Статті в журналах: "Optical glass treatment"

1

Lee, Hoi Kwan, Su Jin Chae, and Won Ho Kang. "Preparation and Property of Nonlinear Optical Materials Based on K₂O-BaO-TiO₂-SiO₂ Glasses." Solid State Phenomena 124-126 (June 2007): 479–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.124-126.479.

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Transparent fresnoite(Ba2TiSi2O8) glass-ceramics considered as a new type of non-linear optical materials have been prepared by controlled heat treatment in the system xK2O-(33.3-x)BaO-16.7TiO2-50SiO2(0≤x≤20 mol%), and optical properties were investigated. The glassy nature was analyzed by differential thermal analyses. The transparency of glass-ceramics was variable and controllable by the processing parameters like time and temperature. The transparent glass-ceramics showed second harmonic generation (SHG) when irradiated by a 1064nm laser beam (Nd:YAG). The SHG intensity was compared with a Y-cut α-quartz plate.

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2

Yang, X. C., W. J. Li, Z. H. Li, Y. N. Wei, and Wen Hai Huang. "Optical Properties of Ag Nanoparticle-Glass Composites." Key Engineering Materials 368-372 (February 2008): 1442–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.368-372.1442.

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Silver nanoparticles doped glass composites were prepared by ion-exchange and subsequent thermal treatment processes. The optical properties of silver nanoparticle-glass composites were investigated by UV-VIS spectrophotometer and z-scan technique. The results show that the optimal Ag+/Na+ ion-exchange temperature range is between 310°C and 380°C, higher ion-exchange temperature or higher AgNO3 concentration in melt or longer ion-exchange period favors the introduction of more Ag+ ions into soda lime silicate glasses. The higher Ag+ concentration introduced into silicate glass, the larger the volume fraction of Ag nanoparticles in glass after annealing will be. Ag nanoparticles size and volume fraction become larger with increasing the annealing temperature and extending the annealing time. The off-resonant third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility of Ag nanoparticle-glass composite exhibits a value of 1.16×10-10esu where the real part is -1.15×10-10esu, and imaginary part is 1.4×10-11esu.

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3

Laguarta, F., N. Lupon, and J. Armengol. "Optical glass polishing by controlled laser surface-heat treatment." Applied Optics 33, no. 27 (September 20, 1994): 6508. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.33.006508.

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4

Moroz, A. Yu, E. S. Babich, V. P. Kaasik, A. A. Lipovskii, V. G. Melekhin, A. V. Redkov, and D. K. Tagantsev. "Laser-induced optical nonlinearity in a Li-rich glass." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2086, no. 1 (December 1, 2021): 012024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2086/1/012024.

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Abstract The selective crystallization of a photosensibilized lithium silicate glass after a light emitting diode (280 nm) and a nanosecond laser (355 nm) UV irradiation and subsequent heat treatment was studied. Using a focused beam of the laser allows successive drawing regions in which the formation of silver nanoparticles after 500°C heat treatment of the glass co-doped with silver and cerium ions takes place. It is shown that this treatment is a necessary step for the growth of sodium metasilicate crystals under the second thermal treatment of the glass at 600 °C, while these regions demonstrate second optical harmonic generation of 1064 nm nanosecond laser radiation.

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5

Zhu, Y. M., Xia Wan Wu, and Zhi Hong Li. "Sintering and Crystallization of Glass-Ceramics for Optical Fiber Ferrule." Key Engineering Materials 336-338 (April 2007): 1840–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.336-338.1840.

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The crystallization and sintering of the Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 glass powder compacts were studied. Results showed the relative densities of the sintered compacts with lower crystallization temperatures were higher than those with higher crystallization temperatures. A small amount of residual glass in the crystallized compact was good for sintering and densification. Compared with the heat treatment time, the heat treatment temperature was an important factor for the crystallization and sintering of glass powder compacts. The crystallized compacts with a small amount of residual glass should be sintered at a relatively higher heating rate under the prerequisite of keeping sintered compacts from deformation.

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6

Kim, Sung Soo, Jai Suk Hwang, and Bup Ju Jeon. "Optical Properties Control by Surface Treatment on Display Cover Glass." Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers 28, no. 9 (September 1, 2015): 607–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4313/jkem.2015.28.9.607.

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7

Shakhgildyan, Georgiy, Veniamin Durymanov, Mariam Ziyatdinova, Grigoriy Atroshchenko, Nikita Golubev, Alexey Trifonov, Olga Chereuta, Leon Avakyan, Lusegen Bugaev, and Vladimir Sigaev. "Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on the Crystallization and Optical Properties of Glass in ZnO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 System." Crystals 12, no. 2 (February 18, 2022): 287. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12020287.

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Gold nanoparticles precipitated in transparent glass-ceramics could pave the way for the development of multifunctional materials that are in demand in modern photonics and optics. In this work, we explored the effect of gold nanoparticles on the crystallization, microstructure, and optical properties of ZnO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 glass containing TiO2 and ZrO2 as nucleating agents. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman, and optical spectroscopy were used for the study. We showed that gold nanoparticles have no effect on the formation of gahnite nanocrystals during the glass heat treatments, while optical properties of the glass-ceramics are strongly dependent on the gold addition. A computational model was developed to predict optical properties of glass during the crystallization, and the possibility for adjusting the localized surface plasmon resonance band position with the heat treatment temperature was shown.

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8

Kruchinin, Dmitry, Yulia Aleshina, and Elena Farafontova. "An Effect of the Epoxy Cementing Technology on the Deformation of the Optical External Surfaces Made of Quartz Glass." Solid State Phenomena 299 (January 2020): 1099–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.299.1099.

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The problematic issues, associated with deformations of the outer surfaces of optical parts made of quartz glass, due to the process of cementing, are considered. The effect of the heat treatment temperature of optical assemblies, consisting of parts made of quartz glass and cementing with epoxy cements OK-72FT5 and OK-72FT15, on the deformation of external surfaces was experimentally established. The object of the study was plane-convex and plane-concave lenses made of quartz glass. It has been stated, that on cementing with optical epoxy cements OK72FT5 and OK72FT15 the external quartz glass surface deformations depend primarily on the heat treatment temperature. When cementing parts are made of quartz glass, increasing the polymerization temperature improves the performance characteristics of products and reduces changes in their optical characteristics.

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9

Isogai, Masato, Alexander Veber, Maria Cicconi, Tomokatsu Hayakawa, and Dominique de Ligny. "Devitrification Behavior of Sol-Gel Derived ZrO2-SiO2 Rare-Earth Doped Glasses: Correlation between Structural and Optical Properties." Ceramics 1, no. 2 (October 7, 2018): 274–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ceramics1020022.

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Optical and structural properties of glasses and glass-ceramics (GC) obtained by different heat-treatment of Tb and Tb-Yb doped sol-gel derived 30ZrO2-70SiO2 materials were investigated. A glass was formed after treatment at 700 °C whereas devitrification of the media after the treatment at 1000 and 1100 °C, led to the formation of GC containing up to three different crystalline phases, namely, tetragonal ZrO2, Yb-disilicate and cristobalite. The modification of the optical properties through the heat treatment was caused by redistribution of the rare earth elements (REE) among the different phases: both Tb and Yb entered the t-ZrO2 lattice, Yb can also be present in the form of a Yb2Si2O7 crystal. Devitrification led to an increase in Tb→Yb energy transfer efficiency as compared to the glass, though it was higher in the samples heat-treated at 1000 °C than in those treated at 1100 °C. The most intensive Yb3+ luminescence, induced by the energy transfer from the Tb3+ ion, was observed at the interface between t-ZrO2 and the glassy phases, due to the high concentration of REE in this area caused by the inability of ZrO2 to accept larger amounts of the REE. The mechanisms of the Tb→Yb energy transfer vary between different phases of the GC. The results obtained in this study are important for the development of spectral down-converters for potential solar energy applications based on Tb-Yb co-doped glass-ceramics.

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10

Ding, Yong, Yoshinari Miura та Akiyoshi Osaka. "Stimulated surface crystallization of β–barium borate on glass due to ultrasonic treatment and second harmonic generation". Journal of Materials Research 11, № 2 (лютий 1996): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1996.0059.

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A glass of 47.5BaO · 47.5B2O3 · 5Al2O3 (in mol%) having a shorter optical absorption edge (∼236 nm) and suitable glass formation was selected as the mother glass for studying the surface crystallization of β−BaB2O4 · β−BaB2O4 was not the main surface crystallized phase when only a conventional heat treatment was applied. Crystallization of β−BaB2O4 was stimulated due to ultrasonic surface treatment with an ethanol suspension of β−BaB2O4 particles and subsequent heat treatment. After the ultrasonic treatment, β−BaB2O4 was the main crystallized phase. Transparent and dense β−BaB2O4 thin films/glass showed second harmonic generation. The tensor components of the second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility were estimated.

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11

Couillard, J. Gregory, Dieter G. Ast, Christopher Umbach, Jack M. Blakely, Chad B. Moore, and Francis P. Fehlner. "Chemical treatment of glass substrates." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 222 (December 1997): 429–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-3093(97)90146-0.

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12

Yu, Ai Bing, A. J. Wang, C. G. Luan, and S. F. Chen. "Bonds of Electroplated Diamond Tools for Optical Glass Machining." Key Engineering Materials 304-305 (February 2006): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.304-305.81.

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Bonds of electroplated diamond tools are investigated through the studies of microstructures and properties. Three coatings for tool bonds, nickel, nickel-cobalt and bright nickel, were fabricated with electrodeposition processes, and were heat-treated with different temperatures. The hardness and microstructures of coatings were measured and observed. Optical glass K9 was machined with fabricated electroplated diamond tools to compare material removal rate and grinding ratio. The grain sizes of three bond coatings are different. The laminar structures of nickel-cobalt and bright nickel coatings turn to fine columnar structure after heat treatment processes. With heat treatment of 200°C temperature, bright nickel electroplated diamond tool presents highest values of material removal rate and grinding ratio. The research results show that better microstructures and property of bond for electroplated diamond tool can be obtained by selecting proper electroplating technology and heat treatment processes.

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13

Velázquez, José J., Giulio Gorni, Rolindes Balda, Joaquin Fernández, Laura Pascual, Alicia Durán, and Maria J. Pascual. "Non-Linear Optical Properties of Er3+–Yb3+-Doped NaGdF4 Nanostructured Glass–Ceramics." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 21, 2020): 1425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071425.

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Transparent oxyfluoride glass–ceramics containing NaGdF4 nanocrystals were prepared by melt-quenching and doped with Er3+ (0.5 mol%) and different amounts of Yb3+ (0–2 mol%). The selected dopant concentration the crystallization thermal treatments were chosen to obtain the most efficient visible up-conversion emissions, together with near infrared emissions. The crystal size increased with dopant content and treatment time. NaGdF4 NCs with a size ranging 9–30 nm were obtained after heat treatments at Tg + 20–80 °C as confirmed by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis shows the incorporation of rare earth ions into the NaGdF4 nanocrystals. Near-infrared emission spectra, together with the up-conversion emissions were measured. The optical characterization of the glass–ceramics clearly shows that Er3+ and Yb3+ ions are incorporated in the crystalline phase. Moreover, visible up-conversion emissions could be tuned by controlling the nanocrystals size through appropriated heat treatment, making possible a correlation between structural and optical properties.

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14

Xiao, Zhuo Hao, and Sheng Long Wang. "Effect of Heat Treatment Conditions on Microstructure and Infrared Transmission Property of Germanate Oxyfluoride Glass-Ceramics." Materials Science Forum 663-665 (November 2010): 1285–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.663-665.1285.

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Germanate oxyfluoride glass in CaF2/BaF2-AlF3-SiO2-GeO2 was prepared by melt quenching technique and subsequently converted to glass-ceramics with microstructures comprised nano-crystallites in a residual glass matrix by two-step heat treatments process. DSC, XRD, SEM and IR transmission investigations were used to determine structural characteristics and optical property of the prepared germanate oxyfluoride glass-ceramics. The influences of heat treatment conditions on crystallization behaviors and infrared transmission were discussed. The results show that crystal phase in the glass-ceramics is only Ge2Al6O13 and the crystal size is about 20nm-80nm when treated temperature ranges from 900 oC to 960oC. Good transparency is exhibited in visible light band to midinfrared band (5.0um) when treated temperature is low than 940 oC.

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15

Hongisto, Mikko, Sylvain Danto, Marian Ghena, Decebal Iancu, Daniel Ighigeanu, Laura Mihai, Véronique Jubera, and Laeticia Petit. "Response of Various Yb3+-Doped Oxide Glasses to Different Radiation Treatments." Materials 15, no. 9 (April 27, 2022): 3162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15093162.

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The radiation effects of electrons and protons on the spectroscopic and optical properties of oxide glasses doped with Yb3+ in various glass systems were investigated to understand the impact of the glass composition on the glass photo-response. Changes in the optical and emission properties were seen after the radiation treatment, and the magnitude of the changes depended on the irradiation source and dose. For all the investigated materials, the absorption coefficients in the 200–550 nm range increase post-irradiation, revealing the formation of defects in the glasses during the irradiation. While the spectroscopic properties of the tellurite glass remain unchanged, a small reduction in the Yb3+ emission intensity was seen after irradiating the phosphate, borosilicate, and germanate glasses, indicating that a reduction of Yb3+ to Yb2+ might occur in these glasses during the radiation treatment. The changes in the optical and spectroscopic properties after proton irradiation are small as they are localized at the surface of the glasses due to the shallow penetration depth of the proton in the glass. Even though the doses are small, the electron irradiation produces larger changes in the optical and spectroscopic properties since the electrons penetrate the entire volume of the glasses. All the changes in the optical and spectroscopic properties of the glasses were successfully reversed after a short heat treatment revealing the reversible nature of the photo-response of the investigated glasses.

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16

Jochs, W. W., H. J. Hoffmann, and N. M. Neuroth. "The effects of thermal treatment below the glass transition temperature on the refractive index of optical glass." Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 102, no. 1-3 (June 1988): 255–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(88)90139-1.

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17

Kabalci, Idris. "Hardness and Structural Properties of Yb³⁺ Doped B₂O₃-ZnO-TiO₂ Glasses." Key Engineering Materials 744 (July 2017): 387–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.744.387.

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In this study, the main thermal, structural and mechanical properties of optical glass materials were investigated by conventional glass melting method. The thermal properties of optical glass materials are important in that they constitute the first steps towards the investigation of other physical and chemical properties. According to the thermal properties of the material, the glass transition temperature, Tg, increases for different glass compositions. The XRD, XRF, FT-IR and hardness properties of the obtained optical glass materials were determined experimentally in terms of their structural and mechanical properties for their suitability for potential applications. XRD spectra obtained without heat treatment of glass materials show that the material structure is amorphous. In the same way, Vicker’s hardness values of the glassware increase relative to the different glass compositions, resulting in a result that the material is influenced by the bonds between the constituents of the chemical components.

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18

Narazaki, Aiko, Katsuhisa Tanaka, and Kazuyuki Hirao. "Optical second-order nonlinearity of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 precipitated via surface crystallization." Journal of Materials Research 14, no. 9 (September 1999): 3640–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1999.0491.

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Second-harmonic generation of transparent glass-ceramics containing BaTiO3 crystalline phase was investigated using Maker fringe method. When 15BaO · 15TiO2 · 70TeO2 glass was heat-treated at 415 °C for 0.5–12 h, (101)- or (110)-oriented BaTiO3 crystals precipitated in the near-surface region. The resultant glass-ceramics exhibit second-harmonic generation. Variation of second-harmonic intensity with angle of incidence, i.e., the Maker fringe pattern changes drastically with an increase in heat treatment time and temperature. No second-harmonic signal was detected in glass-ceramics derived from 15SrO · 15TiO2 · 70TeO2 glass. These facts suggest that BaTiO3 crystal is responsible for the second-order nonlinear phenomenon, although its structure is closer to cubic than tetragonal according to x-ray diffraction measurements. In order to estimate second-order nonlinear optical coefficient d(2), Maker fringe patterns of the BaTiO3-containing glass-ceramics were analyzed. For the glass-ceramic after heat treatment for 0.5 h, d33 and thickness of BaTiO3-crystallized layer, L, are 3.65 pm/V and 3.43 μm, respectively. The value of second-order nonlinear optical coefficient is comparable to those of BaTiO3 films prepared via metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and pulsed-laser deposition. On the other hand, the glass-ceramic heat-treated for 12 h exhibits d15 = 0.31 pm/V and L = 300 μm. The thickness of the layer active in second-order nonlinearity evaluated from the Maker fringe pattern is coincident with the observation by scanning electron microscopy.

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19

Hasan, Saba Jameel. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Optical Properties of Cobalt Doped Stannic Oxide." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 28 (February 2014): 59–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.28.59.

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This study investigates the effect of annealing on The optical properties of (SnO2:Co) films prepared by spray pyrolysis (SP) technique at a glass substrate temperature (Ts = 773 K). The absorbance and transmittance spectra have been recorded in order to calculate the optical constant and the optical band gap energy of the films. It was found that the annealing affects all the parameters under investigations

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20

Yang, Jing Kai, Hong Li Zhao, Yan Li Liu, and Fu Cheng Zhang. "Effect of Heat Treatment on Optical Properties of Cold Spray TiO₂ Coated Glass." Advanced Materials Research 79-82 (August 2009): 803–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.79-82.803.

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The cold spray TiO2 thin films were deposited on 5mm-thick float glass substrates using the sol containing nano-anatase TiO2. The effects of different heat treatment temperatures on optical properties were discussed. The properties of xerogel powder were analyzed using TG-DSC, the morphology and structure of TiO2 thin films were characterized by FESEM and XRD, the transmittance and absorption of TiO2 coated glass were investigated by UV-vis spectrophotometer. The results reveal that TiO2 in the film is still anatase phase after heat treatment at 350°C and 500°C. With the annealing temperatures increasing from 20°C to 500°C, the average crystal size increases just from 21.4 nm to 23.9nm, UV absorption of TiO2 coated glass increases from 2.2 to 2.7, visible light transmittance is high to about 80%.

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21

Kang, Byeong-Guk, and Seung-Gu Kang. "Nano-Crystallization Behavior and Optical Properties of Diopside: Eu2O3-Based Glass-Ceramic System." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1996–2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18926.

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In this study, glass-ceramic was prepared by adding TiO2 as a nucleating agent to induce the internal crystallization behavior of diopside (CaO-MgO-2SiO2)-based glass. The optimum composition for producing a transparent glass-ceramic was a composition of 15 wt% of TiO2 mixed with 85% diopside. The light transmittance of the specimen decreased as the heat treatment temperature increased. When 394 nm excitation light was incident on the glass-ceramic containing 0.05% Eu2O3, red light of 614 nm wavelength emitted. We examined the relationship between the light emission mechanism and the crystal structure of the diopside-based glass-ceramic. We also discussed the applicability of the specimens prepared in this study as light emitting materials in various fields.

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22

Tian, Pei Jing, Jin Shu Cheng, Gao Ke Zhang, and Qin Yang. "Phase Separation and Luminescence of Eu₂O₃ Doped Boron Silicate Glass." Key Engineering Materials 509 (April 2012): 303–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.509.303.

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Eu2O3 doped boron silicate glass appearing phase separation have been prepared and characterized. The heat treatment temperature was determined by DTA, the microstructure and optical properties of the glass were studied by SEM and fluorescence spectra. The adding of Eu2O3 restrained the phase separation and crystallization of the glass. Eu ions exist in the glass samples as the Eu3+ ions, rather than the Eu2+ ions. As the heat treatment temperature increases, the phase separation region increased gradually, and the luminescent intensity increases.

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23

Kittiauchawal, Kantapat, Y. Raungtaweep, and Jakrapong Kaewkhao. "Effect of Bismuth Glass Filling Treatment on Physical Properties of Natural Ruby." Key Engineering Materials 675-676 (January 2016): 315–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.675-676.315.

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This research aims to investigate the effects of bismuth glass filling treatment on physical properties of natural ruby. The ruby mixed with bismuth glass powder was treated in electric furnace at 1000, 1100, 1200 and 1300°C in oxygen atmosphere for 24 hours, respectively. Each ruby before heated and after heated was determined reflective index and specific gravity. Fissure and inclusion of all samples were observed by optical microscope. The result reveals that reflective index and specific gravity of treated rubies were increased more than before treatment. Moreover, the result shows that the fissure surface on ruby was filled by glass and made clear surface.

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24

Mohd Shofri, Muhammad Faris Syazwan, Mohd Hafiz Mohd Zaid, Khamirul Amin Matori, Yap Wing Fen, Yazid Yaakob, Suhail Huzaifa Jaafar, Siti Aisyah Abdul Wahab, and Yuji Iwamoto. "Phase Transformation, Optical and Emission Performance of Zinc Silicate Glass-Ceramics Phosphor Derived from the ZnO–B2O3–SLS Glass System." Applied Sciences 10, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 4940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10144940.

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A new transparent zinc silicate glass-ceramic was derived from the 55ZnO–5B2O3–40SLS glass system via a controlled heat-treatment method. The precursor glass sample was placed through the heat-treatment process at different temperatures to study the progress in phase transformation, optical performance and emission intensity of the zinc silicate glass-ceramics. For this project, material characterization was measured through several tests using densimeter and linear shrinkage measurement, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared reflection (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The density and linear shrinkage measurements show that the density of the particular glass-ceramic samples increases with the progression of heating temperature. The XRD analysis displays the result in which the zinc silicate crystal starts to grow after the sample was treated at 700 °C. In addition, the FTIR spectra indicated that the crystallization of the zinc silicate phase occurred with the appearance of SiO4, ZnO4 and Si-O-Zn bands. UV–visible exhibited the small changes when the value for the optical band gap decreased from 3.867 to 3.423 eV, influenced by the temperature applied to the sample. Furthermore, the PL spectroscopy showed an enhancement of broad green emission at 534 nm upon the increased heat-treatment temperature. Thus, it can be concluded there is the progression of crystal growth as the heat-treatment temperature increased; three emission peaks appeared at 529, 570 and 682 nm for the green, yellow and red emissions, respectively.

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25

Hamagami, Junichi, Ryo Araki, Shohei Onimaru, Hiroyuki Oda, G. Kawamura, and Atsunori Matsuda. "Low Temperature Preparation and Optical Hydrogen Response of Pd/Titania Composite Film." Key Engineering Materials 485 (July 2011): 275–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.485.275.

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Photocatalytic titania coatings loaded with palladium catalyst were prepared onto soda-lime glass substrates by using a low temperature synthesis for application of optical hydrogen gas sensor. Titania coatings were formed on the glass substrate by a sol-gel spin-coating process followed by a hot water treatment at 55°C. Metallic palladium nanoparticles were deposited onto the titania coatings, which obtained with addition of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and without PEG after the hot water treatment, by means of a photodeposition technique at room temperature using UV-light irradiation. The whole fabrication process was carried out under atmospheric pressure. The Pd-photodeposited titania coating obtained with addition of PEG after hot water treatment showed higher hydrogen sensing properties than that obtained without PEG.

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26

Shakhgildyan, Georgiy. "Influence of Plasmonic Gold Nanoparticles on the Optical Properties of Oxide Glasses Doped with Rare-Earth Ions." Key Engineering Materials 907 (January 21, 2022): 38–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.907.38.

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We report on the thermally-induced precipitation of gold plasmonic nanoparticles in phosphate and silicate glasses, doped with Eu3+ and Er3+ ions. We studied the structure and optical properties of glasses under the heat treatment below and above glass transition temperature. The heat treatment of the glass at temperatures above transition is shown to facilitate the formation of plasmonic gold nanoparticles and decrease near-infrared luminescence intensity of the ions. The formation of pre-plasmonic gold nanoparticles under the low-temperature heat-treatment leads to the increase of luminescence intensity through the energy transfer process. We showed that nanophase separation in silicate glasses allows precise tuning of localized surface plasmon resonance spectral position of gold nanoparticles and paves the way for the development of new glass-based materials for photonics applications.

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27

Müllerová, Jarmila, Emil Pinčík, Martin Králik, Michaela Holá, Masao Takahashi, and Hikaru Kobayashi. "On KCN treatment effects on optical properties of Si-based bilayers." Journal of Electrical Engineering 70, no. 7 (December 1, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jee-2019-0045.

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Abstract In this paper we report results from optical transmittance spectroscopy complemented with data from Raman scattering measurements to determine optical properties of two series of silicon based bilayers deposited by PECVD on glass substrate (intrinsic a-Si:H/p-type a-SiC:H and n-type mc-Si:H/intrinsic a-Si:H). These samples represent segments of common p-i-n thin film amorphous silicon solar cells with intrinsic hydrogenated silicon (a-Si:H) as the solar absorber. The members of the series differ by the KCN treatment conditions. Dispersive and absorptive optical properties – refractive indices, absorption coefficients and optical band gaps were determined from transmittance spectra. Each bilayer was considered as one effective thin film the optical properties of which can be regarded as effective optical properties of the bilayer structure. After KCN treatments refractive indices were modified probably due to the structural changes of bilayers. Moreover the effect of the solvent used in KCN solutions was recognized. Optical band gaps calculated either by the Tauc procedure or determined as iso-absorption levels were found to be only slightly KCN treatment dependent.

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28

Chen, Fei, Na Li, Qiang Shen, Chuan Bin Wang, and Lian Meng Zhang. "Effect of Annealing Treatment on Electrical and Optical Properties of ATO Thin Films by Pulsed Laser Deposition." Key Engineering Materials 519 (July 2012): 236–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.519.236.

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Transparent conducting antimony doped tin oxide (ATO) films have been prepared on quartz glass substrate by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method which is distinctive to maintain the elemental components between the targets and the obtained thin ﬁlms under optimal conditions. The effect of annealing temperature on the electrical and optical properties of the ATO thin films has been discussed. The annealing treatments have been often employed to reduce the defects and enlarge the grain size for more desirable crystalline structure. As the annealing temperature increases, the ATO thin films exhibited a slightly enhanced crystallinity. Furthermore, annealing treatment can promote both conductivity and transmittance significantly, especially for conductivity. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy is used to explore the variation of Sb5+/Sb3+ ratio against the annealing temperature. The optimal resistivity is 2.7×10-3 Ω cm and the average transmittance is about 92% at annealing temperature of 550 oC.

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29

HAMMAD, T. M., H. M. TAMOUS, and N. K. HEJAZY. "EFFECT OF ARGON–PLASMA TREATMENT ON THE ELECTRICAL AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF SOL–GEL ANTIMONY-DOPED TIN DIOXIDE THIN FILMS FABRICATED BY DIP COATING." International Journal of Modern Physics B 21, no. 25 (October 10, 2007): 4399–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217979207037776.

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In this study, antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) thin films were fabricated by the sol–gel dip coating process on glass substrates. After the deposition process, the films were treated by Argon–plasma (Ar-400 Watt). The effect of argon–plasma treatments on the electrical and optical properties of ATO thin films was then investigated as a function of the plasma treatment time. It was found that Ar–plasma treatment increased the electrical conductivity of ATO films, but it decreased the optical transmission of ATO thin films.

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30

Mishinov, S. V., M. F. Churbanov, A. N. Gorokhov, D. A. Kazakov, V. S. Shiryaev, A. I. Suchkov, L. A. Igumnov, and G. E. Snopatin. "Adhesion mechanism of destruction of silica-glass surface during the preparation and treatment of optical glassy arsenic Chalcogenides." Inorganic Materials 52, no. 7 (June 28, 2016): 716–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s0020168516070104.

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31

Rosmani, C. H., A. Z. Zainurul, M. Rusop, and S. Abdullah. "The Optical and Electrical Properties of Polymer Poly (3-Hexylthiophene) P3HT by Heat Treatment." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 419–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.419.

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The polymer of poly (3-hexylthiophene) was active layer in application such as solar cells. In this paper, P3HT has been chosed to know the effect of temperature onto P3HT. The optical properties of P3HT were measured by using photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL) and UV-Vis measurement. The polymer of P3HT has been spin coated on the glass by using spin-coating method for thin films produced. The temperature was measured start at 60°C to 180 o C. From PL result the peak was exist at range 500-600 nm and started moved to left side when temperature increase. The UV-Vis result showed at range 400-500 nm towards to blue shifted. After heat treatment, the optical absorption spectra for the thin film of P3HT on the glass showed a distinct red-shifted with developing vibronic features of P3HT and the quenched photoluminescence (PL) spectrum was considerably restored .Keywords: P3HT; temperature; Uv-Vis; photoluminescence; PL; I-V

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32

Cooney, Thomas F., Christian L. Schoen, Shiv K. Sharma, and David M. Carey. "Rare-Earth-Doped Glass Fiber for Background Rejection in Remote Fiber-Optic Raman Probes: Theory and Analysis of Holmium-Bearing Glass." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 10 (October 1993): 1683–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934334624.

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We have investigated the feasibility of using rare-earth-doped glasses in “self-filtering” optical fibers used for remote Raman spectral collection. We have derived a theoretical treatment and have used the measured relevant sample and glass parameters (e.g., optical absorption of the doped glass and ratio of the intensities of inelastic scattering to elastic scattering plus reflection) to evaluate the usefulness of such fibers. With the use of these parameters, the optical absorption bands of Ho-doped glass, in particular, are found to be sufficiently intense and sharp to enable this glass to be used in the collection fiber of a remote Raman probe. Ho-doped glass fiber of as little as 2 cm in length is sufficient to filter undesirable laser radiation while permitting a high proportion of the sample Raman signal to pass. Use of the 488.0-nm Ar+ laser line or green or red laser wavelengths from a “tunable” laser can ensure that the excitation is within an absorption band and close to the long-wavelength transmission cut-on for the doped glass.

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33

Domaradzki, J., D. Kaczmarek, M. Mazur, D. Wojcieszak, J. Halarewicz, S. Glodek, and P. Domanowski. "Investigations of optical and surface properties of Ag single thin film coating as semitransparent heat reflective mirror." Materials Science-Poland 34, no. 4 (December 1, 2016): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/msp-2016-0102.

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AbstractThe paper presents results of optical and surface morphology investigations of semitransparent silver single thin films deposited on glass substrate in relation to their heat radiation treatment. The thickness of 15 nm for the silver thin films was selected using computer designing of optical spectra and the films were deposited using electron beam evaporation process. Optical transmission and reflection were investigated for as deposited samples and after exposition to heat radiation from quartz-halogen lamp. The changes in the optical spectra were observed which suggested degradation of deposited heat mirrors. Structure and surface morphology studies performed using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy allowed us to conclude about formation of nanometric silver islands, regularly distributed over the surface of the glass substrate after exposure to heat treatment.

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34

Ryšavá, N., and L. Tichý. "Influence of the thermal treatment on the glass-transition temperature in GeSbS glass." Physica Status Solidi (a) 141, no. 2 (February 16, 1994): K77—K82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.2211410232.

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35

Fatima, Umbreen, Muhammad Zafar, Asad Ullah Khan, Tahir Saif, Abdul Razzaq, and Woo Young Kim. "Facile Synthesis of Transparent Glass Surfaces via Hydrothermal Route for Superhydrophobic Performance." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 9 (September 1, 2021): 4824–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.19266.

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A facile and peculiar synthesis strategy is designed for the fabrication of transparent superhydrophobic surfaces on simple glass substrate. The synthesis methodology comprises of two steps of hydrothermal treatment of cleaned glass substrate with ultrapure water as a solvent followed by coating of 1H, 1H, 2H, 2H-perflourooctyltriethoxysilane (POTS) also by hydrothermal treatment in hydrothermal reactor. The hydrothermal treatment of glass substrate lead to the nanostructured surface morphology consisting of nanofibers and a blend of nanofibers/nanoflakes. Aforesaid nanostructured surface morphology upon hydrophobic coating resulted in superhydrophobic properties, increasing the water contact angle (WCA) from 92.0° to as high as 145.3°. Moreover, the developed synthesis approach also resulted in the optical transparent superhydrophobic glass substrate thus offering an attractive methodology to employ for self-cleaning applications.

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36

Awang, Asmahani, Sib Krishna Ghoshal, M. R. Sahar, M. Reza Dousti, and Fakhra Nawaz. "Growth of Au Nanoparticles Stimulate Spectroscopic Properties of Er³⁺Doped TeO₂-ZnO-Na₂O Glasses." Advanced Materials Research 895 (February 2014): 254–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.895.254.

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The changes in optical properties of 70TeO2-20ZnO-10Na2O-0.5Er2O3-0.2Au glass system are stimulated by varying the heat treatment duration. The XRD data reveals broad humps in range of 25-35 degree representing the amorphous nature of the glass materials. The optical absorption edge at room temperature is used to estimate the direct (Edir), indirect (Eindir) optical band gap and the Urbach energy (EU). The value of Edirlies between 2.937 to 2.943 eV, while the value of Eindirlies within 2.478 to 2.502 eV. The value of EUis found to increase with longer time of heat treatment and lies between 0.409 to 0.424 eV. The characteristic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band of Au nanoparticles (NPs) was observed at ~630 nm of optical absorption spectra. The strong and medium green upconversion (UC) fluorescence from Er3+centred at 547 and 533 nm were observed at room temperature, in addition to a weak red UC fluorescence from Er3+centred at 637 nm. The SPR stimulated by the presence of Au NPs enhanced the luminescence intensity by four and five folds for 1 and 4 hours heat treatment, respectively. The results indicate that there is a large influence of growth of gold NPs on the optical and spectroscopic properties of glass samples. Our results may be useful for the fabrication of nanophotonic materials.

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37

Liu, Wei, Jiayu Guo, Zhonghua Fan, Xiaorong Wang, Dingkun Yu, Rong Chen, Shisheng Huang, and Peng He. "Influence of Heat Treatment on the Morphologies of Copper Nanoparticles Based Films by a Spin Coating Method." Journal of Nanomaterials 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/4301768.

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We have investigated the influence of heat treatment on the morphologies of copper nanoparticles based films on glass slides by a spin coating method. The experiments show that heat treatment can modify the sizes and morphologies of copper nanoparticles based films on glass slides. We suggest that through changing the parameters of heat treatment process may be helpful to vary the scattering and absorbing intensity of copper nanoparticles when used in energy harvesting/conversion and optical devices.

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38

Singarapu, Babu, Dušan Galusek, Alicia Durán, and María Jesús Pascual. "Glass-Ceramics Processed by Spark Plasma Sintering (SPS) for Optical Applications." Applied Sciences 10, no. 8 (April 17, 2020): 2791. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10082791.

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This paper presents a review on the preparation of glass-ceramics (GCs) and, in particular, transparent GCs by the advanced processing technique of spark plasma sintering (SPS). SPS is an important approach to obtain from simple to complex nanostructured transparent GCs, full densification in a short time, and highly homogeneous materials for optical applications. The influence of the different processing parameters, such as temperature, pressure, sintering dwell time on the shrinkage rate, and final densification and transparency, are discussed and how this affects the glass material properties. Normally, transparent glass-ceramics are obtained by conventional melt-quenching, followed by thermal treatment. Additionally, the GC scan is produced by sintering and crystallization from glass powders. Hot pressing techniques (HP) in which the source of heating is high-frequency induction can be also applied to enhance this process. In the case of transparent ceramics and glass-ceramics, spark plasma sintering is a promising processing tool. It is possible to enhance the material properties in terms of its compactness, porosities, crystallization, keeping the size of the crystals in the nanometric scale. Moreover, the introduction of a high concentration of active gain media into the host matrix provides functional glass-ceramics systems with enhanced luminescence intensity through reducing non-radiative transitions like multi phonon relaxation (MPR) and cross relaxations (CR), thus providing longer lifetimes. More effort is needed to better understand the sintering mechanisms by SPS in transparent GC systems and optimize their final optical performance.

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39

Vu, Duy Linh, Tz-Feng Lin, Ting-Han Lin, and Ming-Chung Wu. "Highly-Sensitive Detection of Volatile Organic Compound Vapors by Electrospun PANI/P3TI/PMMA Fibers." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 16, 2020): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020455.

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Detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of the essential concerns for human health protection and environmental monitoring. In this study, the blending fibers using a donor-acceptor copolymer were fabricated by electrospinning technique and subsequent UV/ozone treatment. The donor-acceptor polymers were polyaniline, P3TI, and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PANI/P3TI/PMMA) fibers with a cylindrical structure and uniform morphology. VOCs were directly adsorbed by the copolymer materials assembled onto a glass surface or metal framework scaffold. Under optimal conditions, the PANI/P3TI/PMMA fibers exhibit rapid response and high selectivity to VOC vapors within 30 min of UV/ozone treatment. Additionally, the optical transmittance changes of the freestanding fibers show significant improvement of more than 10 times to those fibers on glass substrates. It is speculated that the presence of P3TI leads to the formation of a heterojunction and increases the electron reception behavior. The modification of the electronic structure as exposed to VOC vapors tend to significantly alter the optical absorbance of the fibers, leading to the excellent sensing at low VOC concentration.

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40

Shirshnev, P. S., V. L. Ugolkov, Zh G. Snezhnaia, D. I. Panov, E. V. Shirshneva-Vaschenko, S. N. Lipnitskaya, A. E. Romanov, and V. E. Bougrov. "The Effect of Heat Treatment on the Optical Properties of Copper-Containing Lithium-Potassium-Borate Glasses." REVIEWS ON ADVANCED MATERIALS SCIENCE 57, no. 1 (June 1, 2018): 116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/rams-2018-0054.

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Abstract The paper presents the investigation of lithium-potassium-alumoborate glasses (0- 25 mol.% Li2O) doped by copper ions. The effect of glass annealing on the Raman scattering patterns is discussed. It is shown that such an annealing results in drastic changes in the Raman scattering patterns for the glass with 10 mol.%of Li2O: the band at 481 cm-1 conventionally attributed to boron-oxygen bonds in metaborate rings disappears, while a set of narrow bands at 1236, 1500, and 1783 cm-1 is observed. We consider one of these bands, 1783 cm-1, as being the identifier of the formed Li(Al7B4O17) nanophase, XRD analysis supported the above suggestion. The effect of newly formed nanophase on the luminescence spectra is discussed.

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41

Gandais, Madeleine, and Mireille Allais. "Nanoparticles of Cd(S,Se) grown in silicate glasses study by High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) assisted by image treatment." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 48, no. 4 (August 1990): 736–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100176812.

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CdSxSe1-x doped glasses have raised large interest in the recent past years. They are commercially available as sharp cut-off filters with optical absorption edge varying from yellow to deep red as the composition x varies from 1 to 0, according to the properties of bulk Cd(S,Se) compounds, On the other hand glasses prepared in laboratory present different optical properties in relation with excitonic confinement when the semiconductor grains are smaller than 5nm : increase of the third order nonlinear optical susceptibility, shift of the absorption edge toward higher energy, quantum size effects. In order to improve the understanding of the optical properties, it is important to get fine structural informations on the semiconductor phase : crystallographic structure (which may be different than in bulk materials), morphology, size and defects. Comparatively to optical investigations, there have been few structural studies of the semiconductors doped glasses. HRTEM is potentially a powerful method for examining nanocrystals in low concentration within glass. Practically however, the sharpness of the crystal images is reduced by the presence of background signal originating mainly from glass. Numerical treatment of filtering through Fourier transformation presents several advantages. A large part of the signal originating from glass (at low frequencies) and from statiscal noise (at high frequencies) may be suppressed as shown in Figures 1 and 2. The Fourier transform (Figure 2c) may be used for measuring the lattice parameters more easely than the lattice image.

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42

Kang, Seunggu, Hongy Lin, Delbert E. Day, and James O. Stoffer. "Optically Transparent Polymethyl Methacrylate Composites made with Glass Fibers of Varying Refractive Index." Journal of Materials Research 12, no. 4 (April 1997): 1091–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1997.0152.

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The dependence of the optical and mechanical properties of optically transparent polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites on the annealing temperature of BK10 glass fibers was investigated. Annealing was used to modify the refractive index (R.I.) of the glass fiber so that it would more closely match that of PMMA. Annealing increased the refractive index of the fibers and narrowed the distribution of refractive index of the fibers, but lowered their mechanical strength so the mechanical properties of composites reinforced with annealed fibers were not as good as for composites containing as-pulled (chilled) glass fibers. The refractive index of as-pulled 17.1 μm diameter fibers (R.I. = 1.4907) increased to 1.4918 and 1.4948 after annealing at 350 °C to 500 °C for 1 h or 0.5 h, respectively. The refractive index of glass fibers annealed at 400 °C/1 h best matched that of PMMA at 589.3 nm and 25 °C, so the composite reinforced with those fibers had the highest optical transmission. Because annealed glass fibers had a more uniform refractive index than unannealed fibers, the composites made with annealed fibers had a higher optical transmission. The mechanical strength of annealed fiber/PMMA composites decreased as the fiber annealing temperature increased. A composite containing fibers annealed at 450 °C/1 h had a tensile strength 26% lower than that of a composite made with as-pulled fibers, but 73% higher than that for unreinforced PMMA. This decrease was avoided by treating annealed fibers with HF. Composites made with annealed and HF (10 vol. %)-treated (for 30 s) glass fibers had a tensile strength (∼200 MPa) equivalent to that of the composites made with as-pulled fibers. However, as the treatment time in HF increased, the tensile strength of the composites decreased because of a significant reduction in diameter of the glass fiber which reduced the volume percent fiber in the composite.

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43

Dong, Hehe, Yinggang Chen, Yan Jiao, Qinling Zhou, Yue Cheng, Hui Zhang, Yujie Lu, Shikai Wang, Chunlei Yu, and Lili Hu. "Nanocrystalline Yb:YAG-Doped Silica Glass with Good Transmittance and Significant Spectral Performance Enhancements." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 8, 2022): 1263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081263.

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In this study, Yb:YAG-nanocrystal-doped silica glass with high transmission and excellent spectral properties was successfully prepared using a modified sol–gel method. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), micro-Raman spectroscopy, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and high-resolution TEM (HR-TEM) analyses confirmed that the Yb:YAG nanocrystals, with their low content, homogeneous distribution, and small crystal size, directly crystallized into the silica glass network without annealing treatment. In contrast with conventional microcrystalline glass having large particles (>0.1 μm) and a large particle content, nanocrystalline glass with a homogeneous distribution and sizes of ~22 nm had higher optical transmittance and better spectral properties. Compared with Yb3+ doped silica glass without nanocrystals, the Yb:YAG-nanocrystal-doped silica glass had a 28% increase in absorption cross-section at 975 nm and a 172% enhanced emission cross-section at 1030 nm without any changes in the spectral pattern of the Yb3+ ions in the silica glass. Meanwhile, the Yb:YAG-doped silica glass with large size and high optical quality was easily prepared. Therefore, the Yb:YAG-nanocrystal-doped silica glass is expected to be a promising near-infrared laser material.

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44

Lesniak, Magdalena, Marcin Kochanowicz, Agata Baranowska, Piotr Golonko, Marta Kuwik, Jacek Zmojda, Piotr Miluski, et al. "Structure and Luminescence Properties of Transparent Germanate Glass-Ceramics Co-Doped with Ni2+/Er3+ for Near-Infrared Optical Fiber Application." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 19, 2021): 2115. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082115.

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An investigation of the structural and luminescent properties of the transparent germanate glass-ceramics co-doped with Ni2+/Er3+ for near-infrared optical fiber applications was presented. Modification of germanate glasses with 10–20 ZnO (mol.%) was focused to propose the additional heat treatment process controlled at 650 °C to obtain transparent glass-ceramics. The formation of 11 nm ZnGa2O4 nanocrystals was confirmed by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method. It followed the glass network changes analyzed in detail (MIR—Mid Infrared spectroscopy) with an increasing heating time of precursor glass. The broadband 1000–1650 nm luminescence (λexc = 808 nm) was obtained as a result of Ni2+: 3T2(3F) → 3A2(3F) octahedral Ni2+ ions and Er3+: 4I13/2 → 4I15/2 radiative transitions and energy transfer from Ni2+ to Er3+ with the efficiency of 19%. Elaborated glass–nanocrystalline material is a very promising candidate for use as a core of broadband luminescence optical fibers.

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45

Ogawa, Ryoh, Hirokazu Masai, Yoshihiro Takahashi, Hiroshi Mori, Takumi Fujiwara, and Takayuki Komatsu. "Crystallization Behavior of BaO-TiO₂-GeO₂ Glass Thin Film." Key Engineering Materials 388 (September 2008): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.388.149.

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Crystallization behavior of the fresnoite-type Ba2TiGe2O8 (BTG) with a large optical nonlinearity has been examined in the BaO-TiO2-GeO2 glass thin film fabricated by a RF sputtering technique and the corresponding glass (same composition of thin film, i.e., 28BaO-22TiO2-50GeO2). Both the glass thin film and the corresponding glass were crystallized by the heat-treatment, keeping a good transparency. Initial formation of BTG phase followed by the BaGe4O9 phase was confirmed in the both glass samples. In addition, the BTG crystallites in the both glass samples indicated the preferential (211) orientation. Crystallization behavior confirmed in this study was quite different from the previous study about the 30BaO-15TiO2-55GeO2 glass.

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46

Kalnins, Christopher A. G., Nigel A. Spooner, Tanya M. Monro, and Heike Ebendorff-Heidepriem. "Surface Analysis and Treatment of Extruded Fluoride Phosphate Glass Preforms for Optical Fiber Fabrication." Journal of the American Ceramic Society 99, no. 6 (April 20, 2016): 1874–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jace.14269.

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47

Abdelghany, M., Elena V. Kolobkova, and Maxim М. Sychov. "EFFECT OF HEAT TREATMENT ON THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF FLUOROPHOSPHATE GLASS WITH CuCI NANOCRYSTALS." Bulletin of the Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology (Technical University) 33, no. 59 (March 2016): 19–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.15217/issn1998984-9.2016.33.19.

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48

Ismail, Fanya, Chris Malins, and Nicholas J. Goddard. "Alkali treatment of dye-doped sol–gel glass films for rapid optical pH sensing." Analyst 127, no. 2 (January 15, 2002): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/b108370h.

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49

Pugh, A. C., R. P. Stratton, and D. B. Lewis. "Investigation of elemental diffusion during the drawing and heat treatment of glass optical fibres." Journal of Materials Science 29, no. 4 (February 1994): 1036–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00351428.

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50

Jiménez, J. A., M. Sendova, and H. Liu. "Evolution of the optical properties of a silver-doped phosphate glass during thermal treatment." Journal of Luminescence 131, no. 3 (March 2011): 535–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jlumin.2010.09.023.

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