improving soil health. Asian Australas. J. Biosci. Biotechnol. 2020, 5 (2), 65-71

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-, Muhardi, and Effendy -. "Technical Efficiency and the Factors that Affect it in Rice Production in Central Sulawesi of Indonesia." International Journal of Economics and Statistics 9 (April 16, 2021): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.46300/9103.2021.9.11.

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Most of the population of Asia depends on consuming rice to support their lives. This implies that rice production needs attention. The existence of inefficiencies in lowland rice production could reduce rice yields for consumption, so the measurement of technical efficiency in lowland rice production needed to be studied. This research aimed to analyze the level of technical efficiency in lowland rice cultivation and identify the factors that affected it. The research was done in Palolo and Torue Sub-District Indonesia. The number of samples used was 249 lowland rice farmlands consisting of 106 farmers of organic lowland rice cultivation and 143 farmers of inorganic lowland rice cultivation. The results show that land, fertilizer, seeds, and labor had a positive and significant effect on lowland rice production. The average technical efficiency of lowland rice cultivation was around 78.2%. The results also show that manager education, extension contacts, superior seeds, and organic lowland rice cultivation have a significant effect on the level of technical efficiency in lowland rice production. We concluded that there was an opportunity for farmers to increase lowland rice yields if they could manage production factors in an efficient manner. The government could provide support for farmers, such as formal and informal education, extension, superior seeds, and ready-to-use organic materials.

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Muhardi and Effendy. "Technical Efficiency and the Factors that Affect it in Rice Production in Indonesia." Asian Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development 11, no. 3 (August 26, 2021): 230–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.ajard.2021.113.230.235.

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Анотація:

Most of the population of Asia depends on consuming rice to support their lives. This implies that rice production needs attention. The existence of inefficiencies in lowland rice production could reduce rice yields for consumption, so the measurement of technical efficiency in lowland rice production needed to be studied. This research aimed to analyze the level of technical efficiency in lowland rice cultivation and identify the factors affecting it. The research was done in the Palolo and Torue subdistrict of Indonesia. The number of samples used was 249 lowland rice farmlands, consisting of 106 and 143 farmers of organic and inorganic lowland rice cultivation, respectively. The results show that land, fertilizer, seeds, and labor had a positive and significant effect on lowland rice production. The average technical efficiency of lowland rice cultivation was around 78.2%. The results also show that manager education, extension contacts, superior seeds, and organic lowland rice cultivation have a significant effect on the level of technical efficiency in lowland rice production. We concluded that there is an opportunity for farmers to increase lowland rice yields if they can manage production factors in an efficient manner. The government could provide support for farmers, such as formal and informal education, extension, superior seeds, and ready-to-use organic materials.

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Chiranjeeb, Kumar, S. S. Prasad, Vivek Kumar, Rajani K., Munmun Majhi, and Megha Bhadani. "Effect of vermicompost and fertilizer on uptake and efficiency of nutrients in pot culture rice." Environment Conservation Journal 23, no. 3 (May 29, 2022): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.10052224.

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Rice is the major dominant crop in the asian continent and all over the world. A research was carried out at Dr. Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, Pusa in kharif, 2018 containing four different levels of vermicompost (0 t/ ha , 1.25 t/ ha, 2.5 t/ ha, 3.7 t/ ha) and three levels (0 %, 100 %, 50 % Recommended Dose of Fertilizer) of fertilizer RDF were combined with each other and analyzed for nutrient uptake and efficiencies in pot cultured rice crop variety Rajendra Bhagawati. Study revealed that nutrient uptake in grain (446.03 mg/ pot N, 104.95 mg/ pot P , 112.06 mg/ pot K) and straw (303.81 mg/ pot N , 49.83 mg/ pot P, 578.78 mg/ pot K) and the total nutrient uptake i.e. N (227.67 mg/ pot ), P(0.083 mg/ pot ), K(690.84 mg/ pot) were superior in the combined application of 3.75 t/ ha vermicompost and 100% RDF over other and showed higher stability in case of apparent nutrient use efficiency in 3.75 t/ ha vermicompost and 50% RDF except potassium for balanced growth of rice crop and declining straight 50% cost off chemical fertilizer substituted with organic sources.

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Ratul, Asif Ahmed, Tahsina Sharmin Hoque, Md Rafiqul Islam, and Md Anamul Hoque. "Physico-chemical properties of acid soils from Madhupur Tract and Northern & Eastern Piedmont Plains of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 7, no. 1 (March 31, 2021): 12–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v7i1.53304.

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Soil reaction is an important issue that adversely affects soil fertility and crop productivity. Twenty five representative soil samples from farmers’ fields of Ramchandrakura, Bishgiripar, Andharupara and Nayabil villages of Nalitabari upazila under Sherpur district (AEZ 22-Northern and Eastern Piedmont Plains) and twenty soil samples from farmers’ fields of Bakta, Nishchintopur, Boril and Kaladaho villages of Fulbaria upazila under Mymensingh district (AEZ 28-Madhupur Tract) were collected and analyzed to study the physico-chemical properties of acid soils. Among 45 samples, 13 were sandy loam, 17 were silt loam, 10 were loam, 2 were clay loam and 3 were loamy sand in texture. Soil pH was very strongly acidic to strongly acidic. The soil pH of AEZ 22 varied from 3.81 to 4.78 and that of AEZ 28 varied from 3.96 to 5.11. The organic C of Nalitabari soil varied from 0.50 to 1.35% and that of Fulbaria soils ranged from 0.50 to 1.27% showing low to medium status. The status of nutrient elements viz. N, P, K and S in most of the samples was very low or very low to medium. Total N contents of AEZ 22 varied from 0.06 to 0.14% and that of AEZ 28 varied from 0.07 to 0.16%. Available P in soils of AEZ 22 varied from 3.25 to 26.45 ppm and that in soils of AEZ 28 ranged from 2.45 to 16.62 ppm. Exchangeable K in AEZ 22 soils varied from 15.13 to 92.41 ppm and that in AEZ 28 soils varied from 16.09 to 98.41 ppm. Available S in AEZ 22 soils varied from 1.68 to 33.70 ppm and that in AEZ 28 soils from 3.95 to 27.52 ppm. Therefore, these acid soils should be amended with liming materials and fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and organic manures for successful crop production. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2021, 7(1): 12-20

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Ahmad, Irfan, Muhammad Haroon U. Rashid, Shahid Nawaz, Muhammad Asif, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Zainab Shahbaz, Muhammad Kashif, and Mehak Shaheen. "Effect of different compost concentrations on the growth yield of Bombax Ceiba (Simal)." Natural Resources for Human Health 2, no. 2 (January 16, 2022): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.53365/nrfhh/144578.

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Bombax ceiba is an important agroforestry tree species widely distributed throughout the world. It has been extensively grown and planted for eras in hot and dry regions and high humidity zones of southern Asia. The main objective of this research was to evaluate the growth response of B. ceiba in response to different compost treatments. Different morphological traits (plant height, stem height, root length) and biomass (shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight and root/shoot ratio) were measured. Two experiments (pot experiment = seedlings) and (field experiment = saplings) were conducted simultaneously. Different compost treatments: (T0) = (Compost 0% + Soil 0%), (T1) = (Compost 25% + Soil 75%), (T2) = (Compost 50% + Soil 50%), (T3) = (Compost 75% + Soil 25%), (T4) = (Compost 100% + Soil 0%) were applied in the growing media. Results demonstrated that plant growth increased with the increment in compost application. In the pot experiment, B. ceiba exhibited its better growth under 75% of compost application, whereas in the field experiment, 100% compost was helpful for the best production of B. ceiba. Overall, positive effects of compost were observed for the growth of B. ceiba. The plant growth was increased greatly in response to the better content of organic fertilizer, and it was determined that compost enhances soil fertility. It should be implemented as organic fertilizer in agroforestry operations for optimizing plant growth and yield.

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Yang, Xin, Wenhai Mi, Xiaoli Tan, Lianghuan Wu, and Vladimir G. Onipchenko. "Effect of Non-flooded Plastic Film Mulching Cultivation for Rice in Southeast China." Weed Science 66, no. 1 (August 24, 2017): 134–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/wsc.2017.37.

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The effects of non-flooded plastic film mulching cultivation (PM) and polymer-coated urea (PCU) on rice yield, soil properties, and weed diversity were investigated in experimental plots of rice monoculture in Lanxi, China. The combination of PM and PCU increased rice yield. Compared with traditional flooded cultivation, under PM, soil pH remained higher, but decreased soil organic matter, total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable potassium in the 0- to 10-cm soil layer. Soil fertility influenced winter weed communities, with hairy bittercress, Asian mazus, and shortawn foxtail being the most abundant species. Multivariate analysis indicated that changes in the winter weed species diversity were primarily due to exchangeable potassium. PCU had no significant influence on weed diversity, while plots without nitrogen fertilizer had higher spring-germinating weed density.

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Alam, M. Jahangir, MH Kabir Shiragi, M. Aslam Ali, MA Farukh, and Abdullahil Baque. "Effects Of Organic Amendmentson Methane Emission And Yield Of Rice." Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bangladesh, Science 41, no. 2 (December 30, 2015): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jasbs.v41i2.46210.

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The effect of FYM, poultry litter, livestock manure, biogas slurry, vermi-compost and municipal solid waste (MSW) combined with NPK.was assessed on emission of CH4 and yield of rice. The highest amount of CH4 emission (815.04) kg ha-1 season'1 was from MSW followed by (702.96 kg CH4 ha'1 season'1) from livestock manure. The lowest (365.14 kg CH4 ha'1 season'1) was produced in control treatment. The increasing trend of seasonal CH4 emission was 55.20, 48.06, 35.71, 33.88, 21.13 and 17.57% respectively due to organic amenments against the control. The highest number of panicle hill'1 (14.38), grain panicle'1 (160.67), yield of grain (5.47tha'1) and straw weight (4.56 t ha'1) was observed due to application of FYM, vermicompost and poultry litter respectively. The highest percentage of harvest index and ripened grains (55.363 and 93.41) was found in biogas slurry and poultry litter treated plots and the lowest percentage (52.878 and 85.88) was with vermicompost and biogas slurry correspondingly. The highest Eh value (- 252.0 mV) was found in MSW and the lowest value was observed in poultry litter. Result suggests that combined use of inorganic fertilizer and organic amendments caused highest yield of rice with less CH4 emission. Asiat. Soc. Bangladesh, Sci. 41(2): 263-270, December 2015

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Priyanth, H., S. Sutharsan, L. M. Rifnas, and S. Srikrishnah. "Effects of Organic Manure: Amirthakaraisal and Cow Dung on Performances of Greengram (Vigna radiata) Grown in Pots." Asian Journal of Science and Applied Technology 11, no. 2 (October 29, 2022): 17–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.51983/ajsat-2022.11.2.3319.

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Green gram (Vigna radiata) is an annual important pulse crop that mainly grown in tropical, subtropical and, temperate regions of Asia. Traditionally it is grown on commercial scale with synthetic fertilizer and on subsistent scale with organic manure. Amirthakaraisal is an organic liquid nutrient solution containing of N, P and K. The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the effect of combination of Amirthakaraisal and Cow dung on the growth and yield of Vigna radiata. The experiment was conducted as a pot experiment with six treatments and ten replicates in a completely randomised design (CRD). Which was maintained in open field. The treatments are T1 -100% Amirthakaraisal, T2 - 75% Amirthakaraisal and 25% Cow dung, T3 - 50% Amirthakaraisal and 50% Cow dung, T4 - 25% Amirthakaraisal and 75% Cow dung, T5 - 100% Cow dung, T6 – control(zero treatments). Treatments were applied two week interval according to the pot area. Growth and yield parameters were measured and analysed statistically using ANOVA and means were compared with DMRT at 5% significance level.. The results proved that T3- 50% Amirthakaraisal and 50% Cow dung significantly (P < 0.05) increased the dry weight of shoot (27.27 %), , number of pods per plant (31.03 %), weight of 100 seeds (29.78 %), total yield (33.73 %) in comparison to plants without application of organic manure(T6). T3 given best results when comparing with T1, T2, T4, T5 and also T3 plants were expose their 50% flowering 30 days after planting compared with other treatments. Therefore, it could be concluded with the final yield of Vigna radiata that application of 50% Amirthakaraisal and 50% Cow dung to soil increased the growth and yield performance of Vigna radiata.

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Aziz, M. A. A., N. M. I. Othman, and N. B. Kamaruzaman. "A Review on Bacteria, Fungi and Dual Inoculation Towards Nitrogen Fixation in Oil Palm Plants." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1059, no. 1 (July 1, 2022): 012030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1059/1/012030.

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Abstract Oil palm plantation sector is the most important contribution to economic growth in most Asian countries and most plantations rely on chemical fertilizer for growth which caused harmful to environment. As we can see, nitrogen in the atmosphere can be fixed by the microorganism through the process of nitrogen fixation where it also can act as a bio-fertilizer. Therefore, three objectives are covered in this study, which 1) to review studies on microbial activities and their interaction with plant in soil, 2) to evaluate the effectiveness of organic matter that enhance microbe activity and also N-fixation and 3) to identify the species of bacteria and fungi used for oil palm inoculation in previous studies. A review of microbial activity has been presented in order to highlight the potential interaction where endophytic BNF bacteria have successfully increase the development of oil palm seedlings. Combination of EFB and cow dung in vermicompost technique showed the higher number of E. eugeniae (32 earthworms) thus increases available plant nitrogen. Microbial inoculation such as Glomus aggregatum, Bacillus salmalaya strain 139SI and Herbaspirillum seropedicae gives positive impact towards growth performance. The findings provided successful significant proof that microbe inoculation has a favorable influence on oil palm FFB production.

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Ali, Shahzad. "Biofortification of Cereals with Iron through Agronomic Practices." Current Research in Agriculture and Farming 3, no. 5 (October 28, 2022): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.18782/2582-7146.174.

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Iron is one of the micronutrients required for normal crop production and human developmental concerns. Iron deficiency leads to major hindrance towards crop production and extensive problems in developing countries. Iron deficiency in developing countries of Asia and Africa extensively threatens millions of people. Iron is one of the essential nutrients for crops and plays a key role in human growth and development. Almost all plant species uptake iron in the form of chelation; iron uptake could occur through the following two (I and II) strategies. In strategy, I plant releases organic acids and different compounds for the availability of iron in ferric form, and in strategy II, different cereals form chelation with ferric for uptake. Plant iron mobility occurs through the xylem in chelation form and is available to all plant parts. Iron biofortification by agronomic practices can be done through I) the application of iron fertilizer through soil and different chelation compounds to increase their availability II) combined application of iron through foliar and soil to increase biofortification level. So, an agronomic strategy with chelation increases the iron level in cereals to many folds.

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Jiang, Luguang, and Ye Liu. "Grain Security in Light of the Current Geopolitical Background and Agricultural Policy in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea." Sustainability 14, no. 15 (July 28, 2022): 9276. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14159276.

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Grain problems in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK) have been the focus of global attention for many years. In this context, scientific evaluations of grain supply and consumption are very important as a component of agricultural cooperation between China and the DPRK and will also promote a stable development of the society across Northeast Asia. The results of this analysis showed that DPRK grain production in 2019 was equivalent to that seen in 1975. Dominant grain-producing areas within the DPRK include the plains in the west and southwest encompassing North Phyongan, South Phyongan, Pyongyang, North Hwanghae, and South Hwanghae. The data showed that the DPRK was basically grain self-sufficient prior to 1995 but subsequently has been unable to meet the demand, even given reliance on imports and international assistance. The cultivated land area within the DPRK includes large proportions of slope farmland, an important factor that influences the grain production. The DPRK also boasts good irrigation infrastructure that provides a good basis for grain production. This means that, under normal circumstances, 56.59% of cultivated land can be effectively irrigated. Chemical fertilizer supplies have, however, been unable to meet the agricultural production demands, currently remaining at the 1970s levels. It is clear that the DPRK needs to increase chemical and organic fertilizer inputs in order to ensure soil fertility. As the southern region of the DPRK has sufficient water and is hot enough, the implementation of multi-cropping farming systems will ensure an increase of at least 4.9 million tons in grain production and will guarantee supply for at least 1.88 million people.

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Ghosh, Dibakar, Koushik Brahmachari, Marian Brestic, Peter Ondrisik, Akbar Hossain, Milan Skalicky, Sukamal Sarkar, et al. "Integrated Weed and Nutrient Management Improve Yield, Nutrient Uptake and Economics of Maize in the Rice-Maize Cropping System of Eastern India." Agronomy 10, no. 12 (December 2, 2020): 1906. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10121906.

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Increasing productivity of maize while decreasing production costs and maintaining soil health are emerging challenges for the rice–maize system in South Asia. A range of integrated nutrient and weed management practices were tested in winter maize for their effects on yield, profitability, and soil health. The nutrient management treatments were a partial substitution of nitrogen with bulky (Farmyard manure; vermicompost) and concentrated organic manures (Brassicaceous seed meal, BSM; neem cake), whereas weed management practices compared chemical controls only versus an integrated approach. The N supplementation through BSM diminished the weed growth by reducing weed N uptake, and enhanced the maize crop uptake of nutrients. As compared to the sole chemical approach, atrazine-applied pre-emergence followed by hoeing reduced weed density by 58 and 67% in years 1 and 2, respectively. The N supplementation through BSM resulted in the maximum yield of maize grain (6.13 and 6.50 t ha−1 in year 1 and year 2, respectively) and this treatment increased yield in year 2 compared to N application through synthetic fertilizer. Hoeing in conjugation with herbicide enhanced the maize grain yield by 9% over herbicide alone. The maximum net return and economic efficiency were achieved with the application of BSM for N supplementation, together with the integrated weed management practice.

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Irin, IJ, PK Biswas, and MA Khan. "Efficacy of different green manuring crops to soil fertility, yield and seed quality of T. aman rice." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 7, no. 4 (December 30, 2021): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v7i4.57610.

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A series of experiments were conducted on the Agronomy farm and laboratory of Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University to demonstrated a promising way of increasing soil organic matter, total N in pre sown and postharvest land by green manure cultivation and reducing the inorganic fertilizer inputs in rice production and finally observed the quality of grown T. aman seed in laboratory condition. Several green manures were found more potential in two years regarding their plant height, dry biomass production and better performance concerning organic matter, nitrogen and potassium contribution to soil and increased rice yield. Morphological characteristics of eight green manure crops were studied and incorporated at 45DAS for decomposition. One month after decomposition of green manure, rice (BRRI dhan66) plant was transplanted with 100% NPK (F1) and 50% NPK (F2) and pre sown rice soil, post-harvest soil nutrient statuses were studied. Result showed that Pre shown rice soil increased 0.5 to 0.6% SOM (2nd year), 0.04% soil N (both year) and 0.04% soil K (1st year) which ultimately increase rice yield 62% to 68% (with F1) and 10% to 42% in 1st and 2nd year. Post-harvest soil nutrient status shown the positive balance of (0.1% to 1%) organic matter and total N (0.04% to 0.7%) in the 1st years and 2nd years and P was found drastically increased in 2nd year, respectively. Germination%, germination energy%, seedling length, fresh and dry weight of six month stored rice seedling also found highest from S. rostataand S. aculeataunder laboratory condition. Incorporation of Sesbaniaaculeata, S. rostrata, V. unguiculataand Crotalaria junceaas GM with N significantly influenced the grain yield of rice and pre and post-harvest soil. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2021, 7 (4), 298-311

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SINGH, RAMAN JEET, I. P. S. AHLAWAT, and KULDEEP KUMAR. "PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY OF THE TRANSGENIC COTTON–WHEAT PRODUCTION SYSTEM THROUGH PEANUT INTERCROPPING AND FYM ADDITION." Experimental Agriculture 49, no. 3 (March 1, 2013): 321–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000197.

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SUMMARYThe cotton–wheat production system (CWPS) occupies an important place in the agricultural economy of several South Asian countries. The instability of the CWPS has increased particularly during the post-transgenic hybrids phase mainly because of these hybrids calling for intensive crop management being cultivated under all situations, especially in resource-poor conditions leading to violent fluctuations during adverse years and thereby affecting the socio-economic status of these developing countries. A study was conducted to evaluate and quantify the effect of the two-tier intercropping of cotton and peanut with the substitution of a 25–50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) of cotton by farmyard manure (FYM) on productivity, profitability and nitrogen economy in the CWPS at New Delhi during 2006–08. To quantify the residual effects of previous crops and their fertility levels, a succeeding crop of wheat was grown with varying rates of nitrogen, viz. 0, 50, 100 and 150 kg ha−1. Wheat equivalent productivity was significantly more with the inclusion of peanut in the CWPS (21–26%) with a high net return (US$288) than a pure stand of cotton in the CWPS. The substitution of 25% RDN of cotton by FYM being on par with no substitution recorded a higher wheat equivalent yield, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake, net return and nitrogen use efficiencies. Nitrogen economy in wheat was 22 kg ha−1 due to inclusion of peanut in the CWPS and 13 kg ha−1 due to substitution of the 25% RDN of cotton by FYM. The study suggested that for the success of the CWPS in South Asian countries, escalating prices of N fertilizers with environmental issues and the instability of transgenic hybrids can be overcome by using wider rows of cotton by peanut intercrop with the integrated use of both organic and inorganic sources of nitrogen.

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Sarkar, Sukamal, Hirak Banerjee, and Kajal Sengupta. "Agronomic fortification of zinc in potato production in Indian context: A review." Journal of Applied and Natural Science 10, no. 3 (September 2, 2018): 1037–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v10i3.1863.

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Micronutrient has received greater attention in crop production because the widespread deficiency of micronutrient is coming forward gradually. The key reasons for such deficiency are an intensification of cropping system, adoption of high yielding cultivars of crops and modern irrigation facilities. The greater use of high analysis chemical fertilizers instead of organic sources of plant nutrients (farmyard manure, composts etc.) is also another contributing factor to this problem. This modern technology of crop production causes a serious depletion of different micronutrients reserve in soil resulting in their severe deficiency in many countries. Potato is the widely cultivated vegetable crops throughout India. In potato cultivation, the application of some micro-nutrients (zinc/Zn, boron/B etc.) causes significant increase in foliage at the initial stage of crop growth, while the translocation of assimilates become higher in later stages, ultimately leads to higher yield. Zinc plays a very important role in increasing the production as well as the quality of potato tubers. Zinc loading in potato through foliar as well as soil-applied Zn increases Zn concentration in potato tuber up to 3-4 times which is quite higher than most of the commonly known crops. Zn fertilization has been found to increase ascorbic acid content, but it reduces the tyrosine and total phenol content in tubers, and thereby improves the processing quality. Finally, Zn-fortified potato can be a potential option for mitigating wide spread Zn-driven malnutrition in the Asian countries.

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Zuhran, M., Gatot Mudjiono, and Retno Dyah Puspitarini. "Pengaruh pengelolaan agroekosistem terhadap kelimpahan kutu loncat jeruk Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae)." Jurnal Entomologi Indonesia 18, no. 2 (August 14, 2021): 102–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.5994/jei.18.2.102.

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Asian citrus psyllid (ACP) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama is a serious problem in citrus because it transmits huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Agricultural practices without paying attention to the agroecosystem complexity often cause the agroecosystem more suitable for insect pests proliferation and less friendly to natural enemies. The research aims to study the effectiveness of agroecosystem management compared to conventional farming in the ACP control. The effects of both treatments on the diversity and abundance of ACP’s natural enemies as well as the incidence and severity of HLB were also studied. Agroecosystem management consists of preventive and responsive actions. Preventive action was carried out through a polyculture system, planting refugia and legume cover crop, providing beetle banks, applying lime, applying organic and inorganic fertilizers, citrus pruning intensively, maintaining drainage ditches, and mechanical weed control. Responsive action is short-term control when the abundance of ACP reaches the action threshold. Responsive action was carried out through biological or chemical control. Meanwhile, conventional farming is a series of conventional farming and pest control techniques commonly applied by farmers. Each treatment was applied in three orchards of Siam Orange cv. Pontianak Citrus nobilis Lour var. microcarpa Hassk. The results showed that agroecosystem management was more effective in controlling the ACP population so that its abundance was lower and less fluctuated than conventional farming. ACP’s natural enemies in agroecosystem management were also more diverse than conventional farming. The abundance of ACP’s natural enemies and the incidence and severity of HLB in the two treatments were not significantly different.

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Islam, Md Rafiqul, Mahthir Been Mohammad, Mst Tazmin Akhter, Md Moyeed Hasan Talukder, and Kawsar Hossen. "Effect of deep placement of N fertilizers on nitrogen use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under flooded condition." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 4 (January 30, 2018): 454–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i4.35336.

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An experiment was conducted at the Soil Science Field Laboratory of Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during boro season of 2016 to evaluate the effect of deep placement of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on N use efficiency and yield of BRRI dhan29 under continuous flooded condition. The soil was silt loam in texture having pH 6.27, organic matter content 1.95%, total N 0.136%, available P 3.16 ppm, exchangeable K 0.095 me%, available S 10.5 ppm and EC 348 μS cm-1. The experiment was laid out in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with eight treatments and three replications. The treatments were T1 [Control], T2 [Prilled Urea, 130 kg N ha-1] , T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1], T4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1], T5 [USG, 78 kg N ha-1], T6 [NPK briquette , 129 kg N ha-1], T7 [NPK briquette, 102 kg N ha-1] and T8 [NPK briquette, 78 kg N ha-1]. All the treatments except T6, T7 and T8 received 25 kg P and 64 kg K ha-1 as TSP and MoP, respectively. In T6, T7 and T8 treatments, P and K were supplied from NPK briquettes. Prilled urea was applied in three equal splits. USG and NPK briquettes were applied at 10 DAT and were placed at 8-10 cm depth between four hills at every alternate row. The results demonstrate that all the yield components except 1000-grain weight and yields of BRRI dhan29 responded significantly to the deep placement of N in the form of USG and NPK briquettes under continuous flooded condition. The highest grain yield of 6561 kg ha-1 was recorded in T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1] which was statistically similar to that ofT4 [USG, 104 kg N ha-1].The highest straw yield of 6876 kg ha-1 was obtained in T3 [USG, 130 kg N ha-1]. The lowest grain yield (3094 kg ha-1) and straw yield (3364 kg ha-1) were found for T1 (Control). The deep placement of USG and NPK briquettes enhanced the recovery of applied N and N use efficiency in comparison with the broadcast application of PU. The highest value of NUE (32.05 kg grain increase per kg N applied) was obtained in T5 [USG, 78 kg N ha-1] followed by T4 [30.75 kg grain increase per kg N applied) and the lowest value was found in T8 [130 kg N ha-1 from PU]. Based on yield, N use efficiency and cost-benefit analysis, an application of 104 kg N ha-1 as USG can be recommended as the best treatment for achieving satisfactory yield of boro rice (cv. BRRI dhan29) at BAU farm and at adjacent areas under AEZ 9 (Old Brahmaputra Floodplain).Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. December 2017, 3(4): 454-461

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49

Jahan, M. A. H. S., Akbar Hossain, Jagadish Timsina, M. A. R. Sarkar, M. Salim, M. Farooq, Shilpi Das, A. K. Chaki, and M. M. Hossain. "Productivity, nutrient balance, and economics of monsoon rice under different nutrient management practices in two agro-ecological zones of Bangladesh." Open Agriculture 4, no. 1 (March 5, 2019): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2019-0003.

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Abstract Inherently poor soil fertility and non-adoption of fertilizer recommendations based on soil test and yield targets by farmers limit the productivity and profitability from monsoon rice in Bangladesh and much of South Asia. In the Level Barind Tract (LBT; AEZ-25) and the High Ganges River Floodplain (HGR; AEZ-11) agro-ecological zones (AEZs) of Bangladesh, monsoon (aman/kharif) season transplanted rainfed rice (known as T. aman rice) is grown in large areas after maize, wheat and/or mungbeans, with residues of each crop removed from the field after grain harvest. This results in lower grain yield and lower profits in these AEZs as compared with other AEZs. Nutrient management, based on soil test, yield targets, or integrated use of inorganics and organics for each AEZ together with retention of crop residue, has the potential to increase rice yield, reduce production cost and increase income. With this hypothesis, this study was conducted to determine the optimum nutrient management practices for achieving higher yield, maintaining apparent soil nutrient balance, and obtaining high profits from monsoon rice. Twelve nutrient management options were evaluated, of which the first six were: (i) 80-16-44-12-2 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, S, Zn respectively for a high yield goal (T1; ‘HYG’); (ii) 56-12-32-8- 1.5 kg ha-1 respectively for a medium yield goal (T2; ‘MYG’); (iii) 65-13-32-9-2 kg ha-1 respectively plus 5 t ha-1 cowdung as integrated plant nutrient management system (T3, ‘IPNS’); (iv) 67-14-41-9-2 kg ha-1 respectively as a soil test-based fertilizer management strategy (T4; ‘STB’); (v) 40-9-11-0-0 kg ha-1 respectively as per farmers’ practice (T5; ‘FP’) and (vi) 0-0-0-0-0 kg ha-1 as a control (T6; ‘CON’). The remaining six treatments were the same as above but each also included the crop residue incorporation (CRI), i.e., (vii) T7, ‘HYG+CRI’; (viii) T8, ‘MYG+CRI’; (ix) T9, ‘IPNS+CRI’; (x) T10, ‘STB+CRI’; (xi) T11 ‘FP’+CRI’; and (xii) T12, ‘CON+CRI’. In both AEZs, STB plus CRI resulted in the highest rice yield (p≤0.05) followed by ‘STB’ and ‘IPNS+CRI’. In comparison with ‘FP’ and ‘CON’, each without CRI, balances were positive (p≤0.05) for P, S, Zn and B but were negative for N and K in ‘HYG’, ‘MYG’, ‘IPNS’ and ‘STB’ with or without CRI. In both AEZS, STB nutrient management had the highest (p≤0.05) net returns (526 & 487 US$ ha-1, respectively), highest benefit cost ratio (BCR; 3.54 & 3.36) and highest marginal benefit cost ratio (MBCR; 10.47 & 10.19). These were followed by STB+CRI’ and ‘IPNS’, while they were lowest (p≤0.05) for CON and FP. We recommend that nutrient application, based on soil test with incorporation of mungbean residue, followed by IPNS, could be the best strategies for achieving high yield, improving soil fertility and for fetching a higher profit from monsoon rice in Bangladesh and similar soils and growing environments of South Asia.

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50

Guédon, Didier, Michèle Brum, Jean-Marc Seigneuret, Danièle Bizet, Serge Bizot, Edmond Bourny, Pierre-Albert Compagnon, et al. "Impurities in Herbal Substances, Herbal Preparations and Herbal Medicinal Products, IV. Heavy (Toxic) Metals." Natural Product Communications 3, no. 12 (December 2008): 1934578X0800301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x0800301232.

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The main source of available forms of heavy metals (toxic metals) for the plant kingdom is anthropogenic, resulting from diverse activities such as metallurgic processing of ore, cement plants, uncontrolled discharge of sewage sludge, burning of fossil fuels and waste incineration plants, and leaded petrol. Agricultural chemicals (e.g. phosphate fertilizers containing cadmium) may also contribute to the contamination of cultivated plants. The main threats to human health from toxic metals are associated with exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury (organic forms, especially methylmercury) and arsenic (mineral form only), which have no known vital or beneficial effect on living organisms. As their toxicity often takes years to manifest and may go unsuspected, their toxicological risk is defined on the basis of the so-called Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake (PTWI) values. Beside anthropogenic causes, the main factors that may lead to high levels of toxic metals in medicinal plants are their availability in the soil with soil pH as the most important parameter for uptake by the plant. Indeed, genetic features of certain plant species show a tendency to accumulate certain trace elements, especially cadmium (“cadmium collector”). A very recent revision draft of the monograph “Herbal drugs” (Ph. Eur., 1433) includes acceptance criteria for lead, cadmium and mercury. This proposal is discussed in detail, based on literature data dealing with terrestrial plants and seaweed. Additionally, the need for inclusion of tests for inorganic impurities in quality control specification is examined, based on a risk assessment. As the daily intake of food supplements is very similar to the one of herbal remedies, it would be advisable to take into account the same acceptance criteria. The specific situation has also been considered of exotic herbal remedies, particularly those of Asian origin, which have been repeatedly reported to contain toxic levels of heavy metals and/or arsenic resulting in heavy metal poisoning.

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