Статті в журналах: "Optical readout detectors"

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Xie, Siwei, Zhiliang Zhu, Xi Zhang, Qiangqiang Xie, Hongsen Yu, Yibin Zhang, Jianfeng Xu, and Qiyu Peng. "Optical Simulation and Experimental Assessment with Time–Walk Correction of TOF–PET Detectors with Multi-Ended Readouts." Sensors 21, no. 14 (July 8, 2021): 4681. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21144681.

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As a commonly used solution, the multi-ended readout can measure the depth-of-interaction (DOI) for positron emission tomography (PET) detectors. In the present study, the effects of the multi-ended readout design were investigated using the leading-edge discriminator (LED) triggers on the timing performance of time-of-flight (TOF) PET detectors. At the very first, the photon transmission model of the four detectors, namely, single-ended readout, dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout, was established in Tracepro. The optical simulation revealed that the light output of the multi-ended readout was higher. Meanwhile, the readout circuit could be triggered earlier. Especially, in the triple-ended readout, the light output at 0.5 ns was observed to be nearly twice that of the single-ended readout after the first scintillating photon was generated. Subsequently, a reference detector was applied to test the multi-ended readout detectors that were constructed from a 6 × 6 × 25 mm3 LYSO crystal. Each module is composed of a crystal coupled with multiple SiPMs. Accordingly, its timing performance was improved by approximately 10% after the compensation of fourth-order polynomial fitting. Finally, the compensated full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) coincidence timing resolutions (CTR) of the dual-ended readout, side dual-ended readout, and triple-ended readout were 216.9 ps, 231.0 ps, and 203.6 ps, respectively.

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Cools, A., S. Aune, F. M. Brunbauer, T. Benoit, A. Corsi, E. Ferrer-Ribas, F. J. Iguaz, et al. "Neutron imaging with Micromegas detectors with optical readout." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328807009.

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Optical readout of Micromegas gaseous detectors has been achieved by implementing a Micromegas detector on a glass substrate with a glass anode and a CMOS camera. Efficient X-ray radio-graphy has been demonstrated due to the integrated imaging approach inherent to optical readout. High granularity values have been reached for low-energy X-rays from radioactive sources and X-ray generators taking advantage of image sensors with several megapixel resolution. Detector characterization under X-ray radiography opens the way to different applications from beta imaging to neutron radiography. Here we will focus on one application: neutron imaging for non-destructive examination of highly gamma-ray emitting objects. This article reports the characterization of the detectors when exposed to a low activity neutron source. The response of the detector to thermal neutrons has been studied with different field configurations and gap thicknesses.

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3

Cools, A., S. Aune, F. Beau, F. M. Brunbauer, T. Benoit, D. Desforge, E. Ferrer-Ribas, et al. "X-ray imaging with Micromegas detectors with optical readout." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 06 (June 1, 2023): C06019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/06/c06019.

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Abstract In the last years, optical readout of Micromegas gaseous detectors has been achieved by implementing a Micromegas detector on a glass anode coupled to a CMOS camera. Effective X-ray radiography was demonstrated using integrated imaging approach. High granularity values have been reached for low-energy X-rays from radioactive sources and X-ray generators. Detector characterization with X-ray radiography has led to two applications: neutron imaging for non-destructive examination of highly gamma-ray emitting objects and beta imaging for the single cell activity tagging in the field of oncology drug studies. First measurements investigating the achievable spatial resolution of the glass Micromegas detector at the SOLEIL synchrotron facility with a high-intensity and flat irradiation field will be shown in this article.

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4

Amarinei, R. M., F. Sánchez, S. Bordoni, T. Lux, L. Giannessi, E. Roe, and E. Radicioni. "Gaseous argon time projection chamber with electroluminescence enhanced optical readout." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 12 (December 1, 2023): P12001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/12/p12001.

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Abstract Systematic uncertainties in accelerator oscillation neutrino experiments arise from nuclear models describing neutrino-nucleus interactions. To mitigate these uncertainties, we can study neutrino-nuclei interactions with detectors possessing enhanced hadron detection capabilities at energies below the nuclear Fermi level. Gaseous detectors not only lower the particle detection threshold but also enable the investigation of nuclear effects on various nuclei by allowing for changes in the gas composition. This approach provides valuable insights into the modelling of neutrino-nucleus interactions and significantly reduces associated uncertainties. Here, we discuss the design and first operation of a gaseous argon time projection chamber optically read. The detector operates at atmospheric pressure and features a single stage of electron amplification based on a thick GEM. Here, photons are produced with wavelengths in the vacuum ultraviolet regime. In an optical detector, the primary constraint is the light yield. This study explores the possibility of increasing the light by applying a low electric field downstream of the ThGEM. In this region, called the electroluminescence gap, electrons propagate and excite the argon atoms, leading to the subsequent emission of photons. This process occurs without any further electron amplification, and it is demonstrated that the total light yield increases up to three times by applying moderate electric fields of the order of 3 kV/cm. Finally, an indirect method is discussed for determining the photon yield/charge gain of a ThGEM, giving a value of 18.3 photons detected per secondary electron.

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Torrioli, G., M. G. Castellano, R. Leoni, F. V. Greco, R. Buonanno, F. Pedichini, and P. Carelli. "DC-Squid Readout for STJ Astronomical Detectors." International Journal of Modern Physics B 13, no. 09n10 (April 20, 1999): 1339–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979299001405.

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The new generation of astronomical detectors based on Superconducting Tunnel Junctions (STJs) is capable of detecting photons in a wide range of wavelengths, and, in some cases, even of counting single photons. Since these detectors operate at very low temperature (down to 100 mK), a natural candidate for the readout electronics is the dc-SQUID, a superconducting device that can work as a current preamplifier, reaching very good noise performance. In this paper we present measurements on a homemade dc-SQUID, showing the response of the device to small current pulses, which simulate the real signals from an STJ. An optimal filtering processing of the data is performed, in order to extract from the noisy data the best estimate for the pulse height, which, in a real experiment with single optical photons, would be the parameter that carries the spectroscopic information.

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Adriani, O., G. Ambrosi, G. Castellini, G. Landi, and G. Passaleva. "Optical readout for double-sided silicon microstrip detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 342, no. 1 (March 1994): 181–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-9002(94)91427-3.

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Barker, G. J., P. K. Lightfoot, Y. A. Ramachers, and N. J. C. Spooner. "Optical readout tracking detector concept for future large volume liquid argon detectors." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment 619, no. 1-3 (July 2010): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2009.10.104.

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8

Lowe, Adam, Krishanu Majumdar, Konstantinos Mavrokoridis, Barney Philippou, Adam Roberts, Christos Touramanis, and Jared Vann. "Optical Readout of the ARIADNE LArTPC Using a Timepix3-Based Camera." Instruments 4, no. 4 (November 27, 2020): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments4040035.

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The ARIADNE Experiment, utilising a 1-ton dual-phase Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC), aims to develop and mature optical readout technology for large scale LAr detectors. This paper describes the characterisation, using cosmic muons, of a Timepix3-based camera mounted on the ARIADNE detector. The raw data from the camera are natively 3D and zero suppressed, allowing for straightforward event reconstruction, and a gallery of reconstructed LAr interaction events is presented. Taking advantage of the 1.6 ns time resolution of the readout, the drift velocity of the ionised electrons in LAr was determined to be 1.608 ± 0.005 mm/μs at 0.54 kV/cm. Energy calibration and resolution were determined using through-going muons. The energy resolution was found to be approximately 11% for the presented dataset. A preliminary study of the energy deposition (dEdX) as a function of distance has also been performed for two stopping muon events, and comparison to GEANT4 simulation shows good agreement. The results presented demonstrate the capabilities of this technology, and its application is discussed in the context of the future kiloton-scale dual-phase LAr detectors that will be used in the DUNE programme.

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Bonesini, Maurizio, Roberto Bertoni, Andrea Abba, Francesco Caponio, Marco Prata, and Massimo Rossella. "Improving the Time Resolution of Large-Area LaBr3:Ce Detectors with SiPM Array Readout." Condensed Matter 8, no. 4 (November 17, 2023): 99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/condmat8040099.

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LaBr3:Ce crystals have good scintillation properties for X-ray spectroscopy. Initially, they were introduced for radiation imaging in medical physics with either a photomultiplier or SiPM readout, and they found extensive applications in homeland security and gamma-ray astronomy. We used 1″ round LaBr3:Ce crystals to realize compact detectors with the SiPM array readout. The aim was a good energy resolution and a fast time response to detect low-energy X-rays around 100 keV. A natural application was found inside the FAMU experiment, at RIKEN RAL. Its aim is a precise measurement of the proton Zemach radius with impinging muons, to contribute to the solution to the so-called “proton radius puzzle”. Signals to be detected are characteristic X-rays around 130 KeV. A limit for this type of detector, as compared to the ones with a photomultiplier readout, is its poorer timing characteristics due to the large capacity of the SiPM arrays used. In particular, long signal falltimes are a problem in experiments such as FAMU, where a “prompt” background component must be separated from a “delayed” one (after 600 ns) in the signal X-rays to be detected. Dedicated studies were pursued to improve the timing characteristics of the used detectors, starting from hybrid ganging of SiPM cells; then developing a suitable zero pole circuit with a parallel ganging, where an increased overvoltage for the SiPM array was used to compensate for the signal decrease; and finally designing ad hoc electronics to split the 1″ detector’s SiPM array into four quadrants, thus reducing the involved capacitances. The aim was to improve the detectors’ timing characteristics, especially falltime, while keeping a good FWHM energy resolution for low-energy X-ray detection.

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Drake, G., W. S. Fernando, R. W. Stanek, and D. G. Underwood. "Modulator based high bandwidth optical readout for HEP detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 8, no. 02 (February 12, 2013): C02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/8/02/c02023.

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Marin, F., L. Conti, and M. De Rosa. "An optical readout scheme for advanced acoustic GW detectors." Classical and Quantum Gravity 21, no. 5 (February 13, 2004): S1237—S1240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0264-9381/21/5/126.

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McConkey, N., G. J. Barker, A. J. Bennieston, P. F. Harrison, P. K. Lightfoot, B. Morgan, D. Y. Stewart, N. J. C. Spooner, and Y. A. Ramachers. "Optical Readout Technology for Large Volume Liquid Argon Detectors." Nuclear Physics B - Proceedings Supplements 215, no. 1 (June 2011): 255–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysbps.2011.04.023.

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13

Selyukov, A. S., A. É. Primenko, I. A. Zakharchuk, M. N. Agapov, M. É. Gekht, and M. I. Danilkin. "Two-Photon Optical Stimulation for Readout of Radiation Detectors." Bulletin of the Lebedev Physics Institute 51, no. 7 (July 2024): 240–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s1068335624600712.

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McCarrick, H., G. Jones, B. R. Johnson, M. H. Abitbol, P. A. R. Ade, S. Bryan, P. Day, et al. "Design and performance of dual-polarization lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors for millimeter-wave polarimetry." Astronomy & Astrophysics 610 (February 2018): A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732044.

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Aims. Lumped-element kinetic inductance detectors (LEKIDs) are an attractive technology for millimeter-wave observations that require large arrays of extremely low-noise detectors. We designed, fabricated and characterized 64-element (128 LEKID) arrays of horn-coupled, dual-polarization LEKIDs optimized for ground-based CMB polarimetry. Our devices are sensitive to two orthogonal polarizations in a single spectral band centered on 150 GHz with Δν∕ν = 0.2. The 65 × 65 mm square arrays are designed to be tiled into the focal plane of an optical system. We demonstrate the viability of these dual-polarization LEKIDs with laboratory measurements. Methods. The LEKID modules are tested with an FPGA-based readout system in a sub-kelvin cryostat that uses a two-stage adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator. The devices are characterized using a blackbody and a millimeter-wave source. The polarization properties are measured with a cryogenic stepped half-wave plate. We measure the resonator parameters and the detector sensitivity, noise spectrum, dynamic range, and polarization response. Results. The resonators have internal quality factors approaching 1 × 106. The detectors have uniform response between orthogonal polarizations and a large dynamic range. The detectors are photon-noise limited above 1 pW of absorbed power. The noise-equivalent temperatures under a 3.4 K blackbody load are <100 μK √s. The polarization fractions of detectors sensitive to orthogonal polarizations are >80%. The entire array is multiplexed on a single readout line, demonstrating a multiplexing factor of 128. The array and readout meet the requirements for 4 arrays to be read out simultaneously for a multiplexing factor of 512. Conclusions. This laboratory study demonstrates the first dual-polarization LEKID array optimized specifically for CMB polarimetry and shows the readiness of the detectors for on-sky observations.

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Wu, Zibing, Kun Hu, Huiling Li, Xiangxiang Ren, Hongbo Wang, and Weiwei Xu. "Multi-channel readout electronics of silicon photomultipliers for plastic scintillating fiber detector." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 11 (November 1, 2024): C11014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/11/c11014.

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Abstract A plastic scintillating fiber (SciFi) detector with one-dimensional highly segmented silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) readout can achieve much finer spatial resolution than conventional bulk plastic scintillator detectors. In this work, to construct a large-area SciFi detector for muon scattering tomography, a compact multi-channel front-end electronics is developed based on Citiroc1A, a SiPM readout chip. This electronics system includes an analog board with Citiroc1A for interfacing SiPM arrays, and a digital board with Analog-to-Digital Converter, Field Programmable Gate Array and optical communication modules. We realized primary functions of Citiroc1A and evaluated the system performance on pedestal and pulse response. This front-end electronics design enables to identify a single photoelectron pulse of SiPMs and provide a linear response range up to about 300 pC, which satisfies the requirements of registering cosmic ray muons in the SciFi detector.

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Buttafava, Mauro, Federica Villa, Marco Castello, Giorgio Tortarolo, Enrico Conca, Mirko Sanzaro, Simonluca Piazza, et al. "SPAD-based asynchronous-readout array detectors for image-scanning microscopy." Optica 7, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/optica.391726.

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Manzhura, O., M. Caselle, L. E. Ardila-Perez, D. Calvo, S. Chilingaryan, F. Cossio, T. Dritschler, et al. "The data acquisition system for the PANDA Micro-Vertex Detector." Journal of Instrumentation 19, no. 03 (March 1, 2024): C03036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/19/03/c03036.

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Abstract The PANDA (antiProton ANnihilation at DArmstadt) experiment will study the strong interaction in annihilation reactions between an antiproton beam and a stationary cluster jet target. The PANDA detector will be composed of several sub-detectors designed for tracking, particle identification and calorimetry. The Micro-Vertex Detector (MVD) is the innermost part of the tracking system surrounding the interaction region, which is designed for precise vertex and tracking detection. It consists of silicon pixel and double-sided microstrip detectors. For the readout of the microstrip sensors an ASIC called ToASt (Torino Asic for Strip readout) is being developed in 0.11 μm CMOS technology at INFN Turin. The ASIC takes advantage of both Time-over-Threshold and Time-of-Arrival methods to accurately measure the event's energy and timestamp. To sustain the acquisition of the microstrip sensors a MDC (Module Data Concentrator) ASIC is under development at KIT. Up to eight ToASt front-ends' data streams are multiplexed, read out and processed by one MDC. The data of several MDCs are collected and processed by the off-detector readout card MMB (MVD Multiplexer Board), also under development at KIT. The processed data is then transferred via 100 GbE optical links to the computing nodes. The ToASt chips have been integrated with the FPGA implementation of the MDC to form the first fully functional detector module. Beam tests have been performed at the COSY facility in Jülich. This paper focuses on the design of MDC ASIC and MMB board, the integration with the ToASt and presents preliminary beam test results.

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Wang, Jiang, Wei Ping Jing, and Yan Jin Li. "Design of Readout Circuit for Pyroelectric Detector Based on Novel Pyroelectric Materials." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1918.

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Recently, scientists discovered that relaxor-based ferroelectric single crystals, such as (1-x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 -xPbTiO3 (PMN-xPT, or PMNT) single crystals, exhibit extra-high pyroelectric responses. They are promising candidates for optical power detectors in broad bandwidth at ultraviolet, visible and infrared wavelength.To fabricate high performance infrared detectors with relaxor-based single crystals, the related readout circuit was investigated to increase signal-to-noise ratio, and 8×1 CMOS readout circuit is fabricated to gain very weak current, which provides a solution for uncooled large focal plane arrays devices based on relaxor-based single crystals.

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Maia Oliveira, Andreia, Hylke B. Akkerman, Saverio Braccini, Albert J. J. M. van Breemen, Lucia Gallego Manzano, Natalie Heracleous, Ilias Katsouras, et al. "Characterization with X-rays of a Large-Area GEMPix Detector with Optical Readout for QA in Hadron Therapy." Applied Sciences 11, no. 14 (July 13, 2021): 6459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11146459.

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Quality Assurance (QA) in hadron therapy is crucial to ensure safe and accurate dose delivery to patients. This can be achieved with fast, reliable and high-resolution detectors. In this paper, we present a novel solution that combines a triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) and a highly pixelated readout based on a matrix of organic photodiodes fabricated on top of an oxide-based thin-film transistor backplane. The first LaGEMPix prototype with an active area of 60 × 80 mm2 was developed and characterized using low energy X-rays. The detector comprises a drift gap of 3.5 mm, a triple-GEM stack for electron amplification, and a readout featuring 480 × 640 pixels at a 126 µm pitch. Here, we describe the measurements and results in terms of spatial resolution for various experimental configurations. A comparison with GAFCHROMIC® films and the GEMPix detector used in the charge readout mode was performed to better understand the contribution to the spatial resolution from both the electron diffusion and the isotropic emission of photons. The measurements were compared to Monte Carlo simulations, using the FLUKA code. The simulation predictions are in good agreement with the GEMPix results. Future plans with respect to applications in hadron therapy are discussed.

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Jimenez, Jorge, and Antoni Grau. "Integration of an Optical Setup for the Characterization of Near-Infrared Detectors Used in Ground and Space-Based Astronomy." Engineering Proceedings 6, no. 1 (May 18, 2021): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/i3s2021dresden-10152.

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To make Europe competitive in the field of astronomical sensors and detectors, the main goal of this research is to provide the capability to manufacture high performance infrared focal plane arrays (FPA) devoted to scientific and astronomical ground and space telescope missions. This paper presents the main outcome of an international project with the highest standard of quality for this detector. The resulting detector is a sensor with a hybridized MCT (HgCdTe) epilayer on a CdZnTe substrate of 2 k × 2 k pixels and 15 μm of pixel pitch. On this framework, an optical setup has been developed at the IFAE optical laboratory with the capabilities to perform the characterization of a near-infrared (NIR) detector covering the range from 800 to 2500 nm. The optical setup is mainly composed of a power controlled quartz–halogen (QTH) lamp and an astigmatism-corrected Czerny–Turner monochromator with two diffraction gratings covering the detector wavelength range with a minimum resolution of ∼1 nm. A temperature stabilized gold-coated integration sphere provides a uniform and monochromatic illumination, while an InGaAs photodiode located at the north pole of the integration sphere is used to measure the radiant flux toward the detector. The whole setup is fully controlled by a Labview™ application and synchronized with the detector’s readout electronic (ROE).

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Faruqi, A. R., and Sriram Subramaniam. "CCD detectors in high-resolution biological electron microscopy." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics 33, no. 1 (February 2000): 1–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033583500003577.

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1. Introduction 11.1 The ‘band gap’ in silicon 22. Principles of CCD detector operation 32.1 Direct detection 32.2 Electron energy conversion into light 42.3 Optical coupling: lens or fibre optics? 62.4 Readout speed and comparison with film 83. Practical considerations for electron microscopic applications 93.1 Sources of noise 93.1.1 Dark current noise 93.1.2 Readout noise 93.1.3 Spurious events due to X-rays or cosmic rays 103.2 Efficiency of detection 113.3 Spatial resolution and modulation transfer function 123.4 Interface to electron microscope 143.5 Electron diffraction applications 154. Prospects for high-resolution imaging with CCD detectors 185. Alternative technologies for electronic detection 235.1 Image plates 235.2 Hybrid pixel detectors 246. References 26During the past decade charge-coupled device (CCD) detectors have increasingly become the preferred choice of medium for recording data in the electron microscope. The CCD detector itself can be likened to a new type of television camera with superior properties, which makes it an ideal detector for recording very low exposure images. The success of CCD detectors for electron microscopy, however, also relies on a number of other factors, which include its fast response, low noise electronics, the ease of interfacing them to the electron microscope, and the improvements in computing that have made possible the storage and processing of large images.CCD detectors have already begun to be routinely used in a number of important biological applications such as tomography of cellular organelles (reviewed by Baumeister, 1999), where the resolution requirements are relatively modest. However, in most high- resolution microscopic applications, especially where the goal of the microscopy is to obtain structural information at near-atomic resolution, photographic film has continued to remain the medium of choice. With the increasing interest and demand for high-throughput structure determination of important macromolecular assemblies, it is clearly important to have tools for electronic data collection that bypass the slow and tedious process of processing images recorded on photographic film.In this review, we present an analysis of the potential of CCD-based detectors to fully replace photographic film for high-resolution electron crystallographic applications.

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Bondar, Aleksandr, Alexey Buzulutskov, Aleksandr Dolgov, Sergey Peleganchuk, Rostislav Snopkov, Andrey Sokolov, Ekaterina Shemyakina, and Lev Shekhtman. "Proposal for Two-Phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detector for Dark Matter Search and Low-Energy Neutrino Detection." Siberian Journal of Physics 8, no. 3 (October 1, 2013): 13–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.54362/1818-7919-2013-8-3-13-26.

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The proposal for the detector of ultimate sensitivity for Dark Matter search and low-energy neutrino detection, including that of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering, is presented, based on the technique of two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) in Ar. Such a detector, with a 160 l cryogenic chamber, will be able to operate in single electron counting mode with superior (~ 1 mm) spatial resolution. To obtain such characteristics, a novel technique to detect ionization signal is applied, namely an optical readout using combined multiplier comprising of Gas Electron Multipliers (GEMs) and a matrix of Geiger-mode APDs (GAPDs)

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TITOV, MAXIM, and LESZEK ROPELEWSKI. "MICRO-PATTERN GASEOUS DETECTOR TECHNOLOGIES AND RD51 COLLABORATION." Modern Physics Letters A 28, no. 13 (April 30, 2013): 1340022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217732313400221.

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Discoveries in particle physics vitally depend on parallel advances in radiation-detector technologies. A true innovation in detector instrumentation concepts came in 1968, with the development of a fully parallel readout for a large array of sensing elements — the Multi-Wire Proportional Chamber (MWPC), which earned Georges Charpak a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1992. This invention revolutionized particle detection which moved from optical-readout devices (cloud chamber, emulsion or bubble chambers) to the electronics era. Over the past two decades advances in photo-lithography, microelectronics and printed-circuit board (PCB) techniques triggered a major transition in the field of gas detectors from wire structures to the Micro-Pattern Gas Detector (MPGD) concepts. The excellent spatial and time resolution, high rate capability, low mass, large active areas, and radiation hardness make them an invaluable tool to confront future detector challenges at the frontiers of research. The design of the new micro-pattern devices appears suitable for industrial production. Novel devices where MPGDs are directly coupled to the CMOS pixel readout serve as an "electronic bubble chamber" allowing to record space points and tracks in 3D. In 2008, the RD51 collaboration at CERN has been established to further advance technological developments of MPGDs and associated electronic-readout systems, for applications in basic and applied research. This review provides an overview of the state-of-the-art of the MPGD technologies and summarizes ongoing activities within the framework of the RD51 collaboration.

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Zaharchuk, Ivan, Mihail Danilkin, Aleksandr Selyukov, Ol'ga Ivkina, and Irina Mosyagina. "Luminescent Dosimetric Materials Based on Magnesium Tetraborate for Proton Beam Metrology." ANRI, no. 3 (August 20, 2023): 45–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.37414/2075-1338-2023-114-3-45-55.

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The possibility of optical readout has been studied for the detectors based on MgB4O7:Dy,Na. It is shown that due to the release of electrons from traps instead of holes under illumination by light, optically stimulated luminescence is not observed, despite effective erasing of thermally stimulated luminescence glow curves by light. By analogy with MgB4O7:Tm, a model of the processes occurring during thermoluminescence is presented.

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Migliorini, M., J. Pazzini, A. Triossi, M. Zanetti, and A. Zucchetta. "Trigger-less readout and unbiased data quality monitoring of the CMS drift tubes muon detector." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 01 (January 1, 2023): C01003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/01/c01003.

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Abstract The CMS experiment 40 MHz data scouting project is aimed at intercepting the data produced at the level of the detectors’ front-end without the filters induced by hardware-based triggers. A first implementation is realized by the trigger-less reading and processing of a fraction of the Drift Tube (DT) muon detector, equipped with a preliminary version of the so-called Phase-2 Upgrade on-detector electronics boards. The data are transferred via high-speed optical links to back-end boards independently from the central experiment data acquisition (DAQ), permitting real-time detector status monitoring via receiving all the signals produced at the front-end level, and providing an unbiased estimate of the CMS DT hit-rate under various data-taking conditions.

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26

Ebadi, Reza, Mason C. Marshall, David F. Phillips, Johannes Cremer, Tao Zhou, Michael Titze, Pauli Kehayias, et al. "Directional detection of dark matter using solid-state quantum sensing." AVS Quantum Science 4, no. 4 (December 2022): 044701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/5.0117301.

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Next-generation dark matter (DM) detectors searching for weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) will be sensitive to coherent scattering from solar neutrinos, demanding an efficient background-signal discrimination tool. Directional detectors improve sensitivity to WIMP DM despite the irreducible neutrino background. Wide-bandgap semiconductors offer a path to directional detection in a high-density target material. A detector of this type operates in a hybrid mode. The WIMP or neutrino-induced nuclear recoil is detected using real-time charge, phonon, or photon collection. The directional signal, however, is imprinted as a durable sub-micron damage track in the lattice structure. This directional signal can be read out by a variety of atomic physics techniques, from point defect quantum sensing to x-ray microscopy. In this Review, we present the detector principle as well as the status of the experimental techniques required for directional readout of nuclear recoil tracks. Specifically, we focus on diamond as a target material; it is both a leading platform for emerging quantum technologies and a promising component of next-generation semiconductor electronics. Based on the development and demonstration of directional readout in diamond over the next decade, a future WIMP detector will leverage or motivate advances in multiple disciplines toward precision dark matter and neutrino physics.

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27

Chierici, Andrea, and Francesco d’Errico. "Optoelectronics for neutron detectors based on superheated emulsions." EPJ Web of Conferences 288 (2023): 10022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202328810022.

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This paper presents the design, assembly, and performance investigation of an optoelectronic readout system specifically designed to enhance the real-time readout capabilities of Superheated Drop Detectors (SDDs). SDDs as fast neutron detectors have been widely used in different areas such as homeland security, radiation protection, and personal dosimetry. In homeland security, SDDs showed the potential of detecting prompt fission neutrons from special nuclear materials in radiation portal monitor systems, possibly positioning them as a valuable alternative to He-3 detectors. In radiation protection and personal dosimetry, downsized SDDs may be employed to assess the level of exposure of workers in nuclear energy production facilities or as a tool to perform photoneutron contamination studies of medical and research accelerators. The proposed readout system utilizes lightemitting diodes to illuminate the detectors, while photodiodes are employed to record the integral value of scattered light resulting from bubbles’ formation, a consequence of neutron interaction. To validate the behavior of the system, comprehensive field testing was conducted after assembling and integrating it with custom-made 3D printed structures tailored for different SDD geometry, and the reader was utilized to examine the optical and detection characteristics of different SDD compositions under various ionizing radiation conditions. The potential to actively read out SDDs in real-time represents a significant advancement for this radiation detection technology, particularly in fields such as radiation protection and industrial applications, and it provides valuable insights for future enhancements in the field of neutron radiation detection.

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28

Teymurazyan, A., and G. Pang. "Megavoltage X-Ray Imaging Based on Cerenkov Effect: A New Application of Optical Fibres to Radiation Therapy." International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/724024.

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A Monte Carlo simulation was used to study imaging and dosimetric characteristics of a novel design of megavoltage (MV) X-ray detectors for radiotherapy applications. The new design uses Cerenkov effect to convert X-ray energy absorbed in optical fibres into light for MV X-ray imaging. The proposed detector consists of a matrix of optical fibres aligned with the incident X rays and coupled to an active matrix flat-panel imager (AMFPI) for image readout. Properties, such as modulation transfer function, detection quantum efficiency (DQE), and energy response of the detector, were investigated. It has been shown that the proposed detector can have a zero-frequency DQE more than an order of magnitude higher than that of current electronic portal imaging device (EPID) systems and yet a spatial resolution comparable to that of video-based EPIDs. The proposed detector is also less sensitive to scattered X rays from patients than current EPIDs.

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29

Amaro, Fernando Domingues, Elisabetta Baracchini, Luigi Benussi, Stefano Bianco, Cesidio Capoccia, Michele Caponero, Danilo Santos Cardoso, et al. "The CYGNO Experiment." Instruments 6, no. 1 (January 21, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/instruments6010006.

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The search for a novel technology able to detect and reconstruct nuclear and electron recoil events with the energy of a few keV has become more and more important now that large regions of high-mass dark matter (DM) candidates have been excluded. Moreover, a detector sensitive to incoming particle direction will be crucial in the case of DM discovery to open the possibility of studying its properties. Gaseous time projection chambers (TPC) with optical readout are very promising detectors combining the detailed event information provided by the TPC technique with the high sensitivity and granularity of latest-generation scientific light sensors. The CYGNO experiment (a CYGNus module with Optical readout) aims to exploit the optical readout approach of multiple-GEM structures in large volume TPCs for the study of rare events as interactions of low-mass DM or solar neutrinos. The combined use of high-granularity sCMOS cameras and fast light sensors allows the reconstruction of the 3D direction of the tracks, offering good energy resolution and very high sensitivity in the few keV energy range, together with a very good particle identification useful for distinguishing nuclear recoils from electronic recoils. This experiment is part of the CYGNUS proto-collaboration, which aims at constructing a network of underground observatories for directional DM search. A one cubic meter demonstrator is expected to be built in 2022/23 aiming at a larger scale apparatus (30 m3–100 m3) at a later stage.

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30

Kim, Hyung-Sik, and Yong-Sik Lim. "Optical Autocorrelation Measurement for Ultrafast Pulses at NIR Wavelengths Using GaP, GaAsP, and Si Photoconductive Detectors." Applied Sciences 13, no. 12 (June 8, 2023): 6957. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13126957.

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In this article, we report on an optical real-time autocorrelator readout with a 5 Hz refresh rate, equipped with a transimpedance amplified photodetector based on the two-photon absorption (TPA) of semiconductor photodiodes (PDs) for ultrashort (1 < ps) pulse measurement. By replacing the GaP PD of a commercial TPA detector with GaAsP and Si PD elements, we demonstrated that the spectral response based on the TPA of each photodetector followed the linear response of the corresponding semiconductor PD within accessible wavelength regions. The TPA spectral response of the GaAsP detector exhibited a peak at 1200 nm and a long wavelength limit near 1300 nm. The TPA spectral response of the Si detector exhibited a short wavelength limit near 1170 nm and a linear response up to 1300 nm. The two types of PD were compared with the characteristics of the GaP photodiode. These photoconductive detectors are efficient, compact, and robust sensors and can be used to diagnose the pulse characteristics of ultrafast fiber lasers and light sources near IR wavelengths.

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31

Baranyai, David, Stefan Oniga, Balazs Gyongyosi, Balazs Ujvari, and Attia Mohamed. "Module Tester for Positron Emission Tomography and Particle Physics." Electronics 13, no. 15 (August 2, 2024): 3066. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics13153066.

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The combination of high-density, high-time-resolution inorganic scintillation crystals such as Lutetium Yttrium Oxyorthosilicate (LYSO), Yttrium Orthosilicate (YSO) and Bismuth Germanate (BGO) with Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) sensors is widely employed in medical imaging, particularly in Positron Emission Tomography (PET), as well as in modern particle physics detectors for precisely timing sub-detectors and calorimeters. During the assembly of each module, following individual component testing, the crystals and SiPMs are bonded together using optical glue and enclosed in a light-tight, temperature-controlled cooling box. After integration with the readout electronics, the bonding is initially tested. The final readout electronics typically comprise Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or low-power Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs) and amplifiers, designed not to heat up the temperature-sensitive SiPM sensors. However, these setups are not optimal for testing the optical bonding. Specific setups were developed to test the LYSO + SiPM modules that are already bonded but not enclosed in a box. Through large data collection, small deviations in bonding can be detected if the SiPMs and LYSOs have been thoroughly tested before our measurement. The Monte Carlo simulations we used to study how parameters—which are difficult to measure in the laboratory (LYSO absorption length, refractive index of the coating)—affect the final result. Our setups for particle physics and PET applications are already in use by research institutes and industrial partners.

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32

Maia Oliveira, A., S. Braccini, P. Casolaro, N. Heracleous, J. Leidner, I. Mateu, F. Murtas, and M. Silari. "Radiation-induced effects in glass windows for optical readout GEM-based detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 16, no. 07 (July 1, 2021): T07009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/16/07/t07009.

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33

Li, C., C. Q. Feng, D. Y. Zhu, S. B. Liu, and Q. An. "An optical fiber-based flexible readout system for micro-pattern gas detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 13, no. 04 (April 9, 2018): P04013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/13/04/p04013.

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34

Chramowicz, J., S. Kwan, T. Moretti, A. Sugg, and A. Prosser. "Free-space optical interconnects for cable-less readout in particle physics detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 5, no. 12 (December 16, 2010): C12038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/5/12/c12038.

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35

Tzanis, Polyneikis. "The Detector Control System of the New Small Wheel Electronics for the ATLAS experiment." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2375, no. 1 (November 1, 2022): 012011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2375/1/012011.

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Abstract The present ATLAS Small Wheel Muon detector is be replaced with a New Small Wheel(NSW) detector in order to cope up with the future LHC runs of high luminosit. One crucial part of the integration procedure concerns the validation of the electronics for a system with more than 2.1 M electronic channels. The readout chain is based on optical link technology connecting the back-end to the front-end electronics via the FELIX, which is a newly developed system that serves as the next generation readout driver for ATLAS. For the configuration, calibration and monitoring path the various electronics boards are supplied with the GBT-SCA ASIC and its purpose is to distribute control and monitoring signals to the electronics. Due to its complexity, NSW electronics requires the development of a sophisticated Control System. The use of such a system is necessary to allow the electronics to function consistently, safely and as a seamless interface to all sub-detectors and the technical infrastructure of the experiment. The central system handles the transition between the probe’s possible operating states while ensuring continuous monitoring and archiving of the system’s operating parameters.

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36

Walker, Alistair R. "The NOAO CCD Controller — Arcon." Symposium - International Astronomical Union 167 (1995): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0074180900056692.

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The Array Controller (Arcon) developed at CTIO is a flexible and extendable system for acquiring astronomical data from a wide variety of optical and IR detectors. It has been designed from the outset to support expansion to more demanding applications such as large CCD mosaics. In its minimum configuration it can read a quad-readout CCD through all four amplifiers simultaneously.

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37

Santonocito, Rossella, Mario Spina, Roberta Puglisi, Andrea Pappalardo, Nunzio Tuccitto, and Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto. "Detection of a Nerve Agent Simulant by a Fluorescent Sensor Array." Chemosensors 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2023): 503. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11090503.

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Detection of nerve agents (NAs) gas in the environment through portable devices to protect people in case of emergencies still remains a challenge for scientists involved in this research field. Current detection strategies require the use of cumbersome, expensive equipment that is only accessible to specialized personnel. By contrast, emerging optical detection is one of the most promising strategies for the development of reliable, easy readout devices. However, the selectivity of the existing optical sensors needs to be improved. To overcome the lack of selectivity, the innovative strategy of the optical arrays is under evaluation due to the specific response, the ease of preparation, the portability of the equipment, and the possibility to use affordable detectors, such as smartphones, that are easily accessible to non-specialized operators. In this work, the first optical-based sensor array for the selective detection of gaseous dimethylmethylphosphonate (DMMP), a NAs simulant, is reported, employing a simple smartphone as a detector and obtaining remarkably efficient and selective detection.

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38

Sobrin, J. A., A. J. Anderson, A. N. Bender, B. A. Benson, D. Dutcher, A. Foster, N. Goeckner-Wald, et al. "The Design and Integrated Performance of SPT-3G." Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series 258, no. 2 (February 1, 2022): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ac374f.

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Abstract SPT-3G is the third survey receiver operating on the South Pole Telescope dedicated to high-resolution observations of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Sensitive measurements of the temperature and polarization anisotropies of the CMB provide a powerful data set for constraining cosmology. Additionally, CMB surveys with arcminute-scale resolution are capable of detecting galaxy clusters, millimeter-wave bright galaxies, and a variety of transient phenomena. The SPT-3G instrument provides a significant improvement in mapping speed over its predecessors, SPT-SZ and SPTpol. The broadband optics design of the instrument achieves a 430 mm diameter image plane across observing bands of 95, 150, and 220 GHz, with 1.2′ FWHM beam response at 150 GHz. In the receiver, this image plane is populated with 2690 dual-polarization, trichroic pixels (∼16,000 detectors) read out using a 68× digital frequency-domain multiplexing readout system. In 2018, SPT-3G began a multiyear survey of 1500 deg2 of the southern sky. We summarize the unique optical, cryogenic, detector, and readout technologies employed in SPT-3G, and we report on the integrated performance of the instrument.

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39

Bondar, A., A. Buzulutskov, A. Dolgov, E. Shemyakina, and A. Sokolov. "Study of combined THGEM/GAPD-matrix multiplier in a two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detector in Ar." EPJ Web of Conferences 174 (2018): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817402005.

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Two-phase Cryogenic Avalanche Detectors (CRADs) with combined THGEM/GAPD-matrix multiplier have become an emerging technique in rare-event experiments such as those of coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering and dark matter search. In this work we continue to study the performance of the two-phase CRAD in Ar with THGEM/GAPD-matrix charge/optical readout. The matrix was composed of a 3×3 array of GAPDs (Geiger-mode APDs), optically recording THGEM-hole avalanches in the Near Infrared (NIR). Gain, time, amplitude and spatial resolution properties of the combined multiplier are described.

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40

Fermani, Paolo, and Irene Di Palma. "Status and first results from the ARCA and ORCA lines of the KM3NeT experiment." EPJ Web of Conferences 209 (2019): 01006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201920901006.

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KM3NeT is a network of submarine Cherenkov neutrino telescopes under construction in two different sites in the Mediterranean Sea [1]. The detector at the Italian site, close to the Sicilian coast and named ARCA, will be devoted to the detection of high-energy astrophysical neutrinos coming from sources in the Universe, while the detector at the French site, in the Toulon bay and named ORCA, will exploit atmospheric neutrinos to determine the neutrino mass hierarchy. The telescopes are an array of flexible strings anchored to the sea floor and held close to vertical by submerged buoys. The strings are instrumented with digital optical modules hosted within pressure-resistant glass spheres, each housing 31 3” photomultipliers tubes and the readout electronics. The geometry of the detectors has been adapted to their physics goals. The first calibrations and results of ARCA and ORCA are presented.

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41

Dreyer, J. G., K. Arnold, T. M. Lanting, M. A. Dobbs, S. Friedrich, A. T. Lee, and H. G. Spieler. "Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout for Superconducting Gamma-Ray Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 17, no. 2 (June 2007): 633–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2007.898249.

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42

Zobrist, Nicholas, Byeong Ho Eom, Peter Day, Benjamin A. Mazin, Seth R. Meeker, Bruce Bumble, Henry G. LeDuc, et al. "Wide-band parametric amplifier readout and resolution of optical microwave kinetic inductance detectors." Applied Physics Letters 115, no. 4 (July 22, 2019): 042601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5098469.

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43

Makek, Mihael, Damir Bosnar, Ana Marija Kožuljević, and Luka Pavelić. "Investigation of GaGG:Ce with TOFPET2 ASIC Readout for Applications in Gamma Imaging Systems." Crystals 10, no. 12 (November 25, 2020): 1073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10121073.

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We investigated two detector modules, each consisting of a 8 × 8 matrix of GaGG:Ce crystals with a crystal size of 3 × 3 × 20 mm3 and a 3.2 mm pitch. The light is collected by a 8 × 8 silicon photomultiplier array, with one silicon photomultiplier matching one crystal. The signals are read out and processed using the TOFPET2 ASIC. Performed laboratory tests of the detectors were performed using a 22Na source, where energy and coincidence time resolution with different optical coupling were examined between the crystals and silicon photomultipliers, as well as under various operating voltages. The mean energy resolution of 9.8±0.6% at 511 keV was observed and it was shown that the coincidence time resolution of 384±33 ps could be achieved. The results reassure that the GaGG scintillator is a very promising candidate for the development of imaging systems, in particular, ones utilizing Compton scattering where the energy resolution plays a critical role and a moderate timing performance is acceptable.

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44

Cheng, J., G. Chen, D. Chakraborty, S. Kutcher, J. Wen, H. Chen, S. Trivedi, and Roman Sobolewski. "(Cd,Mg)Te crystals for picosecond-response optical-to-x-ray radiation detectors." Review of Scientific Instruments 93, no. 11 (November 1, 2022): 113104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0101831.

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We demonstrate a photodetector sensitive to both optical and x-ray picosecond pulses based on our in-house grown cadmium magnesium telluride (Cd,Mg)Te single crystal. Specifically, we developed In-doped Cd0.96Mg0.04Te material and discuss its femtosecond optical photoresponse, as well as the detector performance, such as <100-pA dark current and up to 0.22-mA/W responsivity for 780-nm wavelength optical radiation. The detector exposed to Ti fluorescence (K alpha) x-ray pulses at 4.5 keV, generated by a free-electron laser beam with the central energy of 9.8 keV and <100 fs pulse width, exhibited readout-electronics-limited 200-ps full-width-at-half-maximum photoresponse, demonstrating that it is suitable for coarse timing in free-electron laser x-ray/optical femtosecond pump–probe spectroscopy applications.

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45

Sugizaki, Kaito. "Integration and Commissioning of the Software-based Readout System for ATLAS Level-1 Endcap Muon Trigger in Run 3." EPJ Web of Conferences 251 (2021): 04015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202125104015.

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The Large Hadron Collider and the ATLAS experiment at CERN will explore new frontiers in physics in Run 3 starting in 2022. In the Run 3 ATLAS Level-1 endcap muon trigger, new detectors called New Small Wheel and additional Resistive Plate Chambers will be installed to improve momentum resolution and to enhance the rejection of fake muons. The Level-1 endcap muon trigger algorithm will be processed by new trigger processor boards with modern FPGAs and high-speed optical serial links. For validation and performance evaluation, the inputs and outputs of their trigger logic will be read out using a newly developed software-based readout system. We have successfully integrated this readout system in the ATLAS online software framework, enabling commissioning in the actual Run 3 environment. Stable trigger readout has been realized for input rates up to 100 kHz with a developed event-building application. We have verified that its performance is sufficient for Run 3 operation in terms of event data size and trigger rate. The paper will present the details of the integration and commissioning of the software-based readout system for ATLAS Level-1 endcap muon trigger in Run 3.

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46

Shugarov, Andrey, and Mikhail Sachkov. "Spektr–UF Mission Spectrograph Space Qualified CCD Detector Subsystem." Photonics 10, no. 9 (September 8, 2023): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10091032.

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Spektr–UF (World Space Observatory Ultraviolet, WSO-UV) is a Russian-led international collaboration aiming to develop a large space-borne 1.7 m Ritchey–Chretién telescope with science instruments to study the Universe in ultraviolet wavelengths. The WSO-UV spectrograph (WUVS) consists of three channels: two high-resolution channels (R = 50,000) with spectral ranges of 115–176 nm and 174–310 nm, and a low-resolution (R = 1000) channel with a spectral range of 115–305 nm. Each of the three channels has an almost identical custom detector consisting of a CCD inside a vacuum enclosure, and drive electronics. The main challenges of the WUVS detectors are to achieve high quantum efficiency in the FUV-NUV range, to provide low readout noise (3 e− at 50 kHz) and low dark current (<12 e−/pixel/hour), to operate with integral exposures of up to 10 h and to provide good photometric accuracy. A custom vacuum enclosure and three variants of a custom CCD272-64 sensor with different UV AR coatings optimised for each WUVS channel were designed. The enclosure prevents contamination and maintains the CCD at the operating temperature of −100 ∘C, while the temperature of the WUVS optical bench is +20 ∘C. A camera electronics box (CEB) that houses the CCD drive electronics was developed. Digital correlated double sampling technology allows for extremely low readout noise and flexible frequency for normal and binned pixel readout modes. This paper presents the WUVS detector design drivers, methods for extending the service life of the CCD sensors working with low signals in a space radiation environment and the key calculated parameters and results of the engineering qualification model qualification campaign.

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47

Minutolo, Lorenzo, Bryan Steinbach, Albert Wandui, and Roger O'Brient. "A Flexible GPU-Accelerated Radio-frequency Readout for Superconducting Detectors." IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 29, no. 5 (August 2019): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tasc.2019.2912027.

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48

Barker, Cathleen, Ting Zhu, Lucas Rolison, Scott Kiff, Kelly Jordan, and Andreas Enqvist. "Pulse Shape Analysis and Discrimination for Silicon-Photomultipliers in Helium-4 Gas Scintillation Neutron Detector." EPJ Web of Conferences 170 (2018): 07002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201817007002.

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Using natural helium (helium-4), the Arktis 180-bar pressurized gas scintillator is capable of detecting and distinguishing fast neutrons and gammas. The detector has a unique design of three optically separated segments in which 12 silicon-photomultiplier (SiPM) pairs are positioned equilaterally across the detector to allow for them to be fully immersed in the helium-4 gas volume; consequently, no additional optical interfaces are necessary. The SiPM signals were amplified, shaped, and readout by an analog board; a 250 MHz, 14-bit digitizer was used to examine the output pulses from each SiPMpair channel. The SiPM over-voltage had to be adjusted in order to reduce pulse clipping and negative overshoot, which was observed for events with high scintillation production. Pulse shaped discrimination (PSD) was conducted by evaluating three different parameters: time over threshold (TOT), pulse amplitude, and pulse integral. In order to differentiate high and low energy events, a 30ns gate window was implemented to group pulses from two SiPM channels or more for the calculation of TOT. It was demonstrated that pulses from a single SiPM channel within the 30ns window corresponded to low-energy gamma events while groups of pulses from two-channels or more were most likely neutron events. Due to gamma pulses having lower pulse amplitude, the percentage of measured gamma also depends on the threshold value in TOT calculations. Similarly, the threshold values were varied for the optimal PSD methods of using pulse amplitude and pulse area parameters. Helium-4 detectors equipped with SiPMs are excellent for in-the-field radiation measurement of nuclear spent fuel casks. With optimized PSD methods, the goal of developing a fuel cask content monitoring and inspection system based on these helium-4 detectors will be achieved.

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49

Wang, Z., Z. W. Pan, Z. Chen, Z. Y. He, Z. B. Lin, T. Y. Yang, Y. Yuan, et al. "Simulation study of the light collection efficiency and the dependency on position resolution in plastic scintillator-based muography detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 10 (October 1, 2023): P10034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/10/p10034.

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Abstract Cosmic-ray muon imaging (muography) has been applied in various fields in recent years, in which plastic scintillators are one of the frequently selected detectors internationally. Therefore, a triangular scintillator strip based muography detection system has been proposed in the development of the μ Scattering and Transmission imaging faCility (μSTC). Before the mass production of detector units, this work studied the impacts of multiple factors on the light collection efficiency (LCE) and the position resolution (σ) of plastic scintillators. These factors include configurations of wavelength shifting (WLS) fibers, fiber grooves on scintillators, coupling optical glues and silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout mode. According to the simulated results, an empirical formula was proposed to quantitatively describe the relation between the LCE and σ, which has seldom been studied before. In this formula, σ reduces as a power-law function of the LCE. The SiPM readout mode (single-end or double-end output) and fiber groove treatments show no significant influence on the σ-LCE relation. LCE variations due to different factors lead to a difference in σ of less than 0.2 mm in the whole range of LCE. Accordingly, these factors are nearly equivalent in the improvement of detector position resolution. In comparison, the muon hit position reconstruction method nearly halves the σ after using angular and gap corrections. Thus, a better reconstruction method shows greater importance than the efforts made to increase LCEs. The simulation study in this work will provide good references for the construction of plastic scintillators of the μSTC platform in the near future.

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50

Bestintzanos, I., K. Adamidis, I. Euaggelou, C. Fernandez Bedoya, C. Foudas, A. Lymperakis, N. Manthos, et al. "An ATCA processor for Level-1 trigger primitive generation and readout of the CMS barrel muon detectors." Journal of Instrumentation 18, no. 02 (February 1, 2023): C02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-0221/18/02/c02039.

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Abstract An ATCA processor was designed to instrument the first layer of the CMS Barrel Muon Trigger. The processor receives and processes DT and RPC data and produces muon track segments. Furthermore, it provides readout for the DT detector. The ATCA processor is based on a Xilinx XCVU13P FPGA, receives data via 10 Gbps optical links and transmits track segments via 25 Gbps optical links. The processor is instrumented with a Zynq Ultrascale+ SoM connected with an SSD which provides the necessary resources for enhanced monitoring and control information. The design of the board as well as results on its performance are presented.

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