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Статті в журналах з теми "Optical readout"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 11 січня 2025

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1

Fraga, F. A. F., L. M. S. Margato, S. T. G. Fetal, M. M. F. R. Fraga, R. Ferreira Marques, and A. J. P. L. Policarpo. "Optical readout of GEMs." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 471, no. 1-2 (September 2001): 125–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(01)00972-x.

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2

Cheng Teng, 程腾, 张青川 Zhang Qingchuan, 高杰 Gao Jie, 毛亮 Mao Liang, 伍小平 Wu Xiaoping, and 陈大鹏 Chen Dapeng. "Analysis of Optical Readout Sensitivity for Uncooled Infrared Imaging Based on Optical Readout." Acta Optica Sinica 32, no. 2 (2012): 0204002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/aos201232.0204002.

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3

Gallo, G., D. L. Bonanno, D. G. Bongiovanni, F. Cappuzzello, M. Cortesi, F. Longhitano, D. Lo Presti, L. Pandola, and S. Reito. "Focal plane detector optical readout." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1056 (July 2018): 012023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1056/1/012023.

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4

d’Errico, Francesco, Angela Di Fulvio, Marek Maryañski, Simone Selici, and Manuela Torrigiani. "Optical readout of superheated emulsions." Radiation Measurements 43, no. 2-6 (February 2008): 432–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radmeas.2008.02.011.

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5

Grogan, Catherine, Faolan Radford McGovern, Rory Staines, George Amarandei, and Izabela Naydenova. "Cantilever-Based Sensor Utilizing a Diffractive Optical Element with High Sensitivity to Relative Humidity." Sensors 21, no. 5 (March 1, 2021): 1673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21051673.

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Анотація:

High-sensitivity and simple, low-cost readout are desirable features for sensors independent of the application area. Micro-cantilever sensors use the deflection induced by the analyte presence to achieve high-sensitivity but possess complex electronic readouts. Current holographic sensors probe the analyte presence by measuring changes in their optical properties, have a simpler low-cost readout, but their sensitivity can be further improved. Here, the two working principles were combined to obtain a new hybrid sensor with enhanced sensitivity. The diffractive element, a holographically patterned thin photopolymer layer, was placed on a polymer (polydimethylsiloxane) layer forming a bi-layer macro-cantilever. The different responses of the layers to analyte presence lead to cantilever deflection. The sensitivity and detection limits were evaluated by measuring the variation in cantilever deflection and diffraction efficiency with relative humidity. It was observed that the sensitivity is tunable by controlling the spatial frequency of the photopolymer gratings and the cantilever thickness. The sensor deflection was also visible to the naked eye, making it a simple, user-friendly device. The hybrid sensor diffraction efficiency response to the target analyte had an increased sensitivity (10-fold when compared with the cantilever or holographic modes operating independently), requiring a minimum upturn in the readout complexity.

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6

Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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7

Zhou, Weidong, and Lilong Cai. "Optical readout for optical storage with phase jump." Applied Optics 38, no. 23 (August 10, 1999): 5058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.005058.

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8

Wuchrer, Roland, Sabrina Amrehn, Luhao Liu, Thorsten Wagner, and Thomas Härtling. "A compact readout platform for spectral-optical sensors." Journal of Sensors and Sensor Systems 5, no. 1 (May 10, 2016): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/jsss-5-157-2016.

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Abstract. The continuous monitoring of industrial and environmental processes is becoming an increasingly important aspect with both economic and societal impact. So far, spectral-optical sensors with their outstanding properties in terms of sensitivity and reliability have not been considered as a potential solution because of the cost-intensive and bulky readout hardware. Here we present a card-size, inexpensive, and robust readout platform based on a wavelength-sensitive photodiode. In test and characterization experiments we achieved a wavelength shift resolution of better than 0.1 nm and a detection limit of 0.001 AU for ratiometric measurements. We furthermore discuss the capability and current limitations of our readout unit in context with interrogation experiments we performed with a photonic crystal-based fluid sensor. In sum we expect the presented readout platform to foster the exploitation of spectral-optical sensor technology for gas monitoring, chemical analytics, biosensing and many others fields.

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9

Deisting, A. "Commissioning of a hybrid readout TPC test set-up and gas gain simulations." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2374, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2374/1/012145.

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A hybrid readout Time Projection Chamber (TPC) has a simultaneous optical- and charge readout. The optical readout provides 2D images of particle tracks in the active volume, whilst the charge readout provides additional information on the particle position perpendicular to the image plane. A hybrid readout TPC working at high pressure is an attractive device for physics cases where an excellent space point resolution and a high target density is required as e.g. measuring a neutrino beam at the source of a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. In this paper we present two different lines of work towards the goal of developing hybrid TPC technology: a) Commissioning of a set-up with gas electron multipliers employing optical and charge readout. b) An analytical parametrisation of the gas gain for a multi wire proportional chamber based on GARFIELD++ simulations, which – when validated with measurements – allows to skip these simulations in the future altogether.

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10

Kranz, Michael, Tracy Hudson, Brian Grantham, and Michael Whitley. "Optical Cavity Interrogation for MEMS Accelerometers." Additional Conferences (Device Packaging, HiTEC, HiTEN, and CICMT) 2015, DPC (January 1, 2015): 001649–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4071/2015dpc-wp34.

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MEMS accelerometers utilizing electrostatic, piezoelectric, and magnetic proof mass displacement readout approaches have achieved success in both commercial- and defense-related applications. However, there is a desire for improved acceleration resolution suitable for navigation-grade applications. Optical readout of mechanical displacements has demonstrated high levels of resolution in macro-scale applications including precision movement and placement systems. In addition, optical techniques are common in high performance inertial sensors such as fiber optic gyros and ring laser gyros. Incorporating optical readout approaches into MEMS acceleration devices may yield sufficient resolution to achieve navigation-grade performance. Therefore, the U.S. Army AMRDEC is developing MEMS accelerometers based on optical cavity resonance readout. In the device, an optical cavity is formed between a MEMS proof mass and a reference reflector. A tunable laser excites the cavity on the edge of its resonance peak. Small displacements of the cavity from its rest position are detected by frequency shifts of the resonance, leading to high-resolution proof mass displacement detection and therefore high acceleration resolutions. This paper will present modeling associated with the design concept, as well predictions of device geometries and performance with the goal of achieving less than 1 micro-g bias instability and a velocity random walk of better than 0.2 micro-g/rt.Hz.

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11

Spooner, N. J. C., P. K. Lightfoot, G. J. Barker, Y. A. Ramachers, and K. Mavrokoridis. "Optical readout of liquid argon ionisation." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 308 (July 25, 2011): 012019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/308/1/012019.

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12

Wilson, T., Y. Kawata, and S. Kawata. "Readout of three-dimensional optical memories." Optics Letters 21, no. 13 (July 1, 1996): 1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.21.001003.

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13

Jones, C. D. W., C. A. Bolle, R. Ryf, M. E. Simon, F. Pardo, V. A. Aksyuk, W. Y. C. Lai, et al. "MEMS thermal imager with optical readout." Sensors and Actuators A: Physical 155, no. 1 (October 2009): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sna.2009.08.009.

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14

Fenker, Howard. "Optical transducers for scintillating fiber readout." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 41, no. 1-2 (January 1993): 417–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(93)90081-5.

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15

D. Shieh, Han-Ping, Jia-Reuy Liu, and Wein-Kuen Hwang. "Below “Optical Diffraction-Limited” Readout in Erasable Optical Disks." Journal of the Magnetics Society of Japan 23, S_1_MORIS_99 (1999): S1_193–194. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.23.s1_193.

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16

Zhang, Li, Wenwen Li, and Zhongyang Wang. "Sub-Diffraction Readout Method of High-Capacity Optical Data Storage Based on Polarization Modulation." Nanomaterials 14, no. 4 (February 16, 2024): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14040364.

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Анотація:

The big data era demands an efficient and permanent data storage technology with the capacity of PB to EB scale. Optical data storage (ODS) offers a good candidate for long-lifetime storage, as the developing far-field super-resolution nanoscale writing technology improves its capacity to the PB scale. However, methods to efficiently read out this intensive ODS data are still lacking. In this paper, we demonstrate a sub-diffraction readout method based on polarization modulation, which experimentally achieves the sub-diffraction readout on Disperse Red 13 thin film with a resolution of 500 nm, exceeding the diffraction limit by 1.2 times (NA = 0.5). Differing from conventional binary encoding, we propose a specific polarization encoding method that enhances the capacity of ODS by 1.5 times. In the simulation, our method provides an optical data storage readout resolution of 150 nm, potentially to 70 nm, equivalent to 1.1 PB in a DVD-sized disk. This sub-diffraction readout method has great potential as a powerful readout tool for next-generation optical data storage.

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17

Li, Haidong, Patrick Garrigue, Laurent Bouffier, Stéphane Arbault, Alexander Kuhn, and Neso Sojic. "Double remote electrochemical addressing and optical readout of electrochemiluminescence at the tip of an optical fiber." Analyst 141, no. 14 (2016): 4299–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6an00652c.

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18

Song, Lei, Dekun Yang, Zhidan Lei, Qimeng Sun, Zhiwen Chen, and Yi Song. "A Reflectivity Enhanced 3D Optical Storage Nanostructure Application Based on Direct Laser Writing Lithography." Materials 16, no. 7 (March 27, 2023): 2668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16072668.

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To enable high-density optical storage, better storage media structures, diversified recording methods, and improved accuracy of readout schemes should be considered. In this study, we propose a novel three-dimensional (3D) sloppy nanostructure as the optical storage device, and this nanostructure can be fabricated using the 3D laser direct writing technology. It is a 900 nm high, 1 × 2 µm wide Si slope on a 200 nm SiO2 layer with 200 nm Si3N4 deposited on top to enhance reflectivity. In this study, we propose a reflected spectrum-based method as the readout recording strategy to stabilize information readout more stable. The corresponding reflected spectrum varied when the side wall angle of the slope and the azimuth angle of the nanostructure were tuned. In addition, an artificial neural network was applied to readout the stored information from the reflected spectrum. To simulate the realistic fabrication error and measurement error, a 20% noise level was added to the study. Our findings showed that the readout accuracy was 99.86% for all 120 data sequences when the slope and azimuth angle were varied. We investigated the possibility of a higher storage density to fully demonstrate the storage superiority of this designed structure. Our findings also showed that the readout accuracy can reach its highest level at 97.25% when the storage step of the encoded structure becomes 7.5 times smaller. The study provides the possibility to further explore different nanostructures to achieve high-density optical storage.

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19

Ampilogov, N. V., M. B. Amelchakov, G. I. Britvich, V. B. Brudanin, I. B. Nemchenok, A. A. Petrukhin, A. V. Salamatin, et al. "Scintillation detector with the fiber-optical readout." Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics 73, no. 5 (May 2009): 637–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1062873809050311.

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20

McKenzie, Kirk, Malcolm B. Gray, Ping Koy Lam, and David E. McClelland. "Nonlinear phase matching locking via optical readout." Optics Express 14, no. 23 (2006): 11256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/oe.14.011256.

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21

Marchand, Philippe J., Ashok V. Krishnamoorthy, Kristopher S. Urquhart, Pierre Ambs, Sadik C. Esener, and Sing H. Lee. "Motionless-head parallel readout optical-disk system." Applied Optics 32, no. 2 (January 10, 1993): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.32.000190.

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22

Ng, T. W., T. L. Cheong, and J. Sheridan. "Digital readout manometer using an optical mouse." European Journal of Physics 28, no. 2 (January 8, 2007): N11—N16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0143-0807/28/2/n02.

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23

Marchand, P. J., and P. Ambs. "Developing a parallel-readout optical-disk system." IEEE Micro 14, no. 6 (December 1994): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/40.331380.

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24

McDonald, J. C., F. N. Eichner, K. A. Stahl, and S. D. Miller. "Optical Readout Method for Solid State Dosemeters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 17, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1986): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a079834.

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25

McDonald, J. C., F. N. Eichner, K. A. Stahl, and S. D. Miller. "Optical Readout Method for Solid State Dosemeters." Radiation Protection Dosimetry 17, no. 1-4 (December 1, 1986): 329–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/17.1-4.329.

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26

Martynov, Denis, Nicolas Brown, Eber Nolasco-Martinez, and Matthew Evans. "Passive optical gyroscope with double homodyne readout." Optics Letters 44, no. 7 (March 20, 2019): 1584. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.44.001584.

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27

Emboras, Alexandros, Ilya Goykhman, Boris Desiatov, Noa Mazurski, Liron Stern, Joseph Shappir, and Uriel Levy. "Nanoscale Plasmonic Memristor with Optical Readout Functionality." Nano Letters 13, no. 12 (November 22, 2013): 6151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/nl403486x.

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28

Lapington, J. S., J. R. Howorth, and J. S. Milnes. "Demountable readout technologies for optical image intensifiers." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 573, no. 1-2 (April 2007): 243–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2006.10.257.

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29

Enkelmann, M., U. Werthenbach, G. Zech, and T. Zeuner. "An optical readout for a fiber tracker." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 412, no. 2-3 (August 1998): 216–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0168-9002(98)00459-8.

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30

Ros, E. "An electromagnetic calorimeter with optical fiber readout." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 263, no. 1 (January 1988): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(88)91018-2.

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31

Dolgoshein, B., M. V. Potekhin, A. I. Pyschev, V. I. Rykalin, V. V. Sosnovtsev, and M. I. Tchernetsov. "A cylindrical proportional chamber with optical readout." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 294, no. 3 (September 1990): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(90)90286-f.

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32

Kryshkin, V. I., and A. T. Ronzhin. "An optical fiber readout for scintillator calorimeters." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 247, no. 3 (July 1986): 583–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(86)90420-1.

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33

Prout, D. L., R. W. Silverman, and A. Chatziioannou. "Readout of the optical PET (OPET) detector." IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 52, no. 1 (February 2005): 28–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tns.2004.843151.

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34

Cheng, Xianfu, Huibo Jia, and Duanyi Xu. "Vector diffraction analysis of optical disk readout." Applied Optics 39, no. 34 (December 1, 2000): 6436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.39.006436.

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35

Yan, Zhiyu, Cheng Fang, and Jun Zou. "Fine-Tuning of Optical Resonance Wavelength of Surface-Micromachined Optical Ultrasound Transducer Arrays for Single-Wavelength Light Source Readout." Micromachines 15, no. 9 (August 31, 2024): 1111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15091111.

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This article reports the fine-tuning of the optical resonance wavelength (ORW) of surface-micromachined optical ultrasound transducer (SMOUT) arrays to enable ultrasound data readout with non-tunable interrogation light sources for photoacoustic computed tomography (PACT). Permanent ORW tuning is achieved by material deposition onto or subtraction from the top diaphragm of each element with sub-nanometer resolution. For demonstration, a SMOUT array is first fabricated, and its ORW is tuned for readout with an 808 nm laser diode (LD). Experiments are conducted to characterize the optical and acoustic performances of the elements within the center region of the SMOUT array. Two-dimensional and three-dimensional PACT (photoacoustic computed tomography) is also performed to evaluate the imaging performance of the ORW-tuned SMOUT array. The results show that the ORW tuning does not degrade the optical, acoustic, and overall imaging performances of the SMOUT elements. As a result, the fine-tuning method enables new SMOUT-based PACT systems that are low cost, compact, powerful, and even higher speed, with parallel readout capability.

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36

Mori, Masahiko, Yutaka Yagai, Toyohiko Yatagai, and Masanobu Watanabe. "Optical learning neural network with a Pockels readout optical modulator." Applied Optics 37, no. 14 (May 10, 1998): 2852. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.37.002852.

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37

Vieira, M., M. Fernandes, P. Louro, C. Mendes, R. Schwarz, and Yu Vigranenko. "Optical signal and image processing device optimized for optical readout." Optical Materials 27, no. 5 (February 2005): 1064–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2004.08.064.

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38

Yariesbouei, Mahdieh, Remco G. P. Sanders, Remco J. Wiegerink, and Joost C. Lötters. "Compact Micro-Coriolis Mass-Flow Meter with Optical Readout." Micromachines 15, no. 1 (January 10, 2024): 114. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15010114.

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This paper presents the first nickel-plated micro-Coriolis mass-flow sensor with integrated optical readout. The sensor consists of a freely suspended tube made of electroplated nickel with a total length of 60 mm, an inner diameter of 580 µm, and a wall thickness of approximately 8 µm. The U-shaped tube is actuated by Lorentz forces. An optical readout consisting of two LEDs and two phototransistors is used to detect the tube motion. Mass-flow measurements were performed at room temperature with water and isopropyl alcohol for flows up to 200 g/h and 100 g/h, respectively. The measured resonance frequencies were 1.67 kHz and 738 Hz for water and 1.70 kHz and 752 Hz for isopropyl alcohol for the twist and swing modes, respectively. The measured phase shift between the two readout signals shows a linear response to mass flow with very similar sensitivities for water and isopropyl alcohol of 0.41mdegg/h and 0.43 mdegg/h, respectively.

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39

Ortolano, Giuseppe, and Ivano Ruo-Berchera. "Quantum Readout of Imperfect Classical Data." Sensors 22, no. 6 (March 15, 2022): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22062266.

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The encoding of classical data in a physical support can be done up to some level of accuracy due to errors and the imperfection of the writing process. Moreover, some degradation of the stored data can happen over time because of physical or chemical instability of the system. Any readout strategy should take into account this natural degree of uncertainty and minimize its effect. An example are optical digital memories, where the information is encoded in two values of reflectance of a collection of cells. Quantum reading using entanglement, has been shown to enhances the readout of an ideal optical memory, where the two level are perfectly characterized. In this work, we analyse the case of imperfect construction of the memory and propose an optimized quantum sensing protocol to maximize the readout accuracy in presence of imprecise writing. The proposed strategy is feasible with current technology and is relatively robust to detection and optical losses. Beside optical memories, this work have implications for identification of pattern in biological system, in spectrophotometry, and whenever the information can be extracted from a transmission/reflection optical measurement.

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40

Nakamura, Yuki, Hideyuki Watanabe, Hitoshi Sumiya, Kohei M. Itoh, Kento Sasaki, Junko Ishi-Hayase, and Kensuke Kobayashi. "Optimization of optical spin readout of the nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond based on spin relaxation model." AIP Advances 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 055215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0090450.

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Анотація:

For quantum sensing, it is vital to develop an efficient technique for determining the quantum state of the sensor. We optimize the weighting of the photoluminescence intensity for readout of the spin state of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. We find that adopting a physical model that considers the optical transitions and relaxations of the NV center allows for an efficient readout. Our method improves the signal-to-noise ratio of the readout by 5.4% in a short time of 3 s, while the existing methods typically require 1 min of integration time. We also show that our technique enhances the readout of the nuclear spin memory. The demonstrated way is helpful for a wide range of measurements, from a few minutes to several days.

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41

Gounella, Rodrigo, Gabriel M. Ferreira, Marcio L. M. Amorim, João Navarro Soares, and João Paulo Carmo. "A Review of Optical Sensors in CMOS." Electronics 13, no. 4 (February 8, 2024): 691. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13040691.

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This paper presents an overview of silicon-based optical sensors for the measurement of light in the visible spectrum range. The review is focused on sensors based on CMOS (complementary metal-oxide semiconductor) technology due to the high availability, low cost, ease of prototyping, and well-established fabrication processes. CMOS technology allows integration with the CMOS readout and control electronics in the same microdevice, featuring high-volume fabrication with high-reproducibility and low-cost. This review starts with an explanation of the phenomena behind opto-electronic transduction. It also presents and describes the most common components responsible for optical transduction, readout electronics, and their main characteristics. This review finishes with the presentation of selected applications to grasp where and how these sensors can be used.

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42

Gorgon, Sebastian, Kuo Lv, Jeannine Grüne, Bluebell H. Drummond, William K. Myers, Giacomo Londi, Gaetano Ricci, et al. "Reversible spin-optical interface in luminescent organic radicals." Nature 620, no. 7974 (August 16, 2023): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06222-1.

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AbstractMolecules present a versatile platform for quantum information science1,2 and are candidates for sensing and computation applications3,4. Robust spin-optical interfaces are key to harnessing the quantum resources of materials5. To date, carbon-based candidates have been non-luminescent6,7, which prevents optical readout via emission. Here we report organic molecules showing both efficient luminescence and near-unity generation yield of excited states with spin multiplicity S > 1. This was achieved by designing an energy resonance between emissive doublet and triplet levels, here on covalently coupled tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl) methyl-carbazole radicals and anthracene. We observed that the doublet photoexcitation delocalized onto the linked acene within a few picoseconds and subsequently evolved to a pure high-spin state (quartet for monoradical, quintet for biradical) of mixed radical–triplet character near 1.8 eV. These high-spin states are coherently addressable with microwaves even at 295 K, with optical readout enabled by reverse intersystem crossing to emissive states. Furthermore, for the biradical, on return to the ground state the previously uncorrelated radical spins either side of the anthracene shows strong spin correlation. Our approach simultaneously supports a high efficiency of initialization, spin manipulations and light-based readout at room temperature. The integration of luminescence and high-spin states creates an organic materials platform for emerging quantum technologies.

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43

Crouch, Garrison M., Christiana Oh, Kaiyu Fu, and Paul W. Bohn. "Tunable optical metamaterial-based sensors enabled by closed bipolar electrochemistry." Analyst 144, no. 21 (2019): 6240–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9an01137d.

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44

Horiuchi, Noriaki. "Single-ion readout." Nature Photonics 7, no. 7 (June 27, 2013): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2013.160.

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45

Zhang, Qiwei, Shuangshuang Yue, Haiqin Sun, Xusheng Wang, Xihong Hao, and Shengli An. "Nondestructive up-conversion readout in Er/Yb co-doped Na0.5Bi2.5Nb2O9-based optical storage materials for optical data storage device applications." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 15 (2017): 3838–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00582b.

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46

Xuhong Chu, Xuhong Chu, Liquan Dong Liquan Dong, Yuejin Zhao Yuejin Zhao, Xiaomei Yu Xiaomei Yu, and and Yun Feng and Yun Feng. "Optical readout method based on time-discrete modulation for micro-cantilever array sensing." Chinese Optics Letters 14, no. 10 (2016): 101102–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201614.101102.

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47

Alamán, Jorge, María López-Valdeolivas, Raquel Alicante, and Carlos Sánchez-Somolinos. "Optical Planar Waveguide Sensor with Integrated Digitally-Printed Light Coupling-in and Readout Elements." Sensors 19, no. 13 (June 27, 2019): 2856. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19132856.

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Optical planar waveguide sensors, able to detect and process information from the environment in a fast, cost-effective, and remote fashion, are of great interest currently in different application areas including security, metrology, automotive, aerospace, consumer electronics, energy, environment, or health. Integration of networks of these systems together with other optical elements, such as light sources, readout, or detection systems, in a planar waveguide geometry is greatly demanded towards more compact, portable, and versatile sensing platforms. Herein, we report an optical temperature sensor with a planar waveguide architecture integrating inkjet-printed luminescent light coupling-in and readout elements with matched emission and excitation. The first luminescent element, when illuminated with light in its absorption band, emits light that is partially coupled into the propagation modes of the planar waveguide. Remote excitation of this element can be performed without the need for special alignment of the light source. A thermoresponsive liquid crystal-based film regulates the amount of light coupled out from the planar waveguide at the sensing location. The second luminescent element partly absorbs the waveguided light that reaches its location and emits at longer wavelengths, serving as a temperature readout element through luminescence intensity measurements. Overall, the ability of inkjet technology to digitally print luminescent elements demonstrates great potential for the integration and miniaturization of light coupling-in and readout elements in optical planar waveguide sensing platforms.

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48

Oakham, P., Robert D. MacDougall, and J. A. Rowlands. "The optimal optical readout for the x-ray light valve-Document scanners." Medical Physics 35, no. 12 (November 18, 2008): 5672–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1118/1.3006196.

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49

Zheltikov, Aleksei M. "Resolving neural states from optical neural response readout." Laser Physics Letters 18, no. 2 (January 8, 2021): 025402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1612-202x/abcd40.

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50

Olson, Brita H., and Sadik C. Esener. "Partial response precoding for parallel-readout optical memories." Optics Letters 19, no. 9 (May 1, 1994): 661. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.19.000661.

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