Статті в журналах: "Orchard"

1

Holb, Imre, and Bart Heijne. "Comparative Study of Dutch and Hungarian Environmentally-friendly Apple Orchards on Potential Ascospore Dose of Apple Scab." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 1 (May 12, 2002): 31–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3533.

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In a 2-year study, Dutch and Hungarian environmentally-friendly apple orchards were compared as regards the amount of apple scab primary inoculum. The PAD (potential ascospore dose) method was used to quantify the potential amount of primary inoculum (ascospores) per m2 orchard floor. Applying this method, the number of lesions per m2 of leaf in the autumn (LD), the proportion of the orchard floor covered by leaf litter at bud break (LLD) and potential ascospore dose (PAD) were determined. In autumn, LD values ranged between 2.2 and 13.5 in the integrated orchards, while in the organic orchards the values were between 42.5 and 106.2, with especially high values in the Dutch organic orchard. LLD values ranged between 24 and 43% at bud break in both countries. PAD values were 10-60 times higher than those of the integrated orchards. The PAD values were between 673 and 4275 ascospore/m2 orchard floor in the integrated orchards, while in the organic orchards these values were 37102 and 52390 ascospore/m2 orchard floor, respectively. On the basis of the recorded primary inoculum quantity, the Dutch integrated apple orchard is considered to be excellently protected, while the Hungarian orchard has a medium level of protection. However, both countries’ organic orchards can be regarded overall as being very poorly protected. Accordingly, in the integrated orchards the predicted epidemic risk is low or medium, while in the organic orchards it is very high on the basis of PAD values.

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2

Tesfagergish, Amanuel, Ariam Ghebrebrhan, Rahel Temesghen, Rodas Dawit, and Gangapuram Sethumadhava Rao. "Prevalence and Assessment of Disease Incidence and Severity in Citrus Orchards of Sub Zoba Hamelmalo." Caribbean Journal of Science and Technology 09, no. 01 (2021): 62–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.55434/cbi.2021.9105.

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Citrus (Citrus spp. L.) production in Eritrea covers over 2409 ha of the land but the average potential of production is 91 q/ha to 150 -170 q/ha. This low yield might be due to lack of knowledge on management practices, adverse environmental factors and different diseases caused by various pathogens. Moreover, there is no proper recorded data on the identification of diseases on citrus and its intensity, hence, this survey: to identify the prevailed diseases; assessment of disease incidence, severity and calculate the ‘Area Under Disease Progress Curve’ (AUDPC). A survey was carried out in three orchards in each five citrus producing villages (Fredarb, Tsebabo, Hamelmalo, Wazntetand Genfelom) from sub-zoba Hamelmalo. The fungal diseases found on citrus were brown spot, sooty mold, gummosis, black spot, scab and melanose; the bacterial infection was canker; and viral diseases were leprosis and cholorotic dwarf. The highest percentage of disease incidence was recorded Fredarb with 77.16% and the lowest was found in Genfelom with 47.29 % in the same month. The highest percentage of diseases severity was found in Hamelmalo with 40.02%. On the other hand, the least percentage of disease severity was found in Genfelomwith 25.04%. The influence of epidemiological factors showed that they could be some of the reasons to develop and spread the mean disease incidence (65.6%) in February, 2018. The AUDPC was recorded highest (2829) in the orchard 3 of Hamelmalo, and lowest (1152) in orchard 3 of Tsebabo. A decreasing trend of temporal disease data from the first month to the third month was estimated in the orchard 2 and orchard 3 of Fredarb, orchard 2 of Genfelom, orchard 1 of Hamelmalo, all orchards of Tsebabo and in both orchard1 and 3 of Wazntet villages.

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3

Chroboková, E., J. Suchá, H. Ludvíková, and P. Lauterer. "Occurrence of potential vectors of phytoplasma in pear orchards with different plantation management." Horticultural Science 41, No. 3 (August 26, 2014): 107–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/77/2014-hortsci.

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During 2009–2011, regular captures of Cacopsylla pyri, C. pyrisuga and C. pyricola in four pear orchards (one conventional orchard, one integrated pest management (IPM) orchard, two organic orchards) were conducted in the Czech Republic. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests were performed on psyllids captured from the orchards with the highest occurrence of these insects. The DNA extracted from pairs of psyllid individuals was analysed by nested PCR (R16F2n/R2-fU5/rU3) and restriction fragment length polymorphism method (RFLP) (RsaI, BfmI). Two C. pyri individuals captured on 11/05/2011 in the IPM orchard tested positive for Ca. P. pyri. Ca. P. pyri presence was confirmed in 8 out of the 9 Cacopsylla samples tested by subsequent nested PCR (P1/P7- f01/r01). In 2010 a higher amount of C. pyri was captured in the conventional orchard during June/July and in the IPM orchard during March, May, June and July. In 2010 and 2011 no or lower psyllids presence was detected in the organic orchard No. 1 and in the organic orchard No. 2. It is important to control pear decline by controlling the vector of the disease.  

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4

Dafny-Yelin, Mery, Jehudith Clara Moy, Raphael A. Stern, Israel Doron, Miriam Silberstein, and Daphna Michaeli. "High-density ‘Spadona’ pear orchard shows reduced tree sensitivity to fire blight damage due to decreased tree vigour." Phytopathologia Mediterranea 60, no. 3 (November 15, 2021): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/phyto-12847.

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Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a severe disease of pear (Pyrus communis). Highly vigorous trees are more sensitive to E. amylovora damage after summer pruning. Trees grown in high-density orchards have lower vigour than those in low-density orchards, reducing required inputs for pruning and tying, and increasing per hectare yields orchard profitability. Tree damage due to fire blight was assessed in high-density pear orchards vs. the common Israeli low-density orchards. Pear trees were planted at high densities using the spindle system (2500 trees ha-1 for ‘Spadona’ and 1250 trees ha-1 for ‘Coscia’), or at low density (1000 trees ha-1) using palmeta (’Spadona’) or open vase (‘Coscia’) systems. Four years after planting, both orchards were similarly infected with fire blight (11–50 infected blossoms per tree), but 1 year after infection, trees in the high density orchard had blossoms infections in the main limbs or trunk bases compared to the low-density orchard. At 3 years after initial infection, no trees had died in the high density orchard, whereas in the low density ‘Spadona’ orchard, 10% of the trees were wilted. For the more tolerant ‘Coscia’, infection did not progress at either orchard density. These results indicate that in fire blight-susceptible pear cultivars, a high density planting system, associated with reduced tree vigour, presents a decreased risk of fire blight damage.

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5

González, Eugenia, and Turner B. Sutton. "Population Diversity within Isolates of Colletotrichum spp. Causing Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot of Apples in Three Orchards in North Carolina." Plant Disease 88, no. 12 (December 2004): 1335–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2004.88.12.1335.

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The population diversity within isolates of Glomerella cingulata and Colletotrichum spp. associated with Glomerella leaf spot and bitter rot of apples was studied in an orchard of cv. Granny Smith located in Wilkes County, NC, and one orchard each of cultivars Granny Smith and Gala located in Lincoln County, NC. Morphological characters and vegetative compatibility groups (VCGs) were used to determine diversity within the species. The relative frequencies of the morphological types found within each species in each orchard were also determined. G. cingulata was the predominant species associated with bitter rot in the three orchards and Glomerella leaf spot in the Gala orchard. In the three orchards, different morphological types were observed within isolates of G. cingulata and Colletotrichum acutatum, but not within isolates of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Isolates of C. gloeosporioides were not found in the orchard of cv. Granny Smith in Lincoln County. In the other two orchards, C. gloeosporioides represented the lowest proportion of the population. Three VCGs were found among isolates of G. cingulata (VCG-1, 2, and 6), two among isolates of C. gloeosporioides (VCG-9 and 10), and two among isolates of C. acutatum (VCG-15 and 16). VCGs 2, 6, 9, 10, 15, and 16 were found in the Granny Smith orchard in Wilkes County, VCGs 1, 2, and 6 in the Gala orchard in Lincoln County, and VCGs 2 and 6 in the Granny Smith orchard in Lincoln County. Differences in frequencies among the different morphological types found within the three orchards remained relatively similar throughout the season and from year to year, suggesting that the relative frequencies of G. cingulata, C. gloeosporioides, and C. acutatum remain stable in an orchard once the fungi are established.

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6

Powell, Gregory L., and Timothy L. White. "Cone and Seed Yields from Slash Pine Seed Orchards." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 18, no. 3 (August 1, 1994): 122–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/18.3.122.

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Abstract The Cooperative Forest Genetics Research Program (CFGRP) initiated a slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) in 1985 to quantify cone and seed yields of slash pine orchards in the cooperative program. First, historical data were obtained from CFGRP slash pine seed orchards. Secondly, starting in 1985, cultural treatments and production yield data have been collected annually from 56 slash pine seed orchards located throughout Florida, Georgia, and Alabama. The vast majority of these orchards are intensively managed for seed production including the use of fertilizer, herbicide, and up to 10 applications of insecticide annually. From 1980 through 1990, the average seed yield from mature orchards (orchards greater than 14 yr old) was 25.1 bushels of cones, and 27.3 lb of seed/ac. For pounds per acre, orchards reach 50% and 90% of full production at ages 11 and 18 yr from grafting, respectively. The use of insecticides in slash pine seed orchards approximately doubles orchard yields. The CFGRP slash pine seed orchard management recording system (SOMRS) can aid orchard managers in determining factors that limit or promote seed production. South. J. Appl. For. 18(3):122-127.

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7

Wells, M. Lenny. "Pecan Nutrient Element Status and Orchard Soil Fertility in the Southeastern Coastal Plain of the United States." HortTechnology 19, no. 2 (January 2009): 432–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.19.2.432.

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This survey addresses the current nutritional status of orchards typical of a large portion of the United States pecan (Carya illinoinensis) industry. A leaf nutrition and soil fertility survey was conducted for commercial orchards in a major production area of the U.S. pecan belt, which is located in southern Georgia. The study sampled pecan orchards from 18 July to 5 Aug. 2005 and 17 July to 3 Aug. 2008. All orchards had a history of commercial level orchard management, and represented a wide range of orchards typical of the region. Results indicate that southeastern U.S. pecan producers should focus their nutrient inputs on nitrogen (N), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and copper (Cu) as needed. The survey results show that leaf N can vary widely by season and among orchard locations. Evidence indicates that many growers could likely forego the soil application of phosphorous (P) and zinc (Zn) until leaf or soil analysis indicates a need. Orchard soil organic matter (SOM) in 2008 averaged 3.63%, and ranged from 1.74% on coarse-textured sandy soils to 5% on sandy loam soils. Both SOM and soil nitrate-N were higher in orchards using clover (Trifolium spp.) as a cool-season orchard groundcover than those using a grass sod only. The mean carbon:S ratio of Georgia pecan orchard soils was 504:1, which may further reduce tree uptake of S from low-S soils.

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8

Štefanić, Edita, Vesna Kovačević, Lea Jakovljević, Urška Kosić, Dinko Zima, and Alka Turalija. "Weed Community in a Conventionally-Grown Olive Orchard Vs. Weed Community in Consociation with Pyrethrum (Tanacetum cinerariifolium (Trevir.) Sch. Bip.)." Poljoprivreda 27, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 30–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.27.1.4.

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On the experimental plots of the Institute of Agriculture and Tourism in Poreč, weed communities were analyzed in a conventionally‐grown olive orchard and in consociation with pyrethrum. Phytocenological surveys were conducted in March, June, and September using the Braun-Blanquet Cover Abundance Scale. Altogether, 54 species of vascular plants were recognized in both orchards. However, in a conventionally‐grown olive orchard, 27 were identified, whereas 42 weed species were identified in consociation with pyrethrum. Only 15 weeds were common to both orchards. Between both olive orchards, significant differences existed regarding the floristic and community diversity metrics. In consociation with pyrethrum as a cover crop, olive orchard had a more stable weed community during the season, while two weed species, Mercurialis annuua L. and Medicago arabica (L.) Huds., dominated in a conventionally‐grown orchard in the fall. The weed communities in both orchards significantly differ considering the appearance season (spring, summer, and fall). An autumnal weed community in a conventionally‐grown olive orchard was more diverse, more abundant, and with a more distinct floristic composition than a weed community in the spring and summer periods. However, an olive‐orchard weed community in consociation with pyrethrum also differed regarding the season, but a Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) demonstrated a clear separation of a more diverse estival weed community than the one observed in the spring and summer.

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9

Dallot, Sylvie, Tim Gottwald, Gérard Labonne, and Jean-Bernard Quiot. "Factors Affecting the Spread of Plum pox virus Strain M in Peach Orchards Subjected to Roguing in France." Phytopathology® 94, no. 12 (December 2004): 1390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2004.94.12.1390.

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We evaluated the impact of roguing on the spread and persistence of the aggressive Plum pox virus strain M (PPV-M) in 19 peach orchard blocks in Southern France. During a 7- to 10-year period, orchards were visually inspected for PPV symptoms, and symptomatic trees were removed every year. Disease incidence was low in all orchards at disease discovery and was <1% in 16 of the 19 orchard blocks. The spread of Sharka disease was limited in all 19 blocks, with an annual disease incidence between 2 and 6%. However, new symptomatic trees were continuously detected, even after 7 to 10 years of uninterrupted control measures. An extended Cox model was developed to evaluate to what extent tree location, orchard characteristics, environment, and disease status within the vicinity influenced the risk of infection through time. Eleven variables with potential effect on tree survival (i.e., maintenance of a tree in a disease- free status through time) were selected from survey data and databases created using a geographical information system. Area of the orchard, density of planting, distance of a tree from the edge of the orchard block sharing a boundary with another diseased orchard, and distance to the nearest previously detected symptomatic tree had a significant effect on the risk for a tree to become infected through time. The combined results of this study suggest that new PPV-M infections within orchards subjected to roguing resulted from exogenous sources of inoculum, disease development of latent infected trees, as well as infected trees overlooked within the orchards during visual surveys. A revision of the survey and the roguing procedures used for more effective removal of potential sources of inoculum within the orchards and in the vicinity of the orchards would improve disease control suppression of PPV.

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10

Logan, D. P., B. J. Maher, and P. G. Connolly. "Increased numbers of earwigs (Forficula auricularia) in kiwifruit orchards are associated with fewer broadspectrum sprays." New Zealand Plant Protection 64 (January 8, 2011): 49–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2011.64.5955.

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European earwigs are sensitive to the residues of broadspectrum insecticides More earwigs are found on organicallymanaged than on conventionallymanaged kiwifruit orchards Since 2007 there have been changes in insecticide use on kiwifruit orchards In particular the broadspectrum insecticide diazinon was replaced by socalled reducedrisk insecticides In the current study earwig numbers were measured in nine conventionallymanaged and seven organicallymanaged orchards for 4 years (200607 to 200910) Numbers of earwigs on orchard blocks under organic management did not differ between years and were initially higher than on conventionallymanaged orchard blocks There was a trend for earwig numbers to increase on conventionallymanaged orchard blocks Earwig abundance decreased by approximately 60 with each spray application after allowing for differences between years

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11

Powers, H. R., and J. F. Kraus. "A Comparison of Fusiform Rust-Resistant Loblolly Pine Seed Sources." Southern Journal of Applied Forestry 10, no. 4 (November 1, 1986): 230–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/sjaf/10.4.230.

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Abstract A greenhouse inoculation study compared resistance to fusiform rust (Cronartium quercuum (Berk.) Miyabe ex Shirai f. sp. fusiforme) of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings derived from bulk seed produced in 4 rust-resistant seed orchards, 1 rust-resistant geographic seed source (Livingston Parish, LA), and a control treatment of improved loblolly from a first-generation production orchard. The rust-resistant orchards included 2 forest industry orchards developed from the most rust-resistant clones available within a tree improvement cooperative (1st generation), and both a clonal and a seedling seed orchard from the Georgia Forestry Commission-USDA Forest Service (GFC-USFS) program (2nd generation). The most resistant seedlings (61% rust free) were from the GFC-USFS seedling orchard. The Livingston Parish seedlings and those from the GFC-USFS clonal orchard had significant resistance, both groups being 44% rust free. One forest industry orchard was intermediate in resistance (34% rust free), whereas the second industry orchard was not significantly different from the controls, with 19 and 13% of the seedlings rust free, respectively. The results emphasize the value of increased selection pressure in the future production of highly rust-resistant seedlings with a broad genetic base, and demonstrates the gains that can be achieved in advanced generations. South. J. Appl. For. 10:230-232, Nov. 1986.

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12

Sofo, Adriano, Giuseppe Celano, Patrizia Ricciuti, Maddalena Curci, Bartolomeo Dichio, Cristos Xiloyannis, and Carmine Crecchio. "Changes in composition and activity of soil microbial communities in peach and kiwifruit Mediterranean orchards under an innovative management system." Soil Research 48, no. 3 (2010): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr09128.

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of 2 soil management systems, so called ‘innovative’ (INN) and ‘conventional’ (CON), on genetic and metabolic diversity of soil microbial communities of peach and kiwifruit orchards. INN system included minimum tillage, organic matter inputs from compost and cover crops, winter pruning, and adequate irrigation and fertilisation. CON system was characterised by conventional tillage, zero organic input, empirical pruning, strong chemical fertilisation, and excessive irrigation. After 4 years of treatments, soil samples were collected in different orchard sites. In peach and kiwifruit INN orchards, average fruit yields were significantly higher than in CON. INN orchards had a significantly higher total number of bacteria. The patterns of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of bacterial 16S rDNA/RNA from peach orchard showed differences between soils under drip emitters and along the inter-rows, whereas those from kiwifruit orchard clearly distinguished between INN and CON for both bacteria (16S rRNA) and fungi (18S rDNA/RNA). Shannon’s substrate diversity index, evaluated by Biolog® metabolic assay, was affected by soil treatment in peach orchard and by soil depth in kiwifruit orchard. Principal component analysis of Biolog® values clearly discriminated INN and CON soils of both orchards. The results revealed qualitative and quantitative changes of soil microbial communities in response to an innovative and sustainable soil management.

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13

McLaren, G. F., and P. A. Alspach. "The incidence of New Zealand flower thrips in stonefruit orchards between flowering and harvest." New Zealand Plant Protection 59 (August 1, 2006): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2006.59.4527.

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New Zealand flower thrips Thrips obscuratus (Crawford) (NZFT) feeds on the nectar and pollen of stonefruit flowers and was thought to then disappear from orchards for 23 months until the fruit ripen Aerial populations of NZFT were sampled in Central Otago orchards using white sticky traps Samples were taken in a peach orchard for 6 months from flowering until after harvest and in two cherry orchards for six weeks during harvest In all three orchards populations of NZFT reached high numbers in December In the peach block NZFT numbers peaked in December several weeks before the fruit began to ripen It was concluded that NZFT can live in stonefruit orchards probably feeding on newly emerged leaves of peaches or cherries or in the vegetation of the irrigated orchard floor Trapped thrips could also have come from other blocks within the larger orchard areas or from outside sources

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14

Khan, Nazish Huma, Mohammad Nafees, Tooba Saeed, Abdullah Khan, and Adila Bashir. "Accumulation and Translocation of Micro-Nutrients in Soil and Plants of Orchard and Non-Orchard Fields." Biological Sciences - PJSIR 63, no. 3 (November 13, 2020): 187–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52763/pjsir.biol.sci.63.3.2020.187.198.

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The present study was conducted in the Plum orchard zone of district Peshawar. The study was aimed to investigate the levels of different micronutrients in the orchard soil and crop in corresponding to non-orchards. For this purpose, samples of soil and seasonal crop (wheat crop) were collected from both orchard and non-orchard fields. The collected samples were analyzed for various metals such as Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd, Cr, Ni and Co through Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results showed that in orchard soils, mean concentrations of Mn (486.9 mg/Kg), Cu (81.66 mg/Kg), Cd (2.21 mg/Kg), Cr (54.2 mg/Kg) and Ni (27.9 mg/Kg) were observed above their allowable limits. Similarly, in orchard wheat crops, a higher accumulation of Fe (416.1 mg/Kg), Cu (18.6 mg/Kg), Cr (1.5 mg/Kg) and Cd (0.63 mg/Kg) was calculated in the wheat grain/seed part. In non-orchards, all metals were found at safe levels. Analysis of the irrigation water revealed higher limits of Mn (0.06 mg/L), Fe (1.94 mg/L), Cd (1.29 mg/L), Cr (3.14 mg/L) and Ni (1.23 mg/L). Geo-accumulation Index showed a moderate and heavy level of contamination in orchard soils (Igeo. <1, 2). Higher uptakes of Mn (0.81) and Cu (0.87) were calculated in wheat crops of orchards through Transfer Factor (TF). Based on the observations, it is concluded that metals enrichment in orchard fields can be attributed due to excessive applications of fungicide sprays, fertilizers and contaminated water sources that introduce trace-elements into the soil and are subsequently absorbed by plants. Therefore, it is considered important to take appropriate measures to monitor the soils, crops and water for different micronutrients.

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Mahmud, Kare, Paula Ibell, Carole Wright, Zac Scobell, John Wilkie, and Ian Bally. "Light Relation in Intensive Mango Orchards." Proceedings 36, no. 1 (March 8, 2020): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2019036122.

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The amount of light intercepted by a tree and its distribution within the canopy is critical in optimizing tree photosynthesis efficiency, carbon partitioning and productivity. Here we compare light relations in experimental high-density mango orchard systems with current commercial orchards. A baseline study of current commercial mango orchards showed a maximum light interception of approximately 67% was reached in trees aged between 26-31 years old, with canopy volume of approximately 15,187 m3/ha. Light interception did not significantly increase beyond 67% regardless of increase in canopy volume per hectare or the increase in orchard age. In these conventional orchards, maximum yields were reached approximately 16 t/ha when light interception was around 49% and as light interception increased above 49%, yields declined. In the high density orchard systems, light interception increased with canopy volume, with high density systems intercepting more available light than medium and low density orchard systems. In 5 year old high-density, espalier trained trees with approximately 5000 m3/ha canopy volume, yields reached close to 50 t/ha at 40% light interception. Trees trained as single leader or espalier had more evenly distributed light in the inner canopy compared to conventionally closed vase trained trees. in current commercial orchards, increasing the canopy volume and light interception above the maximums noted above had no benefit to increase economic returns whereas in high density mango orchards with alternate tree training, yields increases more than four times early in the orchards development. Further productivity gains are likely as the experimental high density have yet to fill their allocated space in the orchard.

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Kline, Olivia, Ngoc T. Phan, Mitzy F. Porras, Joshua Chavana, Coleman Z. Little, Lilia Stemet, Roshani S. Acharya, et al. "Biology, Genetic Diversity, and Conservation of Wild Bees in Tree Fruit Orchards." Biology 12, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010031.

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Different species of bees provide essential ecosystem services by pollinating various agricultural crops, including tree fruits. Many fruits and nuts depend on insect pollination, primarily by wild and managed bees. In different geographical regions where orchard crops are grown, fruit growers rely on wild bees in the farmscape and use orchard bees as alternative pollinators. Orchard crops such as apples, pears, plums, apricots, etc., are mass-flowering crops and attract many different bee species during their bloom period. Many bee species found in orchards emerge from overwintering as the fruit trees start flowering in spring, and the active duration of these bees aligns very closely with the blooming time of fruit trees. In addition, most of the bees in orchards are short-range foragers and tend to stay close to the fruit crops. However, the importance of orchard bee communities is not well understood, and many challenges in maintaining their populations remain. This comprehensive review paper summarizes the different types of bees commonly found in tree fruit orchards in the fruit-growing regions of the United States, their bio-ecology, and genetic diversity. Additionally, recommendations for the management of orchard bees, different strategies for protecting them from multiple stressors, and providing suitable on-farm nesting and floral resource habitats for propagation and conservation are discussed.

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Potter, Marisa T., Richard J. Heerema, Jill Schroeder, Jamshid Ashigh, Dawn VanLeeuwen, and Cheryl Fiore. "Mature Pecan Orchard Floor Vegetation Management: Impacts on Tree Water Status, Nutrient Content, and Nut Production." HortScience 47, no. 6 (June 2012): 727–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.47.6.727.

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Pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] growers are advised to control orchard floor vegetation when establishing new orchards, but there is not a set recommendation for vegetation control in mature orchards. The objective of this study was to measure the effect of orchard floor vegetation on water and nitrogen (N) status of flood-irrigated mature pecan trees. Four treatments studied were: completely vegetated orchard floor, vegetation-free inner area directly under the tree canopy with vegetation in the outer area, completely vegetation-free, and vegetated inner area under the canopy with a vegetation-free outer area. Treatments were organized as a 2 × 2 factorial structure with inner and outer treatment factors, both with levels vegetated and vegetation-free. Soil moisture and tree midday stem water potential (MSWP) were measured during irrigation cycles to evaluate the development of water stress in the pecan trees. Soil moisture data showed a significant outer main effect when the soil in the entire orchard was the driest, that is, just before irrigation events. Areas with vegetation cover that were exposed to full sun were significantly drier than shaded vegetated areas and vegetation-free areas in the orchard floor. However, this was not correlated with differences in tree water status as indicated by MSWP. Leaf tissue and soil analyses showed no significant differences in N concentrations among treatments in either year. Treatments with orchard floor vegetation in the outer area had significantly higher yield efficiency and marginally significant improvements in percent kernel fill and number of nuts per kilogram. Our findings suggest that there may be more benefits to maintaining orchard floor vegetation in mature orchards than were previously acknowledged.

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18

Chaloupková, Kateřina, Jan Stejskal, Yousry El-Kassaby, John Frampton, and Milan Lstibůrek. "Current Advances in Seed Orchard Layouts: Two Case Studies in Conifers." Forests 10, no. 2 (January 24, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10020093.

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Currently, there has been an increasing demand on seed orchard designs with respect to mitigating inbreeding in advanced generations or facing severe mortality at sites. Optimum Neighborhood Algorithm design (ONA) excels in solving these issues, as shown in two case studies. The first demonstrates the application of the ONA for populating empty positions in an existing orchard. Following this concept, the ONA can be used for upgrading existing orchards, where only high-value parents are retained and new parents are introduced, thus avoiding the genetic penalty associated with the establishment of new-generation seed orchards. The second illustrates benefits of combining the ONA with the Minimum Inbreeding (MI) seed orchard design. Utilizing the MI, distances among clonal rows of selected clones were maximized on the orchard grid while the remaining single-tree positions were populated by ONA.

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19

Praslička, J., and A. Barteková. "Occurrence of predatory mites of the Phytoseiidae family on apple-trees in integrated and ecological orchards." Plant Protection Science 44, No. 2 (July 20, 2008): 57–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/7/2008-pps.

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During the 2005–2007, we identified six species of predatory mites in the integrated and an ecological orchard: Phytoseius echinus, Phytoseius macropilis, Euseius finlandicus, Typhlodromus pyri, Paraseiulus triporus and Amblyseius andersoni. The species Phytoseius echinus, Euseius finlandicus and Typhlodromus pyri occurred in both orchards. Phytoseius echinus was dominant especially in the ecological orchard, where its abundance was almost 60% of the overall number of detected mites. The number of all predatory mites differed considerably in the orchards; there was a higher abundance in the ecological orchard. Euseius finlandicus abundance was 38.32% in the integrated orchard and almost 17.61% in the ecological orchard. Typhlodromus pyri abundance was 17.96% in the integrated orchard and 13.63% in the ecological orchard. Paraseiulus triporus, Amblyseius andersoni and Phytoseius macropilis were less abundant.

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20

Trimble, R. M., and E. A. C. Hagley. "EVALUATION OF MASS TRAPPING FOR CONTROLLING THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER BLANCARDELLA (FABR.) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)." Canadian Entomologist 120, no. 2 (February 1988): 101–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4039/ent120101-2.

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AbstractMass trapping for control of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Fabr.), was evaluated during 1986 in one experimental orchard near Jordan Station, Ont., and in three commercial orchards in Norfolk County, Ont. Multi-Pher II® traps were used to trap adult males, and Vineland traps were used to monitor adult activity and to obtain a measure of the effect of mass trapping on adult male abundance. In the experimental orchard, Vineland trap catches were similar in the trapped and control plots. In two of the three commercial orchards Vineland trap catches were significantly smaller in the trapped plots during one of the three yearly activity periods. Pre-adult leafminer density was significantly lower in the trapped than in the control plots on three of the seven sample dates in the experimental orchard whereas in the commerical orchards, where up to 91 times as many adult males were trapped per plot per activity period, pre-adult density was significantly lower in the trapped plots only in one orchard on one sample date.

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21

Bueno, R., and Jay D. Stone. "APHELINUS PERPALLIDUS PARASITISM OF MONELLIA CARYELLA POPULATIONS IN FAR WEST TEXAS1." Journal of Entomological Science 20, no. 3 (July 1, 1985): 325–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.3.325.

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In 1981 and 1982, a survey was conducted to determine the impact of the parasite, Aphelinus perpallidus (Gahan), on populations of the blackmargined aphid, Monellia caryella (Fitch), in far west Texas. Parasitism did have a moderate impact on aphid populations in most of the orchards sampled in El Paso County. In 1981, peak percentage parasitism ranged from 6% in the Fabens orchard to 17% in the El Paso orchard. In 1982 peak percentage parasitism generally increased and ranged from 25% in the El Paso orchard to 30% in the Ysleta and Tornillo orchards. Further information on the phenology of A. perpallidus from each site is presented.

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22

Godt, M. J. W., J. L. Hamrick, M. A. Edwards-Burke, and J. H. Williams. "Comparisons of genetic diversity in white spruce (Picea glauca) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana) seed orchards with natural populations." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 6 (June 1, 2001): 943–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-024.

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Genetic diversity within a white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seed orchard (consisting of 40 clones) and a jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) seed orchard (31 clones) was assessed and compared with genetic diversity in natural populations within the source area for the orchards. Genetic diversity was determined at 18 allozyme loci for seven white spruce populations and 27 loci for five jack pine populations, and the two orchards. Gene diversity maintained within the seed orchards (He = 0.157 for white spruce and 0.114 for jack pine) was similar to that found within the source area for each species (He = 0.164 and 0.114 for white spruce and jack pine, respectively). However, nine white spruce alleles and 12 jack pine alleles identified in the source area were not present in the seed orchards. These alleles occurred at low frequencies in the natural populations (mean frequency = 0.023 and 0.014 for white spruce and jack pine, respectively). Mean genetic identities between the seed orchards and their natural populations were high (>0.99), indicating that common allele occurrences and frequencies were similar between the orchards and their source area. One allele in the white spruce orchard and two in the jack pine seed orchard did not occur within the natural population samples. Simulations indicated that randomly reducing the number of clones within the seed orchards would decrease allelic richness slightly but would have little effect on overall gene diversity.

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23

Burcaw, Jeffrey W., Bruce W. Wood, and Michael W. Pool. "620 PB 328 MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF INTERTREE SHADING IN HEDGEROW AND NON-INTERSECTING CANOPY ORCHARD SYSTEMS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON OPTIMAL ORCHARD DESIGN." HortScience 29, no. 5 (May 1994): 521b—521. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.29.5.521b.

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The authors have developed a mathematical model designed for shade-intolerant tree crops which describes the amount of intertree shading in an orchard. These data are used to formulate an optimal orchard design based on shading reduction in orchards for any tree crop during any developmental window at any global location for either continuous canopy hedgerows or non-intersecting canopies for several different orchard geometries. Variables include tree shape, orchard geometry intertree spacing, row orientation, time and day of year, and geographical coordinates. Optimal orchard designs are based upon the total amount of unshaded canopy surface per unit area which each orchard configuration confers. Results indicate extensive variability of intertree shading between hedgerow and non-intersecting canopies to be largely a function of latitude, regardless of other variables.

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24

Shaw, P. W., D. R. Wallis, and D. J. Rogers. "The impact of early season insecticides on biological control of apple leafcurling midge (Dasineura mali)." New Zealand Plant Protection 56 (August 1, 2003): 164–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.30843/nzpp.2003.56.6036.

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The fate of apple leafcurling midge (ALCM Dasineura mali) egg batches was monitored in spring 2003 at two apple orchards in Riwaka near Motueka Orchard A had received prebloom insecticide applications of chlorpyrifos and carbaryl for fruit thinning each season since 2000 Orchard B substituted these chemicals with the selective insecticide buprofezin and used benzyladenine for fruit thinning over the same period Predation and parasitism of ALCM eggs at orchard B resulted in lower survival of larvae and less damage to shoots compared to orchard A Ninety percent of ALCM larvae at orchard B were parasitised by Platygaster demades compared with only 3 at orchard A Heavy infestation of shoots by second generation midge larvae at orchard A resulted in premature termination of 69 of growing shoot tips These results suggest that nonselective early season insecticides used in pipfruit spray programmes may disrupt biological control of ALCM

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25

Alan, Murat, Selim Kaplan, Turgay Ezen, and Rumi Sabuncu. "The effects of top pruning on growth and production of conelets and cones in Pinus brutia Ten seed orchards of different ages." Šumarski list 142, no. 5-6 (June 28, 2018): 269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31298/sl.142.5-6.1.

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In economic and biological terms (rapid growth, the ability to produce seeds at an early age, etc.) Pinus brutia Ten. is one the most important forest tree species in Turkey. Considerable progress has been made in Pinus brutia Ten. breeding program and both phenotypical and according to the results of progeny trials, totaling 615-hectare seed orchardshas been established. Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchardshas reached 43% of the total orchard area and covered the largest area. To acquire information on the management of seed orchards, top pruning has been carried out on three Pinus brutia Ten. seed orchards of different ages (old, middle-aged and young). Two top pruning regimes were applied in these three seed orchards, once in 2008 to the old orchard, while a single topping regime was applied in 2008 and 2012 to the middle-aged and young orchards.Each year, the height, diameter at breast height, and bi-directional crown diameter were measured, and all conelets and cones on ramets were counted beforeand after pruning. At the end of four years, control ramets in old and young seed orchards had higher values of height, diameter at breast height, and volume indexcompared to the middle-aged orchard. On the other hand, even though the control ramets in the middle-aged seed orchard reached a greater height, pruned ramets reached a greater volume index and diameter at breast height. While the height differences observed between control and pruned ramets in all seed orchards at the beginning eventually decreased, it was observed that the heights of pruned ramets grew proportionally larger. No difference was founded between the control and pruned ramets in terms of cone and conelet production. Pruning intervals and regimes varied in old, middle-aged and young seed orchards, and it was acknowledgedthat top pruning could be used for old, middle-aged and young seed orchard managements.

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26

Chouinard, Gérald, Francine Pelletier, and Charles Vincent. "Pest Activity and Protection Practices: Four Decades of Transformation in Quebec Apple Orchards." Insects 12, no. 3 (February 25, 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12030197.

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A group of commercial orchards from Quebec (Canada) was followed from 1977 to 2019 as part of a project to implement Integrated Pest Management (IPM) practices. Collected data comprised activity of major fruit pests (from monitoring traps), fruit damage at harvest and pesticide applications, from which the annual costs and impacts of protection programs over 42 years were calculated. Activity and fruit damage in commercial orchards were compared to patterns observed in a reference insecticide-free orchard. Some insects (European apple sawfly, codling moth, apple maggot) were more prevalent in the insecticide-free orchard than in commercial orchards, while others were more prevalent in commercial orchards (oblique-banded leafroller) or as prevalent in both orchard types (tarnished plant bug). Annual fruit damage in the insecticide-free orchard was mostly from the apple maggot (up to 98%), the plum curculio (up to 90%) and the codling moth (up to 58%). The average situation was different in commercial orchards, whose damage was mostly from the plum curculio (up to 7.6%), the tarnished plant bug (up to 7.5%) and the oblique-banded leafroller (up to 1.7%). While the number of registered pesticides, the number of applications and the total cost of pesticides gradually increased from 2002 to 2019, the risks incurred, as measured by indicators of environmental and health impacts, followed a downward trend for insecticides and acaricides and varied slightly for fungicides.

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27

El-Kassaby, Y. A., M. U. Stoehr, D. Reid, C. G. Walsh, and T. E. Lee. "Clonal-row versus random seed orchard designs: interior spruce mating system evaluation." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 37, no. 3 (March 2007): 690–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x06-248.

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Mating system pattern (selfing or outcrossing and correlated matings levels) comparisons between two interior spruce seed orchard designs (clonal-row and random) managed under intensive crown and pollen management were conducted. Crown manipulation consisted of tree topping and branch pruning, while pollen management involved multiple supplemental mass-pollination applications during peak seed-cone reproductive receptivity and pollen agitation using helicopters. Significant differences between orchards’ multilocus outcrossing rate estimates were observed, and both estimates significantly departed from complete outcrossing (t = 1.0). Clonal arrangements in the clonal-row design permitted higher chances for selfing (t = 0.948) in comparison with those of the random design (t = 0.989). Intensive pollen management, while effective, still produced a minor component of selfing. Both orchard designs produced similar individual tree's outcrossing rate trends with the majority showing high outcrossing, while few individuals showed high selfing propensity. Estimates of correlated mating varied substantially between the two seed orchard designs with 9.3% and 4.3% for the clonal-row and random seed orchards, respectively. While small but significant differences in the genetic quality of the seed crops were observed between the two orchard designs, the establishment of clonal-row seed orchards should be given serious considerations specifically under committed pollen and crown management. The ease of crop and orchard management in the clonal-row design outweighs the observed differences in the seed crop genetic quality. A slight modification to the clonal-row design is proposed and is expected to reduce the observed minor genetic quality differences between the two orchard designs.

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28

Rizzo, D. M., E. C. Whiting, and R. B. Elkins. "Spatial Distribution of Armillaria mellea in Pear Orchards." Plant Disease 82, no. 11 (November 1998): 1226–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.11.1226.

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Pears have traditionally been considered to be highly resistant to Armillaria root disease (causal agent: Armillaria mellea). In recent years, however, the incidence of Armillaria root disease in pears has increased in California. To determine the spatial distribution of Armillaria root disease in the field, a total of 156 isolates of Armillaria were collected from dead and dying pear trees located within two orchards in Lake County. All isolates from these two orchards, as well as from an additional 10 pear orchards, were identified as Armillaria mellea sensu stricto. Based on pairings among 102 Armillaria isolates, four somatic incompatibility groups (SIGs) were identified at orchard 1. Three of the four SIGs at this site were over 100 m in length; the largest SIG was at least 200 m in length. Pairings among 54 isolates identified five SIGs at orchard 2. The SIGs at orchard 2 were generally smaller than those detected at orchard 1 and ranged from 20 to 60 m in length. The size of the SIGs points toward long-term establishment of the fungus on the two sites, most likely predating the establishment of the pear orchards. Extensive root excavations of 19 trees indicated that the primary means of secondary spread of Armillaria was via rhizomorphs, as opposed to root-to-root contact.

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29

Guo, Li-Yun, Themis J. Michailides, and David P. Morgan. "Survival of Mucor piriformis in Soil of Apple Orchards in California." Plant Disease 83, no. 2 (February 1999): 189–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.2.189.

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Four apple orchards were sampled periodically in 1995 and 1996 to determine the population levels of Mucor piriformis, the causal agent of Mucor rot. The highest population, 119 propagules of M. piriformis per g of dry soil, occurred during winter. Populations declined during summer and fall and increased again in winter and early spring of the following year. Isolates from soil and apple fruit of these orchards contained +, −, and neuter mating types, with the + being the predominant mating type. Depending on the orchard, up to 27.7% of apples infected by M. piriformis had zygospores developed on them. The time of increase in M. piriformis populations corresponded with postharvest drop and decay of apples on the orchard floor. Experiments were carried out to compare changes in M. piriformis populations in soil with intact fruit left on the orchard floor, sliced fruit, or after removal of fruit from the orchard. The greatest numbers of M. piriformis occurred in soil with apple pieces, followed by soil with intact apples, and the lowest in soil without apples. Results suggest that the best time to sample soils to determine the occurrence of M. piriformis in California apple orchards is from January to March, and practices of flail-mowing the orchard floor after harvest may increase population levels of M. piriformis in soil.

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30

Ben-Hamo, Miriam, David Ezra, Helena Krasnov, and Lior Blank. "Spatial and Temporal Dynamics of Mal Secco Disease Spread in Lemon Orchards in Israel." Phytopathology® 110, no. 4 (April 2020): 863–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-06-19-0195-r.

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Mal Secco is a severe disease of citrus in which the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphilus (formerly Phoma tracheiphila) penetrates the vascular system of the host. In this study, we characterized the spatial dynamics of the disease in seven lemon orchards. A representative block of trees from each orchard was evaluated monthly during 3 consecutive years. In addition, scouts assessed disease severity in 75 orchards from three different geographical regions and tested for association between disease severity and measures of orchard management, environmental factors, cultural practices, and cultivar type. We assessed disease incidence and characteristics of spatial patterns using Ripley’s K function and fitted logistic regression models for different neighboring tree structures followed by model selection methods to provide insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of disease progress. We found different rates of disease spread in different orchards, which are most likely the result of differences in orchard management practices or less likely the result of differences in climatic conditions. There was an indication that agricultural tools contribute to spread of the disease within rows of trees. The results confirm that the lemon cultivar Interdonato is less susceptible compared with other citrus cultivars, and they suggest that the density of urban terrain surrounding each orchard is positively correlated with the severity of the disease. In contrast to our expectations, no correlation was found between the density of lemon orchards surrounding an orchard and the severity of the disease within it, which corroborates previous findings regarding the limited distribution of the disease.

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31

Wood, Bruce W., and Robert D. Marquard. "Estimates of Self-pollination in Pecan Orchards in the Southeastern United States." HortScience 27, no. 5 (May 1992): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.27.5.406.

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Self-pollination was estimated in three Georgia pecan [Carya illinoinensis (Wangenh.) K. Koch] orchards. Selfing in two large orchards lacking an interplanted complementary pollinizer (one orchard being comprised of `Curtis' and the other `Moneymaker') was estimated to be at least 3% and 49%, respectively. A `Cheyenne' orchard containing `Stuart' as a complementary pollinizer at 5% density was estimated to have had at least 14% and 42% of ripened nuts derived from selfing in two consecutive years. These estimates suggest self-pollination may reduce yield in pecan orchards in the southeastern United States.

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32

Bualek, Punnee. "The Chinese Hokkien People and the Orchard Development in Bang Kho Laem in the Past." MANUSYA 17, no. 2 (2014): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01702005.

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In this article the writer attempts to provide the answers to two questions. These are: 1) Why did the Chinese Hokkien people come to practice orchard gardening in Bang Kho Laem? 2) How were these Chinese Hokkien people able to create these praiseworthy orchards? The researcher surveyed the total number of orchards belonging to the Chinese Hokkien people in this area and conducted in-depth interviews with five households of Chinese Hokkien orchard gardeners.

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33

McFadyen, L. M., S. G. Morris, M. A. Oldham, D. O. Huett, N. M. Meyers, J. Wood, and C. A. McConchie. "The relationship between orchard crowding, light interception, and productivity in macadamia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 55, no. 10 (2004): 1029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar04069.

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Orchard crowding in the macadamia industry is common and there has been concern that it reduces yield and quality. To investigate this we monitored yield, nut quality, tree volume, and light interception in macadamia orchards (Macadamia integrifolia Maiden and Betche) that represented a range in crowding. The predicted rate of change in yield/ha with time remained positive, i.e. yield increased over time, for orchards with crowding levels up to a tree volume of 43 500 m3/ha and light interception of 94%. There was a trend for the rate of yield change to decrease with increasing tree volume/ha. For orchards with tree volume >43 500 m3/ha the rate was negative, indicating a slight decline in yield over time. There was no evidence of a detrimental effect of orchard crowding on percentage kernel recovery, unsound kernel, or grade 1 kernel. It appears that macadamia, unlike many other orchard crops, can maintain yield and quality up to a high level of orchard crowding. The implication of this is that timing of canopy management and optimum canopy dimensions will be dictated by management requirements for machinery access and effective spray coverage before yield decline becomes an issue.

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34

Zhu, Yaohui, Guijun Yang, Hao Yang, Jintao Wu, Lei Lei, Fa Zhao, Lingling Fan, and Chunjiang Zhao. "Identification of Apple Orchard Planting Year Based on Spatiotemporally Fused Satellite Images and Clustering Analysis of Foliage Phenophase." Remote Sensing 12, no. 7 (April 8, 2020): 1199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12071199.

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Анотація:

The planting year of apple orchard not only determines the fruit output but also provides information for the governmental management of the fruit industry. However, considering that different orchards use different management and cultivation methods, this may result in some trees having similar outlines but different planting years, and it is, therefore, difficult to effectively determine the actual planting year based on textural or structural characteristics. Therefore, the monitoring method provided in this paper is not to monitor the growing year positively from the planting of orchard seedlings but to use time series remote sensing data to reverse determine the continuous growth age of each existing orchard. The city of Qixia, Shandong Province, China, was used as a case study. Firstly, the spatial distribution of apple orchards was accurately extracted using the Sentinel-2 normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) spatiotemporally fused images and phenological vegetation information. Secondly, using region of interest (ROI) data for different vegetation types obtained from a field survey, NDVI time series were extracted from the Sentinel-2 NDVI spatiotemporally fused image. Among them, three characteristic phenological periods were selected, and the NDVI time series for apple orchards was used as a template to extract the apple orchard distribution area from 2000 to 2017. Then, the distribution area of apple orchards was defined as the area of interest in the planting year, combined with the Landsat NDVI time series image composed of three characteristic phenological periods each year from 2000 to 2017, and the apple orchard phenological curve. Subsequently, a Euclidean distance (ED) method was used to calculate the distribution area of apple orchards for each year between 2000 and 2017. Finally, a pixel-by-pixel inverse time series calculation method was used to obtain the planting year of apple orchards in the study area. This study provides a new way to accurately identify the planting year of apple orchards using satellite remote sensing images.

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35

Poudel, Ashutosh, Rishi Ram Kattel, and Gaurav Adhikari. "Factors influencing adoption of major orchard management practices in mandarin orange of Gorkha: A case from mid-hills of Nepal." Archives of Agriculture and Environmental Science 6, no. 3 (September 25, 2021): 295–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.26832/24566632.2021.060305.

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Анотація:

The mid-hills of Nepal have immense potential for mandarin orange production. However, its productivity is declining over the years despite an increasing trend in the cultivated area. Since the proper adoption of orchard management practices has been associated with increased productivity, it is, therefore, an imminent requirement to sustain the mandarin orange production for long in the country. Therefore, a research survey was carried out to assess the adoption of major orchard management practices and identify factors affecting its adoption so that the insights from this finding would provide potential policy implications for the rejuvenation of the declining orchards. Altogether, 93 households from Gandaki and Sahid Lakhan Rural municipalities, as well as Gorkha Municipality from Gorkha district were chosen for the study using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with a semi-structured interview which was analyzed using SPSS and Stata software. A seemingly unrelated regression (SUR) logit model was used for triangulating the effect of different variables on the adoption of major mandarin orange orchard management practices. The findings revealed that nearly two-third of the households reported citrus decline in their orchards. Further, the adoption of major orchard management practices was mostly found driven by regular access to extension agents, and the income generated from agriculture. Nevertheless, the adoption was plagued by the prevalence of citrus decline in the orchard. In light of these findings, participatory training programs related to the rejuvenation of declining orchards, regular advisory and extension services, and input subsidies to the smallholding farmers are suggested so that the adoption of major orchard management practices gets increased among the mandarin orange farmers.

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36

Xing, Jun Jun, Shan Jun Li, and Yan Lin Zhang. "Main Parameters Calculation and Performance Test of 7YGS-45 Type Self-Propelled Dual-Track Orchard Transport." Advanced Materials Research 499 (April 2012): 232–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.232.

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Анотація:

Targeting mountain orchards, which slope from 25 degrees to 45 degrees, the 7YGS-45 type self-propelled dual-track orchard transport was developed. Through designing，optimize the following key parameters such as power consumption、running speed、turning radius and slope angle, and have real operation performance test for dual-track orchard transport. The test shows that the transport’s maximum climbing slope is 47°, minimum turning radius is 8m, and it can satisfy the steady running with the speed of 1.1m/s-1.3m/s and capacity of 300kg. The 7YGS-45 type self-propelled dual-track orchard transport is not only suitable for transporting the fruits and fertilizers in mountain orchards, but also can be equipped with spraying and pruning machines to work.

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37

Nagy, Péter Tamás. "Makro- és mikroelem-tartalom összehasonlítása almaültetvények talajában." Agrokémia és Talajtan 54, no. 3-4 (September 1, 2005): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/agrokem.54.2005.3-4.10.

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Анотація:

In a three-year study carried out at the Debrecen-Pallagi nursery of the University of Debrecen, the nutrient contents, humus content and pH of the soil were determined in integrated and organic apple orchards established on brown forest soil with thin interstratified layers of colloid and sesquioxide accumulation. The organic orchard was only given organic manure (50 t/ha) in spring 2000 and 2002, while the integrated orchard was treated with 250 kg/ha complex NPK fertilizer (16.5-16.5-16.5) every year between 1997 and 2003 after the leaves had fallen. An additional 50 kg/ha N active agent as NH 4 NO 3 was applied every year, while 4 t/ha lime fertilizer (carbonation mud) was provided in autumn 2002 and 25 t/ha organic manure in November 2003. In 2004 no fertilizer was given to either orchard. The available forms of N (NO 3- , NH 4+ , organic N and total N) and P (ortho-, organic and total-PO 43- ) were determined after extraction with 0.01 M CaCl 2 , while the Ca, Mg and microelement (Mn, Cu, Zn) content of the soil was extracted with NH 4 -acetate +EDTA (Lakanen-Erviö extractant). Potassium was measured in both extractants. The results showed that the inorganic, organic and total soluble nitrogen in the soil were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated orchard than in the organic one. It was found that the quantity and ratio of the organic N fraction was comparable with that of the inorganic N forms. The ortho- phosphate and total P fractions were significantly higher (P = 0.05) in the integrated apple orchard than in the organic orchard, while there was no significant difference in the organic P quantity. The potassium data showed that both the integrated and organic orchards contained a satisfactory amount of adsorbed K in spite of the poor colloid content and high soil acidity. The Ca, Mg, Co and Zn contents of the integrated soils were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than in the organic orchard. For Mn, however, no substantial difference was found between the integrated and organic orchards. With the exception of Mn, the nutrient concentrations reflected the differences in the nutrient management of the integrated and organic apple orchards.

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38

Stutte, G. W., and C. A. Stutte. "Use of Near-Infrared video for Localizing Nitrogen Stress in Peach Orchards." HortTechnology 2, no. 2 (April 1992): 224–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.2.2.224.

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Computer analysis of airborne, broad-band, near-infrared (NIR, 710 to 1100 nm) video imagery of peach tree canopies was used to determine spatial variability of cumulative stress in two peach orchards. A significant quadratic correlation was found between leaf-N content and the normalized mean pixel intensity (MPI) of the digital imagery of NIR canopy reflectance. This correlation was used to establish MPI estimates of N-stressed trees in the orchard. The relationship was used to localize site-specific spatial variability in a commercial peach orchard. The underlying soil type was found to be closely associated with the spatial variability in NIR imagery in the commercial peach orchard. Assessing spatial variability in the orchard with NIR video permits early localization of potentially low productivity regions within an orchard.

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39

Reissig, H., D. H. Dunham, and C. Smith. "Apple, Comparison of Insecticides Against Oblr, 1996." Arthropod Management Tests 22, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 27–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/amt/22.1.27.

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Abstract Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 100 gallons of water/acre to 0.25 acre plots of apple trees in 2 orchards: (1) ‘Idared’ trees (Brown orchard), which were about 15 years old, 12 ft high, and planted 19 by 27 ft apart and ‘Delicious’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were about 8 ft high and planted 11 X 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design and replicated twice in each orchard.

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40

MACAVEI, Laura, Ion OLTEAN, Teodora FLORIAN, Mircea VARGA, Viorel MITRE, and Cristina SOPORAN. "Monitoring European Cherry Fruit Fly (Rhagoletis Cerasi L.) Through Vizual Traps." Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Agriculture 70, no. 2 (November 26, 2013): 443–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/buasvmcn-agr:9808.

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Rhageletis cerasi (L.) is the most important pest in cherry orchards and itâ€™s attak can affect the quality of fruit on a large percentage (45-100%). The European cherry fruit fly is prezent in all cherry and sweet cherry orchards, therefore monitoring this population is required as an element of integrated protection. The aim of this study is to establish population dynamics in Cluj area. Adult flight was monitored twice a week on yellow sticky panels. Traps were placed in different parts of the orchard. The first captures were recorded in May 29, with a number of 4 adults/orchard and in 24 June we recorded the maximum number, 89 adults/orchard. By monitoring population dynamics we can determine the correct time for application of chemical treatments.

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41

Schaffer, Bruce, Kirk D. Larson, George H. Snyder, and Charles A. Sanchez. "Identification of Mineral Deficiencies Associated with Mango Decline by DRIS." HortScience 23, no. 3 (June 1988): 617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.23.3.617.

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Abstract The Diagnostic Recommendation and Integrated System (DRIS) approach was used to identify mineral deficiencies associated with mango decline (a disorder of unknown etiology) of ‘Tommy Atkins’ mango (Mangifera indica L.) trees in the field. Nutrient deficiencies associated with decline were related to the nutrition of entire orchards and not to the nutrient status of individual trees within an orchard. The nutrient imbalance index (NII) was higher for trees in the orchards with the largest percentage of declined trees compared with the healthy orchard. The most deficient elements in orchards with declining trees according to DRIS were Mn, Fe, or a combination of both elements. The concentration of these elements was below the critical value in two of the three declined orchards sampled. Magnesium concentration was generally higher in declined orchards than in healthy orchards. Phosphorus had the most negative DRIS index, but the concentration was still above the critical value in an orchard that contained no declined trees. DRIS determinations from potted trees showing no mineral deficiency symptoms in a previous study also showed P to have the most negative DRIS index. DRIS, when used along with sufficiency ranges, appears to be a useful approach for identifying nutritional deficiencies involved in a mango decline.

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42

Li, Wei, Xiaoru Wang, and Yue Li. "Variation in Floral Phenological Synchronization in a Clonal Seed Orchard of Pinus tabuliformis in Northeast of China." Silvae Genetica 61, no. 1-6 (December 1, 2012): 133–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sg-2012-0017.

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Abstract Flowering phenology in an orchard is a crucial factor affecting the gene exchange among clones and consequently changing genetic composition of the seed crop. Pinus tabuliformis is now at the crucial period from first generation clonal seed orchards to advanced generation seed orchards in China. In this study, variation and stability in floral phenological synchronization of all the clones and possible mating pairs, in terms of an index of phenological overlap, were observed in a first generation clonal seed orchard which located in northeast of China. Results showed that significant variations occurred in the clones and mating pairs. This kind of variation was apparently related with temperature and humidity of the research site. With increasing age, levels of flowering synchronization were likely to rise in the clones and mating pairs. In general, the average flowering synchronization of male parents was slightly higher than that of female parents, female management in a seed orchard should be paied more attention. Flowering time was under strong genetic control and this genetic control was stronger in the female flowering process than of the males in terms of board sense heritability and year to year correlation analysis. Flowering synchronization of female parents was positively correlated between most years and can be a reliable reference for early and late predication in Pinus tabuliformis seed orchard during stage of initial seed harvest to stable seed production. According to their average levels of flowering synchronization, 49 clones in the first generation clonal seed orchard were divided into 11 different groups. Results of this paper provided the basic information for first generation seed orchard management and advanced seed orchard establishment of Pinus tabuliformis.

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43

Zhang, Shuo, Chengyang Guo, Zening Gao, Adilet Sugirbay, Jun Chen, and Yu Chen. "Research on 2D Laser Automatic Navigation Control for Standardized Orchard." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 16, 2020): 2763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082763.

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With the increase of labor cost and the development of agricultural mechanization, standardized orchards suitable for autonomous operations of agricultural machinery will be a future development trend of the fruit-planting industry. For field-planting processes of standardized orchards, autonomous navigation of orchard vehicles in complex environments is the foundation of mechanized and intelligent field operations. In order to realize autonomous driving and path-tracking of vehicles in complex standardized orchards that involve much noise and interference between rows of fruit trees, an automatic navigation system was designed for orchard vehicles, based on 2D lasers. First, considering the agronomic requirements for orchard planting such as plant spacing, row spacing and trunk diameter, different filtering thresholds were established to eliminate discrete points of 2D laser point cloud data effectively. Euclidean clustering algorithm and the important geometric theorems of three points collinearity was used to extract the central feature points of the trunk, as the same time, navigation path was fitted based on the least square method. Secondly, an automatic navigation control algorithm was designed, and the fuzzy control was used to realize the dynamic adjustment of the apparent distance of the pure pursuit model. Finally, the reliability of the proposed approach was verified by simulation using MATLAB/Simulink, and field tests were carried out based on electric agricultural vehicle. Experimental results show that the method proposed in this study can effectively improve the precision of automatic navigation in complex orchard environment and realize the autonomous operation of orchard vehicles.

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44

Ahmed, Shehnaz Sher, Rukhsana Jabeen, Saima Johar, Mahjabeen Hameed, and Shazia Irfan. "Effects of roadside dust pollution on fruit trees of miyyaghundi (Quetta) and ghanjdori (mastung), Pakistan." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 5, no. 1 (December 12, 2015): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v5i1.5477.

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The research was conducted to evaluate the effects of road side dust pollution on fruit trees of Miyyaghundi (Quetta) and Ghanjdori (Mastung), Pakistan. The data were collected from the two orchards near the road where the road construction was in process. The effect of road side dust was observed on the leaves of trees growing at the edges of orchards as compare to those trees growing in the center of orchards. The highest percentage of dust was observed on the leaves of Pyrus malus L. (apple) which was (1.05 g) grown at the edges of an orchard compared to those leaves growing in the center of an orchard. The lowest dust (0.08 g) was observed on the leaves of Prunus domestica L. (plum) that were away from the road. Closure of stomata was observed highly affecting the trees grown at the edges of orchards compared to the central ones. The highest mean for closed stomata was (419.3) recorded in P. malus, grown at the edges of an orchard and the lowest mean (75) was recorded in P. domestica. The fruit production was also observed, the highest mean was recorded in Apple (pyrus malus L.) before road construction in central trees of Miyyaghundi which was (200 kg). The lowest mean for fruit production was recorded in Apple (pyrus malus L.) trees grown at the edges of an orchard that was (15 kg).

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45

Hong, Chuanxue, Brent A. Holtz, David P. Morgan, and Themis J. Michailides. "Significance of Thinned Fruit as a Source of the Secondary Inoculum of Monilinia fructicola in California Nectarine Orchards." Plant Disease 81, no. 5 (May 1997): 519–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.5.519.

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The significance of thinned fruit as a source of secondary inoculum in the spread of brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola, under semi-arid weather conditions of the San Joaquin Valley in California, was investigated in seven nectarine orchards in 1995 and 1996. Between 6 and 60% (depending on the orchard) of thinned fruit showed sporulation by M. fructicola. Brown rot was significantly less severe at preharvest (five orchards) and postharvest (one orchard) on fruit harvested from trees in plots from which thinned fruit were completely removed than on those in plots from which thinned fruit were not removed. M. fructicola sporulated more frequently on thinned fruit placed into irrigation trenches than on those left on the dry berms in tree rows. The incidence of preharvest fruit brown rot increased exponentially as the density of thinned fruit increased on the orchard floor. These results suggest that thinned fruit left on the floor of nectarine orchards can be a significant inoculum source of secondary infections. Removal or destruction of thinned fruit should reduce brown rot in nectarine and possibly other stone fruit orchards under semi-arid California conditions.

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46

Villarino, M., P. Melgarejo, J. Usall, J. Segarra, and A. De Cal. "Primary Inoculum Sources of Monilinia spp. in Spanish Peach Orchards and Their Relative Importance in Brown Rot." Plant Disease 94, no. 8 (August 2010): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-94-8-1048.

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Immediately following the identification of Monilinia fructicola in a Spanish peach orchard in the Ebro Valley in 2006, this orchard and two other orchards in the same valley were intensively sampled for potential tree and ground sources of primary Monilinia inoculum before and during three growing seasons between 2006 and 2008. Overwintered Monilinia spp. produced inoculum from only mycelium, and no apothecia were found in any of the three orchards over the three growing seasons. Mummies on trees were the main source of primary inoculum. More than 90% of Monilinia isolates on all fruit mummies were M. laxa. Positive relationships were found between (i) the number of mummified fruit and the incidence of postharvest brown rot (P = 0.05, r = 0.75, n = 8), and (ii) the number of mummified fruit and nonabscised aborted fruit in the trees and the number of conidia on the fruit surface (P = 0.04, r = 0.71; P = 0.01, r = 0.94, respectively, n = 8) and the incidence of latent infection (P = 0.03, r = 0.75; P = 0.001, r = 0.99; respectively, n = 8). In addition, the numbers of mummified fruit and pruned branches on the orchard floor were correlated with the number of airborne conidia in the orchard. Based on the results of these surveys, the control of brown rot in stone fruit orchards is discussed.

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47

Hennig, Ernest, and Dominique Mazzi. "Spotted Wing Drosophila in Sweet Cherry Orchards in Relation to Forest Characteristics, Bycatch, and Resource Availability." Insects 9, no. 3 (September 13, 2018): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects9030118.

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Forest vegetation is essential for the population development of the spotted wing drosophila (SWD). Yet, little is known of how the structure of surrounding forest areas influence the abundance of SWD within orchards. In this work, we use data from a field trial at five sites in Switzerland to analyse the relationship between the extent of forest area, its edge density, and its distance from the orchard with the occurrence of SWD in sweet cherry orchards in a Bayesian hierarchical model. Availability of cherries and bycatch were also included in the model to account for effects of resource availability and trap attractiveness, respectively. For all main effects and their interactions, we accounted for potential temporal changes by adding interactions with time. We found that the closer an orchard was to a forest, the more SWD were trapped within the orchard. However, the interaction of forest proximity with forest area caused a disproportionate decrease of SWD catches. Also, the within orchard variables, trap catches of other drosophilid flies and resource availability affected SWD trap catches, but their relation changed in the course of the experiment. The findings imply that reducing SWD occurrence in orchards and other crop fields requires not only the consideration of processes outside and within the host crop field, but also of temporally changing relationships between SWD and other factors.

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48

Lampinen, Bruce D., Vasu Udompetaikul, Gregory T. Browne, Samuel G. Metcalf, William L. Stewart, Loreto Contador, Claudia Negrón, and Shrini K. Upadhyaya. "A Mobile Platform for Measuring Canopy Photosynthetically Active Radiation Interception in Orchard Systems." HortTechnology 22, no. 2 (April 2012): 237–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/horttech.22.2.237.

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A mobile platform was developed for measuring midday canopy photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception in orchards. The results presented are for almond (Prunus dulcis) and walnut (Juglans regia), but the mobile platform can be used in other orchard crops as well. The mobile platform is adjustable to accommodate orchard row spacing from 4.8 to 7.8 m and is equipped with a global positioning satellite (GPS) receiver and radar for positional assessment as well as three IR thermometers for measuring soil surface temperature. Data from the mobile platform are logged at 10 Hz and stored on a data logger. Custom software has been developed to process the data. The mobile platform was used extensively for mapping midday canopy PAR interception in almond and walnut orchards in 2009 and 2010. The mobile platform produced comparable results to those collected with a handheld light bar with the advantage of being able to cover much larger areas and compare these data to mechanically harvested yield data over the same area. For almond orchards, midday canopy PAR interception peaked at ≈70% at an orchard age of ≈12 years. For walnut orchards, midday canopy PAR interception continued to increase to ≈15 years of age and peaked at a level above 80%. The mobile platform was also able to follow seasonal development of midday canopy PAR interception in young and mature orchards. This technology has potential for evaluating new varieties in terms of productivity per unit PAR intercepted, in evaluating hand pruning or mechanical hedging practices in terms of impact on PAR interception/productivity as well as evaluating effectiveness of insect or disease management treatments. It also has potential as a reference point for grower self-assessment to evaluate orchard canopy development compared with other orchards of similar variety, spacing, etc. Finally, this technology could be used as ground truth referencing for remotely sensed data.

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49

Rathnayake, Anura P., Lav R. Khot, Gwen A. Hoheisel, Harold W. Thistle, Milt E. Teske, and Mike J. Willett. "Downwind Spray Drift Assessment for Airblast Sprayer Applications in a Modern Apple Orchard System." Transactions of the ASABE 64, no. 2 (2021): 601–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.14324.

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HighlightsAirblast sprayer drift potential was evaluated up to 183 m (600 ft) downwind from an orchard edge.A central leader apple orchard was sprayed at dormant and full canopy stage.Higher drift at full canopy stage was likely due to higher wind speeds and lower humidity.String and artificial foliage samplers had higher collection efficiencies than Mylar cards.Abstract. Risk assessment of orchard pesticide spraying is currently based on spray drift estimation using a worst-case scenario (dormant stage). However, most spray applications are conducted during non-dormant canopy growth stages. Such overestimation leads to restrictive operational regulations in pest management activities. Therefore, field data were generated and studied for a mechanistic model that will predict spray drift from airblast spray applications in tree fruit orchards. Spray trials were conducted at dormant and full canopy growth stages in a central leader trained apple orchard. An axial-fan airblast sprayer sprayed fluorescent tracer in the third row from the orchard’s downwind edge, with four passes being one run. A total of 20 runs, i.e., 17 spray runs and three blanks, were performed during each of the two crop growth stages. Mylar cards, artificial foliage (AF), and horizontal strings (HS) were used to quantify drifting spray deposition up to 183 m (600 ft) downwind. Within the orchard, the deposition on card samplers 3 m upwind of the sprayed row was 21.94% ±4.63% (mean ± standard deviation) of applied dose (AD) at dormant stage and 16.02% ±2.86% AD at full canopy stage. Deposition downwind and adjacent (-3 m) to the sprayed row was 17.92% ±2.70% AD and 7.15% ±1.78% AD at dormant and full canopy stages, respectively. Spray drift decreased substantially at the orchard edge to 3.18% ±1.30% AD at dormant stage and 2.30% ±1.16% AD at full canopy stage. Spray drift was very low at 183 m (600 ft) downwind of the orchard, with deposition of 0.002% ±0.003% AD at dormant stage and 0.003% ±0.004% AD at full canopy stage. Deposition data collected at common sampler locations showed that HS and AF samplers collected significantly (p < 0.05) more drifting spray than card samplers. Downwind speeds had a strong linear relationship with spray drift at both growth stages (dormant: R2= 0.80, full canopy: R2= 0.86), while the influence of temperature and humidity could not be directly observed from the collected data. Keywords: Airblast spraying, Deposit samplers, Dormant and full canopy, Drift, Modern orchard systems.

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50

Bleicher, Krisztina, Viktor Markó, and András Orosz. "Species composition of Cicada (Auchenorrhyncha) communities on the surrounding vegetation of apple orchards in Hungary." Natura Somogyiensis, no. 10 (2007): 135—142. http://dx.doi.org/10.24394/natsom.2007.10.135.

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Species richness and composition of cicada (Auchenorrhyncha) assemblages were investigated in differently treated (conventional, IPM, organic and abandoned) apple orchards and their surroundings in Hungary in years 1999 and 2000. In the present paper as part of a larger survey data on cicada species found on the surrounding vegetation of the investigated apple orchards are given. In two investigated areas (Nyírtura and Szigetcsép) three Malaise traps were placed. One inside of the apple orchard, one in the adjacent woodland and one between the apple orchard and the woodland (named edge). In Vámosmikola two Malaise traps were placed inside of the apple orchard, one in the adjacent woodland and two in the edge. Altogether 10 146 individuals had been collected in the open, bushy edges and woodlands adjacent to apple orchards, belonging to 109 species. The species richness of cicadas varied between 47 and 67. The species occurring with high relative abundance, in decreasing order, were the following: Eupteryx calcarata, Kybos virgator, Empoasca decipiens, Eupteryx cyclops, Eupteryx atropunctata, Ribautiana tenerrima, Edwardsiana rosae, Eupteryx stachydearum, Kybos populi, Edwardsiana crataegi and Edwardsiana lamellaris.

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