Дисертації з теми "Optical orthogonal codes (OOC)"

To let many users benefit from the high speed communication in an optical fiber, a way to share the channel is needed. One way to share the channel between the users is the multiple access technique of Code Division Multiple Access, CDMA. This technique is based on coding. By assigning the users different codewords, the receiver is able to distinguish the information sent from each user. One family of codes suitable to use in a fiber optic network is the constant weight Optical Orthogonal Codes, OOC.

To influence the users interference tolerability it is possible to assign the users codewords of the same length but with different weights. By letting the users have codewords of different length it is possible to have different data rates in the system. These two versions of optical orthogonal codes, with variable length and weight, are investigated in this thesis for their cardinality. The variable weight and variable length codes were created by combining optical orthogonal codes with different parameters.

I have found that for variable length OOC:s of weight 2 it seems to be possible to increase the cardinality of a code, but for codes with higer weights than that, it is better that all users are assigned codewords of the same length. But since an upper bound for the cardinality of these types of codes has not been found, it is not possible to verify if this conclusion is correct. For variable weight OOC:s it is found that it is only possible to increase the cardinality of small, not optimal, codes. For codes including many codewords it is rarely possible to include more codewords without breaking the conditions on cross correlation between the codewords.

To take advantage of the high speed in an optic fiber, one of the basic concept in fiber optic communication is to allow several users to simultaneously transmit data over the channel. One technique that provides multiple access is it fiber optic-code division multiple access (FO-CDMA). In FO-CDMA each user is assigned one or more signature sequences called codewords, which are subsets of a type of optical orthogonal code (OOC). The channel input/output consists of the superposition of several users codewords and at the receiver end an optical correlator extracts the information.

In the parallel code constructions, presented in this report, each user j is assigned a subset Cj from a code C. The subsets are disjoint and their union is the whole set C. A new way to map the information bits is to insert up to L zeros before each codeword from Cj and let this represent information aswell. This gives high rates for active users but an investigation is needed to ensure that this does not compromise the systems wanted property of sending information with a small probability of errors for all users. Therefore a simulation environment has been implemented in Matlab.

The result from these simulations shows that BER for the L parallel codes is acceptable and not much higher than for the traditional constructions. Because of the higher rate these construction should be preferred but an analysis if a hardware implementation is possible.

Le domaine de la télésurveillance a connu un grand essor ces dernières décennies et concerne divers contextes par exemple en milieu hospitalier, en maison de retraite, chez les particuliers. La majorité des systèmes de télésurveillance existants aujourd’hui reposent sur la technologie des radiofréquences (RF). Nous proposons dans cette thèse, des travaux portant sur la télésurveillance dans un contexte nouveau qui concerne une crèche. Les RF présentant certains inconvénients, comme l’impact des interférences électromagnétiques, mais aussi des failles de sécurité, une solution alternative est la technologie de communication par optique sans fil. Ainsi, nous avons étudié l'utilisation de la technologie infrarouge pour la transmission simultanée de données issues de capteurs placés sur les pieds des lits de bébé mais aussi sur les bébés couchés dans leur lit au sein de la crèche. Le système de réception est constitué de photodiodes situées aux coins d'un panneau d'éclairage central au plafond de l'environnement. La simulation du canal réalisée grâce à la technique de lancer de rayons associés à la méthode de Monte-Carlo a permis de déterminer le gain du canal pour chaque dispositif. Plusieurs scénarios de déploiement ont été définis en considérant le caractère amovible ou fixe des dispositifs et l’interchangeabilité des lits dans la pièce. Le partage du canal utilise la technique d’accès multiple par répartition de codes (OCDMA) associée aux codes optiques orthogonaux (OOC) dont la principale limitation est l’interférence d’accès multiple (IAM). Les performances de la modulation binaire par position d’impulsion (2-PPM) avec OCDMA et un décodage souple en réception ont été établies théoriquement et par simulation pour les différents scénarios définis considérant un réseau de 11 utilisateurs constitué de 8 lits et 3 dispositifs portés par des bébés. Les résultats ont été obtenus avec des récepteurs conventionnels par corrélation sans et avec limiteur puis un récepteur à annulation parallèle d’interférence plus efficace pour réduire l’impact de l’IAM. De plus, la faisabilité de l’utilisation de la technique OCDMA pour la transmission simultanée en optique sans fil a été mise en évidence par des expérimentations menées grâce à un banc de test développé en radio logicielle. Le banc a été mis en place, en utilisant des USRP (Universal Software Radio Peripheral) et des front-ends optique sans fil développés spécifiquement
The field of the remote monitoring has experienced significant advancements in recent decades, and now covers different contexts, such as hospitals, retirement homes, and private homes also. The majority of existing systems are based on radio frequency technology (RF).We propose in this thesis, research focused on remote monitoring in a new context involving a nursery. Given the limitations of RF technology, including the impact of electromagnetic interference, and security vulnerabilities, an alternative solution is optical wireless communication technology. Therefore, we investigated the use of infrared technology for simultaneous transmission of data collected from sensors placed on the foot of baby beds, and also on the babies themselves lying in their beds within the nursery. The reception system consists of photodiodes positioned at the corners of a central lighting panel on the celling. The channel simulation carried out using ray-tracing and Monte-Carlo methods was used to determine the channel gain for each device. Several deployment scenarios were defined, considering the nature of the devices (removable or fixed) and the interchangeability of beds in the room. The channel sharing employs the code division multiple access (OCDMA) associated with the optical orthogonal codes (OOC) with the primary constraint being the137 multiple access interference (MAI). The performance of binary pulse position modulation (2- PPM) with OCDMA and soft decoding in reception was studied theoretically and by simulation involving the different scenarios. These scenarios consider a network of 11 users, consisting of 8 beds and 3 devices carried by babies. Results were obtained using the conventional correlation receiver without and with hard limiters, as well as a parallel interference cancellation receiver to reduce the impact of MAI. Additionally, the feasibility of implementing OCDMA technology for simultaneous optical wireless communication transmission was demonstrated through experimental work using a test bench developed in software-defined radio. The test bench was established using universal software radio peripheral (USRP), and specially designed wireless optical front-ends

Au cours de la dernière décennie, les communications optiques en espace libre (FSO) ont pris de l’ampleur dans les deux domaines académiques et industriels. L’importance de FSO s’appuie sur la possibilité de faire un système de transmission économique et écologique avec un débit élevé et sans licence à l’opposition des systèmes de transmission radiofréquences (RF). Dans la plupart des travaux antécédents sur les systèmes multi-émetteurs, seulement les canaux décorrélés ont été considérés. Un canal décorrélé nécessite un espace suffisant entre les émetteurs. Cette condition devient difficile et non-réalisable dans certaines applications. Pour cette raison, nos études se focalisent sur les performances des codes à répétition RC (Repitition Codes) et les codes OSTBC (Orthogonal Space-Time Block Codes) dans des canaux log-normaux corrélés en utilisant une modulation d’intensité et une détection directe (IM/DD). En addition, les effets des différentes conditions météorologiques sur le taux d’erreur moyen (ABER) sont étudiés. Les systèmes FSO à multi-entrées/ multi-sorties MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) avec une modulation SSK (Space Shift Keying) ont été abordés. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la SSK est supérieure aux RC avec une modulation d’impulsion (Multiple Pulse Amplitude Modulation) pour toute efficacité spectrale égale ou supérieure à 4 bit/s/Hz. Nous avons aussi analysé les performances d’un système à sauts multiples (Multi-Hop) et des relais à transmission directe (forward relays). Nos simulations montrent que le système ainsi considéré est efficace pour atténuer les effets météorologiques et les pertes géométriques dans les systèmes de communication FSO. Nous avons montré qu’un tel système avec plusieurs entrées et une sortie (MISO, i.e. multiple-input single-output) à sauts multiples est supérieur à un système MISO avec un lien direct (direct link) avec une forte atténuation. Pour satisfaire la demande croissante des réseaux de communication à débits élevés, la communauté scientifique s'intéresse de plus en plus aux systèmes FSO avec des relais full-duplex (FD). Pour ces derniers systèmes, nous avons étudié la probabilité d'erreur moyenne (ABER) et nous avons analysé leurs performances. En considérant des différentes conditions de transmission, les performances de relais FD ont été comparées à celles d'un système avec un lien direct ou des relais half-duplex. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les relais FD ont le minimum ABER. En conséquence, les résultats obtenus dans cette thèse sont très prometteurs pour la prochaine génération de FSO
Free-space optical (FSO) communication has been the subject of ongoing research activities and commercial attention in the past few years. Such attention is driven by the promise of high data rate, license-free operation, and cheap and ecological friendly means of communications alternative to congested radio frequency communications. In most previous work considering multiple transmitters, uncorrelated channel conditions have been considered. An uncorrelated channel requires sufficient spacing between transmitters. However, this can be difficult and may not be always feasible in some applications. Thereby, this thesis studies repetition codes (RCs) and orthogonal space-time block codes performance in correlated log-normal FSO channels using intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD). Furthermore, the effect of different weather conditions on the average bit error rate (ABER) performance of the FSO links is studied. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) FSO communication systems using space shift keying (SSK) modulation have been also analyzed. Obtained results show that SSK is a potential technique for spectral efficiencies equal or greater than 4 bits/s/Hz as compared to RCs with multiple pulse amplitude modulations. The performance analysis of a multi-hop decode and forward relays for FSO communication system using IM/DD is also considered in this thesis. It is shown that multi-hop is an efficient technique to mitigate atmospheric turbulence and different weather attenuation effects and geometric losses in FSO communication systems. Our simulation results show that multiple-input single-output (MISO) multi-hop FSO systems are superior to direct link and MISO systems over links exhibiting high attenuation. Meeting the growing demand for higher data rates communication networks, a system with full-duplex (FD) relays is considered. For such a system, the outage probability and the ABER performance are analyzed under different turbulence conditions, misalignment error and path loss effects. FD relays are compared with the direct link and half-duplex relays. Obtained results show that FD relays have the lowest ABER and the outage probability as compared to the two other systems. Finally, the obtained results in this thesis are very promising towards the next generation of FSO systems

Current coherent optical transmission systems focus on single carrier solutions for 400Gb/s serial transmission to support traffic growth in fiber-optics communications, together with a few subcarriers multiplexed solutions for the 1 Tb/s serial data rates and beyond. With the advancement of analog-to-digital converter technologies, high order modulation formats up to 64-QAM with symbol rate up to 72Gbaud have been demonstrated experimentally with Raman amplification. To enable such high serial data rates, it is highly desirable to implement in hardware low complexity digital signal processing schemes and advanced forward error correction coding with powerful error correction capability. In this dissertation, to enable high-speed optical communications, we first proposed an efficient FPGA architecture of high-performance binary and non-binary LDPC engines that can support throughputs of multiple Gb/s, which have low power consumption, providing high net coding gains at a target bit-error rate of 10-15. Further, we implement a generalized LDPC coding based rate adaptive binary LDPC coding scheme and puncturing based rate adaptive non-binary LDPC coding scheme, where large number of parameters can be reconfigured in order to cope with the time-varying optical channel conditions and service requirements. Based on comprehensive analysis on complexity, latency, and power consumption we demonstrate that the proposed efficient implementation represents a feasible solution for the next generation optical communication networks. Additionally, we investigate the FPGA implementation of rate adaptive regular LDPC coding combined with up to six high-order modulation formats and demonstrate high net coding gain performance and demonstrated a bit loading algorithm for irregular LDPC coding. Lastly, we present the real-time implementation of a direct detection OFDM transceiver with multi Giga symbols/s symbol rates in a back-to-back configuration.

碩士
國立中興大學
電機工程學系所
99
In this thesis, a family of new two-dimensional optical codes, so called OOC/M-sequence codes, is proposed for spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple access. A new 2-D spatial/spectral transceiver structure, which employs the multiple-access-interfering canceling property of the new codes, is also presented. Comparing with a former system using M-matrices codes, our analysis and numerical results show that the proposed system is better in suppressing phase-induced intensity noise and more flexible in choosing code length, and also supports more active user for a given error probability.

碩士
立德大學
資訊傳播研究所
96
On optical fiber system, usually 1D OCDMA codes are considered on the optical multiple accesses usually. However, as more and more multimedia applications are bounded together, traffic must consider multi-rate coding on system, especially OCDMA. In traditional Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF) code, mother/child code block results in a major drawback of traditional OVSF codes significantly impact on reducing bandwidth utilization of the systems. For these reasons, we use 2D Optical Multi-rate Orthogonal Codes to compensate these drawbacks. This paper presents a novel 2D model to support quite larger number code candidates for more people used in multi-rate system. Simulation result reveals that low block probability of 2D OCDMA code.

碩士
國立中興大學
電機工程學系
92
The thesis consists of two parts: the first topic is O-CDMA with multi-length multiple-wavelength optical orthogonal codes. Multiple-wavelength optical orthogonal codes (MWOOCs) with autocorrelation sidelobes and cross-correlation values of both at most one were recently proposed for wavelength-time optical code-division multiple- access (O-CDMA) systems. Their cardinality is a quadratic function of the number of wavelengths. The codes find applications in high bit-rate optical CDMA systems with broadband supercontinuum lasers, in which the number of available wavelengths is larger than the number of time slots. To support multimedia services with different bit-rate and quality-of-service requirements, a new class of multiple-length, constant- weight, MWOOCs with autocorrelation sidelobes of zero and cross-correlations of at most one is constructed algebraically in this paper. The performance of these new codes in an O-CDMA system with double-media services is analyzed. In contrary to conve- ntional single-length codes, our study shows that the performance of these multiple- length codes improves as the code length decreases. This unique property supports ‘‘ prioritization’’ in O-CDMA. The second topic is FH-CDMA with Prime Code. Frequency-hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) wireless systems have been known as one of the wireless multiple access techniques, which can provide various services with flexibility. By assigning a distinct FH pattern to each other, the FH- CDMA wireless systems can allow multiple users to share the same frequency band simultaneously. In this thesis, we first review a FH-CDMA system [19], which utilizes the advantage of the good cross- correlation properties of prime code. By using the quadratic combinations of prime code sequences, the scheme can increase the data rate. However, the analysis reported in old one was not accurate enough. Therefore, we correct some equations from old analysis to make it more precise. We compare the old analysis with the new one and show that the results from the new old agree with the simulation results.

碩士
立德大學
數位應用研究所
98
Traditional optical OCDMA system uses one-dimensional OCDMA code to progress access. However, considering the multiple wavelength architecture and multimedia data nowadays, two-dimensional OCDMA code becomes a necessary promotion. For conveniently code assignment, it can handle the same traffic in multiple wavelengths in same time. In traditional orthogonal variable spreading factor (OVSF) code, parents/child node block results in major drawback of tradition OVSF code significantly impact on reducing bandwidth utilization of the systems. Besides people usually transmit high-volume traffic than video than voice or data, we need an more efficient code assignment system to handle OCDMA traffic. For these reasons, we us new 2D Optical Multi-rate Orthogonal codes to compensate these drawbacks. In the thesis, a two-dimensional OCDMA code is proposed which can transmit multimedia data in different sizes of data block in order to consider the transmission different amount of data and multiple rate problems together. For enhancing performance in the new 2D code, we apply code clustering and marking to accommodate more users, assign more different rate codes and reduce the code assignment time. Performance analysis show that our proposed scheme can improve traffic congestion and decrease code blocking than traditional systems.

In this thesis, we investigate in detail, certain important problems in cryptography and coding theory. In the first part of this thesis, we discuss the number field sieve and compare the two ways in which the sieving step is implemented -one method using the line sieve and the other using the lattice sieve. We discuss why the lattice sieve performs better than the line sieve in the presence of large primes -this has not been attempted before. In the second part of this thesis, we design low-correlation CDMA sequences over the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) alphabet. The sequences proposed in this thesis have the lowest value of the maximum correlation parameter as compared to any other family in the literature. In the third part of this thesis, we design large families of optimal two-dimensional optical orthogonal codes for optical CDMA. The size of these codes is larger than any other code in the literature.

In this thesis, we investigate in detail, certain important problems in cryptography and coding theory. In the first part of this thesis, we discuss the number field sieve and compare the two ways in which the sieving step is implemented -one method using the line sieve and the other using the lattice sieve. We discuss why the lattice sieve performs better than the line sieve in the presence of large primes -this has not been attempted before. In the second part of this thesis, we design low-correlation CDMA sequences over the Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) alphabet. The sequences proposed in this thesis have the lowest value of the maximum correlation parameter as compared to any other family in the literature. In the third part of this thesis, we design large families of optimal two-dimensional optical orthogonal codes for optical CDMA. The size of these codes is larger than any other code in the literature.