Статті в журналах: "OPTICAL CODING TECHNIQUES"

1

Kaur, Simarpreet, and Simranjit Singh. "Review on developments in all-optical spectral amplitude coding techniques." Optical Engineering 57, no. 11 (November 20, 2018): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/1.oe.57.11.116102.

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2

Mruthyunjaya, H. S. "BPPM optical WDM systems with error control coding techniques on BAC." International Journal of Electronics 95, no. 10 (October 2008): 1093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207210802354866.

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3

Yang, C. P., S. H. Lin, M. L. Hsieh, K. Y. Hsu, and T. C. Hsieh. "A Holographic Memory for Digital Data Storage." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 08, no. 04 (December 1997): 749–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156497000317.

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A read-only holographic memory for digital data storage is experimentally demonstrated. Techniques for coding and decoding of optical signals, and the interface techniques between the optical memory and a personal computer are described. The performance of the optical memory and the techniques for improving the bit error rate (BER) are presented.

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4

Llados-Bernaus, Ramon, and Robert L. Stevenson. "Edge-assisted upper band coding techniques." International Journal of Imaging Systems and Technology 10, no. 1 (1999): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-1098(1999)10:1<67::aid-ima8>3.0.co;2-1.

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5

Abdelaziz, Mohamed, and Essam Abdellatef. "Coded DCO-OFDM Techniques in Intensity Modulation/Direct Detection (IM/DD) Systems." Journal of Cybersecurity and Information Management 10, no. 2 (2022): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.54216/jcim.100202.

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Optical wireless communications (OWC) are among the best alternative techniques for transmitting information-laden optical radiation across a free-space channel from one place to another. DC-biased optical OFDM (DCO-OFDM) is a technique that sacrifices the power efficiency to transmit unipolar OFDM signals. The primary drawback with DCO-OFDM is its clipping noise, which causes distortion and lowers the bit error rate (BER). Thus, in this paper, we show the performance of DCO with different coded techniques to improve the BER in additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) for IMDD systems. The experimental results show that the coded DCO-OFDM has the best performance. Furthermore, turbo coding has the best coding technique added to the DCO-OFDM system.

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6

Soto, Marcelo A., Gabriele Bolognini, Fabrizio Di Pasquale, and Luc Thévenaz. "Long-range Brillouin optical time-domain analysis sensor employing pulse coding techniques." Measurement Science and Technology 21, no. 9 (July 28, 2010): 094024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0957-0233/21/9/094024.

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7

A. Memon, Kehkashan, A. W. Umrani, M. A. Unar, Wajiha Shah, and B. S. Chowdhry. "Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical CDMA: Performance Analysis on Free Space Optical Channel." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.38 (December 3, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.38.24314.

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In this paper, we investigate the performance of Spectral Amplitude Coding Optical Code Division Multiple Access technique based on Free Space Optical channel. SAC OCDMA is one of the most popular multiplexing techniques since many years and FSO is gaining popularity and is very useful especially in point to point communication. The system presented in this paper utilizes Walsh Hadamard code as signature code. The coder and decoder structures are based on optical filters of fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). This system focuses on the performance analysis of FSO based systems for subtropical regions. This paper demonstrates the error rate performance in the form of eye diagrams/BER under varying channel gain and link distances. Five cases have been taken which shows that SAC OCDMA FSO system is reliable even for distances sufficient to overcome the last mile problem.

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8

Gao, Xiao Rong, Pei Wang, Jian Qiang Guo, Jin Long Li, Kai Yang, and Ti Kui Wang. "Error Correction Based on LDPC Codes in Wireless Optical Communication." Applied Mechanics and Materials 380-384 (August 2013): 3811–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.380-384.3811.

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Complex atmospheric environment seriously affect the quality of wireless of information transmission. In order to improve the wireless optical communication quality, and reduce the influence of attenuation, flicker, angle misalignment caused by atmospheric scattering, absorption, turbulence, beam expander, mismatch, atmospheric channel model is established while coding techniques for error control in wireless optical communication was researched into.The improvement result of error rate by error correction coding in different SNR situations was obtained. The results showed that the LDPC coding can significantly reduce the BER. For Gaussian channel, SNR can be reduced 8 dB when BER is 10-6; For wireless optical communication , LDPC codes can make the error rate reduced by 4-5 orders of magnitude.

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9

Ntogari, Georgia, Thomas Kamalakis, and Thomas Sphicopoulos. "Performance Analysis of Space Time Block Coding Techniques for Indoor Optical Wireless Systems." IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 27, no. 9 (December 2009): 1545–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2009.091204.

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10

Settles, G. S. "Colour-coding schlieren techniques for the optical study of heat and fluid flow." International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow 6, no. 1 (March 1985): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0142-727x(85)90024-4.

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11

Wijanto, Eddy, and Chun-Ming Huang. "Design of Bipolar Optical Code-Division Multiple-Access Techniques Using Phase Modulator for Polarization Coding in Wireless Optical Communication." Applied Sciences 11, no. 13 (June 26, 2021): 5955. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11135955.

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In this study, a bipolar optical code-division multiple-access (Bi-OCDMA) technique based on spectral amplitude coding (SAC) was proposed by using a phase modulator to realize polarization coding through a free-space optical (FSO) channel. Various types of noise, such as amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, thermal noise, and shot noise, were included in the simulation to approach the real application. The first simulation, utilizing a modified M-sequence as signature code, demonstrated that the proposed Bi-OCDMA system could be implemented in FSO communication. The proposed Bi-OCDMA scheme improves the transmission rate and power efficiency compared with the previous scheme. The structure of the proposed system alleviates multiple-access interference (MAI) with a simple and cost-effective design. The second simulation observed the performance of the proposed Bi-OCDMA for two users with several well-known SAC codes, i.e., multi-diagonal (MD) code, modified quadratic congruence (MQC) code, modified maximum length sequence (M-sequence) code, and Walsh–Hadamard code, in extreme weather conditions, both for additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and turbulence-induced fading channel. The simulation results indicated that the Walsh–Hadamard code has superior performance compared to other codes. The results show the MD code can be implemented in the proposed Bi-OCDMA scheme for a medium-distance FSO.

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12

Fathallah, Habib, and Maged Esmail. "Performance evaluation of special optical coding techniques appropriate for physical layer monitoring of access and metro optical networks." Photonic Network Communications 30, no. 2 (May 19, 2015): 223–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11107-015-0513-3.

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13

Ladrido, John Martin, Emmanuel Trinidad, James Agustin Molina, and Lawrence Materum. "A Comparative Survey of Coding, Multiplexing, and Equalization Techniques Used in Coherent Optical Fiber Communications." International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology 11, no. 3 (June 20, 2021): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.18517/ijaseit.11.3.14093.

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14

Djordjevic, I. B., and B. Vasic. "Constrained coding techniques for the suppression of intrachannel nonlinear effects in high-speed optical transmission." Journal of Lightwave Technology 24, no. 1 (January 2006): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jlt.2005.860139.

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15

Tseng, Shin-Pin, Eddy Wijanto, Po-Han Lai, and Hsu-Chih Cheng. "Bipolar Optical Code Division Multiple Access Techniques Using a Dual Electro-Optical Modulator Implemented in Free-Space Optics Communications." Sensors 20, no. 12 (June 24, 2020): 3583. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20123583.

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This study developed a bipolar optical code division multiple access (Bi-OCDMA) technique based on spectral amplitude coding for the formation and transmission of optical-polarized and coded signals over wireless optical channels. Compared with conventional Bi-OCDMA schemes, the proposed free-space optics communication system that uses a dual electro-optical modulator design improves the transmission rate. In theory, multiple access interference can be removed by using correlation subtraction schemes. The experiment results revealed that the proposed system can be employed to accurately extract codewords from an M-sequence and subsequently reconstruct the desired original data. Moreover, the proposed architecture can be implemented easily in simple and cost-effective designs and may be beneficial for broadening the use of Bi-OCDMA schemes in wireless optical communications.

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16

M. Alatwi, Aadel, and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Hybrid CPFSK/OQPSK modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with RZ line coding–based fiber systems in passive optical networks." Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v21.i1.pp263-270.

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<p><span>This study shows hybrid continuous-phase frequency shift keying (CPFSK)/optical quadrature-phase shift keying (OQPSK) modulation transmission techniques’ performance efficiency with return-to-zero (RZ) line coding scheme–based fiber systems in passive optical networks. Max. Q factor/min. bit error rate variations versus modulation frequency and fiber length are studied in detail for various bits/symbol, based on hybrid proposed modulation transmission techniques. Also, optical power and received electrical power variations are simulated with fiber-length variations at a specified modulation frequency of 300 GHz. Max. Q Factor, min. BER, max. signal power, and min. noise power variations are based on hybrid modulation techniques for CPFSK/OQPSK of 32 bits/symbol and a modulation frequency of 500 GHz through a fiber length of 30 km.</span></p>

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17

Aldhaibani, A. O., S. A. Aljunid, Hilal A. Fadhil, and M. S. Anuar. "Improving OCDMA System via Combination of OFDM/OCDMA Techniques." Applied Mechanics and Materials 699 (November 2014): 937–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.699.937.

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This paper proposes a single sideband orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (SSB-OFDM) incorporated with spectral amplitude coding (SAC) optical code division multiple accesses (SAC-OCDMA). This scheme is a new technique designed to enhance overall OCDMA system performance. The system indicates good result in terms of higher transmission data rates and long distance according to conventional OCDMA system. Moreover, the results show that the presented system gives good performance based on constellation diagram distance and BER. The transceiver bit error rate (BER) for SSB improved by 10-10 compared to double side band for distances up to 50 km at 10 Gbps.

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18

Ferran, Carme, Salvador Bosch, and Artur Carnicer. "Design of Optical Systems With Extended Depth of Field: An Educational Approach to Wavefront Coding Techniques." IEEE Transactions on Education 55, no. 2 (May 2012): 271–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/te.2011.2169414.

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19

Abdallah, Mohammad A. "BER improvement in 5G MU MIMO-OFDM systems using channel coding techniques." Optica Pura y Aplicada 56, no. 1 (March 31, 2023): 51121. http://dx.doi.org/10.7149/opa.56.1.51121.

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20

Yaseen, Zeyad. "Performance Analysis of DPSK Technique for Optical Transmission Systems." Innovation in Technology and Sciences 2021, no. 2 (May 2, 2021): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.52688/iss2/asp17354.

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The long-distance high data rate transmission is accompanied by many transmission defects, which reduce the performance of optical communication systems. Therefore, due to the need to increase data capacity for the end user, signal regeneration techniques were used to mitigate these non-linear defects in the electric or optical field. Several techniques used to modify the optical signal, which is the possible solution to reduce the limit of non-linear transmission defects, especially before converting the signal from the optical field to the electric field. Since most of the techniques used to reduce the attenuation in the optical signal do not have the ability to reduce the error rate to reach a bit error rate (BER) less than 10-10 with a transmission capacity less than -10dBm. In this paper, the performance evaluation of DPSK has been validated for its adequate use in transmission systems. Nevertheless, the performance of the DPSK optical system was assessed to rely on a different coding format such as: Return to Zero (RZ) & Non-Return to Zero (NRZ-DPSK). The system is designed to withstand high data rate on long-distance optical transmission systems. The system investigated was simulated with OptiSystemTM 13.0 commercial software. The investigated system demonstrated the ability to mitigate nonlinear impairments from the noisy optical DPSK system with high bit-error rate (BER) improvement at low power transmission. Optical DPSK demonstrates the ability to send high-rate data transmission systems for use in the next generation of optical networks.

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21

Nakamichi, Yu, Valery A. Kalatsky, Hideyuki Watanabe, Takayuki Sato, Uma Maheswari Rajagopalan, and Manabu Tanifuji. "3D topology of orientation columns in visual cortex revealed by functional optical coherence tomography." Journal of Neurophysiology 119, no. 4 (April 1, 2018): 1562–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00921.2017.

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Orientation tuning is a canonical neuronal response property of six-layer visual cortex that is encoded in pinwheel structures with center orientation singularities. Optical imaging of intrinsic signals enables us to map these surface two-dimensional (2D) structures, whereas lack of appropriate techniques has not allowed us to visualize depth structures of orientation coding. In the present study, we performed functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT), a technique capable of acquiring a 3D map of the intrinsic signals, to study the topology of orientation coding inside the cat visual cortex. With this technique, for the first time, we visualized columnar assemblies in orientation coding that had been predicted from electrophysiological recordings. In addition, we found that the columnar structures were largely distorted around pinwheel centers: center singularities were not rigid straight lines running perpendicularly to the cortical surface but formed twisted string-like structures inside the cortex that turned and extended horizontally through the cortex. Looping singularities were observed with their respective termini accessing the same cortical surface via clockwise and counterclockwise orientation pinwheels. These results suggest that a 3D topology of orientation coding cannot be fully anticipated from 2D surface measurements. Moreover, the findings demonstrate the utility of fOCT as an in vivo mesoscale imaging method for mapping functional response properties of cortex in the depth axis. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We used functional optical coherence tomography (fOCT) to visualize three-dimensional structure of the orientation columns with millimeter range and micrometer spatial resolution. We validated vertically elongated columnar structure in iso-orientation domains. The columnar structure was distorted around pinwheel centers. An orientation singularity formed a string with tortuous trajectories inside the cortex and connected clockwise and counterclockwise pinwheel centers in the surface orientation map. The results were confirmed by comparisons with conventional optical imaging and electrophysiological recordings.

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22

Ding, Jupeng, Chih-Lin I, Jintao Wang, Hui Yang, and Lili Wang. "Performance Comparison of Repetition Coding MIMO Optical Wireless Communications with Distinct Light Beams." Sensors 22, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 1256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22031256.

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In current optical wireless communications (OWC) oriented research works, the various multiple input multiple output (MIMO) techniques are introduced and utilized to enhance the coverage performance. Objectively, this Lambertian light beam based MIMO research paradigm neglects the light beam diversity and the potential performance gains. In this work, the distinct non-Lambertian light beams of commercially available light emitting diodes (LEDs) were adopted to configure MIMO OWC links. Specifically, the homogenous and heterogeneous non-Lambertian MIMO configurations were constituted in typical indoor scenarios. Moreover, applying the repetition coding (RC) MIMO algorithm with low complexity, a spatial coverage performance comparison was made between the several above mentioned non-Lambertian configurations and the well-discussed Lambertian MIMO configuration. Numerical results illustrate that the homogeneous NSPW light beam configuration could provide a more than 30 dB average signal to noise ratio (SNR), while the achievable average SNR of the heterogeneous light beam configuration was up to 28.77 dB. On the other side, the counterpart of the Lambertian configuration achieved just about 27.00 dB. Objectively, this work paves the fundamental and essential way for the further design and optimization of MIMO OWC in this novel light beam dimension.

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23

Yang, Zhi Guo, Dong Fei Liu, and Yu Gao. "Design and Implementation of Topology Management Based on EPON Network Management System." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 4723–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.4723.

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The network bandwidth has been expanded after EPON(Ethernet Passive Optical Network ) came.So a topology management for EPON System is needed.In this paper, methods of topological data collection is analyzed, the form of topological data structure object is designed , and topological structure is displayed in the terminal by coding. With introducing in improved memory object and caching techniques, system performance was significantly improved through experiments.

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24

Mulualem, Yelkal. "Methodology of Implementing the Pulse code techniques for Distributed Optical Fiber Sensors by using FPGA: Cyclic Simplex Coding." International Journal of Computer Applications Technology and Research 5, no. 3 (March 7, 2016): 151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7753/ijcatr0503.1007.

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25

Alatwi, Aadel M., and Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed. "Raised cosine/NRZ line coding techniques for upgrading free space optical communication systems through various levels of fog." TELKOMNIKA (Telecommunication Computing Electronics and Control) 18, no. 6 (December 1, 2020): 2861. http://dx.doi.org/10.12928/telkomnika.v18i6.16236.

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26

Taiwo, Ambali, Majid Moghaddasi, Danjuma Kuje, Yahaya Idriss, and Makhfudza Mokhtar. "Practical investigation of suitable decoding techniques for spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access-based vibration sensing." IET Optoelectronics 10, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 227–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-opt.2015.0125.

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27

Lindovsky, Jiri, Marcela Palkova, Viktoriia Symkina, Miles Joseph Raishbrook, Jan Prochazka, and Radislav Sedlacek. "OCT and ERG Techniques in High-Throughput Phenotyping of Mouse Vision." Genes 14, no. 2 (January 22, 2023): 294. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes14020294.

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The purpose of the study is to demonstrate coherent optical tomography and electroretinography techniques adopted from the human clinical practice to assess the morphology and function of the mouse retina in a high-throughput phenotyping environment. We present the normal range of wild-type C57Bl/6NCrl retinal parameters in six age groups between 10 and 100 weeks as well as examples of mild and severe pathologies resulting from knocking out a single protein-coding gene. We also show example data obtained by more detailed analysis or additional methods useful in eye research, for example, the angiography of a superficial and deep vascular complex. We discuss the feasibility of these techniques in conditions demanding a high-throughput approach such as the systemic phenotyping carried out by the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium.

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28

Huang, H. K., Shih-Chung B. Lo, Bruce K. Ho, and Shyh-Liang Lou. "Radiological image compression using error-free irreversible two-dimensional direct-cosine-transform coding techniques." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 4, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 984. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.4.000984.

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29

Hsu, Ching-Ting, Mei-Juan Chen, Wen-Wei Liao, and Shen-Yi Lo. "High Performance Spatial and Temporal Error-Concealment Algorithms for Block-Based Video Coding Techniques." ETRI Journal 27, no. 1 (February 11, 2005): 53–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.4218/etrij.05.0104.0041.

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30

Cogswell, Carol J., Matthew R. Arnison, Edward R. Dowski, Sara C. Tuckert, and W. Thomas Catheyt. "A New Generation, Fast 3D Fluorescence Microscope using Wavefront Coding Optics." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 466–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600015658.

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We are developing a “new-generation” fluorescence microscope that will allow very fast (milliseconds) acquisition of fully three-dimensional (3D) images for a wide spectrum of biological applications. This new system will overcome the slow image acquisition constraint of existing confocal and widefield deconvolution microscopes (the two most commonly used instruments for 3D fluorescence imaging) that has prevented them from being used for investigations of live-cell dynamics in three dimensions. Our new microscope incorporates the innovative techniques of optical wavefront coding, pioneered by W. T. Cathey and E. R. Dowski, University of Colorado. With this new system, as compared to the normal sequential plane-by-plane image acquisition requirement of confocal and widefield microscopes, we need acquire only a single CCD camera image to obtain an equivalent extended-depth-of-focus (EDF) rendering of a thick specimen, and a minimum of only two images for a 3D stereo view that has full depth.Our microscope system uses a special-purpose optical element to uniformly “code” the information from all planes throughout the specimen volume onto a single CCD camera image. Specimen-independent digital processing is then used to “decode” this raw image. In effect, the coded raw image is blurred by a special type of aberration which produces an image that is nearly independent of focus. The system then uses a fast, non-iterative, digital filtering algorithm to remove this special blur so that a large volume of the specimen image appears sharply focused all at once.

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Herrojo, Paredes, Mata-Contreras, and Martín. "Chipless-RFID: A Review and Recent Developments." Sensors 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2019): 3385. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19153385.

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In this paper, a review of the state-of-the-art chipless radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology is carried out. This recent technology may provide low cost tags as long as these tags are not equipped with application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). Nevertheless, chipless-RFID presents a series of technological challenges that have been addressed by different research groups in the last decade. One of these challenges is to increase the data storage capacity of tags, in order to be competitive with optical barcodes, or even with chip-based RFID tags. Thus, the main aim of this paper is to properly clarify the advantages and disadvantages of chipless-RFID technology. Moreover, since the coding information is an important aspect in such technology, the different coding techniques, as well as the main figures of merit used to compare different chipless-RFID tags, will be analyzed.

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Moffat, Alistair, Timothy C. Bell, and Ian H. Witten. "Lossless Compression for Text and Images." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 08, no. 01 (March 1997): 179–231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156497000068.

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Most data that is inherently discrete needs to be compressed in such a way that it can be recovered exactly, without any loss. Examples include text of all kinds, experimental results, and statistical databases. Other forms of data may need to be stored exactly, such as images—particularly bilevel ones, or ones arising in medical and remote-sensing applications, or ones that may be required to be certified true for legal reasons. Moreover, during the process of lossy compression, many occasions for lossless compression of coefficients or other information arise. This paper surveys techniques for lossless compression. The process of compression can be broken down into modeling and coding. We provide an extensive discussion of coding techniques, and then introduce methods of modeling that are appropriate for text and images. Standard methods used in popular utilities (in the case of text) and international standards (in the case of images) are described.

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Weng, Yi, Junyi Wang, and Zhongqi Pan. "Recent Advances in DSP Techniques for Mode Division Multiplexing Optical Networks with MIMO Equalization: A Review." Applied Sciences 9, no. 6 (March 20, 2019): 1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9061178.

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This paper provides a technical review regarding the latest progress on multi-input multi-output (MIMO) digital signal processing (DSP) equalization techniques for high-capacity fiber-optic communication networks. Space division multiplexing (SDM) technology was initially developed to improve the demanding capacity of optic-interconnect links through mode-division multiplexing (MDM) using few-mode fibers (FMF), or core-multiplexing exploiting multicore fibers (MCF). Primarily, adaptive MIMO filtering techniques were proposed to de-multiplex the signals upon different modes or cores, and to dynamically compensate for the differential mode group delays (DMGD) plus mode-dependent loss (MDL) via DSP. Particularly, the frequency-domain equalization (FDE) techniques suggestively lessen the algorithmic complexity, compared with time-domain equalization (TDE), while holding comparable performance, amongst which the least mean squares (LMS) and recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms are most ubiquitous and, hence, extensively premeditated. In this paper, we not only enclose the state of the art of MIMO equalizers, predominantly focusing on the advantage of implementing the space–time block-coding (STBC)-assisted MIMO technique, but we also cover the performance evaluation for different MIMO-FDE schemes of DMGD and MDL for adaptive coherent receivers. Moreover, the hardware complexity optimization for MIMO-DSP is discussed, and a joint-compensation scheme is deliberated for chromatic dispersion (CD) and DMGD, along with a number of recent experimental demonstrations using MIMO-DSP.

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Hu, Chenyu, and Shensheng Han. "On Ghost Imaging Studies for Information Optical Imaging." Applied Sciences 12, no. 21 (October 29, 2022): 10981. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app122110981.

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Since the birth of information theory, to understand, study, and optimize optical imaging systems from the information–theoretic viewpoint has been an important research subfield of optical imaging, accompanied by a series of corresponding advances. However, since the “direct point-to-point” image information acquisition mode of traditional optical imaging systems, which directly performs one-to-one signal mapping from the object to the detection plane, lacks a “coding–decoding” operation on the image information, related studies based on information theory are more meaningful in the theoretical sense, while almost acting as icing on the cake for the optimization and design of practical systems and contributing little to substantive breakthroughs in further imaging capabilities. With breakthroughs in modern light-field modulation techniques as well as ghost imaging techniques, which establish point-to-point image signal reproduction based on high-order correlation of light fields, currently, it is able to encode the image information with controllable spatiotemporal light-field fluctuations during the ghost imaging process. Combined with modern digital photoelectric detection technologies, ghost imaging systems behave more in line with the modulation–demodulation information transmission mode compared to traditional optical imaging. This puts forward imperative demands and challenges for understanding and optimizing ghost imaging systems from the viewpoint of information theory, as well as bringing more development opportunities for the research field of information optical imaging. This article will briefly review the development of information optical imaging since the birth of information theory, overview its current research status by combining with latest related progresses in ghost imaging, and discuss the potential developing tendency of this research topic.

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Bharti, Manisha, Manoj Kumar, and Ajay K. Sharma. "A Novel Technique to Detect Code for SAC-OCDMA System." Journal of Optical Communications 39, no. 2 (April 25, 2018): 215–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2016-0132.

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AbstractThe main task of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) system is the detection of code used by a user in presence of multiple access interference (MAI). In this paper, new method of detection known as XOR subtraction detection for spectral amplitude coding OCDMA (SAC-OCDMA) based on double weight codes has been proposed and presented. As MAI is the main source of performance deterioration in OCDMA system, therefore, SAC technique is used in this paper to eliminate the effect of MAI up to a large extent. A comparative analysis is then made between the proposed scheme and other conventional detection schemes used like complimentary subtraction detection, AND subtraction detection and NAND subtraction detection. The system performance is characterized by Q-factor, BER and received optical power (ROP) with respect to input laser power and fiber length. The theoretical and simulation investigations reveal that the proposed detection technique provides better quality factor, security and received power in comparison to other conventional techniques. The wide opening of eye in case of proposed technique also proves its robustness.

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36

Ramavath, Prasad Naik, Shripathi Acharya Udupi, and Prabu Krishnan. "High-speed and reliable Underwater Wireless Optical Communication system using Multiple-Input Multiple-Output and channel coding techniques for IoUT applications." Optics Communications 461 (April 2020): 125229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optcom.2019.125229.

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37

Shi, Jianyang, Wenqing Niu, Yinaer Ha, Zengyi Xu, Ziwei Li, Shaohua Yu, and Nan Chi. "AI-Enabled Intelligent Visible Light Communications: Challenges, Progress, and Future." Photonics 9, no. 8 (July 29, 2022): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics9080529.

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Visible light communication (VLC) is a highly promising complement to conventional wireless communication for local-area networking in future 6G. However, the extra electro-optical and photoelectric conversions in VLC systems usually introduce exceeding complexity to communication channels, in particular severe nonlinearities. Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are investigated to overcome the unique challenges in VLC, whereas considerable obstacles are found in practical VLC systems applied with intelligent learning approaches. In this paper, we present a comprehensive study of the intelligent physical and network layer technologies for AI-empowered intelligent VLC (IVLC). We first depict a full model of the visible light channel and discuss its main challenges. The advantages and disadvantages of machine learning in VLC are discussed and analyzed by simulation. We then present a detailed overview of advances in intelligent physical layers, including optimal coding, channel emulator, MIMO, channel equalization, and optimal decision. Finally, we envision the prospects of IVLC in both the intelligent physical and network layers. This article lays out a roadmap for developing machine learning-based intelligent visible light communication in 6G.

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38

Barr, Mohammad. "A Fast Encoding Scheme for High Efficiency Video Coding." Recent Advances in Electrical & Electronic Engineering (Formerly Recent Patents on Electrical & Electronic Engineering) 13, no. 6 (November 4, 2020): 933–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2352096513666191227102559.

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Background: High-Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) is a recent video compression standard. It provides better compression performance compared to its predecessor, H.264/AVC. However, the computational complexity of the HEVC encoder is much higher than that of H.264/AVC encoder. This makes HEVC less attractive to be used in real-time applications and in devices with limited resources (e.g., low memory, low processing power, etc.). The increased computational complexity of HEVC is partly due to its use of a variable size Transform Unit (TU) selection algorithm which successively performs transform operations using transform units of different sizes before selecting the optimal transform unit size. In this paper, a fast transform unit size selection method is proposed to reduce the computational complexity of an HEVC encoder. Methods: Bayesian decision theory is used to predict the size of the TU during encoding. This is done by exploiting the TU size decisions at a previous temporal level and by modeling the relationship between the TU size and the Rate-Distortion (RD) cost values. Results: Simulation results show that the proposed method achieves a reduction of the encoding time of the latest HEVC encoder by 16.21% on average without incurring any noticeable compromise on its compression efficiency. The algorithm also reduces the number of transform operations by 44.98% on average. Conclusion: In this paper, a novel fast TU size selection scheme for HEVC is proposed. The proposed technique outperforms both the latest HEVC reference software, HM 16.0, as well as other state-of-the-art techniques in terms of time-complexity. The compression performance of the proposed technique is comparable to that of HM 16.0.

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39

A, Bharathi, Siva C, Suguna Angamuthu, and Thangamani M. "Multi Objective Concerned Network Coding Technique for Optimal Data Transmission." Webology 18, no. 05 (October 29, 2021): 1191–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/web/v18si05/web18300.

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The Internet of Things (IoT) seems to developed in the real-world scenario due to increased utilization of sensor driven technologies. There are various research works has been proposed earlier for the network coding to ensure the reliable data transmission. However, existing research techniques doesn’t focus on the reliable route path selection which might affect the rate of data transmission. These issues are focused in the proposed research method by introducing the method namely Multi-Objective concerned Network Coding Technique (MO-NCT). In this work initially multicast tree construction is performed using Particle Swarm Optimization method. The main goal of this research work is ensuring the reliable and successful data transmission. Here the optimal network nodes will be chosen for constructing the multi cast tree. The multiple objectives considered in this work for the selection of the nodes are residual energy, remaining bandwidth level and throughput of nodes. To ensure the reliable data transmission even with the presence of larger coverage area, this work attempted to select the backup forwarder nodes which will act as intermediate hop relay nodes. The overall analysis of the research work is done in the NS2 simulation environment from which it is proved that the proposed method MO-MRP tends to achieve the optimal data transmission rate.

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40

Chang, Yao Tang, and Chung Wei Tsailin. "Enhanced Design for AWG-Based Dynamic Reconfigurable Free-Spectral-Range Group Hopping Coder/Decoders to Protect against Eavesdropping." Applied Mechanics and Materials 764-765 (May 2015): 1240–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.764-765.1240.

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To further robust confidentiality protecting against eavesdropping over optical code-division multiple-access (OCDMA) networks, this study improves the robustness of the network toward eavesdropping for encryption/decryption mechanism by using a specified storage register controller controlling optical switches approach in which Free-spectral-range group hopping code is used to generate a specific signature address. This paper presents an enhanced security mechanism to protect spectral-amplitude-coding optical code-division multiple-access (SAC-OCDMA) networks against eavesdropping. This study proposes an alternative to huge code-space size techniques such as wavelength hopping and exchange-encode for network protection against eavesdropping by exploiting the cyclic properties of arrayed-waveguide-grating routers and maximal-length sequence code (M-sequence code). In addition, the network is protected using a wavelength hopping based on optical switches and exchange the encode assignment scheme implemented using the exchange switches before import to arrayed-waveguide-grating routers (AWG).In this scheme, eavesdropper is difficult to solute correct user data bit , whatever there is using brute-force searching or simple energy detector..

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41

Sarangal, Himali, Amarpal Singh, and Jyoteesh Malhotra. "Construction and Analysis of a Novel SAC-OCDMA System with EDW Coding using Direct Detection Technique." Journal of Optical Communications 40, no. 3 (July 26, 2019): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/joc-2017-0061.

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Abstract Spectral amplitude coding optical code division multiple access (SAC-OCDMA) is a promising innovation for burst and asynchronous environment. This paper endeavors to analyze the efficacy of the proposed optimum SAC-OCDMA system by utilizing enhanced double-weight (EDW) code for six users operating at a bit rate of 60 Gb/s (10×6 Gb/s). Also, an algorithm is designed for EDW code with mapping technique for any weight that can be greater than two. The EDW code is analyzed for bit error rate (BER) and Q-factor using direct detection technique. Further, the system is compared with three dispersion compensating techniques (pre, post and symmetrical). The results indicate that by using symmetrical compensation the maximum usable distance increases to more than twice as compared to without compensation for the targeted BER (10−9), whereas by using p- and post-compensation the BER value increases to 10−13 as compared to without compensation whose BER value is 10−5. The comparison results show acceptable performance improvement.

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42

Das, Bhagwan, Nawaz Ali Zardari, Farah Deeba, and Dileep Kumar Ramnani. "Design and Development of GUI for the Mitigation of Chromatic Dispersion: A New Approach." Sukkur IBA Journal of Emerging Technologies 5, no. 1 (June 30, 2022): 19–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.30537/sjet.v5i1.937.

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Chromatic Dispersion (CD) is the important effect that is considering for optical communication system design as it broadens the pulse during the propagation along channel resulting in pulse overlapping and ultimately bit errors raises. The increment in bit error, in result reduce the performance of optical system. Therefore, mitigation CD is necessary in order to improve the performance of optical communication system. There are several techniques of mitigating CD have been proposed and all based on coding based and this will create issues for the communication design engineer that every time the parameters need to be revised. In order to avoid this issue, the ease for the system design engineer has been created in designing the Graphical User Interface (GUI). In this work, GUI is designed and developed that will request the parameters need to be select for the optical system and it will describe the all process for mitigating it from the system. In the first, the communication system designer have to select the Transmission along with modulation and after that transmission at distance is asked in terms of km. The CD is mitigated uses least mean square technique and Fast Fourier Transform method. The further smoothing of signal is improved by Pulse shaping via using the raised cosine filter. In the end, the original signal and the compensated signal are defined. The BER is also calculated to show whether the reduction through DSP is performed. The GUI is developed in MATLAB and every button backhand the strong coding is used in C++ for developing the system. The designed and developed system offers the ease of use for the communication engineer, in which on one platform the user can observer well the optical system instead of programming. Keywords: , , , .

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43

Garcia-González, Wendy, Wendy Flores-Fuentes, Oleg Sergiyenko, Julio C. Rodríguez-Quiñonez, Jesús E. Miranda-Vega, and Daniel Hernández-Balbuena. "Shannon Entropy Used for Feature Extractions of Optical Patterns in the Context of Structural Health Monitoring." Entropy 25, no. 8 (August 14, 2023): 1207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/e25081207.

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A novelty signal processing method is proposed for a technical vision system (TVS). During data acquisition of an optoelectrical signal, part of this is random electrical fluctuation of voltages. Information theory (IT) is a well-known field that deals with random processes. A method based on using of the Shannon Entropy for feature extractions of optical patterns is presented. IT is implemented in structural health monitoring (SHM) to augment the accuracy of optoelectronic signal classifiers for a metrology subsystem of the TVS. To enhance the TVS spatial coordinate measurement performance at real operation conditions with electrical and optical noisy environments to estimate structural displacement better and evaluate its health for a better estimation of structural displacement and the evaluation of its health. Five different machine learning (ML) techniques are used in this work to classify optical patterns captured with the TVS. Linear predictive coding (LPC) and Autocorrelation function (ACC) are for extraction of optical patterns. The Shannon entropy segmentation (SH) method extracts relevant information from optical patterns, and the model’s performance can be improved. The results reveal that segmentation with Shannon’s entropy can achieve over 95.33%. Without Shannon’s entropy, the worst accuracy was 33.33%.

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44

Zadok, Avi, Eyal Preter, and Yosef London. "Phase-Coded and Noise-Based Brillouin Optical Correlation-Domain Analysis." Applied Sciences 8, no. 9 (August 28, 2018): 1482. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app8091482.

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Correlation-domain analysis has enabled distributed measurements of Brillouin gain spectra along optical fibers with high spatial resolution, up to millimeter-scale. The method relies on the joint modulation of counter-propagating Brillouin pump and signal waves so that their complex envelopes are correlated in select positions only. Brillouin optical correlation-domain analysis was first proposed nearly 20 years ago based on frequency modulation of the two waves. This paper reviews two more recent variants of the concept. In the first, the Brillouin pump and signal waves are co-modulated by high-rate binary phase sequences. The scheme eliminates restricting trade-offs between the spatial resolution and the range of unambiguous measurements, and may also suppress noise due to residual Brillouin interactions outside the correlation peak. Sensor setups based on phase coding addressed 440,000 high-resolution points and showed potential for reaching over 2 million such points. The second approach relies on the amplified spontaneous emission of optical amplifiers, rather than the modulation of an optical carrier, as the source of Brillouin pump and signal waves. Noise-based correlation-domain analysis reaches sub-millimeter spatial resolution. The application of both techniques to tapered micro-fibers and planar waveguides is addressed as well.

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45

HEIDERGOTT, W. F. "SYSTEM LEVEL SINGLE EVENT UPSET MITIGATION STRATEGIES." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 14, no. 02 (June 2004): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156404002399.

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Use of a systems engineering process and the application of techniques and methods of fault tolerant systems are applicable to the development of a mitigation strategy for Single Event Upsets (SEU). Specific methods of fault avoidance, fault masking, detection, containment, and recovery techniques are important elements in the mitigation of single event upsets. Fault avoidance through the use of SEU hardened technology, fault masking using coding and redundancy provisions, and solutions applied at the subsystem and system level are available to the system developer. Validation and verification of SEU mitigation and performance of fault tolerance provisions are essential elements of systems design for operation in energetic particle environments.

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46

Kosman, John, Kevin Moore, Harald Haas, and Robert K. Henderson. "Distortion losses of high-speed single-photon avalanche diode optical receivers approaching quantum sensitivity." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 378, no. 2169 (March 2, 2020): 20190194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2019.0194.

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The high internal gain of single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) operating in Geiger mode allows the quantum limit of detection to be approached. This offers a significantly improved sensitivity for optical communication over existing photodiodes. A fully integrated CMOS SPAD array receiver (RX) is presented which achieves 500 Mb s −1 four-level pulse amplitude modulation in a visible light communication link within 15.2 dB of the quantum limit. However, SPAD dead time induces around 5.7 dB of transient distortion which restricts error performance and data rate. We propose a model describing a discrete photon counting system which exhibits this nonlinear behaviour and compare it to practical measurements with the RX. A unipolar intensity modulated optical signal is considered, as opposed to bipolar electric fields in conventional radio frequency wireless systems. Intermodulation between the DC and harmonic components of the data-carrying waveform is investigated, and the resulting degradation of signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio and bit error rate is evaluated. The model is developed as a tool for understanding distortion to ultimately allow rectification through RX architecture, modulation scheme, coding and equalization techniques. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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47

Mrabet, Hichem. "A Performance Analysis of a Hybrid OCDMA-PON Configuration Based on IM/DD Fast-OFDM Technique for Access Network." Applied Sciences 10, no. 21 (October 30, 2020): 7690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10217690.

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The purpose of this article is to propose a new configuration based on OCDMA and Fast-OFDM techniques for access network applications. A hybrid intensity modulation with direct detection, fast orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing–code division multiplexing access (IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA) system is analytically and numerically evaluated for an amplifier-free access network. Therefore, system performance is analytically investigated in terms of bit error rate/Q-factor as a function of simultaneous users, fiber length and launched optical power. Firstly, the proposed analytical model includes the overlapping effect among OFDM subcarriers, the peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR), and multiple access interference (MAI). Secondly, a simulation setup is performed, allowing four simultaneous users operating at 40 Gb/s in a passive optical network (PON) context. Furthermore, a power budget analysis is made between IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA, all-optical IM/DD OFDM-CDMA (IM/DD AO-OFDM-CDMA) and OCDMA wavelength division multiplexing (OCDMA-WDM) configurations. It is shown that at 40 Gb/s and by using 2D-hybrid coding (2D-HC), the maximum achievable transmission-reach of IM/DD Fast-OFDM-CDMA is 142 km, which is 34 km and 60 km higher than those provided by the IM/DD AO-OFDM-OCDMA and OCDMA-WDM PON configurations, respectively.

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48

Hayal, Mohammed R., Bedir B. Yousif, and Mohamed A. Azim. "Performance Enhancement of DWDM-FSO Optical Fiber Communication Systems Based on Hybrid Modulation Techniques under Atmospheric Turbulence Channel." Photonics 8, no. 11 (October 22, 2021): 464. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics8110464.

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In this paper, we enhance the performance efficiency of the free-space optical (FSO) communication link using the hybrid on-off keying (OOK) modulation, M-ary digital pulse position modulation (M-ary DPPM), and M-pulse amplitude and position modulation (M-PAPM). This work analyzes and enhances the bit error rate (BER) performance of the moment generating function, modified Chernoff bound, and Gaussian approximation techniques. In the existence of both an amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) noise, atmospheric turbulence (AT) channels, and interchannel crosstalk (ICC), we propose a system model of the passive optical network (PON) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) technique for a dense WDM (DWDM) based on the hybrid fiber FSO (HFFSO) link. We use eight wavelength channels that have been transmitted at a data rate of 2.5 Gbps over a turbulent HFFSO-DWDM system and PON-FSO optical fiber start from 1550 nm channel spacing in the C-band of 100 GHz. The results demonstrate (2.5 Gbps × 8 channels) 20 Gbit/s-4000 m transmission with favorable performance. In this design, M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation is used to provide extra information bits to increase performance. We also propose to incorporate adaptive optics to mitigate the AT effect and improve the modulation efficiency. We investigate the impact of the turbulence effect on the proposed system performance based on OOK-M-ary PAPM-DPPM modulation as a function of M-ary DPPM-PAPM and other atmospheric parameters. The proposed M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM solution increases the receiver sensitivity compared to OOK, improves the reliability and achieves a lower power penalty of 0.2–3.0 dB at low coding level (M) 2 in the WDM-FSO systems for the weak turbulence. The OOK/M-ary hybrid DPPM-M-PAPM provides an optical signal-to-noise ratio of about 4–8 dB of the DWDM-HFFSO link for the strong turbulence at a target BER of 10−12. The numerical results indicate that the proposed design can be enhanced with the hybrid OOK/M-DPPM and M-PAPM for DWDM-HFFSO systems. The calculation results show that PAPM-DPPM has increased about 10–11 dB at BER of 10−12 more than the OOK-NRZ approach. The simulation results show that the proposed hybrid optical modulation technique can be used in the DWDM-FSO hybrid links for optical-wireless and fiber-optic communication systems, significantly increasing their efficiency. Finally, the use of the hybrid OOK/M-ary DPPM-M-PAPM modulation schemes is a new technique to reduce the AT, ICC, ASE noise for the DWDM-FSO optical fiber communication systems.

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Jose, John Anthony C., Ciprian D. Billones Jr., Allysa Kate M. Brillantes, Robert Kerwin C. Billones, Edwin Sybingco, Elmer P. Dadios, Alexis M. Fillone, and Laurence A. Gan Lim. "Artificial Intelligence Software Application for Contactless Traffic Violation Apprehension in the Philippines." Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 25, no. 4 (July 20, 2021): 410–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2021.p0410.

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This paper presents a prototype of a centralized contactless traffic violation apprehension system composed of an artificial intelligence (AI) engine and a web application. The AI engine collects traffic data, primarily traffic violation data, through a contactless approach by using different video and image processing techniques and AI algorithms in its three modules: license plate detection, optical character recognition (OCR), and number coding violation detection. The web application consolidates all the data produced by the AI engine and provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for data management, visualization, and analysis. This contactless apprehension system aims to automate, standardize, and streamline the existing processes of law enforcement agencies and institutions for a more efficient apprehension of traffic violators and help them improve their traffic planning and management in the congested areas of the Philippines.

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Naim, Nani Fadzlina, Muhammad Firdaus Hazian, Suzi Seroja Sarnin, Norsuzila Ya’acob, and Latifah Sarah Supian. "Design and Performance Analysis of DWDM-PON." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2411, no. 1 (December 1, 2022): 012007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2411/1/012007.

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Abstract This paper presents on the design and analysis of Dense Wavelength Division Multiplexing Passive Optical Network (DWDM-PON) which is the upcoming trend technology nowadays to transmit up to 40 Gbps data. Various modulation techniques such as Non-Return Zero (NRZ), Return-Zero (RZ) and duo binary coding are simulated in this DWDM-PON. Using OptiSystem software, DWDM-PON is designed and simulated for 32 channels with spacing of 100 GHz and bit rate of 10 Gbps. An Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) and Dispersion - Compensating Fiber (DCF) is deployed in the DWDM design. It is found that duo binary modulation technique gives the best performance with minimum BER of 2.66x10-19. From the simulation result, it also found that the proposed DWDM PON design is suitable to be deployed for current network.

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