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1
Sablin, Ivan. "Written Oral History." AlterNative: An International Journal of Indigenous Peoples 8, no. 1 (March 2012): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/117718011200800103.
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Csonta, István. "Oral and Written History." Studia Teologiczno-Historyczne Śląska Opolskiego 41, no. 1 (July 29, 2021): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.25167/sth.3215.
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It is well-known that misconceptions can influence many, especially if it does not require too much energy to understand. Hoaxes, misleading interpretations are attractive especially for the less educated. The fact that forgeries and conspiracy-theories spread much faster by the help of the mainly unfiltered social media than ever before, which is especially visible in the time of Covid-19. This article, by the help of three examples, presents how much tendentious interpretation in oral history can influence the formation of misconceptions,and vice versa, how a misconception can influence the common knowledge of a society and in the end its cultural memory.
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Khoma, Oleg, and Xenija Zborovska. "Oral history of philosophy: written format." Filosofska dumka (Philosophical Thought) -, no. 4 (October 16, 2019): 6–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/fd2019.04.006.
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Bailey, Matthew. "Written testimony, oral history and retail environments." Journal of Historical Research in Marketing 7, no. 3 (August 17, 2015): 356–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhrm-10-2014-0032.
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Purpose – This paper aims to join a growing movement in marketing history to include the voices of consumers in historical research on retail environments. It aims to show that consumer perspectives offer new insights to the emergence and reception of large-scale, pre-planned shopping centers in Australia during the 1960s, and allow one to write a history of this retail form from below, in contrast to the top-down approach that is characteristic of the broader literature on shopping mall development. Design/methodology/approach – Written testimonies by consumers were gathered using a qualitative online questionnaire. The methodology is related to oral history, in that it seeks to capture the subjective experiences of participants, has the capacity to create new archives, to fill or explain gaps in existing repositories and provide a voice to those frequently lost to the historical record. Findings – The written testimonies gathered for this project provide an important contribution to the understanding of shopping centers in Australia and, particularly Sydney, during the 1960s, the ways that they were envisaged and used and insights into their reception and success. Research limitations/implications – As with oral history, written testimony has limitations as a methodology due to its reliance on memory, requiring both sophisticated and cautious readings of the data. Originality/value – The methodology used in this paper is unique in this context and provides new understandings of Australian retail property development. For current marketers, the historically constituted relationship between people and place offers potential for community targeted promotional campaigns.
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Stell, Elizabeth. "Beyond Oral and Written Prophecy." Dead Sea Discoveries 29, no. 3 (November 10, 2022): 410–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685179-02903007.
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Abstract This article examines performance as part of the prophetic and revelatory in ancient Jewish literature. The body of the article centres on the so-called “prophetic actions” within the biblical corpus. Scholarship’s use of this category has highlighted nonverbal performance as a part of prophecy but raises questions regarding the efficacy of these varied actions as well as their distinction from written or spoken prophecy. Here I reapply J.L. Austin’s speech act theory to further examine their function. Isaiah 20:1–6 and Jeremiah 51:59–64, my central case studies, demonstrate not only the variety among these performances but also how interwoven they are with prophetic biography, writing, and speech. Exploring such phenomena through this more flexible lens further illuminates the continued significance of performance and prophecy in the Second Temple period, which the article demonstrates using 11QPsalmsa and the Exagoge of Ezekiel.
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Thane, Patricia M. "Oral History, Memory and Written Tradition: An Introduction." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (December 1999): 160–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0080440100010136.
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When, in the 1970s, historians of the recent past began seriously to explore the uses of oral history they were, as Alistair Thomson points out in this volume, much criticised for uncritical reliance upon the frailties of human memory. Not all such criticism was misplaced, but, as Thomson describes, the past quarter-century of scepticism and experience has immensely refined the ways in which the method is used and its outcomes interpreted. Yet many historians continue to value documentary over oral sources to a surprising degree, given the extent to which documents throughout history have been derived from oral sources, or were written versions of unspoken memories. If there are serious methodological problems confronting interpretations of the recent past which depend upon memory, such problems arise at least equally for other time periods. The value of the essays which follow, and of the conference at which they were read, is in the focus on the common methodological problems posed to historians and anthropologists of very different time periods and cultures by memory and its oral and written expression: issues of what people do and do not remember, of why and how memory is used to interpret past and present.
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MUNDY, MARTHA. "Between the oral and the written." History Workshop Journal 32, no. 1 (1991): 184–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hwj/32.1.184.
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Willis, Justin. "Feedback As a “Problem” in Oral History: An Example from Bonde." History in Africa 20 (1993): 353–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171980.
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Feedback—the process by which written versions of history influence subsequent presentations of oral history—is now a well-documented process. In writing on African history, Henige in particular has emphasized the importance of feedback in oral history, and has suggested that feedback from written sources is a process of contamination which has affected oral history all over the continent.Some aspects of the oral history of Bonde, the area around the town of Muheza in northeastern Tanzania, would seem to present a counterexample to this thesis of written history as a contaminant of hitherto pure oral history: oral histories of at least two important nineteenth-century events in this area are at variance with fairly widely-available published sources. Evidence from Bonde suggests that, here at least, feedback from written sources is not a particular and unique influence on the making of oral history.
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Fyle, C. Magbaily. "Oral Tradition and Sierra Leone History." History in Africa 12 (1985): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171712.
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This paper attempts to examine specific problems encountered with the collection and interpretation of oral traditions in Sierra Leone and ways in which these were approached. I will suggest with examples that problems facing oral traditions are not always peculiar to them, as the researcher with written sources faces some similar problems.Much has been said about methodology in collecting oral tradition for it to warrant much discussion here. One point that has been, brought out, however, is that methods which work well for one situation might prove disastrous or unproductive in another. It is thus necessary to bring out specific examples of situations encountered so as to improve our knowledge of the possible variety of approaches that could be used, while emphasizing that the researcher, as a detective, should have enough room for initiative.For the past eight years, I have been collecting oral histories from among the Yalunka (Dialonke) and Koranko of Upper Guinea, both southern Mande peoples, and the Limba and Temne, grouped under the ‘West Atlantic.’ Extensive exploration into written sources has indicated that similar problems arise in both cases. In both situations, the human problem was evident. For the oral traditionist this problem is more alive as he is dealing first hand with human beings. A number of factors therefore, like his appearance, approach to his informants, his ability to ‘identify’ with the society in question, may affect the information he receives. These could provide reasons for distortion which are not necessarily present with written sources.
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King, James R., and Norman A. Stahl. "Between word and text in life narratives." Narrative Inquiry 25, no. 1 (December 31, 2015): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/ni.25.1.11kin.
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The purpose of this essay is to examine the relationships between “the oral” and “the written” in a particular application of narrative research (life rendering research). First, we examine a functional and valuing contrast between oral and written language within oral history methods. Second, we present a critical examination of the use of these linguistic predispositions as they impact life history narratives. Next, we examine a particularly close analogy between oral history and psychiatric patient write-up. Finally, the historical oral/written tension located in oral history practice is located within the frameworks of newer, media-based literacies. The tensions that these intentions create are particularly acute in power-based relationships, such as those between interviewers and informants. Therefore, the organization of the paper is a series of issues that combine to form a critical look at the use of informants’ words in the written narratives of the oral history as a form of discourse synthesis (Spivey, 1997).
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Hendriani, Dita. "PENDIDIKAN SEJARAH, SEBUAH TINJUAN METODOLOGI." CENDEKIA: Journal of Education and Teaching 9, no. 1 (April 10, 2015): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.30957/cendekia.v9i1.55.
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This paper presents conceptual description on historical education in the methods of historical discovery using library analyses. The analyses indicate that (1) historical events can be described through two empirical facts: written and oral. Conventional history accostomes only written facts; in addition, oral facts that tend to be accepted as the complimentary materials support the written facts delineating a cross-check process to achieve the truth, (2) historical narration shoulb be clear-cut from tales; tales are produced by non-historian mixing facts and arts that should not be based on historical data, rather the author’s imagination, (3) phylosophy history is much written by non-historican but experts on phylosophy, and (4) history with Indonesian perspectives is significant to explore, hiwever much of the histiry is considered military oriented.
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Côté, J. E. "History of Factums." Alberta Law Review 52, no. 1 (November 4, 2014): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr12.
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The history of the factum in Canada is little known but greatly significant in the development of written argument. Written argument grew alongside the oral legal tradition. The factum developed in Canada in an unorthodox way. Unlike most Canadian laws and procedures, which find their roots in common law England, the factum originated in Quebec’s civil jurisdiction before being adopted in the NorthwestTerritories. This article explores the evolution of written argument and the historical use of the factum in the United Kingdom and Canada and details the practice of factum use in Alberta particularly.
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Edinborough, Kevan, Marko Porčić, Andrew Martindale, Thomas Jay Brown, Kisha Supernant, and Kenneth M. Ames. "Radiocarbon test for demographic events in written and oral history." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114, no. 47 (October 30, 2017): 12436–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1713012114.
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We extend an established simulation-based method to test for significant short-duration (1–2 centuries) demographic events known from one documented historical and one oral historical context. Case study 1 extrapolates population data from the Western historical tradition using historically derived demographic data from the catastrophic European Black Death/bubonic plague (Yersinia pestis). We find a corresponding statistically significant drop in absolute population using an extended version of a previously published simulation method. Case study 2 uses this refined simulation method to test for a settlement gap identified in oral historical records of descendant Tsimshian First Nations communities from the Prince Rupert Harbour region of the Pacific Northwest region of British Columbia, Canada. Using a regional database of n = 523 radiocarbon dates, we find a significant drop in relative population using the extended simulation-based method consistent with Tsimshian oral records. We conclude that our technical refinement extends the utility of radiocarbon simulation methods and can provide a rigorous test of demographic predictions derived from a range of historical sources.
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Heesen, Anke te. "Spoken Words, Written Memories: Early Oral History and Elite Interviews." History of Humanities 6, no. 1 (March 1, 2021): 163–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/713261.
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JONES, GEOFFREY, and RACHAEL COMUNALE. "Oral History and the Business History of Emerging Markets." Enterprise & Society 20, no. 1 (January 30, 2019): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2018.109.
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This article highlights the benefits that rigorous use of oral history can offer to research on the contemporary business history of emerging markets. Oral history can help fill some of the major information voids arising from the absence of a strong tradition of creating and making accessible corporate archives in most countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. It also permits a level of nuance that is hard to obtain even if written archives are accessible. Oral histories provide insights into why events did not occur, and why companies have chosen certain industries over others. Oral history can also shed light on hyper-sensitive topics, such corruption, which are rarely formally documented.
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Graff, Harvey J., and Jack Goody. "The Interface between the Written and the Oral." American Historical Review 94, no. 4 (October 1989): 1055. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1906609.
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Sellew, Philip. "Oral and Written Sources in Mark 4.1–34." New Testament Studies 36, no. 2 (April 1990): 234–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500015071.
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When scholars discuss the compositional processes of the Gospel of Mark, one of the important questions is the extent to which the evangelist drew on earlier sources. Mark seems to have collected and reordered a great amount of disparate material and given it his own stamp in order to produce something new. But the details of this process of collection, redaction, and composition are not at all clear. To what extent were those traditions already gathered or collected before Mark? Were the pre-Marcan materials transmitted in oral or written form? What degree of freedom did the gospel writer employ in taking over, adapting, or rewriting earlier sources?
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Halverson, John. "Oral and Written Gospel: A Critique of Werner Kelber." New Testament Studies 40, no. 2 (April 1994): 180–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0028688500020543.
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In The Oral and Written Gospel, Werner Kelber argues that the first written gospel was an attempt to supersede oral tradition by the creation of a literary ‘counterform’. It aimed to discredit ‘oral authorities’ (identified as the disciples and family of Jesus and Christian prophets). Similarly, the paucity of sayings in Mark indicates a suspicion of the sayings genre, which is taken to be the oral genre par excellence. The sayings represent the living voice of the living Lord. The substitution of a written gospel would silence that voice as an ongoing phenomenon by relegating it to the dead past. The passion narrative is essentially the creation of Mark, and with its emphasis on the death and post-resurrectional silence of Jesus, creates a new Christology in opposition to the ‘oral Christology’ of the sayings, which never refer to the death of Jesus. The net effect of the written gospel was to inaugurate a theology (or ‘hermeneutic’) of death and absence in contradiction to the principle of presence that informed the oral tradition.
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Fox, Adam. "Remembering the Past in Early Modern England: Oral and Written Tradition." Transactions of the Royal Historical Society 9 (December 1999): 233–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3679402.
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For students of the interaction between oral and written forms of communication the early modern period provides an important case study. England in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was far from being an oral society; and yet it was not a completely literate one either. On the one hand, old vernacular traditions had long been infused and supplemented, or corrupted and destroyed, by the written word; on die other hand, only a certain part of the population could read and write or ever relied on the products of literacy. Indeed, as Keidi Thomas has suggested, ‘it is the interaction between contrasting forms of culture, literate and illiterate, oral and written, which gives this period its particular fascination’.
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Houston, Benjamin. "Not as It Is Written." Public Historian 42, no. 2 (May 2020): 78–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tph.2020.42.2.78.
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This article discusses an international exhibition that detailed the recent history of African Americans in Pittsburgh. Methodologically, the exhibition paired oral history excerpts with selected historic photographs to evoke a sense of Black life during the twentieth century. Thematically, showcasing the Black experience in Pittsburgh provided a chance to provoke among a wider public more nuanced understandings of the civil rights movement, an era particularly prone to problematic and superficial misreadings, but also to interject an African American perspective into the scholarship on deindustrializing cities, a literature which treats racism mostly in white-centric terms. This essay focuses on the choices made in reconciling these thematic and methodological dimensions when designing this exhibition.
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Ziolkowski, Eric. "Religion and Literature: History and Method." Brill Research Perspectives in Religion and the Arts 3, no. 1 (December 12, 2019): 1–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24688878-12340007.
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Abstract Religion and literature is the study of interrelationships between religious or theological traditions and literary traditions, both oral and written, with special attention to religious or theological underpinnings of, influences upon, and reflections in, individual “texts” (oral and written) or authors’ oeuvres. This overview considers the origins and history of, and methods employed in, that scholarly enterprise, focusing upon the dual construals of “literature” in religious studies (as a body of sacred writings and as writing valued for artistic merit); the problematics of defining “religion”; the transformation of theology and literature as a “field” (pioneered by Nathan A. Scott Jr. et al.) to religion and literature; the affiliated fields of myth criticism, and of biblical reception; and the institutionalization, globalization, and future of the study of religion and literature.
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Turab-ul-Hassan Sargana. "Punjabi Folklore and The War of Independence 1857-58." PERENNIAL JOURNAL OF HISTORY 3, no. 1 (June 8, 2022): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.52700/pjh.v3i1.102.
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Oral history is one of the branches of the discipline of history which is based on verbal accounts and verbal traditions of histography. Folklore is an essential element of oral history to build an alternative history. Generally, folklore presents a different point of view form the written history. Folklore presents the wishes and emotions of common people while written history. In many cases fulfill the ruling elite class. So, it can be concluded that to understand role of the people of Punjab during the war of independence. The study of the Punjabi folklore and folk songs is inevitable for it
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Khamis, Said A. M. "From Written through Oral to Mediated Oral: The Example of Music." Matatu 31-32, no. 1 (August 1, 2005): 203–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-031032015.
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MALTSEVA, OLGA VL. "The Amur Fishermen: Their Mythical History in the Oral and Written Dimensions." Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 27 (November 15, 2022): 29–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2022.27.03.
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Before the 1930s, the peoples who inhabited the Amur region located in Eastern Russia transmitted traditional information only orally within their groups. That accumulated knowledge was a fundamental cornerstone for their mental world and mainly reflected the social processes that had been unfolding in the large river valley. The Three Suns Nanai cosmogony legend, which tells the story of the three suns that melted and scorched the Earth, is a good example for understanding the local history. The basic myth is split into several actions, forming independent subplots with separate characters and their behaviors. The branched storyline of the legend confirms the specific migratory processes that used to take place within the Amur territory. The new communities embedded their family stories into the Three Suns common myth. In that way, the migrators harmonized their lives with their world model, i.e., with the mythical universe seen as the otherworld where shamans sent only righteous human souls. Since the 1930s, with the spread of written language, the Amur natives have developed a new culture code which was created not by the older generation who still followed the oral tradition, but by the literate persons among them. Their entire folklore heritage was given a different conceptual design and began to be understood within world history. The local archaeological artefacts dating back to the third millennium BC were interpreted through the mythic narrative. Thanks to this discovery, a Russian-language simplified version of the legend was created which was accessible to a wide audience. Nowadays we witness the emergence of a new mythical history originating from this written version. Linking the legend to the archaeological sites makes the Lower Amur peoples’ history significantly older. According to modern understanding, the local history begins not with mythical events, but with a reconstructed picture of ancient social life embedded in the Earth’s topography and chronology.
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Podgorski, Frank R., and William A. Graham. "Beyond the Written Word: Oral Aspects of Scripture in History of Religion." Asian Folklore Studies 48, no. 2 (1989): 306. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1177928.
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Canos-Donnay, Sirio. "Balancing written history with oral tradition: the legacy of the Songhoy people." International Journal of Heritage Studies 23, no. 9 (June 16, 2017): 911–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2017.1338607.
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Vengerska, Victoria, and Oleksandr Zhukovskyi. "SOVIET PERIOD OF HISTORY AND HOLOCAUST IN ORAL HISTORY STUDIES: BETWEEN OFFICIAL AND PERSONAL MEMORY." Intermarum history policy culture, no. 9 (December 25, 2021): 121–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.35433/history.112019.
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The aim of this paper is to examine the mechanisms of action of individual and collective memory on the features of remembering/ forgetting / interpreting complex pages of history. The use of oral historical memories has allowed to trace the level of influence of stereotypes and dominant (official) historical narratives that were formed both in the Soviet period and in the independence era. The methodological basis of the study is the tools of oral, social history and the history of everyday life. Scientific novelty. The article is written on the basis of oral historical evidence. The article focuses on the issues that break stereotypes about Jews formed during the Soviet period. The collected evidence constitutes an important source of information that explains the peculiarities of the formation of social memory and political factors that determine the agenda of historical policy in a given period.
Conclusions. The article considers several blocks of problems that reflect the most typical stereotypes, fixed at the level of consciousness, behavioral attitudes, partially presented (or omitted) facts from history, which to some extent destroy them. The memoirs used in the article, which were collected in the framework of the project "Voices" in 2020 in Zhytomyr region (in which the author has participated), reflect the similarity of general ideas, assessments, tone, and memory stereotypes about anti-Semitism, the legitimacy of the Holodomor’s status of the genocide directed exclusively against ethnic Ukrainians, the role and place of Jews in the victory over Nazism, the peculiarities of evacuation, and the issues of preserving and honoring the memory of those killed during the Holocaust. At the same time, those memoirs demonstrate the differences between collective and individual memory, which preserves plots that to some extent destroy stereotypical attitudes that have long been ingrained in the mind and, accordingly, influenced the formation of social memory. The analysis of the interviews shows that oral history has significant source potential for studying various issues and sections of Soviet and modern history that await their researchers.
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Harper, K. S. "The Mong Oral Tradition: Cultural Memory in the Absence of Written Language." Oral History Review 37, no. 1 (February 18, 2010): 104–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ohr/ohq008.
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Fisch, Yael. "The Origins of Oral Torah: A New Pauline Perspective." Journal for the Study of Judaism 51, no. 1 (March 19, 2020): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700631-12511265.
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Abstract This article proposes to rethink the genealogy and origin of the rabbinical terms Oral Torah and Written Torah. The terms appear for the first time in Tannaitic literature, yet scholars have attempted to ascribe to them an earlier date and to present them as a Second Temple, specifically Pharisaic, distinction. This article problematizes the existing genealogies and considers neglected evidence found in Paul’s Letter to the Romans that advances our understanding of the Oral Torah/Written Torah distinction in the first century CE. According to my rereading of Rom 10:5-13 and 3:19-31, Paul has a notion of double-nomos within scripture, and his twofold torah is presented as oral and written. Apart from rabbinic literature, it is only in Paul that we find the use of an Oral Torah/Written Torah distinction. This evidence affects both how the history of the rabbinic terms is understood and how Paul is configured in his Jewish matrix.
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Birtalan, Ágnes. "An Oirat Ethnogenetic Myth in Written and Oral Traditions." Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 55, no. 1-3 (September 2002): 69–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aorient.55.2002.1-3.6.
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Freyburger, Philipp, and Frank Jäger. "Emergentes Erinnern. Sensorische, kognitive und mediale (Spiel-)Räume in Oral-History-Interviews und literarischen Erinnerungstexten." Romanische Forschungen 133, no. 2 (June 15, 2021): 176–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.3196/003581221832836710.
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Numerous studies have shown how autobiographical narratives can illustrate the functions and structures of traumatic memory through language However, comparative research between linguistics and literature, between oral and written accounts, has often been neglected, especially when it comes to the role of sensory perception in the process of memory emergence The present study focuses on the examination of ’emerging memory‘ in both oral history interviews and literary narratives as testified by traumatised war and holocaust survivors It focuses primarily on communicative strategies and linguistic structures, which can be found in both corpora By applying the linguistic concept of evidentiality, it will be shown how visual and auditive stimuli condition, regulate and facilitate the process of verbalization in both oral and written narratives
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Quirin, James. "Oral Traditions as Historical Sources in Ethiopia: The Case of the Beta Israel (Falasha)." History in Africa 20 (1993): 297–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3171976.
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It is axiomatic that historians should use all available sources. African historiography has been on the cutting edge of methodological innovation for the last three decades, utilizing written sources, oral traditions, archeology, linguistics, ethnography, musicology, botany, and other techniques to bring respect and maturity to the field.But the use of such a diverse methodology has brought controversy as well, particularly regarding oral traditions. Substantial criticisms have been raised concerning the problems of chronology and limited time depth, variations in different versions of the same events, and the problem of feedback between oral and written sources. A “structuralist” critique deriving from Claude Levi-Strauss's study of Amerindian mythology has provided a useful corrective to an overly-literal acceptance of oral traditions, but often went too far in throwing out the historical baby with the mythological bathwater, leading some historians to reject totally the use of oral data. A more balanced view has shown that a modified structural approach can be a useful tool in historical analysis. In Ethiopian historiography some preliminary speculations were made along structuralist lines,5 although in another sense such an approach was always implicit since the analysis of Ethiopie written hagiographies and royal chronicles required an awareness of the mythological or folk elements they contain.Two more difficult problems to overcome have been the Ethiopie written documents' centrist and elitist focus on the royal monarchy and Orthodox church. The old Western view that “history” required the existence of written documents and a state led to the paradigm of Ethiopia as an “outpost of Semitic civilization” and its historical and historiographical separation from the rest of Africa. The comparatively plentiful corpus of written documentation for Ethiopian history allowed such an approach, and the thousands of manuscripts made available to scholars on microfilm in the last fifteen years have demonstrated the wealth still to be found in written sources. However, such sources, although a starting point for research on Ethiopian history, no longer seem adequate in themselves because they focus primarily on political-military and religious events concerning the monarchy and church.
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Rydberg-Cox, Jeffrey. "ORAL AND WRITTEN SOURCES IN ATHENIAN FORENSIC RHETORIC." Mnemosyne 56, no. 6 (2003): 652–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156852503772914113.
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AbstractAthens in the fifth and fourth centuries witnessed an increase in the use of written materials such as evidence in the law courts, the revision and writing down of laws, the establishment of state archives, and the emergence of books. While many authors praised writing for its positive impact, other writers viewed it as an object of concern. In this paper, I explore the contexts in which Athenian orators used this ambivalence about writing in support of their cases. I demonstrate that the sorts of writing that are praised or attacked in Athenian forensic orations fall into three broad categories, written laws, written contracts, and written evidence. In most cases, the discussion does not revolve around writing in general, but rather focuses on promoting or discrediting an individual piece of writing to suit the needs of the case.
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IUGA, ANAMARIA, FROSA PEJOSKA-BOUCHEREAU, Krassimira Krastanova, and Corina Iosif. "Introduction. From Transcribing Orality to Oral Practices of Writing." Martor. The Museum of the Romanian Peasant Anthropology Review 27 (November 15, 2022): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.57225/martor.2022.27.01.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This special issue of Martor problematizes the complex relationship between the written and the oral in the production of meaning that defines “traditions,” community and group relations, in different contexts of change (post-communism, migration, the use of hypermedia, storytelling and so on). It approaches the new ways orality is found in contemporary societies, but also open avenues for methodological discussions in ethnological research regarding the phenomenon of orality in contemporary societies, dominated by history and written texts.
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Jaago, Tiiu. "Critical events of the 1940s in Estonian life histories." Sign Systems Studies 34, no. 2 (December 31, 2006): 471–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.12697/sss.2006.34.2.11.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article observes how critical times, conditioned by events concurrent with Soviet power and World War II, are currently reflected in life histories of newly independent Estonia. Oral history analysis comprises texts from southern Läänemaa: oral life history interview (2005), written responses to the Estonian National Museum’s questionnaire “The 1949 Deportation, Life as a Deportee” (1999) and a written life history sent to the Estonian Literary Museum’s relevant competition “One Hundred Lives of a Century” (1999). Aiming at historic context, materials from the Estonian Historical Archives and Läänemaa County Archives have been used. The treatment focuses on two issues. First, whether oral and written narratives only differ by the form of presentation or do they also convey different messages (ideologies). Secondly, whether memories and history documents solely complement each other or do they more essentially alter the imaginations obtained from the events. The public is presented with experience narratives on coping under difficult circumstances, both at practical and mental levels. Narratives are presented from a certain standpoint, pursuant to narrators’ convictions, with the main message remaining the same in different presentations. The addition of history sources enables to better observe the evolving of narrative tradition (narration rules) and highlight new questions (hidden in the narrative).
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Porto, Fernando. "Researching nursing history in Brazil: what do we have to say?" Online Brazilian Journal of Nursing 16, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.17665/1676-4285.20175913.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The reflection we propose is related to what we write, record and narrate in the approach to the history of nursing, adopting methods and techniques in the construction of studies, whose documentary selection can be written, imaginary, oral, an object, among many others. This implies the construction of assertions understood as "absolute" truths, and which reproduce certain symbolic beliefs in terms of what we want to believe.The reflection we propose is related to what we write, record and narrate in the approach to the history of nursing, adopting methods and techniques in the construction of studies, whose documentary selection can be written, imaginary, oral, an object, among many others. This implies the construction of assertions understood as "absolute" truths, and which reproduce certain symbolic beliefs in terms of what we want to believe
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Goncalves Vidal, Diana. "Teachers’ Practices and Teacher Models: Anísio Teixeira and Initial Teacher Training (Rio de Janeiro, 1932–1935)." Encounters in Theory and History of Education 23 (December 19, 2022): 24–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24908/encounters.v23i0.15662.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
To investigate the relationship between teachers’ practices and teacher models, this article takes as its main thread the work of Anísio Teixeira at the Teachers School of the Institute of Education, in Rio de Janeiro, between 1932 and 1935. In doing that, it resorts to oral and written sources and dares to outline a research methodology. The narrative is organized into four parts, and an introduction. The first part offers a general description of the place where Teixeira’s professional work is developed. Only those aspects of the history of the creation of the Institute of Education deemed as necessary to the study are described. In the second part, we explore the broad features of that teacher practice, interweaving written and oral documentation. In the third part, we focus on the issue of the sources. As our final comments, we consider the importance of historical investigations on teachers’ practice and models. Keywords: history of education, teacher training; oral history; teachers’ lives; teacher models
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Pradjoko, Didik. "From Stranded Praos ‘up to’ People Trailed by the Sea Stream: A Study about the Maritime Oral Tradition as a Source in the Writing about the Migration History in the Region of the Sawu Sea in the Lesser Sunda Islands." Journal of Maritime Studies and National Integration 1, no. 2 (December 21, 2017): 78–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jmsni.v1i2.1896.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This research is about the migration history in the Sawu Sea Area, the Lesser Sunda Islands which made use of the oral tradition as its main source. For this purpose, this research can also be looked upon as a research in the maritime history which source is based on non-written sources. One can say that this topic has been much felt as not much important in the research on indigenous studies in particular in the areas outside Java so far. For this reason, this research is an effort to go beyond the conventional habit which is so far has been based on written sources (documents). In line with the applying of the oral tradition created a new genre the nonconventional historical genre which put the stress on the ‘mentalite’ of the people (society) which it studies. Although it is concerned with the local environment, this study also contributes to the national Indonesian history which it is hoped could strengthen the national integrity. The topic which has been studied is related to the process of migration and integration is a plural society in Sawu Sea area. The interaction between the society (people) and the people who came to this area from several areas of the islands of archipelago or nowadays Indonesia for sure have created social, economic, and cultural problems. These mentioned problems could be noticed in the oral tradition which is to be found everywhere in the area, from several oral stories which could be found everywhere in the area, one could know that the Sawu Sea area has developed into an area of the traffic and commerce, locally and regionally since hundred years ago. Methodological the oral sources played an important role as a source in written social history which has not developed and spread out its written culture.
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Ojieh, Chukwuemeka Ojione. "The Collection, Authentication, and Use of Oral Evidence in African History." Anthropos 116, no. 2 (2021): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.5771/0257-9774-2021-2-385.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Several works on this subject have substantially established that oral evidence is a reliable source in African historiography. But it is not sufficient for such works being Africanist responses to Eurocentric postulations that pre-literate African societies, lacking Western-written sources, had no history. Though such works have improved our knowledge of the relevance of oral tradition in the reconstruction of African history, African oral tradition has been criticized by Western scholars. To this end, the article departures from most works on African oral historiography whose attentions are on the relevance of oral evidence in African history. Rather, it provides a manual on the process of engaging in the collection, authentication, and use of such oral data as to ensure that it is a credible source for writing African history. It is argued in the article that pre-literate African history will be more credible after critically scrutinizing data derived from oral evidence.
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Leveratto, Jean-Marc, and Fabrice Montebello. "Ethnography as a tool of cinema history." Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, no. 11 (August 17, 2016): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/alpha.11.04.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article shows the heuristic value of a film consumption study that combines oral archives and fieldwork with written sources. Oral archives on film consumption provided by a local film market of Longwy, an industrial town of north-eastern France, during the 1950s allow the researcher to reconstruct the audience’s collective experience of the films released on this market. Combined with a systematic study of local releases and their box office, they give us access to the artistic expertise of local filmgoers in the past and motivate us to challenge the conventional interpretation of film consumption as the ostensibly predictable expression of a social taste.
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Goretskaia, Ekaterina Mikhailovna. "Gender Peculiarities of GULAG Perception: Comparative Content Analysis of Oral and Written Memories." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 6 (June 2022): 158–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2022.6.39493.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The memoirs of GULAG prisoners are an underestimated source on the history of repression in the USSR, although written and oral memories allow a deeper understanding of what prisoners had to go through and complement the dry and incomplete data from official sources. In this study the memoirs of prisoners published on the resource of the Sakharov Center "Memories of the GULAG and their authors" and transcripts of video interviews with the repressed of the project "My GULAG" of the GULAG History Museum were used as a source. The paper analyzes the features of working with written and oral memories. The comparison of the results of content analysis in groups by gender as well as by the form of fixation of memories - written (memoirs) and oral (interview materials) – was carried out to identify various gender characteristics of perception and broadcasting of camp life. The analysis suggests that despite the gender differences in the perception and translation of the camp stage of life by men and women in written and oral memories the global view of former prisoners on the period of repression does not depend on gender or on the form of fixation of memories. The more texts of memoirs and transcripts of memories there are in the group, and the larger the group of texts is studied, the more common features of the perception of camp life appear. This confirms the hypothesis about the massive nature of large arrays of thematically similar texts.
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Mendels, Doron. "Oral Group Memory – Written Fragmented Memory: A Note on Paul and the Jews." Journal for the Study of the New Testament 41, no. 1 (August 28, 2018): 70–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0142064x18788979.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ‘narratorial vacuum’ of a written text in early Christianity, at the time that Paul wrote his letters, works in his favor when he speaks to Diaspora Jews. In order to attract them, Paul dissociates from historical memories concerning the history of Jesus and its aftermath in Palestine. Paul wants to isolate Diaspora Jews from the history of constant conflicts between Palestinian Jews and the Jesus group. Even the crucifixion, which is practically the only fragmented memory that Paul repeatedly mentions, is ‘purified’ of its Jewish context and role (with the exception of 1 Thessalonians, where he blames the Jews) and is in fact divorced from its historical context.
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Iyob, Ruth, and Ghirmai Negash. "A History of Tigrinya Literature in Eritrea: The Oral and the Written, 1890-1991." International Journal of African Historical Studies 33, no. 1 (2000): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/220273.
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Prideaux, Gary D. "Subordination and information distribution in oral and written narratives." Pragmatics and Cognition 1, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 51–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/pc.1.1.05pri.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The ways in which given and new information are distributed, and the functions associated with the distribution, are examined here in terms of information content of relative and adverbial clauses in oral and written narratives. The conventional view that subordinate clauses tend to code given rather than new information is shown to be inadequate. Moreover, a comparison of oral and written narratives of the same events reveals both extensive differences in the two modalities, and at the same time striking similarities in terms of the information distribution within relative clauses. Relative clauses are found to be far more frequent in oral narratives than in their written analogues. However, when the differences are examined in terms of the relative frequencies of given and new relative clauses, the oral narratives are shown to have far more given relative clauses than the written versions, whereas the frequencies for the new relative clauses is virtually identical in the two modalities. This result is attributed to memory constraints.
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Tikhonov, S. S. "Spoken datas about of the history of the Tara fortress — the Tara town." Field studies in the Upper Ob, Irtysh and Altai (archeology, ethnography, oral history and museology) 16 (2021): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.37386/2687-0584-2021-16-267-271.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article discusses the results of studying the natural-geographical environment, microtoponymy, historical parts of Tara, which are based on oral information. They were told to scientists by local residents who came to look at the excavations. Some of the materials were unreliable. Others correlated with archaeological, written, cartographic data. Oral materials, although their chronological depth is small, expand our understanding of the Tara fortress — the city of Tara.
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Robinson, James M. "A Written Greek Sayings Cluster Older than Q: A Vestige." Harvard Theological Review 92, no. 1 (January 1999): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0017816000017855.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
A scribal error has turned up in Q! This has wide-ranging implications and consequences, to which the present paper is designed to point. If there is a scribal error in Q, then Q was indeed a written Greek text, behind which stood an older written Greek text asVorlage. This, of course, finally puts to rest already outdated theories of Q being only an Aramaic text, or only a layer of oral tradition rather than a written text. It also has important implications for the current view of Q and points into the future of pre-Q research as well. The history of the synoptic tradition is no longer dependent only on the forms of oral transmission, but now has a series of written texts bridging much of the gulf back from the canonical gospels to Jesus.
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Hair, P. E. H. "The History of the Baga in Early Written Sources." History in Africa 24 (January 1997): 381–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The extent of secure knowledge of the past of the groups of people known in scholarly literature as Baga is inconsiderable. This is in part because of the limited European interest in past times in the Baga homeland (on the coast of the post-colonial state of Guinée), and also in part because of limited scholarly investigations in recent times (the post-colonial state did not help by for long exiling or barring from access non-Marxist scholars).Ethnographic and linguistic investigations have been undertaken only since the mid-nineteenth century and still amount to very little, with even less in print. Archeological investigations have yet to begin, apart from the brave attempt of Fred Lamp to date certain artefacts stylistically. As a result, in the 1990s the connotation and exact range of application of the term “Baga” remain unclear and the precise linguistic relationship of “the Baga language” with those neighboring languages that appear to form a language group is known only in outline. What this means that it is impossible to sum up the earlier history of the Baga briefly. The reader who continues and bravely tackles the listing and discussion of sources that follows will, however, be able to assess how much of the history can be securely reconstructed.It is understandable that the desire to construct a history for the Baga has latterly turned on the interpretation of oral traditions. Such traditions now preferred by the Baga—or at least by certain sections, strata, or individuals—are patently of great interest to the anthropologist inasmuch as they depict what the present-day Baga, or some of them, wish to see as their past history and thus throw light on contemporary ideology and popular mindsets.
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Casely-Hayford, Augustus. "Prosopographical Approaches to Fante History." History in Africa 18 (1991): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3172053.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the earliest books written by Gold Coast writers were about then-own family histories and stool institutions. These writers took advantage of the established oral tradition and the authorized stool histories. Such works represent a form of written history that was designed to transcribe and incorporate systematically as much oral tradition as possible. It is only when the oral sources are deficient or are ambiguous that the early European traveler's accounts are used to check or verify the oral sources. There are many reasons why much of the first generation of indigenous literature is by and about a small group of Fante. One undoubted reason is that these early books combine an academic pursuit with a family responsibility to the position of Linguist or Okyiame.The word Kyiame is commonly translated “linguist,” but this is unfortunate because it conveys the impression that the Kyiame is no more than an interpreter. In reality the Kyiame is the spokesman or mouthpiece of the Chief, who, being held sacred, must neither be addressed by, nor address another person directly. According to J. B. Danquah, the word means “He who makes it perfect for me”: the Kyiame repeats and perfects what the Chief, who cannot always be an eloquent speaker, may have to say in public. He is a confidential officer whose place is at the Chiefs right hand; in the Council and Court of Judicature it is he who sums up and declares the Chiefs will. He preserves in his memory and passes on the tradition of the Stool. Deeply versed in the etiquette of the court, he instructs a newly appointed Chief. He can often turn the scales of war and peace since the issue of dispute between contending tribes may depend on whether he presents his Chiefs case in a bellicose manner. When he rises to speak in public he leans upon the gold cane or staff of his office, or a subordinate holds it in front of him. He may be sent by the Chief as a plenipotentiary or legate. What he says binds his Chief. There are two of the office. The superior grade is hereditary and is termed Omankyiame, i.e. the Kyiame of the whole Oman or Council.
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Liugaitė-Černiauskienė, Modesta. "Ballads in Oral and Written Tradition: Retrospective Research Survey." Tautosakos darbai 55 (June 25, 2018): 13–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51554/td.2018.28497.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article aims at reviewing the rich and ambivalent Western folk ballad research tradition in terms of confluence of the oral and written traditions. Although being well-reflected in the West, this approach is hardly at all present in Lithuania. The article starts with discussing such cultural phenomenon as broadside ballads. In surveying them, the author maintains that popular publications of the 16th–19th century Europe (bibliothèque bleue, skyllingtricker, Volksbuch, pliegos de cordel, лубочная литература, etc.) were an inherent part of the folk culture. Printed sheets of folksongs and ballads used to be popular in Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, Italy, Spain, Germany, and subsequently in America. However, although spread and promoted by the press, the ballads hardly ascended the field of interest of the educated elite, remaining instead in the “lower” spheres of the popular culture.The first collectors of ballads from the 18th century (the “antiquarian period”) paid little attention to the sources of their material, being instead very keen on improving and elaborating of the ballad texts, and presenting them as creative manifestations of the “original bard” or the “national muse”. After the collections by Thomas Percy and Walter Scott appeared, William Motherwell turned back to the still thriving ballad tradition. This Scottish scholar, followed by his Danish colleague Svend Grundtvig and the American Francis James Child founded the modern ballad folklore research, since their collections represented the oral folk tradition rather than engaging in search for the “original” folk ballads. The subsequent researchers, influenced by the Child’s ballad scholarship (Phillips Barry, Cecil J. Sharp, Olive D. Campbell, Louise Pound, Henry M. Belden, etc.), continued investigating the American ballad legacy. However, while collecting and encouraging to further collect the surviving ballads they increasingly realized the huge distance between their endeavors and the Child’s collection. The heterogeneous and fragmented nature of the ballads from the oral tradition was increasingly recognized and acknowledged, along with unavoidable impact of the written and printed sources.Barre J. Toelkien, the scholar belonging to even later generation, attempted methodical indexing of the oral ballads belonging to the Child’s collection. Dianne M. Dugaw in turn suggested that assuming the non-written songs, those from the oral tradition, being inherently different from the printed ones had largely affected the way in which folklore researchers perceived and interpreted folksongs. She concluded that differences devised between the written and non-written, between commercial and non-commercial forms were frequently just illusive, since commercial dissemination constituted an integral part of the folksongs development.In view of the confluence of the oral and written traditions surveyed in this article, it is reasonable to conclude that written culture, or rather the popular press, constituted a significant factor affecting the existence of folk ballads in the West; because of obvious reasons, such culture was absent in old-time Lithuania. Contrary to Lithuania, the ballad tradition of the West was nurtured by the written and printed sources. Therefore, the Lithuanian case could present a kind of thought experiment to the folklore researcher, vividly illustrating the plausible ballad tradition development in the West, if it could be unaffected by such phenomena as printed texts in native languages, readily available to the common people.
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Ng, Pak Shun. "Qi Jiguang’s “Oral Instructions from the Podium”." Journal of Chinese Military History 3, no. 2 (November 26, 2014): 140–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22127453-12341269.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Until the later half of the twentieth century, Western studies of Chinese military thought have used as their source texts mainly the translations of the “Seven Military Classics,” six of which were written before the Tang dynasty. Military scholarship in the later periods was deemed to lack the strategic weight of these venerated classics. However, the Ming dynasty witnessed several key developments in military affairs that have been documented in Chinese military texts. According to surveys of important Chinese military treatises written before the twentieth century, several Ming military texts are highlighted for their significant value to Chinese military history and tactics. Unfortunately, only a few such texts have full or partial translations in European languages to facilitate in-depth study by Western scholars. This paper provides an English translation of a key Ming military text that had hitherto been unavailable in the public domain to facilitate a more holistic understanding of China’s military past. The source text is Qi Jiguang’s Record of Military Training (Lianbing shiji練兵實紀) Part Two, Chapter 4, entitled “Oral Instructions from the Podium” (Dengtan koushou登壇口授). This chapter has been chosen for translation based on its significant documentary value and conceptual contributions in describing four themes of Qi’s thoughts on military strategy: deliberate calculations, active defence, concentration of force, and combined warfare.