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1
Mason, H. E., and D. Spaner. "Competitive ability of wheat in conventional and organic management systems: A review of the literature." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 2 (May 5, 2006): 333–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-051.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world’s most widely grown crop, cultivated in over 115 nations. Organic agriculture, a production system based on reducing external inputs in order to promote ecosystem health, can be defined as a system that prohibits the use of synthetic fertilizers, chemical pesticides and genetically modified organisms. Organic agriculture is increasing in popularity, with a 60% increase in the global acreage of organically managed land from the year 2000 to 2004. Constraints that may be associated with organic grain production include reduced yields due to soil nutrient deficiencies and competition from weeds. Global wheat breeding efforts over the past 50 yr have concentrated on improving yield and quality parameters; in Canada, disease resistance and grain quality have been major foci. Wheat varieties selected before the advent of chemical fertilizers and pesticides may perform differently in organic, low-input management systems than in conventional, high-input systems. Height, early-season growth, tillering capacity, and leaf area are plant traits that may confer competitive ability in wheat grown in organic systems. Wheat root characteristics may also affect competitive ability, especially in low-input systems, and more research in this area is needed. The identification of a competitive crop ideotype may assist wheat breeders inthe development of competitive wheat varieties. Wheat varieties with superior performance in low-input systems, and/or increased competitive ability against weeds, could assist organic producers in overcoming some of the constraints associated with organic wheat production. Key words: Triticum aestivum L., wheat breeding, low-input agriculture, plant height, early-season growth, tillering capacity, leaf area index
2
Verlinden, Sven, Louis McDonald, James Kotcon, and Silas Childs. "Long-term Effect of Manure Application in a Certified Organic Production System on Soil Physical and Chemical Parameters and Vegetable Yields." HortTechnology 27, no. 2 (April 2017): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech03348-16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1999, West Virginia University (WVU) established an organic farming systems project with a market garden section consisting of 32 plots measuring 16 × 25 ft arranged in a completely randomized design. Sixteen of these plots were managed as high-input and 16 as low-input plots. High-input plots received 10 tons/acre per year of dairy manure and a rye-vetch (Secale cereale and Vicia villosa) cover crop during each winter season since the inception of the experiment in 1999. Fertility in low-input plots was managed solely with an annual rye-vetch cover crop while both treatments also received 5 tons/acre of mixed species hay used as mulch in 2 of every 4 years. A 4-year rotation of crops, green bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), green pepper (Capsicum annuum), and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in the Fabaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Asteraceae families, was established in 1999 and has been maintained ever since. Soil organic matter (SOM) in the upper 6 inches of the soil profile (4.4% in 1999) has remained unchanged in low-input plots at 5.2% in 2004 and 5.4% in 2014, the year following transition and most recent data collection, respectively. During this same time period, significant increases in SOM from 6.4% in 2004 to 8.7% in 2014 were observed in high-input plots. Bulk density was lower in high-input plots than low-input plots in 2014. Despite these improvements in soil quality, high-input plots showed very high levels of phosphorus and potassium. Over the duration of the experiment, yearly manure application increased yields by 22% in all crops combined; however, individual crops responded quite differently. The yield was 9%, 25%, 24%, and 24% higher in high-input plots than in low-input plots for tomato, pepper, zucchini, and green bean, respectively. Manure application in addition to green manures and hay mulch incorporation was found to result in significant economic returns.
3
Zentner, R. P., P. Basnyat, S. A. Brandt, A. G. Thomas, D. Ulrich, C. A. Campbell, C. N. Nagy, et al. "Effects of input management and crop diversity on economic returns and riskiness of cropping systems in the semi-arid Canadian Prairie." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 3 (February 4, 2011): 208–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000591.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractProducers in the semi-arid Dark Brown Chernozemic (Typic Boroll) soil zone of the Canadian Prairie are contemplating changes to land-use practices, moving away from conventional high-input production systems that specialize in one or two annual grain crops to more diversified and extended cropping systems that use reduced-input and organic management practices. This study examined the economic merits of nine cropping systems, consisting of a factorial combination of three input management methods and three levels of cropping diversity. It was conducted over the 1996–2007 period on a loam soil at Scott, Saskatchewan. The input treatments were: (1) high input (HIGH), which used conventional tillage and full recommended rates of fertilizers and pesticides ‘as required’; (2) reduced input (RED), which used conservation tillage and integrated weed and nutrient management practices in an effort to lower requirements for fuel, fertilizers and pesticides; and (3) organic input (ORG), which used tillage, non-chemical pest control, higher seeding rates, delayed seeding and legume crops to replenish soil nutrients. The crop diversity treatments included: (1) a fallow-based rotation with low crop diversity (LOW); (2) a diversified annual rotation of cereal, oilseed and pulse grains (DAG); and (3) a diversified rotation using annual grains and perennial forages (DAP). All crop rotations were 6 years in length. At the 2007 input costs and prices, average net returns and 12-year net present values were higher for organic than for non-organic treatments, with the ORG input/LOW crop diversity system being the most profitable (net returns=$234 ha−1yr−1and net present value=$1953 ha−1). Net returns averaged about 10% less for ORG/DAG compared to the most profitable system, and about 22% less for HIGH/DAG and RED/DAG (the best non-organic systems). The DAP treatments that included forage were not economically competitive with the other treatments, often producing economic losses. The relative profitability of the organic treatments was highly dependent on the existence of organic price premiums. When price premiums for organic crops were reduced to less than 70% of the 2007 levels, the organic treatments were less profitable than the comparable non-organic treatments. The organic treatments also experienced significantly lower (and often negative) net returns compared to the non-organic treatments during completion of the 3-year organic certification period. We estimated that it required 5–7 years after completion of certification for the organic treatments to break even with the comparable non-organic treatments. Thereafter the organic treatments produced consistently higher net earnings. Production costs averaged 16% lower with ORG management compared to the HIGH-input treatments, but we found little difference in total costs between the respective HIGH- and RED-input treatments. The organic treatments also displayed lower income variability than the non-organic treatments, with the ORG/LOW system being preferred by risk-averse producers, who do not subscribe to all-risk crop insurance, and with the ORG/LOW and ORG/DAG systems preferred by low and medium risk-averse producers when having the added financial protection from the Canada/Saskatchewan all-risk crop insurance program.
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Zenobi, Stefano, Marco Fiorentini, Luigi Ledda, Paola Deligios, Lucia Aquilanti, and Roberto Orsini. "Crithmum maritimum L. Biomass Production in Mediterranean Environment." Agronomy 12, no. 4 (April 12, 2022): 926. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040926.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Crithmum maritimum L., similarly to other halophytes, could be an essential plant in marginal areas of the Mediterranean basin; it can grow with low inputs and thus tackle environmental risks of soil erosion and biodiversity caused by climate change. The leaves can be used as food because of their good chemical and nutritional parameters, as a cosmetic product and in medicine. The three treatments studied in the context of organic farming (control without input, irrigated with irrigation water only and fertigated with organic liquid fertilizer diluted in irrigation water) have provided encouraging results; in fact, regardless of the meteorological trend of the two years of experimentation, the production of aerial biomass remained at satisfactory levels and in particular, in the year following the transplantation, the production saw a significant increase in the treatments tested with low inputs (irrigated and fertigated). So, in the second year of production, a low nitrogen input with fertigation induced the plants to produce significantly more leaf biomass than the irrigated treatment, which in turn was significantly superior to the control. The production results for dry biomass are encouraging and may promote the spread of the local germplasm of this species around the Conero Park, where it is being studied to produce fermented vegetable conserves.
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Kaur, Kamalpreet, Diksha Thakur, and V. Reeta. "Sustainable Agriculture: Impact of LEISA and HEIA." International Journal of Advances in Agricultural Science and Technology 9, no. 6 (June 30, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.47856/ijaast.2022.v09i06.001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This paper observed the effect of low external input agricultural farming system on the efficiency of resource poor farmer. In India majority of farmers are small scale entrepreneurs whose farm actions are performed with low input agricultural technologies. Majority of the technologies contained the refined indigenous information system. Farm size, labour inputs, capital inputs, planting materials and organic manure are the most determinants of the gross income of LEISA farmers. High external input Agriculture (HEIA) are technologies that apply high external inputs such as inorganic or chemical fertilizers to extend nutrient reduction from the soil, pesticides to manage pests and diseases, herbicides to regulate weeds and irrigation facilities for water management within the farms. Farmers inclinations for low input system vary significantly provisional upon the phase of crop production which include technologies for land groundwork use of draught animals, natural/organic substitute for inorganic pesticides and fertilizers, seed growth technologies, simple irrigation and drainage method, low input processing. There is also a substantial interest among farmers for low input methods for most phases of production. There is therefore the need for farmers to adopt these cost active agricultural technologies since they are not only readily available, but also they do not require too much skills and also poses the capacity of making the process of rural development more sustainable.
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Faligowska, Agnieszka, Katarzyna Panasiewicz, Grażyna Szymańska, Karolina Ratajczak, Hanna Sulewska, Agnieszka Pszczółkowska, and Anna Kocira. "Influence of Farming System on Weed Infestation and on Productivity of Narrow-Leaved Lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.)." Agriculture 10, no. 10 (October 8, 2020): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100459.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Legumes have become important crops, due to an increasing global population and its demand for feed protein. Furthermore, legumes can improve the characteristics of the soil, improve biodiversity levels in crop rotations, and be cultivated in both organic and sustainable farming systems. In this study, a two-factor field experiment was conducted in Gorzyń, Poland in 2011–2015. The first factor was the farming system: low-external inputs (LI; without fertilization and chemical protection), medium-input (MI; medium fertilization level and chemical protection), and high-input (conventional—CONV; high fertilization level and chemical protection). Narrow-leaved lupin cultivar was the second factor; the indeterminate cv. Kalif and the determinate cv. Regent. We evaluated (a) weed infestation levels, (b) seed and protein production, and (c) the economic effects of narrow-leaved lupin cultivation under different farming conditions. A total of 12 weed species were identified, with the lowest weed density level and biomass production observed in CONV, and the greatest weed density level observed in LI. Seed yield was determined by the farming system; the greatest in CONV and significantly lower in LI (by 0.73 t h−1) and MI (by 0.18 t ha–1). Little difference was observed in seed yield between cultivars. The greatest production values for the Kalif and Regent cultivars (996€ and 949€ ha–1, respectively) were recorded in CONV, although LI proved to be the most profitable (with the highest gross agricultural income and lowest total cost of production). LI farming systems, in conjunction with chemical weed control, should be investigated in future studies.
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Seenivasagan, Renganathan, and Olubukola Oluranti Babalola. "Utilization of Microbial Consortia as Biofertilizers and Biopesticides for the Production of Feasible Agricultural Product." Biology 10, no. 11 (October 28, 2021): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology10111111.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Farmers are now facing a reduction in agricultural crop yield, due to the infertility of soils and poor farming. The application of chemical fertilizers distresses soil fertility and also human health. Inappropriate use of chemical fertilizer leads to the rapid decline in production levels in most parts of the world, and hence requires the necessary standards of good cultivation practice. Biofertilizers and biopesticides have been used in recent years by farmers worldwide to preserve natural soil conditions. Biofertilizer, a replacement for chemical fertilizer, is cost-effective and prevents environmental contamination to the atmosphere, and is a source of renewable energy. In contrast to chemical fertilizers, biofertilizers are cost-effective and a source of renewable energy that preserves long-term soil fertility. The use of biofertilizers is, therefore, inevitable to increase the earth’s productivity. A low-input scheme is feasible to achieve farm sustainability through the use of biological and organic fertilizers. This study investigates the use of microbial inoculants as biofertilizers to increase crop production.
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DARNAUDERY, MARIE, PATRICK FOURNIER, and MATHIEU LÉCHAUDEL. "LOW-INPUT PINEAPPLE CROPS WITH HIGH QUALITY FRUIT: PROMISING IMPACTS OF LOCALLY INTEGRATED AND ORGANIC FERTILISATION COMPARED TO CHEMICAL FERTILISERS." Experimental Agriculture 54, no. 2 (April 20, 2016): 286–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000284.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYFruit and vegetable farming generally involves high levels of chemical inputs despite the fact that consumers are increasingly concerned about the sanitary and organoleptic aspects of fruit quality. Pineapple is largely subject to these issues since it is dominated by conventional monocropping with high levels of agrochemical inputs due to nitrogen (N) and potassium (K) fertilisation, weed management, crop protection and flowering induction. However, low-input pineapple cropping systems are both rare and little documented. Our study aimed at replacing all or part of the chemical fertilisers used with local organic fertilisers. It was conducted on the cultivar ‘Queen Victoria’, without pesticides or herbicides, in Reunion Island. We compared the impacts of three fertilisation treatments on pineapple growth and yield, fruit quality traits, symptoms of two major fungal diseases in fruit and production costs and labour times: (i) conventional: NPK fertiliser at recommended doses (265.5 kg ha−1 N–10.53 kg ha−1 P–445.71 kg ha−1 K); (ii) integrated: Mucuna pruriens green manure (240.03 kg ha−1 N, 18.62 kg ha−1 P, 136.11 kg ha−1 K) incorporated into the soil and a half-dose of NPK fertiliser and (iii) organic: M. pruriens green manure incorporated into the soil and foliar applications of sugarcane vinasse from a local distillery, rich in K (14.44 g L−1). Our results showed that NPK fertilisation could be replaced by organic fertilisers as well as by integrated fertilisation. ‘D’-leaf analysis showed that vinasse supplies a largely sufficient K level for growing pineapples. With organic fertilisation, pineapple growth was slower, 199 days after planting vs. 149 days for integrated or conventional fertilisations, and fruit yield was lower, 47.25 t ha−1 vs. 52.51 and 61.24 t ha−1, probably because M. pruriens green manure provided an early increase in soil mineral N, whereas N requirements are much higher four months after planting. However, the fruit weight (709.94 ± 123.53 g) was still within the size range required for the export market (600–900 g). Interestingly, organic fertilisation significantly reduced Leathery Pocket disease and produced the best quality fruit with the highest total soluble solids contents (TSS) and the lowest titratable acidity (TTA). Fruit quality was also significantly improved with integrated fertilisation, with fruit weight similar to that of conventional fertilisation. To conclude, these findings have implications for the sustainability of pineapple production and could lead to low-input innovative cropping systems that reduce production costs and develop local organic inputs.
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Reshid Abafita Abawari. "Organic and bio-fertilizer inputs in coffee production system, coffee cultivation constraints and the role of coffee in coffee cultivation sectors: A review." International Journal of Scholarly Research in Biology and Pharmacy 1, no. 1 (September 30, 2022): 009–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.56781/ijsrbp.2022.1.1.0021.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coffea arabica L. is the most traded commodity and the principal source of revenue for coffee cultivation sectors in Ethiopia and its market has been growing from time to time. With the demand changing, use and consumption of natural products has been growing, so there has been greater interest in research in this area. Added to this interest, is the concern of environmental impact caused by chemical inputs. Soil fertility management strategies for improving plant nutrients and crop productivity include the use of application of composts, vermicomposts and manures, and application of bio fertilizer or microbial inoculants. Bio-fertilizer technologies can contribute to efficient utilization of limited resource of phosphorus fertilizers under low-input farming systems and guarantee the environment for livelihood. Therefore, they are a good alternative for the so called perennial field crop production organically; because in addition to their numerous activities, they have low cost, and are sustainable, safe and effective. The application of efficient phosphate-solubilizing microbial inoculants in agriculture opens up new insight for future crop productivity besides sustaining soil health. The purpose of this review is to raise potential applications of organic and bio-fertilizer inputs in coffee production system to sustain organic coffee cultivation and to elucidate the main obstacles for yield reduction in the coffee production sectors. In this regard this review has also shown that phosphate-solubilizing microbes (PSMs) have tremendous potential as bio-fertilizers. This review also contains information on coffee consumption custom in Ethiopia and its role in cultural systems. Finally, this review focuses on relevant research performed and success in using bio-inoculants during the last decade that can help us improve sustainable coffee production.
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Rempelos, Leonidas, Marcin Barański, Enas Khalid Sufar, Jenny Gilroy, Peter Shotton, Halima Leifert, Dominika Średnicka-Tober, et al. "Effect of Climatic Conditions, and Agronomic Practices Used in Organic and Conventional Crop Production on Yield and Nutritional Composition Parameters in Potato, Cabbage, Lettuce and Onion; Results from the Long-Term NFSC-Trials." Agronomy 13, no. 5 (April 26, 2023): 1225. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13051225.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Background: There is increasing evidence that the reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and mineral fertilizers in agriculture has significant negative environmental and/or health impacts and poses a risk for future food security. Systematic reviews/meta-analyses showed that organic production systems, which omit the use of agrochemicals, produce crops with lower yields, but superior nutritional composition. However, the agronomic parameters responsible for differences in crop yields and nutritional quality are poorly understood. Methods: Here we report results for four field vegetable crops from the Nafferton Factorial Systems Comparison (NFSC) trial. This long-term factorial field experiment was designed to (i) identify effects of growing season/climatic variation, and contrasting rotational designs, crop protection protocols and fertilization regimes used in organic and conventional systems on crop health, yield and nutritional parameters and (ii) estimate the relative importance of climatic and agronomic drivers for crop health, yield and nutritionally relevant quality parameters. Quality parameters monitored in harvested products, included phenolic, glucosinolate, vitamin C, vitamin B9, carotenoid, cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and glycoalkaloid concentrations. Results: Climatic conditions during the growing season were found to have a larger impact on crop yield and quality than the agronomic factors (pre-crop, crop protection, fertilization) studied. However, the (i) interactions between growing season with contrasting climatic conditions and agronomic factors identified by ANOVA for crop health, yield and quality parameters and (ii) the associations between the three climatic drivers (precipitation, temperature, radiation) and crop yield and quality parameters differed substantially between the four crop plant species. Among the agronomic factors, fertilization had a substantially larger impact compared with both pre-crop and crop protection. Specifically, crop yields were found to be significantly increased by the use of (i) conventional fertilization and crop protection methods in potato, (ii) conventional fertilization, but organic crop protection methods in cabbage, and (iii) conventional fertilization regimes in lettuce, while none of the agronomic factors had a significant effect on onion yields. When important crop pest and diseases were assessed, (i) conventional crop protection resulted in significantly lower late blight severity in potato, while (ii) organic crop protection resulted in lower bird damage and cabbage root fly (CRF) incidence in cabbages, and Sclerotinia incidence in lettuce and (iii) organic fertilization resulted in lower CRF and Sclerotinia incidence in cabbage and lettuce respectively. When concentrations of nutritionally relevant phytochemicals were compared, organic fertilization resulted in significantly higher phenolic concentrations in potato, cabbage and lettuce, higher glucosinolate and carotenoid concentrations in cabbage, higher vitamin C concentrations in potato and cabbage and higher vitamin B9 concentrations in potato and lettuce—but lower concentrations of toxic glycoalkaloids in potato. Significant effects of crop protection protocols on phytochemical concentrations were only detected in cabbage with conventional crop protection resulting in higher glucosinolate and vitamin B9 concentrations. When toxic metal concentrations were compared, organic fertilization resulted in significantly lower Cd concentrations in all four crops and lower Ni concentrations in potato, cabbage and onion. Significant effects of crop protection were only detected in cabbage, where organic crop protection resulted in lower Ni concentrations. Pb concentrations were not affected by any of the agronomic factors. The potential implications of results for improving (i) strategies to reduce the use of non-renewable resources and environmental impacts of vegetable production and (ii) the productivity of organic and other low-input vegetable production systems without compromising food quality are discussed. Conclusions: The study confirms that organic vegetable production protocols result in higher concentrations of phenolics and other nutritionally desirable phytochemicals, but lower concentrations of the toxic metals Cd and Ni in harvested products. It also demonstrates, for the first time, that this is primarily due to differences in fertilization regimes. The finding that in three of the four crops (cabbage, lettuce and onion) the application of synthetic chemical crop protection products had no measurable positive impact on crop health and yield should be considered in the context of the growing concern about health impacts of pesticide use in field vegetable crops.
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Penfold, CM, MS Miyan, TG Reeves, and IT Grierson. "Biological farming for sustainable agricultural production." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 35, no. 7 (1995): 849. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9950849.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In 1989, funding was provided to establish a large-scale (16-ha), long-term trial at Roseworthy campus. The trial aims to compare organic, biodynamic, integrated, and conventional broadacre farming systems for attributes of sustainability. It is overseen by a 13-member management committee comprising farmers with experience in each practice, agronomists, and soil scientists. Through the monitoring of indicators such as soil physical, chemical, and biological changes, product quality, economics, crop water usage, and energy requirements, the comparative advantages or disadvantages of each system are being evaluated in terms of productivity, profitability, and environmental sustainability. After 6 years, significant differences between systems are apparent in economic returns and soil available phosphorus (P) levels. The biodynamic treatment has the highest gross margins, followed by conventional, organic, and integrated. Conversely, available P levels on the biodynamic and organic treatments have declined 12 and 9%, respectively, since the start of the trial, while both the integrated and conventional treatments have increased soil P levels. In summary, it is too early in the trial to state categorically that any one system is more sustainable than another, although trends are now emerging. Weed management remains the main impediment to high production levels on the organic and biodynamic treatments, while input costs, variable yields, and low returns for grazed pastures are major constraints to high economic returns on the integrated and conventional systems.
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Yulianti, Titiek. "Prospek Pengembangan Kapas Organik di Indonesia." Buletin Tanaman Tembakau, Serat & Minyak Industri 3, no. 2 (October 10, 2016): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/bultas.v3n2.2011.89-95.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Sistem pertanian organik pada tanaman pangan mulai diminati masyarakat karena produknya lebih sehat dan pengelolaannya memperhatikan lingkungan, siklus biologi, dan keanekaragaman hayati setempat. Kecende-rungan ini merembet ke tanaman nonpangan, seperti kapas yang menggunakan pestisida dan pupuk sintetis sangat besar. Syarat pengembangan kapas organik cukup ketat karena selain larangan menggunakan bahan kimia sintetis, juga pendokumentasian untuk memperoleh sertifikat organik. Meskipun serat kapas organik harganya lebih tinggi, namun produktivitasnya cenderung rendah. Keuntungan yang paling signifikan dalam pengembangan kapas organik adalah perbaikan lingkungan, mulai dari kesuburan lahan, aktivitas mikroba, dan siklus biologi sampai peningkatan keanekaragaman hayati. Pengembangan kapas di Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah rendahnya produktivitas dan pemenuhan kebutuhan dalam negeri sehingga pengem-bangan kapas organik belum menjadi prioritas meskipun kelestarian biologi dan lingkungan harus tetap di-perhatikan. Oleh karena itu, sistem pertanian input rendah yang berkelanjutan dan ramah lingkungan meru-pakan pilihan yang dapat dikembangkan untuk kapas.</p><p> </p><p>People are now paying more interest on healthy products from organic agriculture especially for food crops. Organic agriculture system based on ecological concern which enhances biodiversity, biological cycles of the land. This interest is now moving to nonfood crops, such as cotton that need high concentration of pesticide and fertilizer for its production. Developing organic cotton requires strictly standard and condition, such as no synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides, or detail documents to get organic sertificate. Although, price of organic cotton fiber is higher, but its production is lower compared to conventional one. However, there are still significant advantages in developing organic cotton, i.e. environmental improvements: from soil ferti-lities, microbial activities, biological cycles to promoting biodiversity. At the moment, the need of cotton fiber is mainly from import, on the other side organic cotton productivity tends to low. Hence, development of or-ganic cotton is not priority, yet biological and environmental sustainability ask for attention. Another alterna-tive choice which more practicable to develop cotton in Indonesia is a sustainable and ecofriendly with low input agricultural system.</p>
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Doan, Thuy Thu, Phimmasone Sisouvanh, Thanyakan Sengkhrua, Supranee Sritumboon, Cornelia Rumpel, Pascal Jouquet, and Nicolas Bottinelli. "Site-Specific Effects of Organic Amendments on Parameters of Tropical Agricultural Soil and Yield: A Field Experiment in Three Countries in Southeast Asia." Agronomy 11, no. 2 (February 15, 2021): 348. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11020348.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Organic amendments may improve the quality of acidic tropical agricultural soils with low organic carbon contents under conventional management (mineral fertilization and irrigation) in Southeast Asia. We investigated the effect of biochar, compost and their combination on maize growth and yield, soil physical, biological and chemical properties at harvesting time at four sites in three countries: Thailand, Vietnam and Laos. Treatments consisted of 10 t·ha−1 cow manure compost and 7 t·ha−1 of Bamboo biochar and their combination. Maize biomass production and cop yields were recorded for two seasons. Elemental content, pH and nutrient availability of soils were analyzed after the first growing season. We also characterized macrofauna abundance and water infiltration. Few changes were noted for maize biomass production and maize cop yield. Soil chemical parameters showed contrasting, site-specific results. Compost and biochar amendments increased soil organic carbon, pH, total K and N, P and K availability especially for sandy soils in Thailand. The combination of both amendments could reduce nutrient availability as compared to compost only treatments. Physical and biological parameters showed no treatment response. We conclude that the addition of compost, biochar and their mixture to tropical soils have site-specific short-term effects on chemical soil parameters. Their short-term effect on plants is thus mainly related to nutrient input. The site-dependent results despite similar crops, fertilization and irrigation practices suggest that inherent soil parameters and optimization of organic amendment application to specific pedoclimatic conditions need future attention.
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Jansen, H. G. P., D. J. Midmore, P. H. Binh, S. Valasayya, and L. C. Tru. "Profitability and sustainability of peri-urban vegetable production systems in Vietnam." Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 44, no. 2 (June 1, 1996): 125–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v44i2.552.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Results are reported of a study of the income and cropping systems of peri-urban vegetable farmers around Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, as well as the constraints and opportunities for vegetable production and marketing. Urban population growth is fuelling the demand for timely supplies of fresh vegetables. Much of this increased demand, particularly for the more perishable species, is satisfied through peri-urban production which has significantly increased since the change from centrally planned and collective systems to a market economy. Around Ho Chi Minh City farms are small (on average about 0.8 ha), 65% which are de facto owned and with about 60% dedicated to vegetables. Most vegetable farmers also grow rice and/or groundnuts, while cabbage is the most commonly grown vegetable crop. Vegetables provide about $1000 total revenues, or $650 added value (returns to labour, land and management) per farm per year. Added value per ha per day of vegetables is double or more than that for rice, providing employment for five or more times the number for rice, despite very high labour use. The negative correlation between farm size and cropping intensity suggests that labour is a factor limiting vegetable production enterprises. One of the major demands on labour is for irrigation. Major input costs relate to organic materials, chemical fertilizers and pesticides, although much variability exists between crops. Pests, and low and variable vegetable prices, are the most commonly cited constraints. There is a clear trough in vegetable supply during August to October following the hot-wet months, and an apparent overuse of chemical fertilizers and insecticides. Lack of communal purchase of inputs and marketing limit the success of market-oriented vegetable farms.
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D.M. HEGDE, S.N. SUDHAKARA BABU, A. AZIZ QURESHI, and I.Y.LN. MURTHY. "Enhancing nutrient-use efficiency in crop production - A review." Indian Journal of Agronomy 52, no. 4 (October 10, 2001): 261–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.59797/ija.v52i4.4937.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The nutrient-use efficiency of all the major, secondary and micronutrients continuous to be low despite increas- ing consumption of fertilizers in India. Improvement in nutrient-use efficiency is necessary to reduce the cost of production as well as to prevent environmental pollution. Adoption of best management practices is essential to get higher input-use efficiency and profitability. Among all the major nutrients, nitrogen is most vulnerable, and in- creasing its use efficiency through physical manipulation of the size of granules, coating of granules with films, amendments or chemicals to prevent their fast dissolution or prevent bacterial-mediated denitrification did not prove economically viable. Split application is effective but costly. Reliance on biological N,fixation through inclu- sion of legumes in cropping system and maintenance of higher soil organic matter will help to build-up soil fertility and better soil physical and microbial environment with good buffering capacity. The recent developments in the field of biological nitrification inhibition offer good opportunity in effective nitrate management. Identification of effi- cient genotypes for low nutrient situations or higher response to applied nutrients through better acquisition and assimilation are encouraging. Phosphorus management should consider proper source and the cumulative effects that can be exploited through biological processes for nutrient availability and root acquisition. Adoption of conser- vation tillage, site-specific nutrient management and best fertilizer management practices will go a long way in in- creasing nutrient-use efficiency. Adoption of new technology through the gadgets such as leaf colour charts, sen- sor-based technology, laser land leveling etc. can reduce the dependence on laboratory assistance and manual labour.
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Shaloo, Rishi Pal Singh, Himani Bisht, Rajni Jain, Truptimayee Suna, Ram Swaroop Bana, Samarth Godara, et al. "Crop-Suitability Analysis Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process and Geospatial Techniques for Cereal Production in North India." Sustainability 14, no. 9 (April 26, 2022): 5246. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14095246.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Identification of cropland suitability is obligatory to adapting to the increased food needs driven by population expansion, environmental contamination, and climate change. Given this, the present study was conducted to assess cereal crops’ suitability in India’s Haryana state by integrating Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) technique. Multiple factors were considered for this study, such as rainfall, temperature, soil texture, drainage density, pH, organic carbon, electrical conductivity, and slope. The AHP technique was utilized to decide the weights of each individual parameter using experts’ opinions. The crop-suitability model was developed using the model builder module in ArcGIS 10.8, and each input parameter was reclassified as per the optimum crop-growth requirement and overlaid utilizing the reclassify tool and weighted overlay analysis. The crop suitability classes were estimated as highly suitable, S1 (6%); moderately suitable, S2 (71%); and marginally suitable, S3 (23%) for the calculated arable land for the wheat crop. Similarly, the crop suitability class of rice S2 (28%); S3 (72%), for sorghum S1 (28%); S2 (71%); S3 (1%), for maize S2 (85%); S3 (15%) and for pearl millet S1 (60%); S2 (40%) were also estimated. The study has observed that, as per the soil physico-chemical characteristics and climate, the area is moderately fertile. Therefore, agricultural production can be improved by cultivating the crop in highly and moderately suitable zones. Diversification of marginally suitable regions for crops other than that for which it is not suitable can be taken up, which will also ensure the income security of marginal farmers.
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Zuraida, Putri Alfira, and Yulia Nuraini. "PENGARUH APLIKASI KOMPOS KOTORAN SAPI DAN PAITAN TERHADAP SIFAT KIMIA TANAH DAN PERTUMBUHAN TANAMAN KEDELAI." Jurnal Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan 8, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jtsl.2021.008.1.16.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fertile agricultural land encourages people to carry out agricultural cultivation activities. But in general, it has decreased soil fertility because its managed intensively without recycling of organic matter and has an impact on decreasing soil fertility chemically such as soil organic carbon and pH then leads to low productivity. Soybean is an agricultural product that necessary to develop because the demand for soybean consumption in East Java Province has always increased. However, Indonesia has not been able to fulfil this demand. One of the technology innovations that can be applied to improve soil fertility that has low organic matter and to increasing soybean production by providing input of quality organic fertilizer in the form of compost (Tithonia and Cow Dung). So this research is important to determine the effect of application cow dung compost and tithonia on soil chemical properties, the growth of soybean crops, and the correlations between soil chemical properties and soybean growth. This study used a randomized block design with 6 treatments and 3 replications. The result showed that the application of tithonia and cow dung compost shows a significant effect on soil chemical properties, plant height, and the number of leaves, but didn’t show a significant effect on the number of branches in every observation. Based on the correlation analysis, the results show a positive correlation between soil chemical properties and soybean growth.
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Russi, Luigi, Gabriele Acuti, Massimo Trabalza-Marinucci, Raffaele Porta, Andrea Rubini, Francesco Damiani, Stefano Cristiani, et al. "Genetic characterisation and agronomic and nutritional value of bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia), an under-utilised species suitable for low-input farming systems." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 7 (2019): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19079.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Bitter vetch (Vicia ervilia (L.) Willd.), a grain legume crop well adapted in marginal soils, has mainly been used for animal feed. Nowadays, bitter vetch seeds in feed formulations are replaced by other protein sources such as soybean meal. However, in the context of sustainable economic development, it may be beneficial to enhance the cultivation of bitter vetch landraces in marginal areas. Fifty-six bitter vetch accessions of different provenance were preliminarily characterised by microsatellite DNA analysis to discriminate landraces suitable for specific and restricted environments. Twenty-two landraces of two genetically different groups were then selected for further characterisation by agro-morphological analyses. Being late-flowering with a seed yield of up to 3–4 t ha–1 in experimental field conditions, with neither chemical nor water input, these plants will be valuable material for long-term study to develop new cultivars adapted for seed production under organic agricultural systems in Southern Europe. The seeds of these 22 landraces were also evaluated, with positive results, as partial replacement of soybean in rabbit diets.
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Scavo, Aurelio, and Giovanni Mauromicale. "Integrated Weed Management in Herbaceous Field Crops." Agronomy 10, no. 4 (March 27, 2020): 466. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10040466.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Current awareness about the environmental impact of intensive agriculture, mainly pesticides and herbicides, has driven the research community and the government institutions to program and develop new eco-friendly agronomic practices for pest control. In this scenario, integrated pest management and integrated weed management (IWM) have become mandatory. Weeds are commonly recognized as the most important biotic factor affecting crop production, especially in organic farming and low-input agriculture. In herbaceous field crops, comprising a wide diversity of plant species playing a significant economic importance, a compendium of the specific IWM systems is missing, that, on the contrary, have been developed for single species. The main goal of this review is to fill such gap by discussing the general principles and basic aspects of IWM to develop the most appropriate strategy for herbaceous field crops. In particular, a 4-step approach is proposed: (i) prevention, based on the management of the soil seedbank and the improvement of the crop competitiveness against weeds, (ii) weed mapping, aiming at knowing the biological and ecological characteristics of weeds present in the field, (iii) the decision-making process on the basis of the critical period of weed control and weed thresholds and iv) direct control (mechanical, physical, biological and chemical). Moreover, the last paragraph discusses and suggests possible integrations of allelopathic mechanisms in IWM systems.
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Xu, Wenzhi, Yongqun Zhu, Xie Wang, Lei Ji, Hong Wang, Li Yao, and Chaowen Lin. "The Effect of Biogas Slurry Application on Biomass Production and Forage Quality of Lolium Multiflorum." Sustainability 13, no. 7 (March 24, 2021): 3605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13073605.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The development of ecological circular agriculture has been highly encouraged to recycle agricultural wastes, reduce mineral fertilizer input, and protect the environment. Biogas slurry (BS), a by-product of biogas production generated from anaerobic digestion of animal waste and crop residues, is often considered a substitute to reduce mineral fertilizer input. Being a cheap source of organic matter and plant nutrients, its application may improve soil fertility and yield quality and quantity. The field experiments were conducted in 2016 and 2017 to study the plant growth responses and forage quality by applying biogas slurry to replace chemical synthetic fertilizer (CSF). Results revealed that biogas slurry combination with chemical synthetic fertilizer significantly (p < 0.05) improved the growth of Italian ryegrass on treatment with T2, and the Italian ryegrass dry matter was increased by more than 9.00%, while the stem-to-leaf ratio was decreased by more than 12% (second cutting), in comparison with only chemical synthetic fertilizer group. In the case of forage quality, the crude protein (CP) and crude fiber (CF) content had a significant difference was observed between the T0 and T2 treatment group. Compare with the chemical synthetic fertilizer group, the CP content improved by 10.35%, and the CF content decreased about 10.00%. Based on these results, it was concluded that the application of 37.5 kg/ha CSF + 100.5 t/ha BS could improve the production of biomass and forage quality in Italian ryegrass.
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Hunsberger, Laura K. "COMPARISON OF NON-CHEMICAL WEED MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS IN EDIBLE SOYBEANS." HortScience 41, no. 3 (June 2006): 496B—496. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.41.3.496b.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vegetable soybeans [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] (edamame) are growing in popularity as a niche crop grown by traditional grain producers. Edamame were grown in an organically transitional system from 2004–2005 at the University of Maryland Lower Eastern Shore Research and Education Center in Salisbury, Md. Four weed suppressing treatments were used in order to determine if this crop would grow well in an organic production system. Five varieties; BeSweet 2020S, BeSweet 292, 414F, Dixie (2004 only), and Mooncake (2005 only) were grown in a RCB design with 4 reps. The weed suppression systems included; a ground cover of commercially purchased compost in a 4-inch layer, a ground cover of straw in a 4-inch layer, New Zealand Clover applied as a living mulch at a rate of 35#/A and an untreated control. Soybeans grown in both commercial compost and clover had significantly higher yields (6,606 and 5,578 lb/acre, respectively) than those grown in the untreated control (4,283 lb/acre), but were not different from those grown in straw (5,578 lb/acre). Weed suppression system also had an affect on the pod number per plant. On average, compost, clover and straw had 49% more pods per plant than the control. Over both years, BeSweet 2020S, BeSweet 292, 414F, and Dixie all had significantly higher yields than Mooncake (5,003, 5,613, 5,522, 7,138 and 1,875 lb/acre, respectively). Variety also had an effect on pod number per plant, with BeSweet 2020S having a 37% higher pod number that BeSweet 292. It is feasible that vegetable soybeans can be grown organically or in a low input system. This value added crop could fill an important niche for both market growers and small traditional grain producers growers.
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Baruah, Saurav, Sukanya Gogoi, Rijusmita Sarma Deka, and Pallab Kumar Sarma. "Vermicompost Production: A Successful Agro Enterprise by a Group of Women Farmer in Moriga on District of Assam." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2022.1109.022.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Vermicompost is mainly the worm cast along with decayed organic matter which is rich in essential plant nutrients and various plant growth promoting substances. During the vermicomposting process brown coloured coelomic fluid of the earthworm is released, known as vermiwash, which is also considered as a liquid fertilizer. In recent years, demand of organic inputs for crop production has increased due to the growing concern on negative impact of chemical fertilizers on soil health. There is a huge scope for establishment of a vermicompost producing enterprise involving farm women which will help them in increasing their farm income. A group of women farmer trained by Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Morigaon in collaboration with a Non-Governmental Organization named Rastriya Gramin Vikash Nidhi for low cost vermicompost production leading to formation of a Farmers’ Producer Company in Morigaon district of Assam.
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TUDOR-RADU, Madalina, Loredana Elena VÎJAN, Cristinel Mihai TUDOR-RADU, Ion TIȚA, Rodica SIMA, and Rodi MITREA. "Assessment of Ascorbic Acid, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Anthocyanins and Carotenoids Content in Tomato Fruits." Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 44, no. 2 (December 14, 2016): 477–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha44210332.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The increased interest in organic tomatoes production demands breeders to develop new cultivars, which besides suitability in low-input production system and marketable quality, have to exhibit high nutritional value, including health-promoting compounds. In this respect, this paper aimed to assess and compare the nutritional value of four Romanian tomato cultivars, two with determinate growth (‘Arge7 11’ and ‘Arge7 123’) and two with indeterminate growth (‘Costate 21’ and ‘:tefane7ti 22’), created and recommended for organic production in open field and protected cultivation. The tomato cultivars were laid out in a high plastic tunnel crop and the tomato fruits were evaluated as chemical composition, being determined the following parameters: moisture, ash, soluble solids, pH, acidity and content in some antioxidant compounds, such as vitamin C,polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, lycopene and =-carotene. Considering some chemical parameters important in revealing tomato flavor, such as soluble solids, pH and acidity, ‘:tefane7ti 22’ cultivar showed the best ratio among them. The differences in antioxidant composition among cultivars were not statistically significant (P>0.05) for most of the analyzed parameters, with the exception of lycopene content which showed significant variation. Thus, ‘Costate 21’ showed the highestamount of lycopene within indeterminate cultivars (17.49 mg 100 g-1 FW), while ‘Arge7 11’ showed the highest amount of lycopene within determinate cultivars (13.92 mg 100 g-1 FW). According to the nutritional value of cultivars assessed in this study, ‘Costate 21’ is the best recommendation for greenhouse cultivation while ‘Arge7 11’ is the best recommendation foropen field cultivation.
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Kardi, Cening, Putu Fajar Kartika Lestari, and Ni Putu Sukanteri. "Development of Organic Based Rice Farming on Ecosystem and Culture of Subak In Bali." Syntax Idea 5, no. 2 (February 23, 2023): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.46799/syntax-idea.v5i2.2137.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Green Revolution technology changed the behavior of farmers from low-input traditional rice farming to high-input modern rice farming, which had implications on the use of excessively synthetic fertilizers and pesticides, degradation of rice fields, and the extinction of some local paddy varieties which had high-quality rice. This is contrary to the global issue of food security, which requires high-quality rice products with safety assurance of the absence of pesticide residues and other synthetic chemicals, before entering the international market. The solution on the fourth is back to nature by cultivating environmentally friendly technology through organic-based Cicih Gondrong rice farming. This study aims to facilitate and educate rice farming using the local resource (compost from cattle manure, grass, and rest crop and Cicih Gondrong rice), and reduction of external input. Further rice intensification technology through an approach of eco-farming and subak culture wisdom to improve the efficiency of input allocation toward more profitable and sustainable rice farming. The methods of survey and demonstration plots are used to arrange production functions and efficiency tests on Cicih Gondrong rice farming. The demonstration plot of organic-based rice farming using specific techniques of cultivation. This blended method is expected can produce a Model development of organic-based Cicih Gondrong rice farming on the ecosystem and culture of subak. The significance: (1) to enrich the Agribusiness Management with eco-cultural based rice farming (2) the improvement and conservation local rice farming to increase productivity and profitability and sustainability of rice farming in subak and strengthen Bali's local secure food.
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Munthali, Maggie G., Charles K. K. Gachene, Gudeta W. Sileshi, and Nancy K. Karanja. "Amendment ofTephrosiaImproved Fallows with Inorganic Fertilizers Improves Soil Chemical Properties, N Uptake, and Maize Yield in Malawi." International Journal of Agronomy 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/902820.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Maize production in Malawi is limited mainly by low soil N and P. Improved fallows of N-fixing legumes such asTephrosiaandSesbaniaoffer options for improving soil fertility particularly N supply. The interactions ofTephrosiafallows and inorganic fertilizers on soil properties, N uptake, and maize yields were evaluated at Chitedze Research Station in Malawi. The results indicated that the level of organic matter and pH increased in all the treatments except for the control. Total N remained almost unchanged while available P decreased in all plots amended withT. vogeliibut increased inT. candidaplots where inorganic P was applied. Exchangeable K increased in all the plots irrespective of the type of amendment. The interaction of N and P fertilizers withT. vogeliifallows significantly increased the grain yield. The treatment that received 45 kg N ha−1and 20 kg P ha−1produced significantly higher grain yields (6.8 t ha−1) than all the other treatments except where 68 kg N ha−1and 30 kg P ha−1were applied which gave 6.5 t ha−1of maize grain.T. candidafallows alone or in combination with N and P fertilizers did not significantly affect grain yield. However,T. candidafallows alone can raise maize grain yield by 300% over the no-input control. Based on these results we conclude that high quality residues such asT. candidaandT. vogeliican be used as sources of nutrients to improve crop yields and soil fertility in N-limited soils. However, inorganic P fertilizer is needed due to the low soil available P levels.
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Caporale, Antonio G., Mariana Amato, Luigi G. Duri, Rocco Bochicchio, Stefania De Pascale, Giuseppe Di Rauso Simeone, Mario Palladino, et al. "Can Lunar and Martian Soils Support Food Plant Production? Effects of Horse/Swine Monogastric Manure Fertilisation on Regolith Simulants Enzymatic Activity, Nutrient Bioavailability, and Lettuce Growth." Plants 11, no. 23 (December 2, 2022): 3345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants11233345.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To make feasible the crewed missions to the Moon or Mars, space research is focusing on the development of bioregenerative life support systems (BLSS) designed to produce food crops based on in situ resource utilisation (ISRU), allowing to reduce terrestrial input and to recycle organic wastes. In this regard, a major question concerns the suitability of native regoliths for plant growth and how their agronomic performance is affected by additions of organic matter from crew waste. We tested plant growth substrates consisting of MMS-1 (Mars) or LHS-1 (Lunar) simulants mixed with a commercial horse/swine monogastric manure (i.e., an analogue of crew excreta and crop residues) at varying rates (100:0, 90:10, 70:30, 50:50, w/w). Specifically, we measured: (i) lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cultivar ‘Grand Rapids’) growth (at 30 days in open gas exchange climate chamber with no fertilisation), plant physiology, and nutrient uptake; as well as (ii) microbial biomass C and N, enzymatic activity, and nutrient bioavailability in the simulant/manure mixtures after plant growth. We discussed mechanisms of different plant yield, architecture, and physiology as a function of chemical, physico-hydraulic, and biological properties of different substrates. A better agronomic performance, in terms of plant growth and optically measured chlorophyll content, nutrient availability, and enzymatic activity, was provided by substrates containing MMS-1, in comparison to LHS-1-based ones, despite a lower volume of readily available water (likely due to the high-frequency low-volume irrigation strategy applied in our experiment and foreseen in space settings). Other physical and chemical properties, along with a different bioavailability of essential nutrients for plants and rhizosphere biota, alkalinity, and release of promptly bioavailable Na from substrates, were identified as the factors leading to the better ranking of MMS-1 in plant above and below-ground mass and physiology. Pure Mars (MMS-1) and Lunar (LHS-1) simulants were able to sustain plant growth even in absence of fertilisation, but the amendment with the monogastric manure significantly improved above- and below-ground plant biomass; moreover, the maximum lettuce leaf production, across combinations of simulants and amendment rates, was obtained in treatments resulting in a finer root system. Increasing rates of monogastric manure stimulated the growth of microbial biomass and enzymatic activities, such as dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphomonoesterase, which, in turn, fostered nutrient bioavailability. Consequently, nutrient uptake and translocation into lettuce leaves were enhanced with manure supply, with positive outcomes in the nutritional value of edible biomass for space crews. The best crop growth response was achieved with the 70:30 simulant/manure mixture due to good availability of nutrients and water compared to low amendment rates, and better-saturated hydraulic conductivity compared to high organic matter application. A 70:30 simulant/manure mixture is also a more sustainable option than a 50:50 mixture for a BLSS developed on ISRU strategy. Matching crop growth performance and (bio)chemical, mineralogical, and physico-hydraulic characteristics of possible plant growth media for space farming allows a better understanding of the processes and dynamics occurring in the experimental substrate/plant system, potentially suitable for an extra-terrestrial BLSS.
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Pańka, Dariusz, Małgorzata Jeske, Aleksander Łukanowski, Anna Baturo-Cieśniewska, Piotr Prus, Mansoor Maitah, Kamil Maitah, et al. "Can Cold Plasma Be Used for Boosting Plant Growth and Plant Protection in Sustainable Plant Production?" Agronomy 12, no. 4 (March 29, 2022): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12040841.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sustainable agriculture with low inputs of chemicals and fertilizers has been recently attracting more attention from producers and researchers in the EU. The main reason for such attention is The European Green Deal—the EU’s latest growth strategy concerning environmental degradation and climate change. One of its main components is the Farm to Fork strategy, which especially features the reduction in pesticide and mineral fertilizer application and also supports the development of organic farming. At the same time, food demand is rising. These ambitious challenges require extensive research, development and innovation. Therefore, new non-chemical techniques for improving plant growth and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses must be explored for their potential in this field. One of the most promising is the use of non-thermal plasma for such purposes. As this physical factor is a complex mixture of ions, atoms, electrons, radicals and molecules, its effect on plants and pathogens is also complex. This review presents different aspects of the effect of non-thermal plasma on seed germination, development of seedlings, plants and pathogens. The literature was explored to provide evidence for the possible use of non-thermal plasma for boosting plant growth and plant protection.
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Ricci, Marta dos Santos Freire, Bruno José Rodrigues Alves, Simone Cordeiro de Miranda, and Fabio Freire de Oliveira. "Growth rate and nutritional status of an organic coffee cropping system." Scientia Agricola 62, no. 2 (April 2005): 138–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162005000200008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
In view of the low N concentration in organic fertilizers, it is necessary to use high rates of such fertilizers to attend coffee crop requirements. Hence, N is the most limiting nutrient for organic coffee production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of sunn hemp (Crotalaria juncea) organic fertilization on the growth and nutritional status of coffee cultivars, as well as to quantify plant biomass and N input derived from biological nitrogen fixation, and their effect on soil chemical characteristics. The experiment consisted of six coffee (Coffea arabica) cultivars intercropped with and without sunn hemp sown in November 2001 and pruned at mid-height 76 days later. At 175 days, the standing biomass of the legume was cut, measuring dry mass, total N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and 15N natural abundance, resulting 16 t ha-1 of dry mass and the recycling of 444, 21, 241, 191, and 44 kg ha-1 of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, respectively. Cultivars 'Obatã' and 'Catuaí Vermelho' presented the highest growth rates in terms of plant height, while cultivars 'Icatu' and 'Oeiras' presented the lowest rates. Biological nitrogen fixation associated to the legume introduced more than 200 kg ha-1 of N, which is a demonstration that N fertilization in organic cropping systems is a valuable alternative. Intercropping lead to a constant coffee leaf N content during the entire cropping cycle, contrary to what was observed in plots grown without sunn hemp.
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Turmel, Marie-Soleil, Benjamin L. Turner, and Joann K. Whalen. "Soil fertility and the yield response to the System of Rice Intensification." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 3 (February 16, 2011): 185–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217051100007x.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is a low-input rice (Oryza sativa L.) production system that differs from conventional systems in several ways: seedlings are transplanted earlier and are more widely spaced, organic fertilizer is often used in addition to mineral fertilizer, and soils are irrigated intermittently rather than flooded for long periods. The yield benefits of SRI compared to conventional systems can be substantial, and yet are regionally variable and have been the subject of considerable debate, due partly to a lack of mechanistic understanding. Here we show that soil properties may in part explain the variability in yield response to SRI. A meta-analysis of data from 72 field studies where SRI was compared with conventional systems indicates that yields increased significantly (P<0.0001) when SRI was implemented on highly weathered infertile soils rich in iron and aluminum oxides (Acrisols and Ferralsols), but there was no difference in yield between SRI and conventional systems in more fertile favorable soils for rice production (Gleysols, Luvisols and Fluvisols). The yield difference between SRI and conventional rice production therefore appears to be related in part to soil properties linked to weathering. This should help resolve the debate about the value of SRI and allow research to be targeted toward understanding the biological and chemical processes in soils under SRI management.
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Eponon, Eboa Christophe Ghislain, Koffi Fernand Jean-Martial Kassi, Konan Didier Kouamé, Didier Snoeck, Tieba Victor Ouattara, Maméri Camara, Mamadou Cherif, and Daouda Kone. "The Soil Diagnostic Method to Formulate Fertilizer Requirements for Coffee Trees in Côte d'Ivoire." Archives of Current Research International 23, no. 4 (April 5, 2023): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/acri/2023/v23i4569.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Coffee is a crop that exports significant amounts of minerals from the soil, particularly through crop and pruning products. Maintaining sustainable productivity requires good knowledge and rational management of factors related to soil fertility and plant nutritional status, which would limit production. The objective of this study was to diagnose the mineral requirements of coffee plants in different production regions in order to recommend nutrient quantities adapted to the characteristics of each soil type for sustainable coffee production. Chemical analysis of 156 soil samples representative of the soil units of the coffee growing areas using a soil diagnostic model specific to coffee fertilization was used to determine the nutrient requirements of each soil unit studied. The results generally indicate that soil fertility levels were below the reference threshold values. Nutrient inputs are essential for all soils under coffee in large production areas. Nitrogen inputs are required in all soil units studied. The majority of the soils also showed a very pronounced potassium and calcium deficiency, while the phosphorus deficiency was not very pronounced. Magnesium, although generally in sufficient quantity in soils, has been readjusted to respect the balance in exchangeable bases. The amounts of nutrients to be supplied varied from one soil unit to another. Soils with low organic matter content showed relatively high requirements. Recommendations for appropriate soil fertility management per soil unit were presented in this work.
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Whetton, Rebecca L., Mary A. Harty, and Nicholas M. Holden. "Communicating Nitrogen Loss Mechanisms for Improving Nitrogen Use Efficiency Management, Focused on Global Wheat." Nitrogen 3, no. 2 (April 28, 2022): 213–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen3020016.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Nitrogen (N) losses are a major environmental issue. Globally, crop N fertilizer applications are excessive, and N use efficiency (NUE) is low. N loss represents a significant economic loss to the farmer. NUE is difficult to quantify in real time because of the multiple chemical–biological–physical factors interacting. While there is much scientific understanding of N interactions in the plant–soil system, there is little formal expression of scientific knowledge in farm practice. The objective of this study was to clearly define the factors controlling NUE in wheat production, focusing on N inputs, flows, transformations, and outputs from the plant–soil system. A series of focus groups were conducted with professional agronomists and industry experts, and their technical information was considered alongside a structured literature review. To express this understanding, clear graphical representations are provided in the text. The analysis of the NUE processes revealed 16 management interventions which could be prioritized to increase farm nitrogen use efficiency. These management interventions were grouped into three categories—inputs, flow between pools, and outputs—and include management options through the range of application errors, fertilizer input choice, root development, pests and disease, soil structure, harvesting and storage errors, and soil resources of water, micronutrients, carbon, nitrogen, and pH. It was noted that technical solutions such as fertilizer formulation and managing organic matter require significant supply chain upgrades. It was also noted that farm-scale decision support would be best managed using a risk/probability-based recommender system rather than generic guidelines.
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P.A., Babajide, Akinrinola T. B., Oyeyiola Y.B., Okoro-Robinson M.O., Salami T.B., Adesina Adedayo, and Akindeere A. A. "PERFORMANCE OF MAIZE (ZEA MAYS) GROWN ON MILDLY ACIDIC LOW FERTILE SOIL AS AFFECTED BY SELECTED ORGANIC-BASED SOIL AMENDMENTS AND SYNTHETIC FERTILIZER." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 9 (September 30, 2018): 385–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i9.2018.1251.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Under intensive cropping systems in the tropics, application of chemical fertilizers becomes an apparently indispensable means of replenishing the rapidly depleting soil nutrients. However, the reported side effects of continuous application of synthetic fertilizers on soil and man are now a major concern. Hence, determination of the potentials of some easily exploitable natural or organic-based fertilizer material(s), which can effectively compete with the commonly used synthetic fertilizers like NPK 15-15-15, is a worthwhile scientific approach, not towards improved performance of versatile arable crop like maize, but also for total eradication or alleviation of chemical inputs on tropical soils. A field experiment was conducted at the Teaching and Research Farms, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology (LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, in the year 2017, to comparatively determine the effects of NPK fertilizer and some selected organic-based fertilizer / ammendments on growth, yield and nutrient uptakes of maize (Zea mays). Six treatments were introduced, T0 (the control which received no fertilizer application), T1 (NPK fertilizer application), T2 (Tithonia compost application), T3 (Organomineral fertilizer application), T4 (Poultry manure application) and T5 (Cow dung application). All fertilizers were applied at recommended rates. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD), replicated thrice. Data were collected on growth and yield parameters, and were subjected to analysis of variance. Means were separated using Duncan multiple range test. Application of different fertilizer materials significantly improved maize performance and nutrient uptakes, compared to the control. Organomineral fertilizer application produced the highest values of most of the growth and yield parameters measured. Although, the values obtained were mostly not significantly different from other fertilizer materials tested (except for cow dung, which was in some cases, significantly lower in values than other fertilizers tested, but significantly higher than the control (which steadily had the least values of all the parameters measured). Such significant increments may be due to the cherished attributes of organomineral fertilizer (some its nutritious fractions may be rapidly released while remaining fractions may be slowly released, over a long period of time). Hence, application of organomineral is therefore recommended. This will considerably reduce chemical loads on the soil in the study area. Meanwhile, in order to be purely organic in maize production, either composted tithonia or poultry manure is recommended for the study area. This will not only prevent total dependence on harmful and highly priced chemical fertilizers, but may promote improved soil nutrition and hygienic crop productivity.
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NAZARIAN, Ramin, Hamid-Reza FALLAHI, Mohammad-Yousof JAMI, and Hossein SAHABI. "Comparing the effect of organic and chemical nutritional management and intercropping with clover on the quantity and quality of different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 14, no. 4 (November 28, 2022): 11354. http://dx.doi.org/10.55779/nsb14411354.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Optimal availability of nutrients, particularly nitrogen (N), from authorized resources is one of the most important issues in organic agriculture. Intercropping forage legumes with cereal crops may be a way of providing ecological services such as providing N for companion or following crops by biological N fixation. To determine the effect of biological, chemical, and organic fertilization on the quality and quantity of ten different wheat cultivars, an experiment was conducted during two successive growing seasons. The three experimental factors (F1, F2, F3) were: mix cropping with Persian clover (Trifolium resupinatum L.) (F1: biological N fixation, as control); chemical nitrogen fertilizer (F2: 100 kg ha-1, urea), and organic cow manure (F3: 40 t ha-1). The vegetative growth parameters improved by F1 and F2 treatments. The F2 had the highest values of spikelet and seed number per spike, 1000-grain weight, and seed yield, followed by F1. The cv. ‘Kabul-13’ was the best among all tested cultivars in terms of almost all reproductive parameters. The highest seed yield was obtained by F2 ‘Kabul-13’ (8.02 t ha-1), and F1 ‘Kabul-13’ (7.26 t ha-1). By considering seed yield, ‘Chont-1’ and ‘Kabul-13’ were more suitable to be intercropped with clover. The effect of experimental factors was not significant on seed potassium and phosphorus contents, while percentage of seed protein improved by F3 (13%), and ‘Mugawim’ (13.59%). The highest protein yield was gained by F2 and F1 (820 and 650 kg ha-1) and also by ‘Kabul-13’ (850 kg ha-1). Overall, mixed cropping of wheat and clover can be suggested as a possible alternative for nutrients providing in wheat production in low input agro-ecosystems.
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Sa'adah, Nur Laili, and Miftachul Chusnah. "ANALISIS KANDUNGAN UNSUR HARA MAKRO PADA MEDIA PERTUMBUHAN JAMBU BOL VARIETAS GONDANGMANIS (Syzygium malaccensei) DI DESA GONDANGMANIS KECAMATAN BANDARKEDUNGMULYO JOMBANG." AGROSAINTIFIKA 4, no. 1 (January 24, 2022): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.32764/agrosaintifika.v4i1.1871.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Gondangmanis guava production has decreased every year, this is due to pests and plant diseases and due to decreased land quality, either due to soil fertility or the absence of cultivation techniques applied to Gondangmanis guava plants. This is caused by several factors, including the lack of supply of agricultural production inputs, the absence of development of guava cultivation technology, the absence of post-harvest technology assembly for guava, and the absence of wider marketing of guava production. soil organic matter, physical properties and macronutrients contained in the land of gondangmanis guava growth. The decline in land productivity will affect the productivity of crop production. Based on this, the author intends to examine how much macro nutrients are available in the Gondangmanis guava growth medium and the soil characteristics of the Gondangmanis guava growing media. The survey and sampling were carried out in the village of Gondangmanis Badarkedung, Mulyo, jombang. Anali This study used a qualitative research using a survey system followed by random sampling of soil at a depth of 0-20 cm. The soil sample is then analyzed in the Integrated Laboratory of the Department of Agriculture. Some of the parameters studied were soil pH determined by a pH meter, N-total was determined by the Kjeldahl method, P-total was determined using the Olsen method, C-organic was determined by the Walkley and black methods. The results of the analysis showed that the chemical content of the soil on the Gondangmanis guava media showed that the soil pH was neutral – alkaline, the C-organic content was very low, the N-total was very low, and the P-total was very high. The soil character of Gondangmanis guava growth media in Gondangmanis village is sandy loam and tends to be sandy.
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MUCHERU-MUNA, MONICAH, DANIEL MUGENDI, PIETER PYPERS, JAYNE MUGWE, JAMES KUNG'U, BERNARD VANLAUWE, and ROEL MERCKX. "ENHANCING MAIZE PRODUCTIVITY AND PROFITABILITY USING ORGANIC INPUTS AND MINERAL FERTILIZER IN CENTRAL KENYA SMALL-HOLD FARMS." Experimental Agriculture 50, no. 2 (September 12, 2013): 250–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479713000525.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
SUMMARYDeclining land productivity is a major problem facing smallholder farmers today in Sub-Saharan Africa, and as a result increase in maize grain yield has historically staggered behind yield gains that have been achieved elsewhere in the world. This decline primarily results from reduction in soil fertility caused by continuous cultivation without adequate addition of external nutrient inputs. Improved soil fertility management practices, which combine organic and mineral fertilizer inputs, can enable efficient use of inputs applied, and can increase overall system's productivity. The trials were established at two sites with different soil fertility status to determine the effects of various organic sources (Tithonia diversifolia, Mucuna pruriens, Calliandra calothyrsus and cattle manure) and their combinations with mineral fertilizer on maize grain yield, economic return and soil chemical properties. Drought spells were common during the peak water requirement periods, and during all the seasons most (90%) of the rainfall was received before 50% flowering. In good and poor sites, there was a significant (p < 0.001) effect of season on maize grain yield. Tithonia diversifolia recorded the highest (4.2 t ha−1) average maize grain yield in the poor site, while Calliandra calothyrsus gave the highest (4.8 t ha−1) average maize grain yield in the good site. Maize grain yields were lower in treatments with sole fertilizer compared with treatments that included organic fertilizers. The maize grain yields were higher with sole organics compared with treatments integrating organic and inorganic fertilizers. Soil pH increment was statistically significant in the sole manure treatment in good and poor sites (t-test, p = 0.036 and 0.013), respectively. In the poor site, magnesium increased significantly in the sole manure and manure + 30 kg N ha−1 treatments with t-test p = 0.006 and 0.027, respectively. Soil potassium was significant in the sole manure treatment (t-test, p = 0.03). Generally the economic returns were low, with negative net benefits and benefit cost ratio of less than 1. Inorganic fertilizer recorded the highest net benefit and return to labour (p < 0.001 and <0.01, respectively) in the good site. The treatments that had very high maize grain yields did not lead to improved soil fertility, thus there is need for tradeoffs between yield gains and soil fertility management when selecting agricultural production technologies.
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Chrysargyris, Antonios, Spyridon A. Petropoulos, and Nikolaos Tzortzakis. "Essential Oil Composition and Bioactive Properties of Lemon Balm Aerial Parts as Affected by Cropping System and Irrigation Regime." Agronomy 12, no. 3 (March 7, 2022): 649. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030649.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ongoing climate crisis necessitates the sustainable use of natural resources and the adoption of environmentally friendly agronomic practices. Deficit irrigation is an ecofriendly technique that allows for the improvement in the water use efficiency of crops. On the other hand, medicinal and aromatic crops, which usually have an innate tolerance to harsh conditions, are suitable candidates for cultivation under low-input cropping systems. In the present study, Melissa officinalis plants were cultivated under conventional and organic cropping systems, while in each system two irrigation regimes (full irrigation or deficit irrigation) were tested. The aerial parts of the plants were evaluated in terms of growth and physiological parameters, chemical composition, antioxidant activity, essential oil yield and essential oil composition. Our results indicate that prolonged water stress after two deficit irrigation cycles had detrimental effects on the plant growth and biomass production, whereas it significantly increased the essential oil yield, regardless of the cropping system (organic or conventional cultivation). The recorded physiological parameters are in agreement with morphological features, especially the stomatal conductance, which was significantly reduced under deficit irrigation for both cultivation systems, revealing that the growth inhibition was the result of stomatal closure and carbon dioxide deprivation. Deficit irrigation and organic cultivation also increased total phenol and total flavonoid content, especially in the second harvest, thus resulting in higher antioxidant activity assayed by the FRAP method. In contrast, DPPH and ABTS methods did not show any differences among the tested treatments in the second harvest, which suggests that other bioactive compounds are also involved in the overall antioxidant mechanism of lemon balm plants, as indicated by the increased ascorbic acid content. Regarding the essential oil composition, the major detected compounds were geranial and neral and, although they were both increased under the organic cropping in the first harvest, the same trend was not observed in the second harvest. Finally, a variable effect of cropping system and irrigation regime on minerals content was recorded. In conclusion, deficit irrigation is an ecofriendly practice that could be applied in conventional and organic cropping systems of lemon balm crops, aiming to reduce irrigation water consumption and compensate for reduced herb yields with increased essential oil yield and polyphenol content.
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Guo, Yuanzhi, and Jieyong Wang. "Spatiotemporal Changes of Chemical Fertilizer Application and Its Environmental Risks in China from 2000 to 2019." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 22 (November 12, 2021): 11911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182211911.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chemical fertilizers are important inputs in agricultural production. They not only increase crop yield but also bring many negative effects, such as agricultural non-point source pollution. Therefore, a scientific understanding of the regional differences in chemical fertilizer application and its environmental risks is of significance to promote China’s agricultural development. In this study, we analyzed the spatiotemporal pattern of chemical fertilizer application intensity (CFAI) in China since 2000, evaluated the environmental risks of provincial CFAI, and investigated the internal mechanism behind them. The results showed that the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application in China from 2000 to 2019 presented a trend of increasing first and then decreasing. In 2000 and 2019, provincial CFAI in eastern China was generally higher than that in central and western China, and the environmental risks of provincial CFAI were spatially characterized by “high in the north and low in the south”. Factors such as poor soil conditions, unreasonable farming structure and backward fertilization methods are the main reasons for the continuous increase in the total amount and intensity of chemical fertilizer application, while the construction of ecological civilization and the transformation of society and economy are the main reasons for their decline. Finally, measures such as targeted fertilization, adjusting the use structure of chemical fertilizers, improving fertilization methods and replacing chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizers are proposed to promote the quantity reduction and efficiency increase of chemical fertilizer application in China.
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Akhiar, Afifi, Felipe Guilayn, Michel Torrijos, Audrey Battimelli, Abd Halim Shamsuddin, and Hélène Carrère. "Correlations between the Composition of Liquid Fraction of Full-Scale Digestates and Process Conditions." Energies 14, no. 4 (February 12, 2021): 971. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14040971.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Fast development of centralized agricultural biogas plants leads to high amounts of digestate production. The treatment and disposal of liquid fractions after on-site digestate solid–liquid separation remains problematic due to their high organic, nutrient and aromatic contents. This work aims to study the variability of the remaining compounds in the digestate liquid fractions in relation to substrate origin, process parameters and solid–liquid separation techniques. Twenty-nine digestates from full-scale codigestion biogas plants and one waste activated sludge (WAS) digestate were collected and characterized. This study highlighted the combined effect of the solid–liquid separation process and the anaerobic digestion feedstock on the characteristics of liquid fractions of digestates. Two major clusters were found: (1) liquid fractions from high efficiency separation process equipment (e.g., centrifuge and others with addition of coagulant, flocculent or polymer) and (2) liquid fractions from low efficiency separation processes (e.g., screw press, vibrating screen and rotary drum), in this latter case, the concentration of chemical oxygen demand (COD) was associated with the proportion of cow manure and energy crops at biogas plant input. Finally, SUVA254, an indicator for aromatic molecule content and the stabilization of organic matter, was associated with the hydraulic retention time (HRT).
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OJEDOKUN, R. O., O. A. FAWOLE, L. O. ASABIA, A. I. OLUWAPONLE, and M. J. ADEOLA. "PROPERTIES OF SOILS ALONG A TOPOSEQUENCE UNDERLAIN BY COARSE GRAINED GRANITE GNEISS IN IFE AREA SOUTH WEST NIGERIA." FUDMA Journal of Agriculture and Agricultural Technology 7, no. 2 (June 7, 2022): 133–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.33003/jaat.2021.0702.058.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Research has shown that soil profiles are influenced by five separate, yet interacting factors: parent material, climate, topography, organisms and time which give soil profiles their distinctive character. Topography however, plays a major role in the variation of soil properties and nutrient distribution along a non-uniform agricultural landscape. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of topography on chemical properties of soil underlain by coarse grained granite gneiss at the teaching and research farm of Obafemi Awolowo University Ile Ife. Three profile pits was established at different physiographic positions along a toposequence (upper, middle and lower positions) were considered for this study. A total of eleven (11) samples were collected for routine laboratory analysis from the established horizons. The results revealed that the clay content increased with increase in profile depth while sand content decreases. Organic matter content was relatively low 0.2 – 1.35%, a result of continuous cultivation in the area. The values of available P (1.29 – 5.40ppm) showed that it is inadequate for crop production. The pH, exchangeable cations and exchangeable acidity values fluctuate across the pedons under investigation. The correlation between slope position and chemical properties showed that no singular property consistently showed the same level of significance on the entire slope.
For effective management of the soils, organic inputs and usage of vegetal cover such as planting of cowpea and other crawling plants of economic importance should be adopted to assist in improving the organic matter content, conservation management practices should also be employed to prevent rapid soil degradation across the topography.
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Wanga, Maliata Athon, Hussein Shimelis, and Girma Mengistu. "Sorghum Production in Northern Namibia: Farmers’ Perceived Constraints and Trait Preferences." Sustainability 14, no. 16 (August 18, 2022): 10266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su141610266.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) is a valuable crop in the dry regions of the world, including Namibia. Due to the intensity and recurrence of drought and heat stress in the traditional sorghum growing areas, there is a need to breed and deploy new generation farmer-preferred and climate-smart cultivars to serve the diverse value chains. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to assess the present state of sorghum production in northern Namibia and document farmers’ perceived production constraints and trait preferences in new varieties to guide drought-tolerance breeding. A survey was conducted using a participatory rural appraisal in the following six selected sorghum-growing constituencies in Namibia: Kapako and Mpungu (Kavango West Region), Eenhana and Endola (Ohangwena Region), and Katima Mulilo Rural and Kongola (Zambezi Region). Data were collected using a structured questionnaire involving 198 farmers in 14 sampled villages across the regions. Results revealed variable trends in sorghum production among respondent farmers when disaggregated by gender, age, number of households, education level, cropping systems, types of varieties grown, and perceived production constraints. An equal proportion of male and female respondent farmers cultivate sorghum, suggesting the value of the crop to both genders in Namibia. Most respondent farmers (63.6%) were in productive age groups of <40 years old. In the study areas, low-yielding landrace varieties, namely Ekoko, Okambete, Makonga, Kamburo, Nkutji, Katoma, Fuba, Dommy, Kawumbe, and Okatombo, were widely cultivated, and most of the farmers did not use chemical fertilizers to cultivate sorghum. Farmers’ perceived sorghum production constraints in the study areas included recurrent drought, declining soil fertility, insect pest damage, high cost of production inputs, unavailability of improved seed, lack of alternative improved varieties with farmers’ preferred traits, lack of organic manure, limited access to market and limited extension service. The key farmers’ preferred traits in a new sorghum variety included high grain yield, early maturity, and tolerance to drought, in the field and storage insect pests. The study recommends genetic improvement and new variety deployment of sorghum with the described farmers-preferred traits to increase the sustainable production of the crop in Namibia.
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Fungenzi, Thomas, Ruben Sakrabani, Paul J. Burgess, Smilja Lambert, and Peter McMahon. "Medium-term effect of fertilizer, compost, and dolomite on cocoa soil and productivity in Sulawesi, Indonesia." Experimental Agriculture 57, no. 3 (June 2021): 185–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479721000132.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractIn Indonesia, management practices that reduce soil fertility could be limiting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production. To address this, we investigated the effects of fertilizers and organic amendments comprising different combinations of NPK + urea, dolomite, and manure-based compost on soil properties and cocoa productivity. We extended an existing field experiment in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to assess these treatments’ effects on cocoa trees from the age of 2.9 years to 7.4 years. The treatments were first applied 5 months after planting and subsequently twice a year. Soil analyses were performed before planting, after 3 years, and finally after 7 years. Productivity was assessed yearly between the age of 3.5 and 7.4 years. The highest yields were obtained from the plots receiving compost, although the yield benefits diminished over time. Inorganic fertilizer alone doubled the yield compared to the control, while the yields with compost and compost + fertilizer were three times that of the control. With dolomite alone, the yield cumulated over 4 years was 41% higher than the control. The positive effect of compost on cocoa yields can potentially be attributed to (1) physical changes increasing soil water availability, (2) the chemical improvement of nutrient availability, and (3) biologically, by promoting the activity of beneficial organisms. The application of dolomite increased soil pH, Ca, and Mg contents. Soil organic carbon greatly declined in the composted treatments, even though 10 kg of compost was applied per tree per year, probably because of the low C:N ratio of the compost. Future studies should assess different fertilizer formulations and combinations with organic inputs and explore the mechanisms by which compost promotes cocoa productivity.
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Bhavsar, Monika S., Monika Naphade, Rajshri Shinde, and Mayuri Deshmukh. "Physico - chemical and micronutrients status of soils of Velhale village Bhusawal tehsil, Jalgaon district Maharashtra, India." INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PLANT SCIENCES 17, no. 1 (January 15, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ijps/17.1/1-7.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Soil fertility is the quality of soil to supply nutrients in the proper amount for plant growth without causing toxicity and deficiency. Soil fertility management is highly complex given the myriad of interacting factors that dictate the extent to which farming state farms invest in the fertility of their soils. To achieve precision in farming and to maximize crop production, there should be proper maintenance of soil health and minimize fertilizer mis application One hundred farmers were randomly selected from the Velhale Village Bhusawal Tehsil, Jalgaon district Maharashtra through the Soil Health Card Scheme under the Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Dr Ulhas Patil College of Agriculture, Jalgaon Maharashtra to assess the physico-chemical properties, macro and micronutrients status of soils in the year 2019-20. One hundred geo-referenced soil samples (0-20 cm) from Velhale Village Bhusawal were collected and analyzed in the laboratory for soil pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon content, calcium carbonate content, available macronutrients viz., N, P, K, S and micronutrients like Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn and B.The pH and EC of soils collected from the study area varied from 6.5 to 8.1 and 0.54 to 0.90 dS m-1 showing the neutral to alkaline nature of soil and soils are safe in total soluble salt content and organic carbon content was very low to medium 0.18 to 0.59%, respectively. The results obtained in the present study clearly showed large variability in the chemical properties of soil. The available sulphur varied from (6.92 to18.00 mg kg-1) low to medium. Available iron and zinc content was low to medium (0.50-6.26 and 0.42- 0.79 mg kg-1, respectively) while, copper and manganese content was sufficient (0.31-0.82 and 0.50-4.64 mg kg-1, respectively) across the study area. Available boron in soils of all the tehsil ranged from 0.56to 2.58 mg kg-1 (medium to high). Soil testing plays an important role in the use of fertilizers and other agricultural inputs. Soil test summaries and soilfertility maps are of vital necessity as reference materials for the scientific management of soil. This information could aid in decision making for the application of plant nutrients for higher monetary returns to the farmers.
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Setiawati, Wiwin, Agus Muharam, Agus Susanto, Evita Boes, and Abdi Hudayya. "PenerapanTeknologi Input Luar Rendah Pada Budidaya Cabai Merah untuk Mengurangi Penggunaan Pupuk dan Pestisida Sintetik (Implementation of Low External Input Technology for Chili Pepper Cultivation to Reduce Fertilizer and Synthetic Pesticide)." Jurnal Hortikultura 28, no. 1 (May 17, 2019): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/jhort.v28n1.2018.p113-122.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
<p>Penggunaan input produksi yang tinggi seperti pupuk dan pestisida pada budidaya cabai merah merupakan ancaman yang serius terhadap kesehatan dan lingkungan. Salah satu teknologi alternatif yang semakin sering dijajagi penerapannya adalah teknologi low external input technology (LEIT). Kelebihan teknologi LEIT adalah menggunakan bahan agro kimia secara benar, tepat waktu, dosis dan cara sehingga tidak menimbulkan pencemaran lingkungan, baik pencemaran tanah, air dan udara, produksi tetap tinggi, secara ekonomi menguntungkan dan aman untuk dikonsumsi. Beberapa teknologi yang dapat digunakan dalam teknologi LEIT di antaranya penggunaan kompos untuk mengurangi pupuk buatan, sistem polikultur, dan penutup tanah dengan kacang - kacangan. Tujuan penelitian adalah menghasilkan LEIT pada budidaya cabai merah dengan memanfaatkan sumber daya hayati (SDH) domestik yang dapat mengurangi kebutuhan pupuk dan pestisida sintetik serta ramah lingkungan mulai dari pengendalian input, pengendalian proses dan quality control. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran, Lembang dari bulan Maret sampai November 2014. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah rancangan acak kelompok dengan sembilan perlakuan dan tiga ulangan. Perlakuan yang diuji adalah kombinasi dari varietas, bahan organik dan NPK, sistem tanam dan pengendalian OPT serta teknologi konvensional sebagai pembanding. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa penerapan LEIT (30 ton kompos PKSTT, NPK 625 kg/ha, penggunaan ATECU berdasarkan ambang pengendalian, biopestisida BPP pegunungan pada saat berbunga dan tumpangsari antara cabai merah dan buncis tegak) memberikan hasil terbaik untuk budidaya cabai merah ramah lingkungan. Penerapan teknologi LEIT tersebut dapat menekan penggunaan pupuk NPK sebesar 37,5%, penggunaan pestisida 50 – 60%, produksi tetap tinggi (9,49 ton/ha), meningkatkan pendapatan 27,71%, aman terhadap predator M. sexmaculatus dan ramah lingkungan.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong></p><p>Capsicum annuum; LEIT; Ramah lingkungan</p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>Chili pepper cultivation reliance on synthetic-chemical fertilizers and pesticides is having serious impacts on health and the environment. Low external input technology (LEIT) was one of technology which recently can be applied. It does not mean the elimination of these materials. Yields are maintained through greater emphasis on cultural practices, IPM, and utilization of on-farm resources and management such as legume cover crops, cropping system and compost can supply the total nitrogen requirements, biopesticide to reduce the use of the chemical pesticide. These technology reduced environmental degradation, maintain agricultural productivity, promote economic viability in both the short and long term and maintain stable rural communities and quality of life. The objectives were to produce LEIT on the chili pepper cultivation that using biological resources which can reduce the need for domestic fertilizers and synthetic pesticides safe for consumption and environmentally friendly from the input control, control process, and quality control. The goal of this experiment was to support the implementation of product safety and increase biodiversity, especially in useful life (parasitoids and predators). The research conducted at Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute, Lembang from March to November 2014. Randomized block design consisting of nine treatments and three replications was used. Organic materials, compost, NPK doses, cropping systems and the use of insecticides were used as treatments. The results showed that application of LEIT such as the use of compost 30 ton/ha, NPK 625 kg/ha, application of ATECU insecticide based on control threshold, application of mountain biopesticide at flowering and intercropping between chili pepper and bean were the best treatments for environmentally friendly of chili pepper cultivation. This technology was able suppress the use of NPK fertilizer at 37.5%, the use of pesticides 50-60%, production remains high (9.49 ton/ha), increase demand (27.71%), safe for M. sexmaculatus predator, and environmentally friendly.</p>
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Nigussie, Ashenafi, Wassie Haile, Getachew Agegnehu, and Alemayehu Kiflu. "Grain Yield and Nitrogen Uptake of Maize (Zea mays L.) as Affected by Soil Management Practices and Their Interaction on Cambisols and Chernozem." International Journal of Agronomy 2021 (December 3, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/3411456.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Although numerous factors contribute to wide yield gaps, low external inputs, particularly N, and poor cropping practices such as soil tillage and monocropping are among the major factors affecting low maize production. In view of this, field experiments were implemented on two sites with Cambisols and Chernozem soil types in two consecutive years to evaluate the impacts of different soil management practices on the grain yield and quality, nitrogen uptake, and selected soil properties. A three-factor experiment was arranged as a split-split plot arrangement randomized complete block design with three replications. The minimum tillage (MT) and conventional tillage (CT) were used as the main plot, haricot bean-maize rotation and maize monocropping were used as the subplot, and four levels of nitrogen fertilization (control, 20 t ha-1 compost, 46 kg N ha−1 + 10 t ha−1 compost, and 92 kg N ha−1) were used as the sub-subplot. Analysis of variance showed that soil management practices were significantly affecting grain yield, N-uptake, and soil properties. In sites, the conventional tillage and rotation system increased the grain yield and N-uptake in contrast to the minimum tillage and monocropping, respectively. Similarly, nitrogen evidently affected the grain yield, N-uptake, and selected soil properties. However, tillage methods differed in their effects on soil chemical properties; soil organic carbon and total nitrogen concentrations were improved through MT compared to CT. Grain yield was significantly associated with NDVI, grain N-content, and N-uptake. Therefore, a CT plus haricot bean-maize rotation system with the addition of solely 92 kg N ha−1 and integrated 46 kg N ha−1 + 10 t compost ha−1 could be recommended for Hawassa Zuria (Cambisols) and Meskan (Chernozem) districts, respectively. However, in order to ensure sustainable maize production in the investigated areas, an integrated N treatment with MT and a rotation system may be recommended, which could improve soil properties.
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Piotrowska, Anna, and Dariusz Boruszko. "Analysis of the potential of effective microorganisms in plant production." Ekonomia i Środowisko - Economics and Environment 83, no. 4 (January 12, 2023): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.34659/eis.2022.83.4.485.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The natural environment is changing under the influence of human activity and the development of new technologies. One of the ways to restore the balance of the natural environment is to limit conventional agriculture in favour of organic farming based on the use of organic and natural fertilisers, excluding the use of chemical inputs. This action will go a long way in improving biodiversity and natural resource wealth. Fertilisation in modern agriculture is one of the most important agrotechnical procedures in deciding on the size and quality of the obtained crops. In organic farming, soil microorganisms play an important role because they influence the mineralisation of organic carbon and the humification of organic matter, thanks to which nutrients are more easily absorbed by plants. Organic fertilisers, which are Effective Microorganisms, are produced with the use of living microorganisms, which not only supply the soil with nutrients but also allow the inactive nutrients to be made available. Thanks to the better absorption of nutrients, plants develop and grow better, ensuring the best crops, the purchase prices of which from organic farming are very often much higher than in the case of traditional crops. The aim of this study was to present the possibility of using Effective Microorganisms as an ecological and economical alternative to conventional crop production systems using artificial fertilisers.
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Rahman, M. Z., and H. Mikuni. "Farmers' attitudes towards sustainable agriculture issues and environmental quality in a selected area of Bangladesh." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, no. 1 (March 1999): 22–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007979.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractThe sustainability issues associated with agricultural development are a growing concern worldwide. This study focussed on farmers' attitudes about environmental degradation and long term productivity loss that may result from implementation of modern agricultural technologies. The study was conducted in a selected area of Bangladesh and field level data were collected from the sampled farmers through personal interviewing. Findings revealed that more than two-thirds of the farmers confronted either a medium or high level of environmental problems due to intensive cultivation. Their main concerns were stress on soil fertility, loss of essential aquatic life, and reduction of earthworms and other beneficial organisms in soil. The farmers' recommended solutions were production of high yielding crop varieties with conservation management practices, and the balanced use of chemical fertilizers and organic manures. To apply these techniques, the top expectation of the farmers was to receive subsidies for agricultural inputs, and get easy-term credit from the government or non-government organizations. Interestingly, just half the farmers in the study area possessed a less than favorable attitude towards sustainability issues of agricultural development. In other words, to them these issues were of low or marginal priority. Only 6% of them expressed a highly favorable attitude (high priority) and 44% expressed a moderate attitude. Based on correlations, the individual farmer's age, education, family size, organizational participation, television exposure, communication behavior and environmental problem confrontation were identified as the main determinants of their attitudes about sustainability issues. Hence, these factors should be considered when formulating programs and policies for agriculture development that aim for long-term sustainability.
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Roder, W., S. Schürmann, P. Chittanavanh, K. Sipaseuth, and M. Fernandez. "Soil fertility management for organic rice production in the Lao PDR." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 21, no. 4 (December 2006): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/raf2006161.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
AbstractRice is the most important agricultural commodity of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), produced largely using traditional methods with limited inputs of fertilizers and other chemicals. The country has a wide diversity in rice production systems and rice varieties, with over 3000 different varieties recorded. The rich diversity and the production environment and methods are favorable for organic rice production. Investigations were carried out to describe soil fertility conditions, management practices, opportunities and problems associated with organic production methods for rice. Soils used for rice production are mostly of low fertility, with low organic matter and N-availability. In spite of this, virtually no fertilizer inputs are used for upland rice production. Inorganic fertilizer inputs for lowland rice production have increased rapidly over the past decade, but are still below 20 kg ha−1. The most important nutrient sources are rice straw and manure from buffalo and cattle. Chromolaena odorata plays an important role in nutrient cycling in upland rice systems and is sometimes added to lowland fields. In a range of fertility management studies, yield increase ranged from 2 to 89% for manure, straw or rice husk applied at modest rates (3 t ha−1), 32–156% for modest rates of inorganic fertilizer (60 kg N ha−1) and 36–167% for combined application of manure or crop residues with inorganic fertilizer. The response to locally produced commercial organic fertilizer was poor. The most promising inputs and strategies available to optimize yields in organic rice production systems are (1) optimizing use of locally available nutrients, mostly from manure, crop residues and weed biomass, (2) N addition through green manure and legumes growing in rotation and (3) additions of P through guano or rock-phosphate. The Lao PDR is fortunate to have substantial bat guano deposits in limestone caves. Extensive experience is available on straw and husk management for lowland systems and green manure species for upland production systems.
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Averill, A., C. DeMoranville, K. Deubert, B. Morzuch, and S. Edwards. "LOW INPUT CRANBERRY PRODUCTION: FIELD DEMONSTRATION AND ANALYSIS." HortScience 26, no. 5 (May 1991): 479d—479. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.26.5.479d.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Low input cranberry production was carried out at 4 sites (2 each for the common MA cultivars) to demonstrate: 1. reduced pesticide and fertilizer input; 2. enhanced water quality (compared to standard management); 3. ecomonic feasibility. Presented results: 1. number of insecticide applications reduced 60%, number of fungicide applications reduced 40% (at least half were copper based non-synthetics), broadcast herbicides used at less than 1/2 allowed rate (if at all), fertilizer N input reduced 30% on average; 2. reduced chemical input impacted positively on water quality; 3. crop quality was maintained but yield was reduced. Because the MA cranberry crop was down by up to 40% due to weather-related factors, crop reductions cannot be accurately assigned to cultural and management practices. The project will continue for at least 2 more years.
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Lakshmi, Ch S. Rama, T. Sreelatha, A. Sireesha, P. Jamuna, and M. Bharatha Lakshmi. "Enzyme Activity and Rhizosphere Microflora under Sugarcane Monocropping as Influenced by Integrated Nutrient Management." Current Agriculture Research Journal 7, no. 3 (November 23, 2019): 343–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/carj.7.3.10.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Sugarcane is one of the lead crops in North Coastal Andhra Pradesh. Farmers in North Coastal Zone are opting for raising more number of ratoons owing to its substantially low cost of production. Ratoon crops however seldom receive proper care and inputs due to considered it as a bonus crop by majority of farmers. Field experiments were conducted consecutively for six years in the same field (2012-13 to 2018-19) at RARS, Anakapalle to study the monocropping effect on soil biology under the influence of different nutrient management practices. Irrespective of the year of ratooning, plots which received 50% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers + 25% nitrogen though vermicompost + 25% nitrogen through green manure incorporation resulted in higher microbial population over chemical fertilizers alone. Activity of dehydrogenase and active carbon pool also showed similar trend in multi-ratooning system of sugarcane. Rhizosphere microbial population at different growth stages revealed that, azospirillum population was observed highest followed by azotobacter while lowest population counts of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria were observed. Highest population counts were recorded in INM plots and population was highest at formative later reduced to harvest. INM with 50% RDFN + 50% through organics (66.80 t ha-1) recorded at par yields with 100% RDF (67.28 t ha-1).
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Boyles, Richard E., Arlyn J. Ackerman, and Stephen Kresovich. "Traits and underlying genetics important for low‐input organic sorghum production." Crop Science 62, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 753–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/csc2.20693.
Повний текст джерела