Статті в журналах: "Optical beam deflection"

1

Faris, Gregory W., and Robert L. Byer. "Beam-deflection optical tomography." Optics Letters 12, no. 2 (February 1, 1987): 72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000072.

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2

Fei Pan, Fei Pan, Lingjiang Kong Lingjiang Kong, Xiaobo Yang Xiaobo Yang, Yue Ai Yue Ai, and Yan Zhou Yan Zhou. "Dual beam deflection of liquid crystal optical phased array." Chinese Optics Letters 10, s2 (2012): S20502–320506. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col201210.s20502.

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3

Kucherenko, Oleg K. "DETERMINATION OF THE ACOUSTO-OPTICAL DEFLECTOR PARAMETERS FOR A LASER-RADIATION ROCKET GUIDANCE SYSTEM." Bulletin of Kyiv Polytechnic Institute. Series Instrument Making, no. 62(2) (December 24, 2021): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.20535/1970.62(2).2021.249110.

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The work is devoted to the development of an acousto-optic deflector for a laser-beam guidance system (LLSN) of missiles. LLSN is used in semiautomatic portable missile systems to destroy hostile targets of various types. An analysis of the methods for constructing such systems has shown that the most promising devices with pulse-code modulation using semiconductor pulsed lasers. The article provides a diagram and describes the principle of operation of the LLSN with pulse-code modulation. A problematic issue in the implementation of such a system is the development of a device for deflecting a laser beam, through which the missile is guided to a target. Scanning mechanical devices that are currently in use have a complex design, significant dimensions and weight, and limited performance. The article proposes to use an acousto-optic deflector to deflect the laser beam within the information field of the guidance system, which is devoid of these disadvantages, since it replaces the mechanical scanning device with an electronic one. The purpose of the article is to determine the main parameters of the acousto-optical deflector. The article discusses the principle of operation of an acousto-optic deflector. It is noted that glasses based on germanium chalcogenides, in particular, glass with the composition Ge2.17As39.13S58.70, have especially low values of acoustic losses (α <1 dB / cm). The largest deflection angle of the laser beam will be observed with Bragg diffraction. Relationships are given that can be used to determine the main characteristics of the deflector: the angle of deflection of the laser beam, the modulation frequency of the acoustic wave, resolution, speed, and others. When using the above ratios for the typical parameters of the existing guidance system, the values of the indicated characteristics are calculated.

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4

Hayden, Victor C., and Luc Y. Beaulieu. "Modeling Rectangular Cantilevers during Torsion and Deflection for Application to Frictional Force Microscopy." Microscopy and Microanalysis 15, no. 3 (May 22, 2009): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927609090382.

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AbstractA numerical and experimental analysis of the optical beam deflection system used to monitor microcantilevers subjected to simultaneous deflection and twisting such as in lateral or frictional force microscopy was performed. This study focused on two optical beam deflection orientations where in the first case the optical beam and the detector are at a right angle to the length of the cantilever and the second case, which is the more standard orientation, the optical beam is parallel to the length of the lever. This study finds that it is possible to model the twist and the deflection separately and treat each motion independently. Simulations have shown that the above-mentioned systems are equivalent in accuracy and sensitivity for monitoring the simultaneous twist and deflection of cantilevers.

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5

Verly, Pierre G. "Low-loss liquid-crystal-clad waveguide switch with a large angular separation of the optical beams." Canadian Journal of Physics 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 476–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p87-064.

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We propose a new nematic liquid-crystal-clad electrooptic waveguide beamsplitter simultaneously capable of very high beam deflections and relatively low losses. A trade-off between the deflection and the cross talk due to unswitched spatial frequencies of a realistic diverging beam is discussed with respect to waveguide materials and geometries.

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6

Caron, James N., James B. Mehl, and Karl V. Steiner. "Acoustic‐wave detection by optical beam deflection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 103, no. 5 (May 1998): 2795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.421838.

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7

Faris, Gregory W., and Robert L. Byer. "Beam-deflection optical tomography of a flame." Optics Letters 12, no. 3 (March 1, 1987): 155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.12.000155.

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8

Sakamoto, João M. S., Renan B. Marques, Cláudio Kitano, Nicolau A. S. Rodrigues, and Rudimar Riva. "Optical beam deflection sensor: design and experiments." Applied Optics 56, no. 28 (September 29, 2017): 8005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.56.008005.

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9

Salloum, Akil, and Yomen Atassi. "On calorimetry by optical beam deflection method." Thermochimica Acta 409, no. 1 (January 2004): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-6031(03)00330-7.

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10

Matsuoka, Tatsuro, Akihiro Kumata, Shinobu Koda, and Hiroyasu Nomura. "Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement Using Optical Beam Deflection." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 34, Part 1, No. 5B (May 30, 1995): 2778–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.34.2778.

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11

Xu, Guo Ya, Jun Hua He, Fan Sen, and Yuan Tao Zhu. "Research of a New All-Optical Solid-State Scanner Based on GaAs." Advanced Materials Research 710 (June 2013): 269–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.710.269.

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Design an all-optical solid-state scanner chip, which can realize high speed light deflection in a very small space, instead of electron beam deflection scan image converter tube and opto-mechanical scanner, cancel the complicated mechanical components, use the all-optical scanning to realize the super fast phenomenon observation. The beam deflection system is based on semiconductor optical waveguide core layer carrier induced refractive index change effect to realize, its development work is mainly divided into semiconductor optical waveguide and saw prisms two parts. And through the experiment, we measured deflection angle of the scanner chip to 1053nm signal light.

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12

HASSAN, QUSAY MOHAMMED ALI. "OPTICAL SWITCHING OF ERYTHROSINE B BASED POLY (METHACRYLATE) FILMS." Modern Physics Letters B 23, no. 26 (October 20, 2009): 3137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984909021181.

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Erythrosine B based poly (methacrylate) films with varying even number of methylene spacers have been prepared by the free radical polymerization method. All optical switching and beam deflection effects of polymer films have been investigated by using Nd :YAG laser (532 nm) as a pump beam and a He – Ne laser (632.8 nm) as a probe beam. The nonlinear refractive indices of polymer films are determined using the Z-scan technique. The optical switching and beam deflection effects are due to the change of the refractive index of polymer under the pump beam. The experimental results show that erythrosine B based poly (methacrylate) films have potential application in optical switching.

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13

Kurkov, A. P. "Optical Measurement of Unducted Fan Blade Deflections." Journal of Turbomachinery 112, no. 4 (October 1, 1990): 751–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2927718.

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A nonintrusive optical method for measuring unducted fan (or propeller) blade deflections is described and evaluated. The measurement does not depend on blade surface reflectivity. Deflection of a point at the leading edge and a point at the trailing edge in a plane nearly perpendicular to the pitch axis is obtained with a single light beam generated by a low-power, helium-neon laser. Quantitative analyses are performed from taped signals on a digital computer. Averaging techniques are employed to reduce random errors. Measured static deflections from a series of high-speed wind tunnel tests of a counterrotating unducted fan model are compared with available predicted deflections, which also are used to evaluate systematic errors.

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14

KONAR, S., P. K. BARHAI, and SARANG MEDHEKAR. "DISPLACEMENT AND DEFLECTION OF OPTICAL BEAMS BY NONLINEAR PLANAR WAVEGUIDE." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 12, no. 01 (March 2003): 101–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863503001286.

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In this paper we investigate the propagation characteristics of an end fired Gaussian optical beam through a planar nonlinear waveguide. Using variational formalism we have derived three coupled second order dynamical equations for the beam widths and centre of gravity of the propagating optical beam. Using these equations, we have investigated numerically the beam deflection, displacement and their possible control by nonlinearity. We have shown that intensity dependent control is possible only when the waveguide core possesses nonlinearity and the substrate is linear. In addition, we have demonstrated that such control is not possible in bulk media. We have further established that setting an appropriate length of the waveguide one can achieve maximum displacement with minimum deflection or minimum displacement with maximum deflection. Possible application of our investigation in optical communication and signal processing are highlighted.

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15

Shen, Yanchun, Jinlan Wang, Qiaolian Wang, Ximing Qiao, Yuye Wang, and Degang Xu. "Broadband Tunable Terahertz Beam Deflector Based on Liquid Crystals and Graphene." Crystals 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2021): 1141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11091141.

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Terahertz (THz) technology has unique applications in, for example, wireless communication, biochemical characterization, and security inspection. However, high-efficiency, low-cost, and actively tunable THz modulators are still scarce. We propose a broadband tunable THz beam deflector based on liquid crystals (LCs). By a periodic gradual distribution of the orientation of the LC in one direction, a frequency-independent geometric phase modulation is obtained. The LC device with this specific orientation distribution was obtained through ultraviolet polarization exposure. We have verified the broadband beam deflection in both the simulation and experiment. The device can achieve a good spin-coupled beam deflection effect in the 0.8–1.2 Thz band, and the average polarization conversion efficiency exceeds 70%. Moreover, because the electro-optical responsivity of LCs is excellent, graphene transparent electrode layers introduced on the upper and lower substrates enable the deflection modulation to be switched and dynamic tuning to be achieved.

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16

Li, Hongliang, Changyi Zhou, Woo-Bin Lee, Duk-Yong Choi, and Sang-Shin Lee. "Flat telescope based on an all-dielectric metasurface doublet enabling polarization-controllable enhanced beam steering." Nanophotonics 11, no. 2 (December 8, 2021): 405–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2021-0609.

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Abstract A flat telescope (FTS), which incorporates an all-dielectric metasurface doublet (MD) based on hydrogenated amorphous silicon nanoposts, is proposed and demonstrated to achieve flexibly magnified angular beam steering that is sensitive to both light polarization and deflection direction. Specifically, for transverse-electric-polarized incident beams, the MD exhibits deflection magnification factors of +5 and +2, while for transverse magnetic polarization, the beam is steered in reverse to yield magnification factors of −5 and −2 in the horizontal and vertical directions, respectively. The proposed MD comprises cascaded metalenses, which can invoke polarization-selective transmission phases. The MD which emulates a set of convex and concave lenses renders positively increased beam deflection, whereas the case corresponding to a pair of convex lenses facilitates negatively amplified beam deflection. The essential phase profiles required for embodying the MD are efficiently extracted from its geometric lens counterpart. Furthermore, the implemented FTS, operating in the vicinity of a 1550 nm wavelength, can successfully enable enhanced beam steering by facilitating polarization-sensitive bidirectional deflection amplifications. The proposed FTS can be applied in the development of a miniaturized light detection and ranging system, where the beam scanning range can be effectively expanded in two dimensions.

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17

Schweitzer, M. A., and J. F. Power. "Optical Depth Profiling of Thin Films by Impulse Mirage Effect Spectroscopy. Part I: Theory." Applied Spectroscopy 48, no. 9 (September 1994): 1054–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702944029550.

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Impulse mirage effect/photothermal deflection spectrometry may be used to detect depth-dependent optical absorption in materials, through the time dependence of the probe beam deflection signal occurring in response to sample irradiation with a short excitation pulse. In this work a theoretical expression was derived for the normal and transverse photothermal deflection signals which occur in a sample with homogeneous thermal properties but where optical absorptivity varies with depth from the surface. An analytical solution of moderate simplicity is obtained for several cases of experimental interest, with three-dimensional heat conduction effects included. The depth profile resolution obtained with the mirage effect method is critically dependent on the distance between the sample layer probed and the offset position of the probe beam in the fluid layer above the sample. Saturation conditions and conditions for obtaining optimal depth resolution of continuous and discrete optical profiles are examined in detail.

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18

Choi, Pak-Kon. "Broadband ultrasonic absorption measurements using optical beam deflection." Journal of the Acoustical Society of Japan (E) 13, no. 4 (1992): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1250/ast.13.209.

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19

Wu, Jiaqi, Takehiko Kitamori, and Tsuguo Sawada. "Optical beam deflection signal from a single microparticle." Applied Physics Letters 57, no. 1 (July 2, 1990): 22–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.103569.

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20

Csahók, E., E. Vieil, and G. Inzelt. "Optical beam deflection study of indium-hexacyanoferrate films." Synthetic Metals 103, no. 1-3 (June 1999): 2687–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0379-6779(98)01321-6.

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21

Wu, Jiaqi, Takehiko Kitamori, and Tsuguo Sawada. "Theory of optical beam deflection for single microparticles." Journal of Applied Physics 69, no. 10 (May 15, 1991): 7015–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.347640.

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22

Wetsel Jr., Grover C., and James B. Spicer. "Nonlinear effects in photothermal-optical-beam-deflection imaging." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1269–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-219.

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Nonlinear phenomena have been observed during photothermal-optical-beam-deflection imaging experiments on samples of both high-purity aluminum and aluminum alloys. Evidence for nonlinear optical and thermal effects have been measured. Theoretical models have been developed as aids in understanding the different contrast mechanisms observed in linear and nonlinear photothermal images.

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23

Ja, Y. H. "Optical beam deflection using dynamic volume reflection gratings." Optical and Quantum Electronics 21, no. 2 (March 1989): 151–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02190081.

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24

Sakhnenko, N. K. "Complex source point concept in the modelling of dynamic control for optical beam deflection." Semiconductor Physics Quantum Electronics and Optoelectronics 15, no. 3 (September 25, 2012): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/spqeo15.03.209.

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25

Park, Kuen Tea, Moon G. Lee, Dae Sik Jeong, Dong Kwon Kim, Moo Joong Kim, Jai Suk Yoo, and Hyun Jung Kim. "Analytical Study of the Thermal and Optical Properties Effect on the Collinear Deflection Method." Advanced Materials Research 811 (September 2013): 353–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.811.353.

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Recently, study of transparent materials, such as thin film form, have an important field for the development of advanced electronic devices. Therefore, the need for the precision thermal property measurement techniques of transparent thin film materials becomes increasing according to the development of these material. The ideal methods for optically measurements of these properties are noncontact method. However, optically measurements are often difficult due to the transparency. So, transparent materials have not enough temperature gradient in the air layer above thin films. To solve this problem, we used the collinear deflection method which is one of the photothermal deflection methods. In the measurement process, both of the pump beam and probe beam are irradiated vertically on the transparent sample. And the probe beam is deflected by refractive index variation of samples due to the temperature gradient inside samples.The purpose of this study is to analyze the effect of thermal and optical properties analytically on the collinear deflection method for variable materials.

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26

Torres, David, Sarah Dooley, and LaVern A. Starman. "Large Out-of-Plane Deflection MEMS Actuators for Optical Applications." Proceedings 2, no. 13 (November 30, 2018): 1072. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2131072.

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The design and fabrication of an electrothermal MEMS actuation structure which is capable of producing large out-of-plane deflection is presented. The actuators are used to move a 1 mm2 mirror structure, where the large deflection allows one to achieve large beam steering angles. The electrothermal actuators are designed to operate via joule heating with a monolithically integrated heater. The proposed design was analyzed using finite element method simulation software (COMSOL 5.3a), to determine the thickness of each material layer, the initial out-of-plane upward deflections, the configuration of the heating element to achieve the desired actuation deformations, and the overall steady-state temperature distribution through the actuation structure due to Joule heating. Finally, the actuation assemblies were fabricated, released, tested and compared with our simulation results.

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27

Mishra, Rohit, Wilfried Grange, and Martin Hegner. "Rapid and Reliable Calibration of Laser Beam Deflection System for Microcantilever-Based Sensor Setups." Journal of Sensors 2012 (2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/617386.

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Cantilever array-based sensor devices widely utilise the laser-based optical deflection method for measuring static cantilever deflections mostly with home-built devices with individual geometries. In contrast to scanning probe microscopes, cantilever array devices have no additional positioning device like a piezo stage. As the cantilevers are used in more and more sensitive measurements, it is important to have a simple, rapid, and reliable calibration relating the deflection of the cantilever to the change in position measured by the position-sensitive detector. We present here a simple method for calibrating such systems utilising commercially available AFM cantilevers and the equipartition theorem.

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28

Li, Bingcheng, Yanzhuo Deng, and Jieke Cheng. "Pulsed Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy with Optically Dense Samples." Applied Spectroscopy 49, no. 3 (March 1995): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702953963436.

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The pulsed photothermal deflection spectroscopy (PTDS) method to determine the large optical absorption coefficient from the transverse PTDS magnitude and to measure spectroscopic data of optically dense sample from the normal-to-transverse magnitude ratio of the PTDS signal is presented and has been examined both theoretically and experimentally. Saturation at high absorption, effects of thermal inhomogeneity of the sample, and energy or power fluctuation of both the excitation and probe beams are avoided by this method. Together with the transverse PTDS technique, the dynamic range of spectroscopic measurement is over 9 to 10 orders of magnitude. This technique can be used with sample which is transparent or semitransparent to the probe beam.

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29

Kashani Ilkhechi, Afshin Kashani, Matthew Martell, and Roger Zemp. "Miniature Deformable MEMS Mirrors for Ultrafast Optical Focusing." Micromachines 14, no. 1 (December 24, 2022): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi14010040.

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Here, we introduce ultrafast tunable MEMS mirrors consisting of a miniature circular mirrored membrane, which can be electrostatically actuated to change the mirror curvature at unprecedented speeds. The central deflection zone is a close approximation to a parabolic mirror. The device is fabricated with a minimal membrane diameter, but at least double the size of a focused optical spot. The theory and simulations are used to predict maximum relative focal shifts as a function of membrane size and deflection, beam waist, and incident focal position. These devices are demonstrated to enable fast tuning of the focal wavefront of laser beams at ≈MHz tuning rates, two to three orders of magnitude faster than current optical focusing technologies. The fabricated devices have a silicon membrane with a 30–100 μm radius and a 350 nm gap spacing between the top and bottom electrodes. These devices can change the focal position of a tightly focused beam by ≈1 mm at rates up to 4.9 MHz and with response times smaller than 5 μs.

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30

Chang, G. Y., R. B. Givens, J. W. M. Spicer, R. Osiander, and J. C. Murphy. "Optical beam deflection imaging of the electron beam interaction volume in semiconductors." Applied Physics Letters 63, no. 5 (August 2, 1993): 645–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.109977.

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31

Sugihara, Kazuyoshi. "Optical beam-deflection scanning force microscope with easy cantilever-laser beam alignment." Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 12, no. 2 (March 1994): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.587400.

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32

Garcia-Cadena, Carlos. "Optical device for thermal effusivity estimation of liquids." Revista Mexicana de Física 64, no. 2 (March 14, 2018): 101. http://dx.doi.org/10.31349/revmexfis.64.101.

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We determined the thermal effusivity of liquids using an optical sensor based on the laser beam deflection technique, without directly heat the samples and thus minimally altering them. Applying a heat pulse in a thermo-optical slab we generate a unidimensional temperature distribution. This temperature distribution modifies the refractive index in the slab that finally causes the deflection of a laser beam that propagates perpendicularly to the direction of the heat propagation. The deflection of the laser beam depends on the interaction of the thermal energy with the sample at the slab interface. The exchange of thermal energy between the thermo-optical slab and the sample depends, on the thermal properties of both of them, being the thermal effusivity of our particular interest. Utilizing a theoretical model, we estimate the thermal effusivity of liquids using tridistilled-water and glycerine as reference.We present a simplified version of a past sensor proposal as well as the theoretical analysis of the sensor response. We obtain the thermal effusivity of tridistilled water and glycerine samples with a maximum error of 3%. Finally, we estimate the thermal effusivity of dissolutions of NaCl in tridistilled-water with maximum error of 7.3%.

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33

Vattulainen, Juha, and Rolf Hernberg. "A versatile laser beam deflection sensor utilizing optical fibers." Review of Scientific Instruments 64, no. 6 (June 1993): 1451–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1144061.

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34

Kowalski, Frank V., Thomas E. Milner, and Mickel J. Stanich. "Beam deflection as a method for testing optical components." Applied Optics 25, no. 20 (October 15, 1986): 3735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.25.003735.

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35

Sell, Jeffrey A. "Optical ray tracing for crossed beam photothermal deflection spectroscopy." Applied Optics 26, no. 2 (January 15, 1987): 336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.26.000336.

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36

Liang, Lingliang, Jinshou Tian, Tao Wang, Shengli Wu, Fuli Li, Junfeng Wang, and Guilong Gao. "Ultrafast optical beam deflection in a pump probe configuration." Chinese Physics B 25, no. 9 (August 30, 2016): 090602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/25/9/090602.

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37

Yamaguchi, Kouki, and Pak-Kon Choi. "Probing Focused Sound Fields Using Optical-Beam Deflection Method." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 45, no. 5B (May 25, 2006): 4621–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.45.4621.

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38

Janik, G. R., B. D. Cannon, R. Ogorzalek-Loo, and B. A. Bushaw. "Isotopically selective optical deflection of a krypton atomic beam." Journal of the Optical Society of America B 6, no. 9 (September 1, 1989): 1617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josab.6.001617.

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39

Shwartz, Sharon, Mordechai Segev, and Uri El-Hanany. "Self-deflection and all-optical beam steering in CdZnTe." Optics Letters 29, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.29.000760.

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40

Gagné, M. C., P. Galarneau, and S. L. Chin. "Photorefractive deflection technique using parallel and overlaping probe and pump beams." Canadian Journal of Physics 64, no. 9 (September 1, 1986): 1116–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p86-192.

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The present work provides an experimental study of a pulsed photorefractive technique to diagnose the interior of an irradiated region. Results obtained in a mixture of SF6 and Ar are presented to illustrate the experimental technique. Three distinct areas have been studied, (i) The two beams are parallel and their optical axes are coincident (collinear). At this particular position, the probe beam suffers a defocusing effect that is used to align collinearly two laser beams with a precision of ±3 μm. (ii) The two beams are parallel but slightly off axis. In this case, the probe beam suffers a deviation that is the sole result of a rarefaction in the irradiated region followed by the normal thermal equilibration. (iii) The two beams are parallel and slightly overlapping. The probe beam suffers a deviation similar to the preceding one. Moreover, it sees an initial outward-propagating acoustic (density) wave. It is in this particular region that the acoustic perturbation appears. Finaly, the gas mixture used under our experimental conditions is a good candidate for the collinear alignment of several laser beams. The only restrictions are that the pump laser must produce a beam with a symmetrical intensity profile, the other laser beams must be continuous-wave beams, and the gas mixture must be transparent to the latter.

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41

Larsen, Kyle, Stefan Lehnardt, Bryce Anderson, Joseph Rowley, Richard Vanfleet, and Robert Davis. "Determining local modulus and strength of heterogeneous films by force–deflection mapping of microcantilevers." Review of Scientific Instruments 94, no. 3 (March 1, 2023): 033904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0092934.

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Estimating the elastic modulus and strength of heterogeneous films requires local measurement techniques. For local mechanical film testing, microcantilevers were cut into suspended many-layer graphene using a focused ion beam. An optical transmittance technique was used to map thickness near the cantilevers, and multipoint force–deflection mapping with an atomic force microscope was used to record the compliance of the cantilevers. These data were used to estimate the elastic modulus of the film by fitting the compliance at multiple locations along the cantilever to a fixed-free Euler–Bernoulli beam model. This method resulted in a lower uncertainty than is possible from analyzing only a single force–deflection. The breaking strength of the film was also found by deflecting cantilevers until fracture. The average modulus and strength of the many-layer graphene films are 300 and 12 GPa, respectively. The multipoint force–deflection method is well suited to analyze films that are heterogeneous in thickness or wrinkled.

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42

Bialkowski, Stephen E., Xiaoyun Gu, Pete E. Poston, and Linda S. Powers. "Pulsed-Laser Excited Differential Photothermal Deflection Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 9 (September 1992): 1335–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924123845.

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This paper describes a differential photothermal optical absorbance apparatus that uses two excitation beams at different wavelengths. A single probe beam monitors the difference in heats generated by the two wavelengths. The theory is developed for the operational principles of the apparatus, and theoretical signals are compared with those obtained with a conventional absorption spectrophotometer. The differential photothermal apparatus has a theoretical advantage over conventional spectrophotometry for samples with less than unit absorbance. Experiments are described which verify the operating principles and demonstrate the flexibility of the apparatus.

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43

Ye, Rong, Zhe-Qiang Zhong, and Xian-Yun Wu. "Scanning broadband optical parametric chirped pulse amplification based on optical beam deflection." Acta Physica Sinica 68, no. 2 (2019): 024205. http://dx.doi.org/10.7498/aps.68.20181538.

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44

Higurashi, Eiji, Renshi Sawada, and Takahiro Ito. "Monolithically integrated optical displacement sensor based on triangulation and optical beam deflection." Applied Optics 38, no. 9 (March 20, 1999): 1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.38.001746.

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45

Geckeler, Ralf D. "Achieving Nanorad Level Stability of Beam Deflection with Scanning Pentaprisms." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 547–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.547.

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A movable pentaprism is a key element in deflectometric profilers, where it directs the beam of an angle measuring device towards the surface under test and enables at the same time the flexible lateral displacement of the beam footprint on the surface. The beam deflection angle of the pentaprism is robust with regard to changes in its angular orientation. Optimal stability is achieved, however, only when the angle measuring device, the pentaprism, and the surface have initially been properly aligned. A newly developed procedure enables the rapid and accurate in-situ adjustment of all angles of the optical components in deflectometric set-ups with an uncertainty of several microrad. In combination with precision mechanical stages, variations in the prism’s deflection angle (caused by changes in its angular orientation) can then be limited to the nanorad level.

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46

Cheng, Lin, Kun Huang, Yu Wang, and Fan Wu. "Dynamic Tunable Deflection of Radiation Based on Epsilon-Near-Zero Material." Photonics 10, no. 6 (June 14, 2023): 688. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/photonics10060688.

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Epsilon-near-zero nanoantennas can be used to tune the far-field radiation pattern due to their exceptionally large intensity-dependent refractive index. In this study, we propose a hybrid optical antenna based on indium tin oxide (ITO) to enable optical tuning of the deflection of radiation, specifically a hybrid structure antenna of ITO and dielectric material, which makes the deflection angle changes 17∘ as incident intensities increase. Moreover, by employing an array of ITO or hybrid nanodisks, we can enhance the unidirectionality of the radiation pattern, resulting in a needle-like shape with an angular beam width α< 8∘ of the main lobe. The deflection angle of the radiation pattern response with the needle-like lobe paves the way for further studies and applications in beam steering and optical modulation where dynamic control of the nanoantennas is highly desirable.

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47

Wagner, Robert E., and Andreas Mandelis. "Photothermal Beam Deflection and Photoaction Spectroscopic Study of CdS Photoelectrodes in Polysulfide Electrolyte." Applied Spectroscopy 43, no. 2 (February 1989): 209–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702894203291.

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A number of experimental photothermal deflection, ac photovoltage, and ac photocurrent spectra for CdS photoelectrochemical cells are presented. The spectra were obtained under various conditions, with the use of modulated light: open circuit and short circuit, and with a dc bias applied across the working and counter electrodes. The measurement of both the photothermal deflection and the photoaction signals allows one to monitor two energy conversion channels, namely optical-to-thermal, and optical-to-electrical. The photothermal deflection technique was found to provide useful information regarding the surface condition of the electrodes, with respect to polishing or corrosion damage. Finally, the effect of a current-induced species gradient at the working electrode/electrolyte interface upon the photothermal deflection signal is also examined.

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48

Li Voti, Roberto, Grigore Leahu, Emilija Petronijevic, Alessandro Belardini, Tiziana Cesca, Carlo Scian, Giovanni Mattei, and Concita Sibilia. "Characterization of Chirality in Diffractive Metasurfaces by Photothermal Deflection Technique." Applied Sciences 12, no. 3 (January 21, 2022): 1109. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12031109.

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Chirality, a lack of mirror symmetry, is present in nature at all scales; at the nanoscale, it governs the biochemical reactions of many molecules, influencing their pharmacology and toxicity. Chiral substances interact with left and right circularly polarized light differently, but this difference is very minor in natural materials. Specially engineered, nanostructured, periodic materials can enhance the chiro-optical effects if the symmetry in their interactions with circular polarization is broken. In the diffraction range of such metasurfaces, the intensity of diffracted orders depends on the chirality of the input beam. In this work, we combine a photothermal deflection experiment with a novel theoretical framework to reconstruct both the thermal and optical behavior of chiro-optical behavior in diffracted beams.

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49

Khalid, Ata Ur Rahman, Juan Liu, Naeem Ullah, and Shiqi Jia. "Tunable beam deflection based on plasmonic resonators mounted freestanding thermoresponsive hydrogel." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 6 (2020): 062402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.062402.

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50

Zhang, Lixin, Mathijs W. H. Garming, Jacob P. Hoogenboom, and Pieter Kruit. "Beam displacement and blur caused by fast electron beam deflection." Ultramicroscopy 211 (April 2020): 112925. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112925.

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