Статті в журналах: "Orality markers"

1

Baños1, Rocío. "Orality Markers in Spanish Native and Dubbed Sitcoms: Pretended Spontaneity and Prefabricated Orality." Meta 59, no. 2 (November 21, 2014): 406–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1027482ar.

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This article reflects on the divergences between translated and non-translated texts, and the specificities of fictional dialogue in audiovisual texts. Research suggests that audiovisual dialogue consists of a combination of linguistic features used in speech and writing, and that both translators and scriptwriters should aim to achieve a balance of these features to create spontaneous-sounding dialogues. Working with an audiovisual corpus of domestic and dubbed sitcoms in Spanish (Siete Vidas and Friends respectively), the purpose of this article is to provide an overview of how Spanish dialogues are shaped from a linguistic point of view across all language levels, highlighting the trends identified in their production and their translation in order to compare them. The results reveal the complex relationship established between speech and writing in audiovisual texts, and disclose the resources used by translators and scriptwriters to carefully plan dialogues which sound credible. Findings also suggest that domestic audiovisual texts bear more resemblance to spontaneous conversation than dubbed texts.

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2

Moretti, Paola Francesca. "Is it Possible to Identify ‘Orality’?" Mnemosyne 72, no. 3 (May 3, 2019): 488–508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1568525x-12342462.

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AbstractFirst, based on analysis of some—mostly late—Latin texts that positively reflect actual oral delivery, I present some remarks on structure and frequency of Verb-Phrases ‘auxiliary+infinitive’ as arguable markers of ‘orality’ in Latin. Second, I examine the occurrence of these Verb-Phrases in some works by Ambrose of Milan and show that, on the one hand, the investigation of Verb-Phrases might support the view that the De sacramentis and Explanatio symboli are unrevised catecheses, but, on the other hand, it is of no help in the conjecture of the degree of elaboration undergone by those works that, stemming from an oral homiletic delivery, were later revised in view of publication.

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3

STAHNKE, JOHANNA. "Lexical and prosodic routinization in conceptional orality: conversational self-reformulation in French." Journal of French Language Studies 28, no. 3 (December 17, 2017): 301–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0959269517000230.

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ABSTRACTThe present study investigates the functions and forms of conversational self-reformulation in spoken French. (Self-)Reformulations in general are a typical feature of unplanned and spontaneous conceptional orality (as opposed to conceptional distance; Koch and Oesterreicher, 1985). They exhibit retrospective modification of a reference expression, which is semantically equivalent in paraphrases and semantically different in corrections. The latter are therefore communicatively more problematic with regard to discourse intervention and turn-taking. As for the linguistic marking of self-reformulation, paraphrases are preferably introduced by lexically polyfunctional markers and prosodic deaccentuation, while corrections are marked by lexically monofunctional and prosodically overaccented structures. Since the accessibility to context-dependent forms is specifically related to conceptional orality, a more important linguistic marking of self-reformulation is hypothesized to occur in conceptional orality when compared to conceptional distance. The results of an empirical study contrasting two conceptionally different corpora suggest a generalization of paraphrastic markers in conceptional orality. This tendency is attributed to speaker-strategic routinization in which corrections are re-marked as paraphrases in order to avoid conversational intervention and, as a consequence, turn-taking. When taken over by other speakers, this routine may cause variation and, eventually, linguistic change.

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4

Andaluz-Pinedo, Olaia. "Prefabricated orality in theatre translations: An overview based on an English–Spanish parallel corpus." Across Languages and Cultures 23, no. 1 (May 9, 2022): 75–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/084.2022.00090.

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Abstract Prefabricated orality is an inherent trait of dramatic texts, given their written-to-be-spoken nature. From the perspective of translation, it has been observed in the literature that rendering this specific mode of discourse into another language poses a major challenge (Baños & Chaume, 2009). However, scant attention has thus far been paid to how prefabricated orality is realised linguistically in translations of theatre plays. This article sets out to offer an overview of syntactic and lexical-semantic features that mirror spoken discourse in a parallel corpus of theatre texts. More specifically, by drawing on an analytical framework proposed for audiovisual texts (Baños, 2014: 414), it aims (1) to verify the presence and incidence of orality markers in the original plays and their translations, and (2) to identify tendencies in translation techniques. Our findings reveal that playwrights and translators resort to a wide range of linguistic features typical of spoken discourse, especially vocatives, repetitions, discourse markers, intensifiers and deixis. In addition, results bring to light the use of different translation options and a possible compensation strategy.

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Nicklaus, Martina, and Goranka Rocco. "Fingierte Mündlichkeit und Übersetzen." Lebende Sprachen 63, no. 2 (October 8, 2018): 393–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/les-2018-0023.

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Abstract This paper explores the problems related to the translation of some stilistic means in recent Italian prose, i. e. segments of orality integrated in the original literary narrative. The linguistic analysis, based on a corpus composed of two Italian novels (published in 2010 and 2012 respectively) and their French and German translations, focuses on selected lexical, syntactic and information-structural features and their translations. The first observations tend to confirm some former findings, illustrating the heterogeneity of orality-markers in the originals beside the general trend towards a more or less obvious stylistic attenuation in the target text, but there are also significant interlinguistic differences in the approach to the original text. Furthermore, the discussion of some examples demonstrates how results in linguistic research could provide precious assistance in the translation of orality – if they were accessible in specialised reference works.

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Kiperwasser, Reuven, and Serge Ruzer. "Zoroastrian Proselytes in Rabbinic and Syriac Christian Narratives: Orality-Related Markers of Cultural Identity." History of Religions 51, no. 3 (February 2012): 197–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/662189.

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Jucker, Andreas H. "Features of orality in the language of fiction: A corpus-based investigation." Language and Literature: International Journal of Stylistics 30, no. 4 (September 29, 2021): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09639470211047751.

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This paper explores the pervasiveness of features of orality in the language of performed fiction. Features of orality are typical of spontaneous spoken conversations where they are the result of the ongoing planning process and the interaction between the interlocutors, but they also occur in the context of performed fiction (movies and plays) and in narrative fiction (e.g. novels). In these contexts, they are not the result of the spontaneous planning process but are generally produced to imitate such processes. In this paper, I explore a small range of such features (contractions, interjections, discourse markers, response forms and hesitators) in four corpora of performed fiction that have recently become available ( Corpus of American Soap Operas, TV Corpus, Movies Corpus and Sydney Corpus of Television Dialogue) and compare their frequency patterns with spontaneous face-to-face conversations in the Santa Barbara Corpus of Spoken American English and with narrative fiction and academic writing in the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA). The results confirm that the selected features of orality are used regularly in performed fiction but less frequently than in spontaneous face-to-face interactions while they are rare in narrative fiction and almost entirely absent in academic writing. The results also show that the status of the transcriptions contained in these corpora needs to be assessed very carefully if they are to be used for a study of pragmatic features.

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Suleiman, Camelia, and Daniel C. O’Connell. "Perspective in the discourse of war." Pragmatics. Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) 13, no. 3 (September 1, 2003): 401–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/prag.13.3.03sul.

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The following article applies both quantitative and qualitative methods of research to markers of perspective in a TV interview of Colin Powell on the CNN LARRY KING LIVE program from November 26, 2001. Perspective is well established in phenomenology and social psychology; its starting point is the conviction that every utterance expresses a point of view. From previous research, we accept the dialogical nature of perspective (see O’Connell & Kowal 1998) and further argue that perspective can be observed through measures of orality and literacy and through referencing (name and pronoun reference). The following measures of orality and literacy are examined: Back channeling hesitations, interruptions, contractions and elisions, first person singular pronominals, interjections and tag questions, and turn transitions from interviewer to interviewee and vice versa. We argue further that Colin Powell’s perspective stresses the division between “we” and “they” with regard to the then imminent involvement in Iraq. Theoretical implications are discussed.

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Śnieżko, Dariusz. "Pismo i głos jako kategorie poetyki historycznej (liryka XVI wieku) / Writing and Orality as Categories of Historical Poetics (16th Century Verse )." Ruch Literacki 53, no. 6 (December 1, 2012): 653–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10273-012-0040-0.

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Summary In an attempt to validate the role of orality and writing as categories of historical poetics, the article takes a close look at five aspects or criteria of this key distinction. They are the intended use of the text, genre, sensory perception, the morphological criterion, and the criterion of reception and performance. It is hoped that the use of those markers will help us to establish the connections between the macrocosm of the 16th-century communication strategies (and the dynamic inter-relationships between them) and the microcosm of genres, conventions and individual literary works

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10

Meier-Vieracker, Simon. "The evolution of football live text commentaries." AILA Review 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 274–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/aila.21001.mei.

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Abstract Since the emergence of online live text commentaries on football games in the late 1990s, the genre has undergone continuous change. While linguistic research on the genre of live text commentaries emphasizes its novelty, the genre has existed in football for at least 20 years. However, diachronic studies still lack. This paper presents a corpus linguistic analysis of genre and register-specific features of German live text commentaries from 2003 until 2020. Using quantitative methods, it focuses on the distribution of linguistic features on different linguistic (i.e. syntactical, lexical, graphemic etc.) levels over time. It is shown that various markers, which signal a colloquial register and emulate orality in the written mode, decrease, leading to a more impersonal way of reporting. Moreover, markers of individual perspective decrease in favor of a neutralistic stance. Thus, the evolution of live text commentaries can be described as a process of standardization.

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11

Howley, Joseph A. "Aural Philology and the Latin Recordings of the Harvard Vocarium." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 135, no. 2 (March 2020): 363–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/pmla.2020.135.2.363.

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Philology is Often Taken to Be a Matter of Eyes and Hands: We Make Sense of Written Text, And Then Write Down Our Findings. This essay is interested in philology as a matter of the ear. Since Walter Ong declared the fundamental opposition of orality and literacy, humanists have located the lost, spoken origins of written text in the realm of orality. By contrast, aurality, the way texts are encountered by the ear, is a condition of consumption, which is to say reading, and so by considering aurality we are also considering the history of reading.Sound recordings, created by phonographic technology, provide a useful critical framework for the history of reading. In addition to what we think of as the legible or intentional content of a recording, sound recordings have what audio engineers call “room tone”—the sonic signature of the space in which the recording was made, the equipment used to make it, and the specific placement of that equipment in relation to a subject. Although we learn to unhear room tone by means of what Jonathan Sterne calls “audile techniques” (137), its presence is always felt. By attuning our ears to the room tone of historical phonography, then, we can practice attuning our historians' ears to the barely perceptible silences, markers of space, and context in textual artifacts of historical reading culture.

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Xiaofei, Ren, Feng Qinghua, and Wang Nan. "A translator on the target stage." Babel. Revue internationale de la traduction / International Journal of Translation 56, no. 4 (December 31, 2010): 363–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/babel.56.4.05xia.

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Ying Ruocheng, an admirable artist in China and abroad, was responsible for the translation and production of many foreign plays in China and Chinese plays abroad, with which Ying played an important role in transforming China’s cultural life, encouraging international exchange and promoting modern drama. Based on his experience in drama and film acting and directing as well as translating, he argues that the major concern of theatre translation is its performability and speakability, which can be achieved through the recreation of the orality and gestic text with each role’s unique discourse and individuality. The paper is focused on researches on Ying’s text choice and his dramatic dialogue translation to explore the characteristics of his theatre translation and influence. The study selected his two well known translations and productions in the target theatre Death of a Salesman (English to Chinese) and The Family (Chinese to English) as case studies. Text processing software Concordance 3.0 and TextPreProcessing were used to collect appropriate data. Through the careful data analysis from the aspects of word frequency, sentence length, discourse markers and deixis, Ying Ruocheng’s idea of performability in theatrical translation were proved to be true, which demonstrates his discriminating taste of dramaturgical art and his great influence on Chinese modern drama.

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Alam, Mohammad Firoz, Saeed Alshahrani, Essam Alamir, Mohammad Abdurrhman Alhazmi, Tarique Anwer, Gyas Khan, and Moni Sivakumar Sivagurunathan. "Zingerone ameliorates tellurium induced nephrotoxicity by abating elevated serum markers in the rats." Environment Conservation Journal 21, no. 1&2 (June 10, 2020): 125–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2020.211214.

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The present study was designed to investigate the nephrotoxicity of tellurium (Sodium tellurite) in rats through evaluating the level of kidney functional marker enzymes and its treatment with Zingerone. Rats were divided into four groups, Group-A (control group), Group-B (tellurium treated group), Group-C (tellurium + Zingerone treatment group), and Group-D (Zingerone treatment alone) and each group have six animals. Tellurium was given in Group-B and Group-C at the dose of 8.3mg/kg bodyweight daily orally for 15 days, while Zingerone of 100mg/kg body weight was given in Group-C as pre- and post-treatment orally for 15days. Group-D was given alone Zingerone of 100mg/kg bodyweight; orally for 15 days. Results revealed that tellurium administration significantly (P<0.001) increased the serum markers (ALP, BUN, Uric Acid and Creatinine) in Group-B as a compared to Group-A while the treatment with Zingerone significantly (P<0.001) decreased these elevated serum markers in Group-C as comparison to Group-B. There were no changes observed in the positive control (Zingerone administered Group-D). Thus, the present finding confirmed that the Zingerone plays a potential role in reducing nephrotoxicity against tellurium by abating elevated serum markers in rats.

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de Vega, A., J. Gasa, C. Castrillo, and J. A. Guada. "Passage through the rumen and the large intestine of sheep estimated from faecal marker excretion curves and slaughter trials." British Journal of Nutrition 80, no. 4 (October 1998): 381–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114598001445.

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External digesta markers (Yb-labelled diets and Co-EDTA) were given orally as a pulse dose to four pairs of Rasa Aragonesa twin ewe lambs, fed on either chopped or ground and pelleted lucerne hay, in order to estimate slow (k1) and fast (k2) rates of passage of liquid and solid phase from faecal marker excretion curves. After the faecal sampling period daily doses of the same markers were infused continuously for 5 d and the animals slaughtered. Concentrations of markers in the different compartments of the gut were determined and used to calculate mean retention times. The results showed that the rumen and the large intestine were the two main mixing compartments of the gut, accounting for more than 95% of total mean retention time. Rates of passage estimated from faecal marker excretion did not accurately represent marker kinetics in the compartments of the gut derived from slaughter data. Accuracy in the estimation of fractional outflow rate from rumen (kR) by k1 was higher for low values of kR whereas k2consistently overestimated large intestine outflow rate (kLI), especially for high values of kR. The relationship between outflow rates from the main two mixing compartments was important in influencing the accuracy of prediction of faecal estimates.

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Mbamalu, Oluchi N., James Syce, and Halima Samsodien. "Challenges relating to comparison of flavonoid glycosides dissolution profiles from Sutherlandia frutescens products." Acta Pharmaceutica 67, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acph-2017-0003.

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Abstract Unlike the case of conventional drug formulations, dissolution tests have hitherto not been required for herbal medicinal products commercially available in South Africa. This study investigated dissolution of the South African Sutherlandia frutescens using selected flavonoid glycosides as marker compounds. Dissolution of markers was assessed in three dissolution media at pH 1.2, 4.5 and 6.8, and samples were analysed using a validated HPLC method. The dissolution profile of each marker varied for the different materials investigated. All three media utilised showed differences in flavonoid glycoside dissolution between the S. frutescens products evaluated, with f2 values < 50 for comparison of flavonoid dissolution from any two of the materials. Dissolution of S. frutescens materials could thus be characterised using the markers in all the media tested. This tool may be employed in the future for comparison of orally administered S. frutescens products, provided between- batch variability is evaluated and found less than between-sample variability.

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Ahmad, Sheikh Bilal, Shahzada Mudaisr Rashid, Adil Farooq Wali, Shafat Ali, Muneeb U. Rehman, Mir Tahir Maqbool, Ahmed Nadeem, Sheikh Fayaz Ahmad, and Nahid Siddiqui. "Myricetin (3,3^′,4^′,5,5^′,7-hexahydroxyflavone) prevents ethanol-induced biochemical and inflammatory damage in the liver of Wistar rats." Human & Experimental Toxicology 41 (January 2022): 096032712110668. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/09603271211066843.

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Purpose: The current investigation was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of myricetin in ethanol-induced liver toxicity in Wistar rats. Research Design: Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into four groups with six animals per group. Group-I animals were administered with vehicle (distilled water), Group II, III, and IV were treated orally with sequential (per week) increase in the dose of ethanol (5, 8, 10, and 12 g/kg b wt per week in each group) for 28 days. Myricetin was treated orally to Group-III and IV animals at the respective doses of 25 mg/kg b wt. and 50 mg/kg b wt. Results: Our results showed that myricetin prevented hepatotoxicity by modulating the production of free radicals, ethanol metabolizing enzymes, and inflammatory markers in vivo. Myricetin also helped maintain lipid membrane integrity, oxidant-antioxidant status, and histoarchitecture. Ethanol administration caused elevation in XO, ADH, and CYP2E1 in hepatic tissue, which significantly normalized with myricetin administration. After ethanol administration, there was a steep increase in the hepatotoxicity biomarkers, including ALT, MDA, and AST. The level of cytotoxicity marker LDH also increased after ethanol administration; myricetin administration decreased the level of all these markers. Moreover, myricetin treatment also reduced ethanol-induced inflammatory markers such as NF-κB and IL-6. Conclusion: Findings from the current study demonstrate that myricetin administration prevents alcohol-induced hepatic injury by influencing the metabolism of ethanol, inhibiting oxidative stress, maintaining lipid profile, and suppressing inflammatory markers.

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Khan, Vasim, Md Hassan, Mohd Akhtar, and Abul Najmi. "Renin Inhibition by Aliskiren Protects Rats Against Isoproterenol Induced Myocardial Infarction." Drug Research 68, no. 03 (October 4, 2017): 139–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0043-119068.

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Abstract Objective Cardioprotective potential of aliskiren against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction was evaluated in this study. Methods Wistar albino rats (n=36) were randomly divided into six groups. Normal control rats received 1 ml saline, orally for 14 days and 0.1 ml saline, subcutaneously on 13th and 14th treatment day while the toxic group animals were administered with saline orally for 14 days and isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously) on 13th and 14th day. In different pre-treatment groups, aliskiren (30, 50 & 100 mg/kg, orally) was administered for 14 days along with isoproterenol (85 mg/kg, subcutaneously) on the last two days. Per se group animals were given aliskiren (100 mg/kg orally) for 14 days. Twenty-four hours after the last drug treatment, cardiac marker enzymes (creatine kinase-MB and lactate dehydrogenase), apoptotic marker enzyme (caspase-3) and antioxidative enzymes (malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase) were estimated, along with histopathological analysis of myocardium. Results Isoproterenol treatment caused a significant increase in cardiac markers, malondialdehyde, and caspase-3 levels with a considerable decrease in reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme levels. Aliskiren at 50 and 100 mg/kg doses significantly alleviated the increase of caspase-3 and cardiac marker enzymes as well as the changes in antioxidant enzymes, which was confirmed by histopathological analysis. Aliskiren (100 mg/kg) produced more pronounced protective effects than its other two doses. Moreover, the changes in per se group were insignificant as compared to normal control group. Conclusion The present study thus provides an evidence for the protective effects of aliskiren in isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction.

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Wardhani, Bantari W. K., Nanik Sundari, Raymond R. Tjandrawinata, Ahmad Aulia Jusuf, Vivian Soetikno та Melva Louisa. "Antifibrotic Activity of Phaleria macrocarpa Extract in Rat Liver-fibrosis Model: Focus on Oxidative Stress Markers, TGF-β1 and MMP-13". Open Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences 8, A (10 вересня 2020): 555–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.3889/oamjms.2020.4929.

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AIM: This study was aimed to determine the antifibrotic activity of Phaleria macrocarpa (PM) extract in liver fibrosis (LF) and its possible mechanism in the rat model. METHODS: Sprague Dawley male rats were injected with 2 mL/kg BW of carbon tetrachloride intraperitoneally twice a week for 2 weeks, followed by 1 mL/kg BW for 6 weeks. Afterward, the treatments began from the 3rd week: Silymarin 100 mg/kg BW/day, standardized PM extract (Proliverenol) 75 or 150 mg/kg BW/day orally. Rats were sacrificed in the 8th week. Blood and liver were collected to analyze liver function, liver damage and fibrosis marker, oxidative stress markers, pro-fibrogenic cytokine, and antifibrotic marker. RESULTS: Our study showed that the treatment of silymarin and PM resulted in the normalized activity of liver function, followed by the amelioration of oxidative stress, demonstrated by the decreased malondialdehyde levels and an increased ratio of glutathione and glutathione disulfide. All markers examined showed that PM extract has antioxidant activity due to decreased hepatic stellate cell activation. We also found a decrease in tumor growth factors-β1 and protein expressions of matrix metalloproteinases-13 in all treatment groups compared to the carbon tetrachloride group. There were tendencies of the decreased fibrotic area following improvements of biochemical parameters. CONCLUSION: PM extracts ameliorate carbon tetrachloride-induced LF. The proposed mechanism is by overcoming oxidative stress and regulating pro-fibrogenic cytokine and antifibrotic markers.

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Park, H. K., H. J. Lee, E. G. Jeong, H. S. Shin, and W. Kim. "TherggGene is a Specific Marker forStreptococcus oralis." Journal of Dental Research 89, no. 11 (August 25, 2010): 1299–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022034510378426.

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Blutt, Sarah E., Kelly L. Warfield, Mary K. Estes, and Margaret E. Conner. "Differential Requirements for T Cells in Viruslike Particle- and Rotavirus-Induced Protective Immunity." Journal of Virology 82, no. 6 (January 9, 2008): 3135–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.01727-07.

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ABSTRACT Correlates of protection from rotavirus infection are controversial. We compared the roles of B and T lymphocytes in protective immunity induced either by intranasally administered nonreplicating viruslike particles or inactivated virus or by orally administered murine rotavirus. We found that protection induced by nonreplicating vaccines requires CD4+ T cells and CD40/CD40L. In contrast, T cells were not required for short-term protective immunity induced by infection, but both T-cell-dependent and -independent mechanisms contributed to long-term maintenance of protection. Our findings indicate that more than one marker of protective immunity exists and that these markers depend on the vaccine that is administered.

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Richardson, KC, and NJ Gales. "Functional-Morphology of the Alimentary-Tract of the Australian Sea-Lion, Neophoca-Cinerea." Australian Journal of Zoology 35, no. 3 (1987): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo9870219.

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The form and topographic relationships of the alimentary tract of Neophoca cinerea is described based on dissection and radiography. A highly distensible oesophagus enters the dorsum of a large J-shaped stomach. The small intestine is long, circa 20 m, and the large intestine short, circa 1.2 m. Marker pellets (approximate diameter 1 or 3 mm) administered orally were generally found in faecal deposits containing, principally, coarse particles, i.e. of diameter greater than 1.2 mm. Most faecal deposits consisted of fine particles, i.e. with a diameter primarily of less than 1.2 mm. About 50% of the large markers remained in the alimentary tract for more than 6 days. A pyloric torus acting in concert with the patterns of pyloric peristalsis may prevent or restrict the passage of markers through the pyloric canal. Examination of the stomach contents from six animals showed that items of low digestibility, such as squid beaks and crayfish exoskeletons, were retained in the pyloric antrum.

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Xu, Yun-Hui, Yi-Chun Sun, Jie Liu, Hui-Xin Li, Chun-Yue Huang, Yuan-Yuan Pang, Tong Wu, and Xiao Hu. "Serum Pharmacochemistry Analysis Combined with Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Antiosteoporosis Effect of Xianlinggubao Capsule in vivo." Pharmaceutical Fronts 02, no. 04 (December 2020): e168-e178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0041-1726301.

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AbstractXianlinggubao capsule (XLGB) is a traditional Chinese medicine multi-component herbal prescription and has been widely used in osteoporosis (OP) treatment. However, the underlying anti-OP mechanisms of XLGB have not been fully studied. In this study, an ovariectomized rat model of OP was established. The OP rats were orally administrated with XLGB, and then the main absorbed components in serum sample were assessed based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Subsequently, the potential anti-OP markers in XLGB were screened based on a network pharmacology strategy. Molecular docking analysis was used for confirmation. LC-MS showed 22 absorbed components in the serum sample of OP rat with XLGB treatment. Network pharmacology and pathway analysis suggested 19 potential anti-OP markers in XLGB. According to molecular docking process, most of the potential markers displayed strong interactions with the 22 absorbed components mentioned above. Besides, an absorbed component–potential marker–pathway network was further established. In conclusion, our data suggested the possible mechanisms for XLGB in OP treatment, in which the “multicomponents, multitargets, and multipathways” participated. Our article provided possible direction for drug discovery in OP and could help for exploring novel application of XLGB in clinical setting.

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Daniels, III, David Douglas. "“Gotta Moan Sometime”: A Sonic Exploration of Earwitnesses to Early Pentecostal Sound in North America." Pneuma 30, no. 1 (2008): 5–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157007408x287759.

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AbstractSound as a historical frame provides a new historiographic turn for Pentecostal studies and a complement to spatial and temporal studies of the Pentecostal past. This article explores how sound serves as a primary marker of early Pentecostal identity, as sound blended the sound of prayer, preaching, testifying, singing, music-making, and silence. Embedded in early Pentecostal sound are primal cries, speech, music, and ambient sound which, for early Pentecostals, functioned as a circular continuum that Pentecostal soundways traveled. Encompassing more than orality, early Pentecostal sound generated a way of knowing that challenged the orality-literacy binary, the hierarchy of senses that privileged sight, and the hierarchy of the races.

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Ulusoy, Ulvi, and John E. Whitley. "Profiles of faecal output of rare earth elements and stable isotopic tracers of iron and zinc after oral administration." British Journal of Nutrition 84, no. 5 (November 2000): 605–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s000711450000194x.

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The objectives of this study were to confirm the non-absorbability and the reproducibility of faecal excretion kinetics of orally administered rare earth elements, and to investigate the excretion profiles of rare earth elements and stable isotopic tracers of Fe and Zn to establish the extent to which rare earth element markers duplicate the behaviour of isotopic tracers. Two investigations were performed: (1) six healthy subjects consumed a solution containing five rare earth elements in amounts varying from 1 to 10 mg; (2) seven healthy subjects were given a standard solution labelled with Sm marker and57Fe tracer, and a meal labelled with Yb marker and58Fe and70Zn tracers. Individual faecal samples were collected and analysed to determine recoveries of rare earth elements and unabsorbed isotopic tracers. The mean values for recoveries were 94·1 (SD 4·5) % FOR THE FIVE RARE EARTH ELEMENTS, AND 103 (sd 3·0) % and 99·8 (sd 2·8) % for Sm and Yb respectively. For Fe consumed with the solution, excretion kinetics of the rare earth element marker and unabsorbed tracers with cumulative collections of the first two and three faecal samples were identical, but endogenous excretion of Fe was significant (P<0·05) in stools collected after the third. For Fe and Zn consumed with the meal, the excretion kinetics for the first two individual faecal samples and composites of sequential outputs were identical. Rare earth elements can be used as markers in studies of measurement of absorption. The dose of tracer required for the measurement of absorption would be reduced proportionally to the reduction of the period of faecal sampling, so that studies with stable isotopes would be more economical, thus enabling epidemiological investigations.

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Alshehri, Sultan, and Syed Sarim Imam. "Rosinidin Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Memory Impairment in Rats: Possible Mechanisms of Action Include Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects." Biomolecules 11, no. 12 (November 23, 2021): 1747. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biom11121747.

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The investigation aimed to evaluate the favourable effects of rosinidin in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Adult Wistar rats (150–200 g) were segregated equally into four different groups and treated as below: Group 1 (normal) and Group 2 (LPS control) were administered orally with 3 mL of 0.5% SCMC (vehicle); Group 3 and Group 4 were test groups and orally administered with rosinidin lower dose (10 mg/kg) and higher dose 20 mg/kg. Daily, 1 h post-offer mentioned treatments, Group 1 animals were injected with normal saline (i.p.) and groups 2–4 were treated with 1 mg/kg/day of LPS. This treatment schedule was followed daily for 7 days. During the treatment, schedule rats were evaluated for spontaneous locomotor activity, memory, and learning abilities. The biochemical assessment was carried out of acetylcholine esterase (AChE), endogenous antioxidants (GSH, SOD, GPx, and catalase), oxidative stress marker MDA, neuroinflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB), and BDNF. LPS-induced reduced spontaneous locomotor activity and memory impairment in the animals. Moreover, LPS reduced GSH, SOD, GPx, and catalase levels; altered activities of AChE; elevated levels of MDA, IL-6, IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-κB; and attenuated the levels of BDNF in brain tissue. Administration of rosinidin to LPS-treated animals significantly reduced LPS-induced neurobehavioral impairments, oxidative stress, neuroinflammatory markers, and reversed the Ach enzyme activities and BDNF levels towards normal. Results demonstrated that rosinidin attenuates the effects of LPS on learning memory in rats.

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Murthy, S., M. K. Gautam, Shalini Goel, V. Purohit, H. Sharma, and R. K. Goel. "Evaluation ofIn VivoWound Healing Activity ofBacopa monnieraon Different Wound Model in Rats." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/972028.

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Wound healing effects of 50% ethanol extract of dried whole plant ofBacopa monniera(BME) was studied on wound models in rats. BME (25 mg/kg) was administered orally, once daily for 10 days (incision and dead space wound models) or for 21 days or more (excision wound model) in rats. BME was studied for itsin vitroantimicrobial andin vivowound breaking strength, WBS (incision model), rate of contraction, period of epithelization, histology of skin (excision model), granulation tissue free radicals (nitric oxide and lipid peroxidation), antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione), acute inflammatory marker (myeloperoxidase), connective tissue markers (hydroxyproline, hexosamine, and hexuronic acid), and deep connective tissue histology (dead space wound). BME showed antimicrobial activity against skin pathogens, enhanced WBS, rate of contraction, skin collagen tissue formation, and early epithelization period with low scar area indicating enhanced healing. Healing effect was further substantiated by decreased free radicals and myeloperoxidase and enhanced antioxidants and connective tissue markers with histological evidence of more collagen formation in skin and deeper connective tissues. BME decreased myeloperoxidase and free radical generated tissue damage, promoting antioxidant status, faster collagen deposition, other connective tissue constituent formation, and antibacterial activity.

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Gautam, M. K., V. Purohit, M. Agarwal, A. Singh, and R. K. Goel. "In VivoHealing Potential ofAegle marmelosin Excision, Incision, and Dead Space Wound Models." Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/740107.

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The study incorporates the wound healing potential ofAegle marmelosfruit pulp extract (AME) on excision, incision, and dead space wound models in rats. AME (200 mg/kg) was administered orally once daily for variable days depending on the type of wound ulcer study. AME was studied for its wound breaking strength (incision wound), rate of contraction, period of epithelization and histology of skin (excision model), and granulation tissue free radicals, antioxidants, acute inflammatory marker, and connective tissue markers and deep connective tissue histology (dead space wound). Complete wound contraction and epithelization were observed at the 20th day after treatment with AME as compared to the 24th day in control rats. Mean epithelization period and scar area were decreased while wound breaking strength was increased with AME compared with control. Granulation tissue showed increased levels of collagen determinants (33.7 to 64.4%,P<0.001) and antioxidants (13.0 to 38.8%,P<0.05toP<0.001), whereas markers of oxidative stress (55.0 to 55.6%,P<0.001) and myeloperoxidase (21.3%,P<0.001) were decreased in AME treated group.A. marmelosseems to promote wound healing by enhancing connective tissue formation and antioxidants status with decrease in free radicals and myeloperoxidase having tissue damaging effects.

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Ahmad, Ajaz, Adil Farooq Wali, Muneeb U. Rehman, Andleeb Khan, Mohammad Raish, Mohsin Kazi, Osamah Alnemer, and Padma G. M. Rao. "Therapeutic Potential of Rhododendron arboreum Polysaccharides in an Animal Model of Lipopolysaccharide-Inflicted Oxidative Stress and Systemic Inflammation." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 21, 2020): 6045. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25246045.

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Systemic inflammation results in physiological changes, largely mediated by inflammatory cytokines. The present investigation was performed to determine the effect of Rhododendron arboreum (RAP) on inflammatory parameters in the animal model. The RAP (100 and 200 mg/kg) were pre-treated for animals, given orally for one week, followed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection. Body temperature, burrowing, and open field behavioral changes were assessed. Biochemical parameters (AST, ALT, LDH, BIL, CK, Cr, BUN, and albumin) were done in the plasma after 6 h of LPS challenge. Oxidative stress markers SOD, CAT, and MDA were measured in different organs. Levels of inflammatory markers like tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β) and, interleukin-6 (IL-6) as well as VEGF, a specific sepsis marker in plasma, were quantified. The plasma enzymes, antioxidant markers and plasma pro-inflammatory cytokines were significantly restored (p < 0.5) by RAP treatment, thus preventing the multi-organ and tissue damage in LPS induced rats. The protective effect of RAP may be due to its potent antioxidant potential. Thus, RAP can prevent LPS induced oxidative stress, as well as inflammatory and multi-organ damage as reported in histopathological studies in rats when administered to the LPS treated animals. These findings indicate that RAP can benefit in the management of systemic inflammation from LPS and may have implications for a new treatment or preventive therapeutic strategies with an inflammatory component.

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M, Thiruselvi. "Influence of Artocarpus heterophyllus in benzopyrene induced lung cancer." Journal of University of Shanghai for Science and Technology 24, no. 02 (February 9, 2022): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.51201/jusst/22/0165.

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Lung cancer a deadliest cancer worldwide and the most common cancer in the whole of Asia. The present study focused on the protective efficacy of Artocarpus heterophyllus in benzopyrene induced lung toxicity in C57BL/6 Mice. Mice were orally induced with benzopyrene and treated with hydroethanolic extract of spermoderm of Artocarpus heterophyllus (HESA) at a dose of (50mg/kg.b.wt and 100mg/kg.b.wt). The oral administration of HESA effectively suppressed lung cancer as revealed by the decrease in the extent of haematological parameters with concomitant decrease in the activities of serum markers. Significantly protein expressions of p53 and Bcl2 in the lung tissue were further confirmed that coadministration of the extract treatment however downregulated their expressions by decreasing the marker of positively stained cells and restored the histopathological alteration of lung tissue. Our results suggest that HESA can be used as a protective agent against benzopyrene induced lung cancer.

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Jose, Svenia P., M. Ratheesh, S. Asha, IM Krishnakumar, S. Sandya, and Kumar B. Girish. "Hepato-protective Effect of Clove Bud Polyphenols (Syzygium aromaticum L.) (Clovinol®) by Modulating Alcohol Induced Oxidative Stress and Inflammation." Journal of Food Research 7, no. 1 (November 21, 2017): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n1p10.

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The pathogenesis of alcoholic liver diseases progresses from fatty liver to hepatic inflammation and necrosis to fibrosis. Clove buds (Syzygium aromaticum L.) are one of the richest sources of dietary polyphenols with many traditional medicinal uses. Hence, the present work attempted to evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of a standardized polyphenol-rich extract of clove buds (Clovinol). The experiment was conducted on Wistar rats designated into three groups. First group was vehicle control and hepatotoxicity was induced to the second group by the administration of ethanol at the fixed dose of 12.5 g/kg body wt., orally for 30 days. Clovinol (100 mg/kg body wt.) was co-administered with ethanol in the third group. The liver toxicity was assessed by the estimation of liver marker enzymes in addition to which, assays of antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory markers, and liver histopathology studies were also conducted. Ethanol treatment significantly increased (p<0.05) liver function markers (SGOT and SGPT) and reduced (p<0.05) the antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and GSH. It also increased the WBC count, inflammatory markers (nitrite, CRP, COX-2, IL-6 and TNF-α) and lipid peroxidation, significantly (p<0.05). Supplementation of Clovinol showed significant (p<0.05) reversal of all these biochemical and molecular variables indicating the efficacy of Clovinol in the downregulation of alcohol-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory changes, bringing about a significant reduction in the associated liver pathology. To summarize, we found that Clovinol could be a potential functional ingredient for liver health.

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Michel, Fernando, Francine Harb, and Maria Paz Loayza Hidalgo. "The concept of time in the perception of children and adolescents." Trends in Psychiatry and Psychotherapy 34, no. 1 (2012): 38–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s2237-60892012000100008.

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INTRODUCTION: Children and adolescents use different markers to elaborate the concept of time, and such markers change along their development. The objective of the present article was to analyze changes in time concepts in different age groups. METHODS: The study included 81 children and adolescents aged 6 to 17 years, attending elementary or high school at a public school in southern Brazil. Participants were asked to provide their definition of time, either orally (children) or in writing (older children and adolescents). RESULTS: Twenty-one words were identified as related with the definition of time. The term "hours" was the most frequently cited (24.7%), followed by "clock" and "family" (11.1% each). Among children aged 6 to 8 years, "family" was the term most frequently mentioned to refer to time. Between 9 to 11 years of age, the notion of time was essentially related to the use of a clock, and in the 12-17-year age group, time was mostly associated with the word "days." The word "family" appears to be a frequent temporal marker in childhood, but loses this function during adolescence, as new social relationships are established. CONCLUSION: The results of this study show that the concept of time varies according to age. Chronobiological studies should therefore take into consideration the temporal perception peculiar to each age group.

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Yimam, Mesfin, Teresa Horm, Laura Wright, Ping Jiao, Mei Hong, Lidia Brownell, and Qi Jia. "UP1306: A Composition Containing Standardized Extracts of Acacia catechu and Morus alba for Arthritis Management." Nutrients 11, no. 2 (January 26, 2019): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11020272.

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Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by progressive articular cartilage degradation. Although there have been significant advances in OA management, to date, there are no effective treatment options to modify progression of the disease. We believe these unmet needs could be bridged by nutrients from natural products. Collagen induced arthritis in rats was developed and utilized to evaluate anti-inflammatory and cartilage protection activity of orally administered botanical composition, UP1306 (50 mg/kg) and Methotrexate (75 µg/kg) daily for three weeks. Objective arthritis severity markers, urine, synovial lavage, and serum were collected. At necropsy, the hock joint from each rat was collected for histopathology analysis. Urinary cartilage degradation marker (CTX-II), pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6), and proteases (Matrix Metallopeptidase 3 (MMP3) and 13) were measured. Rats treated with UP1306 showed statistically significant improvements in arthritis severity markers, including uCTX-II (91.4% vs. collagen-induced arthritis (CIA)), serum IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels as well as synovial MMP-13. The histopathology data were also well aligned with the severity score of arthritis for both UP1306 and Methotrexate. UP1306, a botanical composition that contains a standardized blend of extracts from the heartwood of Acacia catechu and the root bark of Morus alba, could potentially be considered as a dietary supplement product for the management of arthritis.

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Galvin, K. M., J. Huck, O. Burenkova, K. Burke, D. Bowman, V. Shinde, B. Stringer, M. Zhang, M. Manfredi, and K. Meetze. "Preclinical pharmacodynamic studies of Aurora A inhibition by MLN8054." Journal of Clinical Oncology 24, no. 18_suppl (June 20, 2006): 13059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2006.24.18_suppl.13059.

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13059 Background: The mitotic kinase Aurora A is implicated in the development of multiple tumor types. MLN8054 is an oral, potent and selective small-molecule inhibitor of Aurora A with broad efficacy in preclinical models of cancer. Inhibition of Aurora A by MLN8054 induces accumulation of mitotic cells, followed by apoptosis. This study explores relationships between Aurora A inhibition, mitotic index, and tumor growth inhibition for xenograft models with different sensitivity to MLN8054. The marker response in mouse skin was also studied. Methods: Mice bearing subcutaneous xenografts were dosed orally qd or bid with MLN8054 for 21 days. Pharmacodynamic markers were studied after 1–2 doses. Formalin-fixed xenograft tissues were stained with the mitotic markers pHisH3 and MPM2, or with an antibody to the T288 autophosphorylation site on Aurora A. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated using the formula 100 - [ΔT/ΔC * 100], where ΔT is the volume change for treated tumors, and ΔC is the volume change for control tumors. Results: HCT116 human colon xenografts were sensitive to MLN8054 on a qd or bid schedule (84% and 96% TGI respectively for 30mg/kg dose). The T288 autophosphorylation site was used to directly demonstrate inhibition of Aurora A, which resulted in dose-dependent duration of the elevation in mitotic index. Efficacy was similar for qd vs bid dosing of 30mg/kg MLN8054, and accordingly we found that a single dose was sufficient to elevate the mitotic index for about 20–24h in this model. SW480 human colon xenografts have MLN8054 sensitivity similar to that of HCT116, but more modest effects on mitotic index were observed. The mitotic index profile of SW480 is similar to that of MDA-MB-231 xenografts, the most insensitive model studied. Elevated mitotic index was also observed in mouse skin. Conclusions: We found that mitotic index measurements coupled with the T288 autophosphorylation site as a direct marker of Aurora A activity are useful for monitoring inhibition of Aurora A by MLN8054 in tumor and/or skin biopsies. In a sensitive model, greater duration of mitotic index elevation results in greater efficacy. Our continuing work aims to better understand the differences in marker and efficacy responses between xenograft lines, incorporating the pT288 antibody as a direct marker of Aurora A inhibition. [Table: see text]

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Isaksson, P., R. Hannuniemi, T. Österman, P. Kuurtamo, L. Laurén, R. Sellman, and Leiras Oy. "Effects of orally administered clodronate on biochemical markers of bone turnover in ovariectomized rats." Osteoporosis International 6, S1 (January 1996): 264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02500591.

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Barnwal, P., A. Vafa, SM Afzal, A. Shahid, SK Hasan, Alpashree, and S. Sultana. "Benzo(a)pyrene induces lung toxicity and inflammation in mice: prevention by carvacrol." Human & Experimental Toxicology 37, no. 7 (October 11, 2017): 752–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327117735572.

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Benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P) is an environmental pollutant which causes various lung toxicities. The present study was designed to evaluate the protective effects of carvacrol, a monoterpenic phenol against B(a)P-induced lung toxicity. In this study, Swiss albino mice were pretreated with carvacrol (25 mg/kg and 50 mg/kg) orally for 7 consecutive days before administering oral B(a)P (125 mg/kg). Preventive efficacy of carvacrol was assessed in terms of membrane oxidation, antioxidant enzyme activities, histopathological changes, and inflammatory (iNOS, NF-κB, and COX-2) markers. Carvacrol pretreatment in the two doses restored B(a)P-induced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes. Protein expressions of iNOS, NF-κB, and COX-2 in the lung tissue were found to be upregulated by B(a)P. Carvacrol treatment, however, downregulated their expressions by decreasing the marker of positive stained cells and restored the histopathological architecture of lung tissue. Our results suggest that carvacrol can be used as a protective agent against B(a)P-induced lung toxicity and inflammation.

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Costiniuk, Cecilia T., Zahra Saneei, Jean-Pierre Routy, Shari Margolese, Enrico Mandarino, Joel Singer, Bertrand Lebouché, et al. "Oral cannabinoids in people living with HIV on effective antiretroviral therapy: CTN PT028—study protocol for a pilot randomised trial to assess safety, tolerability and effect on immune activation." BMJ Open 9, no. 1 (January 2019): e024793. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024793.

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IntroductionDespite antiretroviral therapy (ART), people living with HIV have higher rates of non-infectious chronic diseases. These conditions are driven by relatively high levels of inflammation persisting on ART compared with uninfected individuals. Chronic inflammation also contributes to HIV persistence during ART. Cannabis when taken orally may represent a way to reduce inflammation and strengthen immune responses. Before planning large interventional studies, it is important to ensure that cannabis taken orally is safe and well tolerated in people living with HIV. We propose to conduct a pilot randomised trial to examine the safety and tolerability of cannabis oils containing tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) consumed orally in people living with HIV. We will also measure inflammatory markers, markers of HIV persistence in peripheral blood cells and changes in the gastrointestinal microbiome.Methods and analysisTwenty-six people living with HIV having undetectable viral load for at least 3 years will be randomised to receive TN-TC11LM (THC:CBD in 1:1 ratio) or TN-TC19LM (THC:CBD in 1:9 ratio) capsules daily for 12 weeks. Safety and tolerability of these capsules will be assessed through haematological, hepatic and renal blood tests, face-to-face interviews and questionnaires. Proportions of participants without any signs of significant toxicity (grades 0–2 scores on the WHO toxicity scale) and who complete the study, as well as scores on quality of life and mood will be examined using descriptive statistics. The effects on inflammatory markers, markers of peripheral blood reservoir size and effect on the composition of the gastrointestinal microbiome will be assessed before and after study completion.Ethics and disseminationThis study has been approved by the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre. A Data Safety Monitor will review safety information at regular intervals. The final manuscript will be submitted to an open-access journal within 6 months of study completion.Trial registration numberNCT03550352.

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Tohamy, Hossam G., Sara E. El-Kazaz, Saqer S. Alotaibi, Hawary S. Ibrahiem, Mustafa Shukry, and Mahmoud A. O. Dawood. "Ameliorative Effects of Boswellic Acid on Fipronil-Induced Toxicity: Antioxidant State, Apoptotic Markers, and Testicular Steroidogenic Expression in Male Rats." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 30, 2021): 1302. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051302.

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The study investigated the ability of boswellic acid (BA) to alleviate the testicular and oxidative injury FPN insecticide intoxication in the male rat model. Rats were randomly assigned to six equivalent groups (six rats each) as the following: control rats orally administered with 2 mL physiological saline/kg of body weight (bwt); boswellic acid (BA1) rats orally administered 250 mg BA/kg bwt; boswellic acid (BA2) rats orally administered 500 mg BA/kg bwt; fipronil (FPN) rats orally administered 20 mg FPN/kg bwt; (FPN + BA1) rats orally administered 20 mg FPN/kg bwt plus 250 mg BA/kg bwt, and (FPN + BA2) rats orally administered 20 mg FPN/kg bwt plus 500 mg BA/kg bwt. After 60 days, semen viability percentage and live spermatozoa percentage were decreased, and a considerably increased abnormality of the sperm cells in FPN-administered rats improved substantially with the co-administration of BA. BA had refinement of the histological architecture of testes and sexual glands. Quantitative analysis recorded a noticeable decline in the nuclear cell-proliferating antigen (PCNA) percentage area. FPN triggered cell damage, which was suggested by elevated malondialdehyde and interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factors alpha, and decreased glutathione level. Proapoptotic factor overexpression is mediated by FPN administration, while it decreased the antiapoptotic protein expression. Similarly, BA has shown significant upregulation in steroidogenic and fertility-related gene expression concerning the FPN group. Pathophysiological damages induced by FPN could be alleviated by BA’s antioxidant ability and antiapoptotic factor alongside the upregulation of steroidogenic and fertility-related genes and regimented the detrimental effects of FPN on antioxidant and pro-inflammatory biomarkers.

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Shokri, Farnaz, Majid Shokoohi, Ayda Roudi Rasht Abadi, and Hossein Kalarestaghi. "The ameliorative effect of Galega officinalis Extract on Histological Damages, Oxidative Stress Induced by Torsion-Detorsion in Adult Rats’ Ovarian." International Journal of Women's Health and Reproduction Sciences 7, no. 1 (November 25, 2018): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15296/ijwhr.2019.19.

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Objectives: The antioxidative role of Galega officinalis extract has been reported in several studies. However, this experimental study was designed in order to investigate the impacts of G. officinalis extract against parameters, such as histological, hormonal, and oxidative stress parameters, which were induced by ovarian torsion/detorsion. Materials and Methods: Adult female Wistar rats (n = 28) were randomly divided into 4 groups including sham (G1), ovarian torsion for 3 hours then-after detorsion (G2 or TD), ovarian torsion-detorsion orally received 50 mg/kg extract of G. officinalis (G3 or TDGO), healthy rats orally received 50 mg/kg hydroalcoholic extract of G. officinalis (G4 or GO). Ten days after torsion-detorsion, rats were sacrificed and their ovaries, and their blood levels of hormones including estrogen and testosterone, as well as some oxidative stress markers were assayed. Results: The structure of ovaries in TD groups of the study showed a notable change compared to other groups. The serum levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH), and also estrogen significantly decreased in TD group, while treatment with G. officinalis could prevent from decreasing mentioned parameters. Furthermore, although torsion-detorsion led to increasing the serum level of malondialdehyde (MDA), it was decreased after administration of G. officinalis. Conclusions: Obtained results showed that G. officinalis could be useful in elevating the estrogen level, reducing the oxidative stress marker (i.e. MDA) and ovarian tissue damages induced by torsion-detorsion.

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Fleige, S., W. Preißnger, H. H. D. Meyer, and M. W. Pfaffl. "Lactulose: effect on apoptotic- and immunological-markers in the gastro-intestinal tract of pre-ruminant calves." Veterinární Medicína 52, No. 10 (January 7, 2008): 437–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2046-vetmed.

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The study was conducted to elucidate the effects of orally administered lactulose in combination with Enterococcus faecium on immune response of the intestinal tract in pre-ruminant calves. The mRNA expression of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and proliferation and apoptosis markers were investigated in jejunum, ileum, colon and caecum. Simmental calves were fed diets containing 1% (L1) or 3% (L3) lactulose and the probiotic strain of the genus E. faecium, and compared with a non treated control group. Primarily the high dose feeding with lactulose showed an effect on several mRNA gene expression parameters. In the jejunum a down-regulation of the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-xl was determined and IL-10 mRNA gene expression was 2.6-fold up-regulated (P < 0.05). In the colon a 1.9-fold (P < 0.05) up-regulation of IL-10 and only in caecum an about 2-fold increase of TGF-β1 (P < 0.05) was found for both lactulose feedings. Caspase 3 was up-regulated in caecum only in the 3% lactulose treated group (P < 0.05). The enhanced apoptotic rate of caspase 3 seems to be associated with a decrease in crypth depth due to lactulose supplementation. The results indicated that mainly the high 3% lactulose dose in probiotic-fed calves has an affect on the intestinal immune function and on diverse apoptotic markers.

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Samama, Meyer, Stylianos Kapiotis, Koichiro Ogata, Jeanne Mendell, Satoshi Kunitada, and Michael Wolzt. "Effect of edoxaban on markers of coagulation in venous and shed blood compared with fondaparinux." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 105, no. 06 (2011): 1080–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th10-11-0705.

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SummaryEdoxaban, an oral direct factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor, is in phase III clinical development for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation and treatment of venous thromboembolism. The shed blood model allows for study of activated coagulation at a site of standardised tissue injury due to local release of tissue factor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of three doses of edoxaban on markers of coagulation in shed and venous blood versus placebo and a standard prophylactic dose of fondaparinux. A total of 100 healthy male subjects were randomised to receive single doses of one of five treatments: subcutaneously administered fondaparinux 2.5 mg; orally administered edoxaban 30, 60, or 120 mg; or placebo. The primary objective was measurement of blood coagulation markers prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and thrombinantithrombin (TAT) complex, and platelet activation marker β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), in venous and shed blood. Secondary objectives included pharmacokinetics, shed blood volume, and safety of edoxaban. Single doses of edoxaban caused rapid and significant decreases of F1+2, TAT, and β-TG in the shed blood model, indicating inhibition of thrombin generation and platelet activation. Inhibition was significantly less for fondaparinux versus edoxaban. Baseline-corrected F1+2, TAT, and β-TG values demonstrated sustained inhibition up to 24 hours for shed blood in the edoxaban groups but no significant inhibition in venous blood. Overall, edoxaban treatments were well tolerated. In conclusion, single oral doses of edoxaban 30, 60, or 120 mg caused rapid and sustained inhibition of coagulation up to 24 hours in the shed blood model.

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George, Joel Johnson, Laura Martin-Diaz, Markus J. T. Ojanen, Rosa Gasa, Marko Pesu, and Keijo Viiri. "PRC2 Regulated Atoh8 Is a Regulator of Intestinal Microfold Cell (M Cell) Differentiation." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 9355. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22179355.

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Intestinal microfold cells (M cells) are a dynamic lineage of epithelial cells that initiate mucosal immunity in the intestine. They are responsible for the uptake and transcytosis of microorganisms, pathogens, and other antigens in the gastrointestinal tract. A mature M cell expresses a receptor Gp2 which binds to pathogens and aids in the uptake. Due to the rarity of these cells in the intestine, their development and differentiation remain yet to be fully understood. We recently demonstrated that polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) is an epigenetic regulator of M cell development, and 12 novel transcription factors including Atoh8 were revealed to be regulated by the PRC2. Here, we show that Atoh8 acts as a regulator of M cell differentiation; the absence of Atoh8 led to a significant increase in the number of Gp2+ mature M cells and other M cell-associated markers such as Spi-B and Sox8. In vitro organoid analysis of RankL treated organoid showed an increase of mature marker GP2 expression and other M cell-associated markers. Atoh8 null mice showed an increase in transcytosis capacity of luminal antigens. An increase in M cell population has been previously reported to be detrimental to mucosal immunity because some pathogens like orally acquired prions have been able to exploit the transcytosis capacity of M cells to infect the host; mice with an increased population of M cells are also susceptible to Salmonella infections. Our study here demonstrates that PRC2 regulated Atoh8 is one of the factors that regulate the population density of intestinal M cell in the Peyer’s patch.

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42

Elia, M., R. Behrens, C. Northrop, P. Wraight, and G. Neale. "Evaluation of mannitol, lactulose and 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate as markers of intestinal permeability in man." Clinical Science 73, no. 2 (August 1, 1987): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/cs0730197.

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1. Factors affecting the intestinal uptake and urinary excretion of mannitol, lactulose and 51Cr-labelled ethylenediaminetetra-acetate (51Cr-EDTA), have been investigated in normal subjects and three patients with ileostomy. 2. The distribution volume of markers within the body, the rate of disappearance from plasma and renal clearance were assessed after an intravenous injection of a mixture of mannitol (2 g), [14C]mannitol (10 μCi), lactulose (0.1 g) and 51Cr-EDTA (5 μCi). 3. The urinary recovery of all the intravenously administered markers was close to 100%. Distribution volumes and patterns of excretion were virtually identical. Oxidation of intravenously administered mannitol accounted for only about 1% of the dose. 4. The passage of an orally administered mixture of markers was traced through the intestine and into urine. Transit time through the gastrointestinal tract was measured by the breath hydrogen method and by radionuclide scanning. 5. The passage of markers from mouth to the large bowel was essentially complete by 3.5 h. In some subjects the marker appeared in the large bowel as early as 30–40 min but in others it took three times as long. 6. After an oral dose the urinary excretion of mannitol fell progressively from 2 to 6 h, whereas the excretion of lactulose and 51Cr-EDTA increased slightly. As a consequence the lactulose/mannitol and 51Cr-EDTA/mannitol ratios in urine collected between 0 and 2 h were more than twofold higher than in urine collected between 4 and 6 h (P < 0.001). After 6 h, the urinary excretion of mannitol and lactulose declined rapidly in all subjects, and was similar to the pattern of excretion of 51Cr-EDTA in subjects with an ileostomy. In contrast, in normal subjects, the excretion of 51Cr-EDTA did not decline rapidly but continued for 24–48 h. 7. Differences in the excretion of mannitol, lactulose and 51Cr-EDTA after oral dosing is due to differences in the temporal pattern of absorption of these markers and not to differences in their distribution volume, oxidation or their clearance by the kidney. 8. The data suggest that the uptake of lactulose by the small intestine persists for longer than the uptake of mannitol, and show that 51Cr-EDTA is readily absorbed in the colon. This study indicates factors which must be considered in the design and interpretation of tests of small intestinal permeability.

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43

El-Shahat, Wael, Mohamed EL-Adl, Mohamed Hamed, and Youssef El-Saedy. "The protective effect of sulforaphane in rats fed on high cholesterol high fructose diets." Mansoura Veterinary Medical Journal 21, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 85–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.35943/mvmj.2020.21.315.

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Objective: To evaluate the protective role of sulforaphane in rats exposed to high cholesterol and high fructose diet. Design: Randomized experimental study. Animals: Twenty-four male Sprague Dawley rats. Procedures: Rats were allocated in groups of six animals to one of four groups. The first group was kept as a control group in which rats were fed on a basal diet for 15 weeks (Control), while in the second group (Control + SFN) rats were fed on the basal diet for 11 weeks then a sulforaphane (SFN) was given (0.5 mg/kg/day) orally for additional 4 weeks. The third group was the high cholesterol high fructose (HCF) where rats were fed on the basal diet mixed with a solution of cholesterol (1 % ) and fructose (10 %) for 15 weeks, while in the fourth group (HCF + SFN) high cholesterol high fructose diet and sulforaphane rats were fed on the basal diet mixed with a solution of cholesterol (1 %) and fructose (10 %) for 11 weeks then a SFN was given orally (0.5 mg/kg/day) for another 4 weeks. Serum and plasma samples were collected to determine the glycemic status, lipid profile, antioxidant status, oxidative and nitrosative stress markers, and apoptotic marker, alongside liver tissue samples for histopathological examination. Results: Results revealed that sulforaphane alleviated the oxidative damage (decreasing MDA and NO) and improved the antioxidant status (reducing glutathione), and enhanced glycemic status through decreasing plasma glucose concentration and decreasing caspase 9 concentration. Conclusion and clinical relevance: It can be suggested that sulforaphane (SFN) can improve insulin resistance (I.R) and improve serum lipid profile.

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Li, Xue-Qing, Roslyn Stella Thelingwani, Leif Bertilsson, Ulf Diczfalusy, Tommy B. Andersson та Collen Masimirembwa. "Evaluation of 1β-Hydroxylation of Deoxycholic Acid as a Non-Invasive Urinary Biomarker of CYP3A Activity in the Assessment of Inhibition-Based Drug–Drug Interaction in Healthy Volunteers". Journal of Personalized Medicine 11, № 6 (24 травня 2021): 457. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm11060457.

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In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility of endogenous 1β-hydroxy-deoxycholic acid/total deoxycholic acid ratio (1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA) in spot urine as a surrogate marker of cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) activity in the assessment inhibition-based drug–drug interactions in healthy volunteers. This was accomplished through an open-label, three-treatment parallel-arm study in healthy male volunteers from Zimbabwe. Each group received itraconazole (ITZ; 100 mg once daily; n = 10), fluconazole (FKZ; 50 mg once daily; n = 9), or alprazolam (APZ; 1 mg once daily; n = 8) orally. Midazolam (MDZ), dosed orally and intravenously, was used as a comparator to validate the exploratory measures of CYP3A activity and the effects of known inhibitors. Urinary metabolic ratios of 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA before and after CYP3A inhibitor treatment showed a similar magnitude of inhibitory effects of the three treatments as that measured by oral MDZ clearance. The maximum inhibition effect of a 75% reduction in the 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA ratio compared to the baseline was achieved in the ITZ group following six once-daily doses of 100 mg. The correlations of the two markers for CYP3A inhibitor treatment were significant (rs = 0.53, p < 0.01). The half-life of urinary endogenous 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA was estimated as four days. These results suggested that 1β-OH-DCA/ToDCA in spot urine is a promising convenient, non-invasive, sensitive, and relatively quickly responsive endogenous biomarker that can be used for CYP3A inhibition-based drug–drug interaction in clinical studies.

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Agil, Ahmad, Meriem Chayah, Lucia Visiedo, Miguel Navarro-Alarcon, José Manuel Rodríguez Ferrer, Mohamed Tassi, Russel J. Reiter, and Gumersindo Fernández-Vázquez. "Melatonin Improves Mitochondrial Dynamics and Function in the Kidney of Zücker Diabetic Fatty Rats." Journal of Clinical Medicine 9, no. 9 (September 10, 2020): 2916. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm9092916.

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Obesity and associated diabetes (diabesity) impair kidney mitochondrial dynamics by augmenting fission and diminishing fusion, which results in mitochondrial and renal dysfunction. Based on available evidence, the antioxidant activities of melatonin may improve impaired renal mitochondrial function in obese diabetic animals by restoring the imbalanced dynamics through inhibiting fission and promoting fusion. Male Zücker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats and lean littermates (ZL) were orally treated either with melatonin (10 mg/kg BW/day) (M-ZDF and M-ZL) or vehicle (C-ZDF and C-ZL) for 17 weeks. Kidney function was evaluated by measurement of total urine volume, proteinuria, creatinine clearance, and assessment of kidney mitochondrial dynamics and function. C-ZDF exhibited impaired dynamics and function of kidney mitochondria in comparison to C-ZL. Melatonin improved nephropathy of ZDF rats and modulated their mitochondrial dynamics by reducing expression of Drp1 fission marker and increasing that of fusion markers, Mfn2 and Opa1. Furthermore, melatonin ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction by increasing respiratory control index and electron transfer chain complex IV activity. In addition, it lowered mitochondrial oxidative status. Our findings show that melatonin supplementation improves nephropathy likely via modulation of the mitochondrial fission/fusion balance and function in ZDF rats.

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Yang, Xiaona, Wanliang Du, Yun Zhang, Hui Wang та Maolin He. "Neuroprotective Effects of Higenamine Against the Alzheimer’s Disease Via Amelioration of Cognitive Impairment, Aβ Burden, Apoptosis and Regulation of Akt/GSK3β Signaling Pathway". Dose-Response 18, № 4 (1 жовтня 2020): 155932582097220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1559325820972205.

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The present investigation was envisaged to elucidate the neuroprotective effect of Higenamine (HGN) against aluminum chloride (AlCl3) triggered experimental Alzheimer’s disease (AD) rat model. Thirty-six male albino Wister rats were randomized and divided in 6 groups and subjected to experimentation for 6 weeks. Control group, AlCl3 (100 mg/kg orally), HGN (50 mg/kg orally), HGN25, HGN50, HGN75 (HGN 25, 50 and 75 mg/kg respectively and AlCl3 100 mg/kg orally). After completion of 42 days protocol, the animals were subjected to passive avoidance test. The animals were then anesthetized by intramuscularly injecting ketamine hydrochloride (24 mg/kg body weight) and euthanized by cervical amputation. Cortical and hippocampal tissues were carefully removed and were employed for quantification of aluminum and acetylcholinesterase. The tissues were quantified using Western blotting and detection kits for APP, Aβ1-42, β and γ secretases, Bax, Bad, caspases-9, cyto-c, pAkt and pGSK-3β, and oxidative markers. HGN significantly protected AlCl3 induced memory and learning impairments, Al overload, AChE hyperactivity, amyloid β (Aβ) burden and apoptosis in brain tissues via activating Akt/GSK3β pathway. HGN attenuated oxidative damage induced by Al by modulation of oxidative markers. Our findings advocate the neuroprotective effect of HGN in AlCl3 induced AD rat model.

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Cleemann, Line, Kirsten Holm, Hanne Kobbernagel, Bent Kristensen, Sven Oluf Skouby, Andreas Kryger Jensen, and Claus H. Gravholt. "Dosage of estradiol, bone and body composition in Turner syndrome: a 5-year randomized controlled clinical trial." European Journal of Endocrinology 176, no. 2 (February 2017): 233–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/eje-16-0582.

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Objective Reduced bone mineral density (BMD) is seen in Turner syndrome (TS) with an increased risk of fractures, and body composition is characterized by increased body fat and decreased lean body mass. To evaluate the effect of two different doses of oral 17B-estradiol in young TS women on bone mineral density (BMD), biochemical markers of bone turnover and body composition with the hypothesis of a positive effect of the higher dose. Design A double-blind 5-year randomized controlled clinical trial. 20 young TS women participated. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of TS, age 15–25 years and current treatment with 2 mg oral estradiol daily. Methods The low-dose (LD) group was administered 2 mg 17B-estradiol/day orally and placebo, the high-dose (HD) group was administered 2 + 2 mg 17B-estradiol/day orally. Main outcome measures were whole body and regional bone mineral density (BMD), lean body mass (LBM), fat mass (FM) measured yearly by DXA scan and resorptive and formative bone markers in serum. Results BMD, whole body and regional, increased over time with an attenuation toward the end of the study, and bone turnover markers decreased over time, both with no differences between the treatment groups (P = 0.2–0.9). LBM increased significantly more in the HD group (P = 0.02). FM remained stable in both groups. Conclusions A steady increase in BMD over time in TS was found similar to healthy young women. The higher estrogen dose did not differentially affect BMD or bone markers. The positive effect on body composition may have long-ranging health benefits in TS.

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48

Wali, Adil Farooq, Muneeb U. Rehman, Mohammad Raish, Mohsin Kazi, Padma G. M. Rao, Osamah Alnemer, Parvaiz Ahmad, and Ajaz Ahmad. "Zingerone [4-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-butan-2] Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Protects Rats from Sepsis Associated Multi Organ Damage." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 4, 2020): 5127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215127.

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The present investigation aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Zingerone (ZIN) against lipopolysaccharide-induced oxidative stress, DNA damage, and cytokine storm in rats. For survival study the rats were divided into four groups (n = 10). The control group was treated with normal saline; Group II received an intraperitoneal (i.p) injection (10 mg/kg) of LPS as disease control. Rats in Group III were treated with ZIN 150 mg/kg (p.o) 2 h before LPS challenge and rats in Group IV were given ZIN only. Survival of the rats was monitored up to 96 h post LPS treatment. In another set, the animals were divided into four groups of six rats. Animals in Group I served as normal control and were treated with normal saline. Animals in Group II were treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and served as disease control. Group III animals were treated with ZIN 2 h before LPS challenge. Group IV served as positive control and were treated with ZIN (150 mg/kg orally). The blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of biochemical parameters like alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate transaminase (AST), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Cr, Urea, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, bilirubin (BIL), and total protein. Oxidative stress markers malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione peroxidase (GSH), myeloperoxidase (MPO), and (DNA damage marker) 8-OHdG levels were measured in different organs. Level of nitric oxide (NO) and inflammatory markers like TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-1α, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-10 were also quantified in plasma. Procalcitonin (PCT), a sepsis biomarker, was also measured. ZIN treatment had shown significant (p < 0.5) restoration of plasma enzymes, antioxidant markers and attenuated plasma proinflammatory cytokines and sepsis biomarker (PCT), thereby preventing the multi-organ and tissue damage in LPS-induced rats also confirmed by histopathological studies of different organs. The protective effect of ZIN may be due to its potent antioxidant potential. Thus ZIN can prevent LPS-induced oxidative stress as well as inflammatory and multi-organ damage in rats when administered to the LPS treated animals.

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Roshal, Mikhail, Jonathan Fromm, Stuart Winter, Kimberly Dunsmore, and Brent Wood. "Precursor T Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (T-ALL) Blasts Lose Expression of Markers of Immaturity during Chemotherapy: Implications for the Detection of Minimal Residual Disease." Blood 112, no. 11 (November 16, 2008): 1521. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v112.11.1521.1521.

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Abstract Immunophenotyping has become a primary modality in detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) in acute leukemia. Detection and enumeration of leukemic blasts relies on the recognition of the aberrancies in the immunophenotype of the abnormal population. Antigens associated with immature phenotype are thought to represent particularly good markers for identification of leukemic cells. In particular the expression of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT) on the T-lineage blasts outside the thymus and aberrantly high expression CD99 have been shown to be present in virtually all cases of T-ALL at diagnosis. CD34 and CD10 have also been used as markers of immaturity and aberrancy in MRD. Upon therapy precursor B cell ALL blasts have been shown to lose markers associated with immaturity complicating the detection of MRD. Immunophenotypic changes in T-ALL have not been well characterized. We studied the utility of these markers in the detection of MRD in pediatric patients undergoing chemotherapy under the Children’s Oncology Group (COG) research protocol for treatment of T-ALL. Per protocol (COG-AALL0434) patients received cytarabine intrathecally (IT) on day 1; vincristine IV and daunorubicin hydrochloride IV on days 1, 8, 15, and 22; prednisone IV or orally twice daily on days 1–28; pegaspargase intramuscularly (IM) on day 4, 5, or 6; and methotrexate (MTX) IT on days 8 and 29. Blood and bone marrow samples from 74 consecutive patients enrolled in the protocol between 05/2007 and 04/2008 and who had at least one positive sample (>0.1% blasts of total white cells) at days 8, 15 or 29 post first day of induction were analyzed at diagnosis and in the setting of MRD detection for abnormal expression of TdT, CD99, CD34 and CD10 by multiparameter flow cytometry. Expression of individual antigens was assessed both by percentage of the leukemic blasts with levels of expression above those of normal mature T cells in the samples and by mean fluorescence quotient relative to normal T cells. Consistent with prior reports, nearly all patient samples demonstrated expression of TdT (96%, MFQ=1.35(central 95%=1.01–1.74)) and high expression of CD99 (96%, MFQ=1.34(1.01–1.59)) on at least 20% of abnormal cells at diagnosis. Moreover, TdT and CD99 could be used for blast enumeration with 88% of cases showing greater than 50% positivity for each marker. Expression of these markers began to decline by day 8 and continued to decrease through day 29. Thus only a minority of positive cases showed expression of TdT (24%, MFQ=1.08(0.9–1.62), p<0.001, by Wilcoxon signed-rank test) or CD99 (44%, MFQ=1.14 (0.88–1.51) p<0.001) and in yet smaller proportion of cases could these markers be used for blast enumeration (11% and 26% respectively) by day 29. Median decline for CD99 positivity on the abnormal blasts was 24%, 26% and 62% at day 8, 15 and 29 respectively. Similarly, the differences for TdT were 30%, 44% and 60% respectively. CD34 and CD10 were expressed on a minority of pre-treatment cases (41% and 28% respectively) and expressed similar but less dramatic decline. At day 29, 25.9% of cases expressed CD34 and 16.2% of cases expressed CD10. Median change was 16% for CD34 and 17% for CD10 for cases that expressed those antigens before treatment. Figure 1 demonstrates the declines in both “high positive” with abnormal blasts showing greater than 50% positivity for a marker and of “low positive” cases showing between 20–50% positivity. We conclude that expression of common T-ALL markers of immaturity dramatically declines in the setting of chemotherapy, reducing their value for immunophenotypic detection of MRD. We speculate that this change is due to either chemotherapy induced partial maturation or selective survival of more mature aberrant cells. These results suggest the need for expansion of immunophenotyping panels to decrease reliance on individual markers of immaturity for T-ALL detection in order to achieve a more accurate evaluation of MRD. Figure 1: Loss of markers of immaturity in T-ALL Figure 1:. Loss of markers of immaturity in T-ALL

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Chen, Yi-Ju, Rathinasamy Baskaran, Marthandam Asokan Shibu, and Wan-Teng Lin. "Anti-Fatigue and Exercise Performance Improvement Effect of Glossogyne tenuifolia Extract in Mice." Nutrients 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14051011.

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Glossogyne tenuifolia (GT) is a native perennial plant growing across the coastline areas in Taiwan. The current study aimed to examine the efficacy of GT extract in ameliorating physical fatigue during exercise and increasing exercise performance. Fifty male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were randomly segregated into five groups (n = 10) to GT extract orally for 4 weeks, at different concentrations (50, 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg BW/day): LGT 1X, MGT 2X, HGT 5X, and HGT 10X groups. Forelimb grip strength, endurance swimming time, serum biochemical marker levels, blood lipid profile and histological analysis of various organs were performed to assess the anti-fatigue effect and exercise performance of GT extract. The forelimb-grips strength and endurance-swimming time of GT-administered mice were increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner when compared to the control. Serum glucose, creatine kinase, and lactate levels were increased significantly in the HGT 10X group. Liver marker serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT) was increased in the HGT 5X and HGT 10X groups, whereas Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) was not altered. Renal markers, creatinine and uric acid levels, were not altered. Muscle and hepatic glycogen levels, which are essential for energy sources during exercise, were also significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner in all GT extract groups. No visible histological aberrations were observed in the vital organs after GT extract administration. The supplementation with GT extract could have beneficial effects on exercise performance and anti-fatigue function without toxicity at a higher dose.

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