Статті в журналах: "Optical switche"

1

Fan, Xinxin, Xiuguo Chen, Hongmei Yan, and Jianbing Wang. "Design of an 8X8 Optical Matrix Protection Device based on Electric Power Communication Network." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2083, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 022062. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2083/2/022062.

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Abstract In order to realize the fast establishment of power fiber circuitous channels, the reliability of power communication optical cable network is guaranteed. An optical matrix 8X8 protection device is designed by using all-optical switcher. The test results show that at the end of each input light path, any 8 paths can be switched, it can achieve 1:8 protection switch, realized the arbitrary switching of three modes and has the function of remote fiber route scheduling.

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2

Wang, Cong, Lingfeng Gao, Hualong Chen, Yiquan Xu, Chunyang Ma, Haizi Yao, Yufeng Song, and Han Zhang. "Broadband and ultrafast all-optical switching based on transition metal carbide." Nanophotonics 10, no. 10 (June 25, 2021): 2617–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0066.

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Abstract Ultrafast all-optical switches have attracted considerable attention for breaking through the speed limitation of electric devices. However, ultrafast and high-efficiency all-optical switches based on two-dimensional (2D) materials can be achieved due to their strong nonlinear optical response and ultrafast carrier dynamic. For this reason, we propose the pump-probe method to achieve an ultrafast optical switcher with a response time of 192 fs and a switching energy of 800 nJ by using transition metal carbide (Nb2C). The response time and switching energy are far smaller than that of the all-optical device based on the saturable absorption effect of 2D materials. It is believed that the Nb2C-based all-optical switch provides a novel idea to achieve a high-performance all-optical device and has the potential for application in high-speed photonics processing.

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3

Rahman, Rahnuma, and Supriyo Bandyopadhyay. "The Cost of Energy-Efficiency in Digital Hardware: The Trade-Off between Energy Dissipation, Energy–Delay Product and Reliability in Electronic, Magnetic and Optical Binary Switches." Applied Sciences 11, no. 12 (June 17, 2021): 5590. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125590.

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Binary switches, which are the primitive units of all digital computing and information processing hardware, are usually benchmarked on the basis of their ‘energy–delay product’, which is the product of the energy dissipated in completing the switching action and the time it takes to complete that action. The lower the energy–delay product, the better the switch (supposedly). This approach ignores the fact that lower energy dissipation and faster switching usually come at the cost of poorer reliability (i.e., a higher switching error rate) and hence the energy–delay product alone cannot be a good metric for benchmarking switches. Here, we show the trade-off between energy dissipation, energy–delay product and error–probability for an electronic switch (a metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor), a magnetic switch (a magnetic tunnel junction switched with spin transfer torque) and an optical switch (bistable non-linear mirror). As expected, reducing energy dissipation and/or energy–delay product generally results in increased switching error probability and reduced reliability.

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4

Paulish, Andrey G., Oleg V. Minin, Yuri E. Geints, and Igor V. Minin. "Experimental Proof-of-Concept of a Spatial Photonic Switch Based on an Off-Axis Zone Plate in Millimeter Wavelength Range." Photonics 9, no. 10 (September 20, 2022): 670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9100670.

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Optical switches are key elements in modern network communications. We present the results of the experimental verification of a new theoretical concept proposed earlier for a full-optical wavelength-selective dual-channel switch based on the photonic hook effect, which is free from using any micro-mechanical devices or nonlinear materials. A large-scale laboratory prototype of such a device based on an off-axis Wood zone plate is considered, and its main parameters in the millimeter wavelength range are investigated. On the basis of the experiments, we show that the optical isolation of switched channels for a switch based on an off-axis zone plate can achieve 15 dB at a frequency difference of 25 GHz in a frequency range of 93 to 136 GHz. Given the scaling, these results can be transferred to another range, including the optical one.

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5

Cao, Yue, Daming Zhang, Yue Yang, Baizhu Lin, Jiawen Lv, Fei Wang, Xianwang Yang, and Yunji Yi. "Au Nanoparticles-Doped Polymer All-Optical Switches Based on Photothermal Effects." Polymers 12, no. 9 (August 29, 2020): 1960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12091960.

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This article demonstrated the Au nanoparticles-doped polymer all-optical switches based on photothermal effects. The Au nanoparticles have a strong photothermal effect, which would generate the inhomogeneous thermal field distributions in the waveguide under the laser irradiation. Meanwhile, the polymer materials have the characteristics of good compatibility with photothermal materials, low cost, high thermo-optical coefficient and flexibility. Therefore, the Au nanoparticles-doped polymer material can be applied in optically controlled optical switches with low power consumption, small device dimension and high integration. Moreover, the end-pumping method has a higher optical excitation efficiency, which can further reduce the power consumption of the device. Two kinds of all-optical switching devices have been designed including a base mode switch and a first-order mode switch. For the base mode switch, the power consumption and the rise/fall time were 2.05 mW and 17.3/106.9 μs, respectively at the wavelength of 650 nm. For the first-order mode switch, the power consumption and the rise/fall time were 0.5 mW and 10.2/74.9 μs, respectively at the wavelength of 532 nm. This all-optical switching device has the potential applications in all-optical networks, flexibility device and wearable technology fields.

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6

Qianhuan Yu, Qianhuan Yu, Mingjian Wang Mingjian Wang, and Weibiao Chen Weibiao Chen. "Electro-optically Q-switched high-repetition-rate 1.73 \mu m optical parametric oscillator." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 8 (2015): 081406–81409. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.081406.

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7

Luong Van, Hieu, and Kien Do Trung. "OPTIMAL PROVISIONING OF OPTICAL NETWORKS WITH ASYMMETRIC NODES." Journal of Science Natural Science 65, no. 10 (October 2020): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.18173/2354-1059.2020-0046.

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Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (WSONs) have been designed to take advantage of all optical switching fabrics with a high level of automation and efficiency. Therein, the Wavelength Selective Switches (WSS) represent the core switching elements with a technology enabling multi-degree Reconfigurable Optical Add\Drop Multiplexers (ROADM) architectures with colorless and directionless switching. In this paper, we propose an optimization model to establish the best ROADM switching connectivity to maximize the grade of service, for a given number of ports. We show that the grade of service can vary significantly, up to 30%, depending on the switching connectivity. Besides, the larger the network is, the more the variance increases: from 20% to 30%, when the number of nodes varies from 14 to 24.

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8

Scognamiglio, Viviana, and Amina Antonacci. "Structural Changes as a Tool for Affinity Recognition: Conformational Switch Biosensing." Crystals 12, no. 9 (August 27, 2022): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12091209.

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Biosensors draw inspiration from natural chemosensing based on molecular switches between different bond-induced conformational states. Proteins and nucleic acids can be adapted into switch-based biosensors with a wide plethora of different configurations, taking advantage of the variety of transduction systems, from optical to electrochemical or electrochemiluminescence, as well as from nanomaterials for signal augmentation. This review reports the latest trends in conformational switch biosensors reported in the literature in the last 10 years, focusing on the main representative and recent examples of protein-based switching biosensors, DNA nanomachines, and structure-switched aptamers being applied for the detection of a wide range of target analytes with interest in biomedical and agro-environmental sectors.

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9

Mokhtari, Mohammad Reza, Hamed Baghban, and Hadi Soofi. "Multilayer optical interconnects design: switching components and insertion loss reduction approach." Journal of Electrical Engineering 69, no. 3 (June 1, 2018): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2018-0030.

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Abstract The next generation of chip multi-processors point to the integration of thousands of processing cores, demanding high- performance interconnects, and growing the interest in optically interconnected networks. In this article we report on an interlayer silicon-based switch design that switches two channels simultaneously from an input waveguide into one of the two output ports. The introduced interlayer switch allows to design interconnects with previously unattainable functionality, higher performance and robustness, and smaller footprints with low insertion loss (< 1 dB), and high extinction ratio (> 18 dB). Interlayer switching combined with wavelength-routed and circuit-switched networks yield a low latency and low- loss interconnect architecture. Quantitative comparison between the proposed interconnect architecture and other reported structures in terms of loss, number of wavelengths and microring resonators reveals the proficiency of our design. For a 64-core interconnect implemented in 4 layers, the proposed architecture indicates an average loss reduction up to 42% and 43% with respect to single-layer lambda-router and GWOR.

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10

Buvana, D., and R. Jayashree. "ANFIS Controller-Based Cascaded Nonisolated Bidirectional DC–DC Converter." Journal of Circuits, Systems and Computers 28, no. 01 (October 15, 2018): 1950001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218126619500014.

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The development of bidirectional DC–DC converters has become important because of their requirement in energy-storage systems. The simple structure of nonisolated bidirectional DC–DC converter types includes multilevel, switched-capacitor, buck-boost, and coupled inductor type. In multilevel and switched-capacitor types, if large voltage gain must be provided, more switches and capacitors are required. Since the leakage inductor energy cannot be recycled, voltage stresses on the switches are present. Therefore, the control strategy is easily implemented in the system operation. This paper presents a cascaded nonisolated dc–dc switched coupled converter for enhancement of the switching operation. For the optimal switching performances, an Artificial Intelligence (AI) technique is utilized. The AI technique is the Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) for generating the optimal control pulses to enhance the performance of boost and buck switch. In addition, the proposed technique is utilized in cascaded nonisolated DC–DC switched coupled converter to reduce the losses. In the ANFIS technique, the error voltage and change in error voltage are given as inputs. At the same time, the ANFIS controller is employed to reduce the error value and produce the optimized gain pulses. In the buck and boost switch mode of operation, it is enhanced with the help of the proposed technique. Moreover, the operating principle and voltage conversion ratio are discussed. It is seen that the implementation of the proposed controller improves the efficiency of the system and also reduces the voltage drop across the switching operation. Then the proposed ANFIS technique with bidirectional converter topology was implemented in MATLAB/Simulink working platform and the output performance is analyzed. Then the proposed circuit performance is compared to the existing circuit such as proportional integral derivative (PID), artificial neural network (ANN) and Fuzzy, respectively.

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11

Selin, P., and H. Obara. "Embedding N × N Crossbar Switches into ILLIAC(N, N − 1) Torus Networks for Optical Interconnection Networks." ISRN Optics 2012 (November 20, 2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/218541.

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A focus of research for crossbar switches has been to reduce the number of 2×2 switch elements, each of which not only occupies a relatively large area but also costs a lot when implemented with optical devices. We point out that conventional N×N crossbar switches, where N is the switch size, actually function as (N+1)×(N+1) switches and thus have redundant 2×2 switch elements to be removed. We show that ILLIAC(N,N-1) torus networks, which have a less number of 2×2 switching elements than crossbar switches of an identical switch size, are equivalent to true N×N crossbar switches. We describe in detail how the crossbar switches can be embedded into the equivalent torus networks. We also discuss switch control complexity of the equivalent torus networks and show that it can be reduced to O(1).

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12

Lin, Bey-Chi. "Generalization of an Optical ASA Switch." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061096.

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An arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) is a kind of passive wavelength router, and it is the most promising technology for developing large optical switches. However, AWGs have poor scalability, and using small AWGs to construct a large switch has been done in many prior works. A novel AWG-based switch called ASA (AWG, Space switching, AWG) that does not use wavelength converters has been proposed. It can expand the switch size from N to N2 by using N × N AWGs. In this paper, we generalize the ASA switch by using only N × N AWGs, N × N space switches, and N wavelengths such that the switch size is expanded to Nt for any positive integer t. Since each port of an N × N AWG can transmit up to N wavelengths simultaneously, the total capacity of the generalized ASA switch is extended to be close to Nt+1 × the bandwidth of a wavelength channel, provided that the inputs which are located in the same port position of each input AWG are destined to distinct outputs.

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13

Xie, Yuqi, Jiachen Han, Tian Qin, Xuyang Ge, Xihan Wu, Lu Liu, Xubin Wu, and Yunji Yi. "Low Power Consumption Hybrid-Integrated Thermo-Optic Switch with Polymer Cladding and Silica Waveguide Core." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 5234. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235234.

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Taking advantage of the large thermo-optical coefficient of polymer materials, a hybrid-integrated thermo-optic switch was designed and simulated. It is also compatible with the existing silica-based planar light-wave circuit (PLC) platform. To further reduce the power consumption, we introduced the air trench structure and optimized the structural parameters of the heating region. This scheme is beneficial to solving the problem of the large driving power of silica-based thermo-optic switches at this stage. Compared with the switching power of all-silica devices, the power consumption can be reduced from 116.11 mW (TE) and 114.86 mW (TM) to 5.49 mW (TE) and 5.96 mW (TM), which is close to the driving power of the reported switches adopting polymer material as the core. For the TE mode, the switch’s rise and fall times were 121 µs and 329 µs. For the TM mode, the switch times were simulated to be 118 µs (rise) and 329 µs (fall). This device can be applied to hybrid integration fields such as array switches and reconfigurable add/drop multiplexing (ROADM) technology.

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14

Hasanov, Mehman Huseyn, Nadir Bafadin Agayev, Nadir Arzu Atayev, and Vali Muxtar Fataliyev. "A NEW GENERATION OF CONTROLLED OPTIC SWITCH." T-Comm 15, no. 3 (2021): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.36724/2072-8735-2021-15-3-64-68.

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Optical switches (OS) are widely used for switching optical signals in optical networks. Parameters and technical characteristics of OS include its capacity, number of inputs and outputs, speed of transition from one state to another, optical losses during signal transmission in the channel (value of attenuation coefficient in “on” state) and switching obstacles or switch off (in “off” state) the value of the extinction coefficient) and so on. The article proposes a new design of a new generation 3D switch based on a comparative analysis with other optical switches to create a high-speed and efficient optical transition in optical networks. The working principle of the proposed 3D switch is explained and a new structural block diagram is developed. The efficiency probability of the elements ensuring the stable operation of the proposed optical switch was calculated, calculations were performed in the MATLAB environment, and graphs of the probability of unrejected operation of the device were constructed.

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15

Wen, Hua Bin, Yong Duan Song, and Rui Li. "A Study on Virtual Prototyping Technology for Vacuum Switch." Advanced Materials Research 187 (February 2011): 528–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.187.528.

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The optimal design of vacuum switch is becoming an important research topic with the extensive application and increasing demands of vacuum switches. This paper analyzes the main elements of the vacuum switch design, and gives the design process of the vacuum switch. An optimal design method is proposed for the vacuum switch based on the concept and characteristics of virtual prototyping (VP) technology. By using computer aided design and the related software, we propose a method for vacuum switch modeling VP, the stress field VP of parts, the thermal field VP of electric heat, the electric field VP of insulation parts and the mechanical dynamic VP of kinematics system, which are integrated for optimization design for vacuum switches. This work is expected to provide a new idea for optimal and rapid design of vacuum switches.

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16

Mouftah, Hussein T. "Design of all Optical Packet Switching Networks." Sultan Qaboos University Journal for Science [SQUJS] 7, no. 1 (June 1, 2002): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/squjs.vol7iss1pp1-10.

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Optical switches and wavelength converters are recognized as two of the most important DWDM system components in future all-optical networks. Optical switches perform the key functions of flexible routing, reconfigurable optical cross-connect (OXC), network protection and restoration, etc. in optical networks. Wavelength Converters are used to shift one incoming wavelength to another outgoing wavelength when this needs to be done. Always residing in optical switches, they can effectively alleviate the blocking probability and help solve contention happening at the output port of switches. The deployment of wavelength converters within optical switches provides robust routing, switching and network management in optical layer, which is critical to the emerging all-optical Internet. However, the high cost of wavelength converters at current stage of manufacturing technology has to be taken into consideration when we design node architectures for an optical network. Our research explores the efficiency of wavelength converters in a long-haul optical network at different degrees of traffic load by running a simulation. Then, we propose a new cost-effective way to optimally design wavelength-convertible switch so as to achieve higher network performance while still keeping the total network cost down. Meanwhile, the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA) algorithm used in the research is designed to be a generic one for both large-scale and small-scale traffic. Removing the constraint on the traffic load makes the RWA more adaptive and robust. When this new RWA works in conjunction with a newly introduced concept of wavelength-convertible switches, we shall explore the impact of large-scale traffic on the role of wavelength converter so as to determine the method towards optimal use of wavelength convertible switches for all-optical networks.

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17

Plander, Ivan, and Michal Stepanovsky. "MEMS optical switch: Switching time reduction." Open Computer Science 6, no. 1 (October 14, 2016): 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comp-2016-0010.

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AbstractExisting 3D MEMS-based optical switches offer good optical properties (low insertion loss, low crosstalk), high reliability and low power consumption. These switches utilize highly reflective micro-mirrors to manipulate an optical signal inside the switch directly without any conversions. They are used to build dynamically reconfigurable, highly-scalable physical optical network layer. As indicated by the simulation results of this paper, many of existing micro-mirror designs do not have their dynamic characteristics well optimized and this limits the switching speed of the optical switch. In a 3DMEMS switch, the coupling between the mechanical structure (micro-mirror) and electrostatic field (electrodes) results in dynamic coupled rotation of the micro-mirror about its axes, known as the cross-axis coupling effect. The coupling nature of micro-mirror rotation makes its control difficult. In this paper,we present the simulation case studies and a simple optimization technique leading to decoupled rotation of the micro-mirror about two perpendicular axes. This helps to reduce the switching time of the switch while keeping the same manufacturing process and only minimal design changes.

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18

Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky, and V. S. Podlazov. "High-capacity strictly non-blocking optical switches based on new dual principle." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012040.

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Abstract In this paper the new dual principle of designing high-capacity strictly non-blocking optical switches is presented for the first time. The new type of switches with decentralized control based on the dual principle has been developed for the first time too. In accordance with the scheme topology this type of switching system was called as the quasi-complete dual switch. It also is analysed the optical signals minimal transmission time that provide the non-blocking property of the new schemes. For the circuit and link complexity calculations the accurate analytical expressions are obtained for the first time. The numerical investigation shows that the proposed schemes significantly benefit in comparison with the well-known switches, for example, the crossbar and Clos schemes. The results of comparing of the dual switch and other types of self-routing switches throughput show an obvious advantage of the proposed scheme. It also is shown that the offered switch type can be considered as a perspective for high-capacity strictly non-blocking optical systems. Indeed, the strictly non-blocking property, the scalability, high throughput, and the decentralized control are the main advantages of offered switches.

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19

Guohua Hu, Guohua Hu, Zhipeng Qi Zhipeng Qi, Binfeng Yun Binfeng Yun, Ruohu Zhang Ruohu Zhang, and and Yiping Cui and Yiping Cui. "Compact, integrated PLZT optical switch array." Chinese Optics Letters 13, no. 11 (2015): 111301–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201513.111301.

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20

Cao, Wensi, Zhaohui Li, and Yuxiang Li. "Optimisation Configuration of Overhead-Line Segmentation Switch of a Distribution Network Based on Global Combination Criterion." Processes 10, no. 10 (October 1, 2022): 1976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101976.

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Under certain constraints, the optimisation of the position and number of sectional switches in overhead lines in distribution networks can improve the reliability and economy of the power supply. Therefore, a global combination criterion is proposed to simultaneously evaluate the combination performance of multiple switch positions, which avoids the tedious traditional problem of adjusting only one switch position at a time and that can possibly fall into a local-optimum problem. We directly determine the optimal solution and ensure a global optimum. Firstly, the optimal switching position in each line segment is analysed as an alternative switching position. Subsequently, the optimal installation-position combination that corresponds to a given number of switches is determined according to the global combination criterion. If the constraints are satisfied, the number of switches is increased by one, and the optimal installation-position combination is then determined until the constraints are not satisfied. This process ensures not only the global optimum of the switch position but also the optimum number of switches. Finally, examples are given to demonstrate that the proposed method can further optimise the switch configuration. The utility model effectively improves the device utilisation rate, reduces the influence range of the fault, and improves power supply reliability.

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21

Jia, Yan Fei, and Li Quan Zhao. "Design and Implementation of Optical Fiber Line Auto Switch Protection for Power System." Advanced Materials Research 614-615 (December 2012): 949–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.614-615.949.

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To overcome the problem that the artificial scheduling can not deal with optical fiber switching in time when optical fiber is broken or damage in power system, we designed an optical fiber line auto switch protection system. The system used six 4x4 optical switches to compose an optical switch array that eight working fibers can share four alternate fibers. Comparing with other system, the new system more effectively utilizes alternate fibers, and is more suitable for practical power system. It used single chip microcomputer as control chip of optical switch, when the received optical power is lower than predefined threshold, the control chip will control the optical switch to alternate fiber line in time to ensure the real time and reliability of optical fiber communication. In the same time, the new system can communicate with host computer to alarm, display fault optical fiber line and remote control, and be controlled by button to realize the manual switch of optical fiber line.

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22

NOMURA, T., H. UEDA, T. KURIYAMA, T. TSUBOI, and H. KASAI. "Development of Gigabit Ethernet Optical Switched Access Network System Using Optical Packet Switches." IEICE Transactions on Communications E91-B, no. 8 (August 1, 2008): 2485–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ietcom/e91-b.8.2485.

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23

Fidaner, Onur, Hilmi Volkan Demir, Vijit A. Sabnis, Jun-Fei Zheng, James S. Harris, Jr., and David A. B. Miller. "Integrated photonic switches for nanosecond packet-switched optical wavelength conversion." Optics Express 14, no. 1 (2006): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/opex.14.000361.

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24

Park, Sang Gab, Byoung Kuk Lee, and Jong Soo Kim. "Optimal Design of Multi-Output LLC Resonant Converter with Independently Regulated Synchronous Single-Switched Power-Regulator." Energies 13, no. 17 (August 21, 2020): 4341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13174341.

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This paper presents a tightly regulated multi-output isolated converter that employs only an independently regulated synchronous Single-Switched Post-Regulator (SSPR). The proposed converter is a highly accurate single-ended secondary side post-regulator based on a Series Resonant Converter (SRC); furthermore, it has a voltage-doubler characteristic. The proposed post-regulator requires only one auxiliary switch, in contrast with a bulky and expensive non-isolated DC–DC converter. Moreover, the added voltage-doubler can tightly regulate the slave output current. In addition, the voltage-doubler can improve electromagnetic interference characteristics and reduce switching losses arising from the Zero Current Switching (ZCS) operation of all power switches. The validity of the proposed converter is verified using experimental results obtained via a prototype converter applicable to an LED 3D TV power supply.

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25

Zohrabi, Ramin, and Abdolrahman Namdar. "Perfect Tunable All-Optical Diode based on Periodic Photonic Crystal Grand Graded Structures." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 187–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0080.

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Abstract We have investigated nonlinear properties and optically diode action capability in graded nonlinear one-dimensional photonic crystals-made up of graded index and thickness layers using transfer matrix method (TMM). We have considered the efficacy of index and thickness gradient parameters on the nonlinear properties in right to left and left to right optical pumping. It is found that the difference between the up-switch threshold input intensities of the left to right and right to left impinging lights and optical bistability (OBS) threshold can be tunable with thickness gradation parameter and index gradation parameter, respectively. Proposed structure can be useful in designing low threshold and high speed optical diode, switches and rectifiers.

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26

Ahmad, N. S., M. Yaacob, M. B. Othman, and N. H. Ngajikin. "A Review of Multimode Interference Polymer Thermo-Optic Switch from the Fundamental Perspective." Journal of Computational and Theoretical Nanoscience 17, no. 2 (February 1, 2020): 673–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jctn.2020.8822.

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Although extensive research has been carried out in optical communication, optical devices based on polymer material have a great interest due to its pertinent advantages which include versatility and reduction fabrication cost. Amongst all-optical devices, there has been a growing requirement for optical switches. In order to implement them efficiently, the combination of MMI structure with a polymer material produced an optical switch with ultra-compact size, low loss, and easiness of fabrication. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of structural properties, material specification and switching mechanisms of multimode interference (MMI) focusing on thermo optic switch base polymer material are briefly described in this paper. We believe, this review paper can provide good information for future switch development in optical networking.

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Granestrand, P., B. Lagerström, P. Svensson, L. Thylén, B. Stoltz, K. Bergvall, J. E. Falk, and H. Olofsson. "Integrated optics 4 × 4 switch matrix with digital optical switches." Electronics Letters 26, no. 1 (January 4, 1990): 4–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/el:19900003.

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28

Purnima and Devendra Mohan. "Optical bistable switching in pyran dye-doped polymers." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 23, no. 02 (June 2014): 1450018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863514500180.

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In the present frame of work, optical bistability using a Fabry–Perot (FP) cavity containing 4-dicyanomethylene-2-methyl-6-p-dimethylaminostyryl-4H-pyran (DCM) dye entrapped in poly-methylmethacrylate (PMMA) matrix is experimentally investigated. Optical nonlinear behavior of solid-state samples is studied using a single-mode Q-switched nanosecond Nd:YAG laser operating at 532 nm. Various optical nonlinear parameters such as nonlinear refractive index (n2) and third-order susceptibility (χ3) of the material are numerically estimated from bistability loops. The origin of optically bistable behavior is attributed to photoisomerization-assisted nonlinear refraction phenomenon. It is observed that nonlinear refraction dominates over nonlinear absorption in giving rise to the optical bistability. The study shows that DCM dye entrapped in solid-state matrices are promising candidate for polymer-based optical switches, data processing, and communication systems.

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Zhu, Wei Ming, Wu Zhang, Hong Cai, Tarik Bourouina, and Ai Qun Liu. "A Photonic MEMS Polarization Switch." Advanced Materials Research 74 (June 2009): 63–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.74.63.

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This paper presents a photonic polarization switch based on microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology. The polarization switch can change the pathway of the different polarized light via optical tunneling effects. By controlling the incident angle of the input light, the output polarization state can be switched between two different polarization states. The polarization switch has promising applications on both photonic circuit and bio-detecting.

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30

Isyaku, Babangida, Kamalrulnizam Abu Bakar, Mohd Soperi Mohd Zahid, Eman H. Alkhammash, Faisal Saeed, and Fuad A. Ghaleb. "Route Path Selection Optimization Scheme Based Link Quality Estimation and Critical Switch Awareness for Software Defined Networks." Applied Sciences 11, no. 19 (September 29, 2021): 9100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11199100.

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Software-defined network (SDN) is a new paradigm that decouples the control plane and data plane. This offered a more flexible way to efficiently manage the network. However, the increasing number of traffics due to the proliferation of the Internet of Things (IoT) devices also increase the number of flow arrival which in turn causes flow rules to change more often, and similarly, path setup requests increased. These events required route path computation activities to take place immediately to cope with the new network changes. Searching for an optimal route might be costly in terms of the time required to calculate a new path and update the corresponding switches. However, the current path selection schemes considered only single routing metrics either link or switch operation. Incorporating link quality and switch’s role during path selection decisions have not been considered. This paper proposed Route Path Selection Optimization (RPSO) with multi-constraint. RPSO introduced joint parameters based on link and switches such as Link Latency (LL), Link Delivery Ratio (LDR), and Critical Switch Frequency Score (CWFscore). These metrics encourage path selection with better link quality and a minimal number of critical switches. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme reduced path stretch by 37%, path setup latency by 73% thereby improving throughput by 55.73%, and packet delivery ratio by 12.5% compared to the baseline work.

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31

Jagabar Sathik, M., N. Prabaharan, S. A. A. Ibrahim, K. Vijaykumar, and Frede Blaabjerg. "A new generalized switched diode multilevel inverter topology with reduced switch count and voltage on switches." International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications 48, no. 4 (April 2020): 619–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cta.2732.

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32

Roy, Sukhdev, Purnima Sethi, Juraj Topolancik, and Frank Vollmer. "All-Optical Reversible Logic Gates with Optically Controlled Bacteriorhodopsin Protein-Coated Microresonators." Advances in Optical Technologies 2012 (September 11, 2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/727206.

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We present designs of all-optical reversible gates, namely, Feynman, Toffoli, Peres, and Feynman double gates, with optically controlled microresonators. To demonstrate the applicability, a bacteriorhodopsin protein-coated silica microcavity in contact between two tapered single-mode fibers has been used as an all-optical switch. Low-power control signals (<200 μW) at 532 nm and at 405 nm control the conformational states of the protein to switch a near infrared signal laser beam at 1310 or 1550 nm. This configuration has been used as a template to design four-port tunable resonant coupler logic gates. The proposed designs are general and can be implemented in both fiber-optic and integrated-optic formats and with any other coated photosensitive material. Advantages of directed logic, high Q-factor, tunability, compactness, low-power control signals, high fan-out, and flexibility of cascading switches in 2D/3D architectures to form circuits make the designs promising for practical applications.

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33

Mitrofanov, Oleg, and Igal Brener. "All-dielectric photoconductive metasurfaces for terahertz applications." Photoniques, no. 101 (March 2020): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/photon/202010147.

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We review applications of all-dielectric metasurfaces for one of the cornerstone technologies in THz research – ultrafast photoconductive (PC) switches – which are widely used as sources and detectors of broadband THz pulses. Nanostructuring the PC switch channel as a perfectly-absorbing and optically thin PC metasurface allows us to engineer the optical as well as the electronic properties of the channel and improve the efficiency of THz detectors. This approach also opens new routes for employing novel PC materials and enabling new device architectures including THz detector arrays.

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34

Feng, Hongbo, Jiabin Zhao, Chengsi Zhou, and Mingxin Song. "Design and Analysis of the Capacitive RF MEMS Switches with Support Pillars." Sensors 22, no. 22 (November 16, 2022): 8864. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22228864.

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Conventional parallel capacitive RF MEMS switches have a large impact during the suction phase. In general, RF MEMS switches have to be switched on and off in a considerably fast manner. Increasing the driving voltage enables fast switching but also increases the impact force, which causes the beam membrane to be prone to failure. In the present study, the addition of two support pillars was proposed for slowing down the fall of the beam membrane based on the conventional RF MEMS parallel switch, so as to reduce the impact velocity. As such, a novel RF MEMS switch was designed. Further, simulation software was used to scan and analyze the positioning and height of the support pillars with respect to electromechanical and electromagnetic performance. The simulation results show that the optimal balance of impact velocity and pull-in time was achieved at a height of 0.8 um, a distance of 10 um from the signal line, and an applied voltage of 50 V. The impact velocity was reduced from 1.8 m/s to 1.1 m/s, decreasing by nearly 40%. The turn off time increased from 3.9 us to 4.2 us, representing an increase of only 0.05%. The insertion loss was less than 0.5 dB at 32 GHz, and the isolation was greater than 50 dB at 40 GHz.

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35

Saitou, Kazuhiro, and Mark J. Jakiela. "Automated Optimal Design of Mechanical Conformational Switches." Artificial Life 2, no. 2 (January 1995): 129–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/artl.1995.2.2.129.

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Bacteriophage viruses spontaneously self-assemble in the presence of their component parts (certain protein molecules). It is believed that conformational switches, interacting chemical bonding sites that allow tentative incorrect bonds, facilitate this randomized assembly process. A one-dimensional conformational switch is proposed and used to study the randomized assembly of mechanical parts. A genetic algorithm is used to search the space of parameterized switch designs to maximize the rate of a desired assembly.

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36

Hailu, Dawit Hadush, Gebrehiwet Gebrekrstos Lema, Gebremichael T. Tesfamariam, and Tole Sutikno. "A simulation based performance evaluation of optical ethernet switch." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2020): 1639. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v17.i3.pp1639-1646.

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<p class="FigureCaption"><span>With the advent of several new cloud radio access network (C-RAN) technologies, today’s networking environment is dramatically altered and is experiencing a rapid transformation. One of the most important is ethernet based C-RAN, in support of which many products such as optical Ethernet switches have recently appeared on the market. This paper presents the performance analysis of such switches with respect to packet loss ratio (PLR), latency and packet delay variation (PDV). We employed the Simula based on discrete event modelling on Simula (DEMOS), a context class for discrete event simulation to simulate a cut-through optical ethernet switch under two types of traffics: high priority (HP) traffic and low priority (LP) traffic. In this way, the paper evaluates the optical Ethernet switch performance quantitatively. The results obtained from the simulator showed that the high quality of service was reflected on HP traffic and the low quality of service in LP traffic. Hence, HP traffic can be used for transporting radio over ethernet (RoE) traffic while LP traffic can used for transporting time insensitive application. It is also found that HP traffic experiences a PDV equals to the duration of maximum sized LP traffic in Optical Ethernet switch.</span></p>

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37

MOHAN, J., SHWETA M. DEVANAGAONKAR, VINEETA V. GARUR, A. KARTHIK, K. ROHITAKSHA, and A. B. RAJENDRA. "An Improved Approach for Eliminating the Loop in Hybrid Software Defined Network (SDN) Using Modified Bellman-Ford Algorithm." Journal of Interconnection Networks 20, no. 04 (December 2020): 2150001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219265921500018.

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SDN is approaching its own structure of acceptance. Therefore, the increasing deployment of SDNs is being discussed as a possible approach, appearing in the development of the hybrid SDN networks. An foremost work in the hybrid SDN networks is bandwidth allocation, taking into account the integration of both SDN-enabled and conventional switches. The network loop in layer 2 switches is skipped in Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) by ceaselessly watching the network to trace all links and block the unwanted ones. Bridge loops will occur anytime there’s a redundant Layer2 way between ends. By default, switches forward broadcast/multicast out all ports, other than the port from that the broadcast/multicast was delivered. Once a switch loop is brought in the network, broadcast messages are going to be broadcasted more often leading to broadcast storms. The Spanning-tree algorithm enforces a distributed divergent of the Bellman-Ford iterative algorithm that always looks for the optimal solution and selects an optimal influential switch anytime. In this paper we use controller’s global network view for resolving loop problem in layer 2 network. SDN controller acts on broadcast packets received from switch-ports and host-ports differently that is if the broadcast packets received from host ports, the SDN controller broadcasts these packets to all ports and if broadcast packets is received from switch ports, only some switches broadcasts these packets on all ports instead of all switches.

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38

Chen, Yuhua, Jonathan S. Turner, and Pu-Fan Mo. "Optimal Burst Scheduling in Optical Burst Switched Networks." Journal of Lightwave Technology 25, no. 8 (August 2007): 1883–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2007.899785.

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39

Lv, Jiawen, Yue Cao, Baizhu Lin, Yue Yang, Yue Sun, Shuai Li, Yunji Yi, Fei Wang, and Daming Zhang. "Polymer M-Z Thermal Optical Switch at 532-nm Based on Wet Etching and UV-Writing Waveguide." Polymers 11, no. 6 (June 4, 2019): 995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11060995.

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Polymer thermal optical switches have low power consumption and 532 nm is the communication window of polymer fiber. Polymer thermal optical switches at 532 nm are rarely reported, because of switching extinction ratio properties that are restricted by modes of the waveguide. Single mode waveguide at 532 nm is hard to fabricate due to the dissolution of core and cladding materials. A polymer M-Z thermal optical switch at 532 nm was first demonstrated based on the wet etching method. The proposed thermal optical switch was consisted of silica substrate, photosensitive polymer core, and cladding material. The device was fabricated and tested with the power consumption of 6.55mW, extinction of 4.8 dB, and switching time of 0.23 ms (rise)/0.28 ms (down). An optimized switch structure combining with the UV-writing technique and graphene thermal conduction layer was proposed based on the experiments above. A side electrode was designed to reduce the power consumption and the switching time. The optimized device was calculated to have a power consumption of 1.5 mW. The switching time of the UV-writing device was simulated to be 18.2 μs (rise) and 85 μs (down). The device is promising in the wearable device and laser radar area.

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40

Selvarajan, A., and J. E. Midwinter. "Photonic switches and switch arrays on LiNbO3." Optical and Quantum Electronics 21, no. 1 (January 1989): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02199462.

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41

Thylen, L., and T. Palm. "Switch energies of electronic and optical switches: a simple comparative study." IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics 30, no. 5 (May 1994): 1163–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/3.303674.

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42

Goes, Marlos, Gustavo Goni, and Klaus Keller. "Reducing Biases in XBT Measurements by Including Discrete Information from Pressure Switches." Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology 30, no. 4 (April 1, 2013): 810–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jtech-d-12-00126.1.

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Abstract Biases in the depth estimation of expendable bathythermograph (XBT) measurements cause considerable errors in oceanic estimates of climate variables. Efforts are currently underway to improve XBT probes by including pressure switches. Information from these pressure measurements can be used to minimize errors in the XBT depth estimation. This paper presents a simple method to correct the XBT depth biases using a number of discrete pressure measurements. A blend of controlled simulations of XBT measurements and collocated XBT/CTD data is used along with statistical methods to estimate error parameters, and to optimize the use of pressure switches in terms of number of switches, optimal depth detection, and errors in the pressure switch measurements to most efficiently correct XBT profiles. The results show that given the typical XBT depth biases, using just two pressure switches is a reliable strategy for reducing depth errors, as it uses the least number of switches for an improved accuracy and reduces the variance of the resulting correction. Using only one pressure switch efficiently corrects XBT depth errors when the surface depth offset is small, its optimal location is at middepth (around or below 300 m), and the pressure switch measurement errors are insignificant. If two pressure switches are used, then results indicate that the measurements should be taken in the lower thermocline and deeper in the profile, at approximately 80 and 600 m, respectively, with an RMSE of approximately 1.6 m for pressure errors of 1 m.

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43

Yang, Wenbo, Qiang Dan, Xiong Liu, Chao Li, and Yong Hao. "Switched Equalization with Zero-Voltage Switching for Series Battery Pack." Journal of Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronics 17, no. 3 (March 1, 2022): 392–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jno.2022.3225.

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The imbalance in cells leads to a decrease in the performance and life of series lithium-ion battery pack, especially in electric vehicles (EVs) field. This paper adopts a switched equalization technology with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) to eliminate the imbalance. The proposed technology transfers excess energy from cell to pack. Furthermore, the MOSFET switches of switch array can be drive by battery cell for a cheap implementation. The proposed fly-back circuit achieves ZVS when MOSFETs turn off, and recovers the energy of leakage inductance, simultaneously. Hence, the losses on MOSFET and transform can reduce, and the volume of fly-back circuit may also decrease. The paper details how to design the fly-back circuit, and verifies the technology by experiments.

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44

Barabanova, E. A., K. A. Vytovtov, V. M. Vishnevsky, A. V. Dvorkovich, and V. F. Shurshev. "Investigating the reliability of all-optical switches in transient mode." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2091, no. 1 (November 1, 2021): 012039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2091/1/012039.

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Abstract In this paper the scheme of 8×8 all-optical switch with two duplicating switching elements and the algorithm of its functioning are presented. For calculating the reliability of all-optical switches, the analytical method based on the Markov process theory is presented. This method allows us to calculate reliability indicators of the all-optical switches as downtime coefficient and availability factor in stationary and transient modes and time of transient mode. The results of numerical calculations show that an increase in the number of duplicating elements by one gives decrease in the downtime coefficient by 6 percent, and the time of the transient process is halved in this case.

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45

Geints, Y. E., O. V. Minin, and I. V. Minin. "The concept of a miniature all-optical space switch based on the photonic hook effect." Computer Optics 45, no. 6 (November 2021): 848–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-926.

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We propose and discuss main properties of a new concept of an all-optical dielectric two-channel wavelength-selective switch based on the photonic hook effect. A prototype of such a de-vice based on dielectric microstructures with broken symmetry of both geometric shape and optical properties without the use of micromechanical devices or nonlinear materials is considered. Due to the unique property of the photonic hook to change its curvature depending on the wavelength of illuminating light, this switch is a promising candidate for the implementation of optical switching in modern optoelectronics and miniature devices "on a chip". Based on numerical FDTD simulations, it is shown that the optical isolation of switched channels for a switch with linear dimensions of about (6 * "lambda")3 based on a Janus particle can reach about 18-20 dB in the wavelength range of 1.5 – 1.9 microns.

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46

Nejabati, Reza, Shuping Peng, and Dimitra Simeonidou. "Optical network democratization." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 374, no. 2062 (March 6, 2016): 20140443. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2014.0443.

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The current Internet infrastructure is not able to support independent evolution and innovation at physical and network layer functionalities, protocols and services, while at same time supporting the increasing bandwidth demands of evolving and heterogeneous applications. This paper addresses this problem by proposing a completely democratized optical network infrastructure. It introduces the novel concepts of the optical white box and bare metal optical switch as key technology enablers for democratizing optical networks. These are programmable optical switches whose hardware is loosely connected internally and is completely separated from their control software. To alleviate their complexity, a multi-dimensional abstraction mechanism using software-defined network technology is proposed. It creates a universal model of the proposed switches without exposing their technological details. It also enables a conventional network programmer to develop network applications for control of the optical network without specific technical knowledge of the physical layer. Furthermore, a novel optical network virtualization mechanism is proposed, enabling the composition and operation of multiple coexisting and application-specific virtual optical networks sharing the same physical infrastructure. Finally, the optical white box and the abstraction mechanism are experimentally evaluated, while the virtualization mechanism is evaluated with simulation.

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47

Huang, Yao, Gang Qin, and Weiqun Liu. "Self-Adaptive Pendulum-Ball Switches for Piezoelectric Synchronous-Extraction Circuits." Micromachines 13, no. 4 (March 28, 2022): 532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13040532.

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Electronic synchronous switches are usually used to enhance the performance of piezoelectric energy-extraction circuits, but the electronic components leading to additional power consumption are not desired for energy extraction. In view of the advantage of mechanical switches without power consumption, this article proposed a synchronous-switch circuit which can adapt to the amplitude of a cantilever-beam-vibration generator with less energy loss. This mechanical switch consists of two pendulum balls and two buffer springs. This switch mechanism can automatically adapt to the cantilever-displacement amplitude, control the closing and opening of switches with the decrease in phase advance angle, and increase in energy-extraction efficiency. Different from previous adaptive mechanical switches, this unique pendulum-ball mechanism can not only reduce the weight and volume of the generator to improve the energy density, but can also simply adjust the pendulum length to achieve better harvesting performance. It is verified experimentally that the adaptive mechanical switch can close and open automatically under different cantilever amplitudes and excitation frequencies; the results show that the optimal power of the proposed circuit can reach 4.2 times that of the standard circuit. In order to further optimize the adaptive mechanical switch, the parameters of the swing-ball mechanism affecting harvesting performance is analyzed.

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48

Koch, Immo, and Wolf Rüdiger Canders. "Discussion of Turn on Current Peaks of SiC Switches in Half Bridges." Materials Science Forum 645-648 (April 2010): 1177–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.645-648.1177.

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The optimal control parameters for semiconductor switches at the development state with new materials and structures are often unidentified. By using those sample switches with a gate control set by investigating one switch only, parasitic influences might lead to increased switching losses in half bridges [1, 2]. The focus of this paper is on an effect at turn on by using for example normally on JFET as high and low side switch. At this an increased current peak might occur which leads to higher switching losses. By adjusting the gate voltage losses can be economized.

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49

LENG, M., E. HAEMMERLE, W. CHEN, M. HODGSON, and W. GAO. "QUANTIFYING THE PERFORMANCE OF MULTIPLE-OUTPUT PIEZOELECTRIC OPTICAL SWITCHES." International Journal of Modern Physics B 24, no. 15n16 (June 30, 2010): 2345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979210064903.

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Optical switch prototypes are developed based on the new concept that the input fiber is directly moved by the deflection of a piezoelectric tube actuator. The piezoelectric tube actuators used in the switch prototypes are manufactured by an electrophoretic deposition process. The tubes are low cost and compact in size with an inner diameter of less than 1mm. They have a deflection of 65 µm which is adequate to actuate the input fiber for switching. A number of multimode 1×2 fiber optical switch prototypes have previously been built. To develop the new 1×4 optical switch, a new output fiber alignment device was fabricated. The conductive coating on the piezoelectric tube actuator was sectored into four. Also, the power supply unit was redesigned in order to provide high voltage for the four-sectored tube. The success in the 1×4 prototype development proves that the new multiple-output piezoelectric switching concept is feasible. The concept demonstrates an advantage over some other opto-mechanical switches which need to be cascaded to achieve a multiple-output configuration.

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50

Fang, Yuntuan, Zhiyao Ni, and Lixia Yang. "Optical waveguide switch through magnetic reflectance wall." International Journal of Modern Physics B 30, no. 19 (July 20, 2016): 1650119. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979216501198.

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We propose a new design to achieve optical waveguide switch. We construct a photonic crystal waveguide with one yttrium iron garnet (YIG) rod array on the two sides of the waveguide. Through the mode analysis, we find in special frequency range a few YIG rods under magnetic field can form the magnetic reflectance wall that blocks the light flow. Removing the magnetic field will delete the reflection wall and let the blocked light to be switched on.

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