Книги: "Opinions des individus"

1

Ontario. Esquisse de cours 12e année: Individus, familles et sociétés hhs4m cours préuniversitaire. Vanier, Ont: CFORP, 2002.

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2

Popkin, William D. Evolution of the judicial opinion: Institutional and individual styles. New York: New York University Press, 2007.

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3

Paternostro, Stefano. Individual attitudes toward corruption: Do social effects matter? Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2003.

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4

Inter-American Court of Human Rights and International Court of Justice, eds. The construction of a humanized international law: A collection of individual opinions (1991-2013). Leiden: Brill Nijhoff, 2015.

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5

Facchini, Giovanni. Individual attitudes towards immigrants: Welfare-state determinants across countries. Bonn, Germany: IZA, 2006.

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6

Perea, Eva Anduiza. Individuos o sistemas?: Las razones de la abstención en Europa occidental. [Madrid]: Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas, 1999.

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7

Lochner, Lance. Individual perceptions of the criminal justice system. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2003.

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8

Marcie, Pitt-Catsouphes, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Different perspectives: Workplace experience with the employment of individuals with disabilities. [Boston, MA]: Center on Work & Family, Boston University, 1995.

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9

Maria, Mayda Anna, and Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, eds. From individual attitudes towards migrants to migration policy outcomes: Theory and evidence. Torino: Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, 2008.

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10

H, Karash Karla, National Research Council (U.S.). Transportation Research Board., Transit Cooperative Research Program, United States. Federal Transit Administration., and Transit Development Corporation, eds. Understanding how individuals make travel and location decisions: Implications for public transportation. Washington, D.C: Transportation Research Board, 2008.

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11

Atkin, Jonathan. A war of individuals: Bloomsbury attitudes to the Great War. Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2002.

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12

Scheve, Kenneth F. Labor-market competition and individual preferences over immigration policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.

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13

Maria, Mayda Anna, and Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, eds. Does the welfare state affect individual attitudes towards immigrants?: Evidence across countries. Torino: Centro Studi Luca d'Agliano, 2007.

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14

Sampson, Robert J. Attitudes toward crime, police, and the law: Individual and neighborhood differences : summary of a research. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Justice Program, National Institute of Justice, 1999.

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15

Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. Secretariat. Press and Public Information Section. 30 years, 30 opinions: Individual perspectives on the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe and its successor, the Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe. Vienna, Austria: OSCE, Press and Public Information Section, OSCE Secretariat, 2006.

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16

Hoest, Peter van der. Talking about a "rising China": An analysis of Indian official discourse 1996-2012. New Delhi: Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses, 2015.

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17

1953-, Montiel Luis, and Porras Isabel, eds. De la responsabilidad individual a la culpabilización de la víctima: El papel del paciente en la prevención de la enfermedad. Aranjuez: Doce Calles, 1997.

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18

1950-, Mellard Daryl F., Hoffman Lesa, and Educational Resources Information Center (U.S.), eds. Current status on accommodating students with disabilities in selected community and technical colleges: The Individual Accommodations Model : accommodating students with disabilities in post-secondary settings : a project of the University of Kansas, Center for Research on Learning, Division of Adult Studies. [Washington, DC]: U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, Educational Resources Information Center, 2001.

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19

Romashkina, Al'bina. Virtual communication space: interaction between government and society. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/2032495.

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The monograph is devoted to the Internet communication space as one of the key resources of the political sphere of activity. The article describes the emergence of new, previously non-existent forms and ways of interaction between different social groups, individuals and strata of society; the formation of interactive platforms for public discussions, where subjects of communication can accumulate and articulate their opinions, design and change public and individual consciousness. The article highlights the need for government institutions to maintain the ability to manage society, and for the political system to respond to the changes taking place; the possibility of personalized user management based on their psychological characteristics in the interests of the initiators of communication. The article reveals the mobilization potential of the Internet space, used by various actors to attract various groups of the population and civil society institutions to political participation and increasing the importance of communication processes in the political governance of modern states; the expansion of the political segment of the Internet, allowing the use of modern digital technologies to implement various tasks, including ensuring the stability of the political system. The digital communication space is considered as a competitive environment, where the struggle between different political actors for the possession, interpretation and transmission of information as one of the key resources of power increases, which can contribute to the formation of new totalitarian and authoritarian regimes based on new communication technologies. It is characterized by the possibility of changing the consciousness of individuals with the help of information they receive in the online space to achieve the goals of various actors in real life, which gives new meaning and significance to the problem of freedom of information and communication in connection with the development of digital communication technologies. For students, postgraduates and teachers of political science universities and faculties, as well as a wide range of readers interested in issues of interaction between government and society in the virtual communication space.

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20

Martini, Carlo, and Jan Sprenger. Opinion Aggregation and Individual Expertise. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0009.

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Group judgments are often influenced by their members’ individual expertise. It is less clear, though, how individual expertise should affect the group judgments. This chapter surveys a wide range of models of opinion aggregation and group judgment: models where all group members have the same impact on the group judgment, models that take into account differences in individual accuracy, and models where group members revise their beliefs as a function of their mutual respect. The scope of these models covers the aggregation of propositional attitudes, probability functions, and numerical estimates. By comparing these different kinds of models and contrasting them with findings in psychology, management science, and the expert judgment literature, the chapter provides a better understanding of the role of expertise in group agency, both from a theoretical and from an empirical perspective.

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21

Dinwiddie, Stephen H. Communication with Mass Media. Edited by John Z. Sadler, K. W. M. Fulford, and Werdie (C W. ). van Staden. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198732372.013.4.

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In 1964, well over 2000 US psychiatrists responded to a magazine poll questioning Barry Goldwater’s psychological fitness to serve as president of the USA. The embarrassment this poll caused the field subsequently led to the American Psychiatric Association’s adoption of the “Goldwater Rule,” prohibiting psychiatrists from offering a professional opinion about an individual in the absence of an examination and the proper authorization to release such information. Is this sweeping ban proper, or are there situations in which psychiatric commentary on the behavior and motivations of a public figure can be justified? In this chapter, it is argued that under some circumstances, opining from afar—in the absence of direct examination or permission to disclose one’s opinions—can be justified.

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22

Ottati, Victor, and Chase Wilson. Open-Minded Cognition and Political Thought. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190228637.013.143.

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Dogmatic or closed-minded cognition is directionally biased; a tendency to select, interpret, and elaborate upon information in a manner that reinforces the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. Open-minded cognition is directionally unbiased; a tendency to process information in a manner that is not biased in the direction of the individual’s prior opinion or expectation. It is marked by a tendency to consider a variety of intellectual perspectives, values, attitudes, opinions, or beliefs—even those that contradict the individual’s prior opinion. Open-Minded Cognition is assessed using measures that specifically focus on the degree to which individuals process information in a directionally biased manner. Open-Minded Cognition can function as an individual difference characteristic that predicts a variety of social attitudes and political opinions. These include attitudes toward marginalized social groups (e.g., racial and ethnic minorities), support for democratic values, political ideology, and partisan identification. Open-Minded Cognition also possesses a malleable component that varies across domains and specific situations. For example, Open-Minded Cognition is higher in the political domain than religious domain. In addition, Open-Minded Cognition is prevalent in situations where individuals encounter plausible arguments that are compatible with conventional values, but is less evident when individuals encounter arguments that are extremely implausible or that contradict conventional values. Within a situation, Open-Minded Cognition also varies across social roles involving expertise. Because political novices possess limited political knowledge, social norms dictate that they should listen and learn in an open-minded fashion. In contrast, because political experts possess extensive knowledge, social norms dictate that they are entitled to adopt a more dogmatic cognitive orientation when listening to a political communication.

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23

Dietrich, Franz, and Christian List. Probabilistic Opinion Pooling. Edited by Alan Hájek and Christopher Hitchcock. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607617.013.37.

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Suppose several individuals (e.g., experts on a panel) each assign probabilities to some events. How can these individual probability assignments be aggregated into a single collective probability assignment? This chapter is a review of several proposed solutions to this problem, focusing on three salient proposals: linear pooling (the weighted or unweighted linear averaging of probabilities), geometric pooling (the weighted or unweighted geometric averaging of probabilities), and multiplicative pooling (where probabilities are multiplied rather than averaged). Axiomatic characterizations of each class of pooling functions are presented (most characterizations are classic results, but one is new), with the argument that linear pooling can be justified “procedurally” but not “epistemically”, while the other two pooling methods can be justified “epistemically”. The choice between them, in turn, depends on whether the individuals' probability assignments are based on shared information or on private information. In conclusion a number of other pooling methods are mentioned.

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24

Bayoneting with opinions. Gurgaon, India: Zorba Books Pvt. Ltd., 2017.

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25

Popkin, William. Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. NYU Press, 2007.

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26

Popkin, William D. Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. New York University Press, 2007.

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27

Evolution of the Judicial Opinion: Institutional and Individual Styles. New York University Press, 2007.

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28

Goldman, Cristin S. Able-bodied individuals' perceptions of individuals with disabilities. 1998.

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29

Warshaw, Christopher. Latent Constructs in Public Opinion. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.30.

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Many of the most important constructs in public opinion research are abstract, latent quantities that cannot be directly observed from individual questions on surveys. Examples include ideology, political knowledge, racial prejudice, and consumer confidence. In each of these examples, individual survey questions are merely noisy indicators of the theoretical quantities that scholars are interested in measuring. This chapter describes a number of approaches for measuring latent constructs such as these at both the individual and group levels. It also discusses a number of substantive applications of latent constructs in public opinion research. Finally, it discusses methodological frontiers in the measurement of latent constructs.

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30

Bonnay, Denis. A Clustering-Based Approach to Collective Beliefs. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190680534.003.0008.

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In this chapter, I argue in favor of a new approach to collective beliefs in unorganized groups, in terms of doxastic clustering. When a group does not have dedicated mechanisms for production of collective beliefs, and when individual beliefs of members of the group are diverse, it does not make much sense to attribute to the group some average beliefs or any other kind of collective beliefs produced by aggregating individual beliefs. Rather, beliefs are meaningfully attributed to coherent subgroups of individuals who share similar opinions. In this case, attribution of collective beliefs involves both clustering, that is partitioning the group into coherent doxastic units, and aggregation, that is aggregating individual opinions within coherent clusters. Adapting standard judgment aggregation theory, I propose a formal framework for doxastic clustering and provide an axiomatic characterization of majoritarian intra-cluster aggregation.

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31

Trindade, Antônio Augusto Cançado. Judge Antônio A. Cançado Trindade. the Construction of a Humanized International Law: A Collection of Individual Opinions , Volume 1 and 2 and a Collection of Individual Opinions , Volume 3. BRILL, 2018.

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32

Yang, Sijia, and Sandra González-Bailón. Semantic Networks and Applications in Public Opinion Research. Edited by Jennifer Nicoll Victor, Alexander H. Montgomery, and Mark Lubell. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190228217.013.14.

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Semantic networks represent and model messages and discourse as a relational structure, emphasizing patterns of interdependence among semantic units or actors-concepts. This chapter traces the epistemological roots of semantic networks, then illustrates with examples how this approach can contribute to the study of political rhetoric or opinions. It focuses on three levels of analysis: cognitive mapping at the individual level, discourse analysis at the interpersonal level, and framing and salience at the collective level. Drawing from the rich literature on natural language processing and machine learning, the chapter introduces readers to essential methodological considerations when extracting and building up semantic networks from textual data. It also offers a discussion on the relevance of semantic networks to analyzing public opinion, especially as it manifests in discursive and deliberative theories of democracy.

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33

Bonet Navarro, Jaime. HUMAN RIGHTS Evolution in the digital era. Edited by Magdalena Sitek. Wydawnictwo Wyższej Szkoły Gospodarki Euroregionalnej im. Alcide De Gasperi w Józefowie, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.13166/wsge/hr-pl/thaz5155.

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This publication contains studies conducted by authors from several European countries that have cooperated with each other for many years in the field of human rights. The fruit of this cooperation are numerous conferences and publications in various languages. What is most important, however, is the exchange of experiences and opinions on understanding and application of individual human rights from the perspective of the experiences of societies living in the European cultural circle, and at the same time functioning in different historical and geographical conditions. This publication is an attempt to look at human rights from the perspective of the dynamic progress that is connected with the development of ICT tools. It is not only about digitization or automation of human work, but above all about creating a virtual society, in which artificial intelligence plays an important role. A significant part of human activity, especially interpersonal communication, takes place with the use of social media. Moreover, individual contact with public authorities are being gradually replaced by intelligent computer programs. In the United States, there is already an IT system, which adjudicates in minor misdemeanor cases. Modern researches in IT sector aim to build programs that allow to support human thinking through recommendation algorithms or suggesting automatically learned solutions, and even aim at autonomous decision-making. This last level of shifting responsibility for decisions to artificial intelligence is assessed extremely positive by many people, but also brings many fears. A virtual society built with the use of artificial intelligence changes the perception of many human rights, such as the right to good name, the right to freely express one’s opinion, the right to property, the right to state or national identity. Hence this publication contains various opinions on the artificial intelligence and its role in the functioning of society and importance for the life of an individual. The added value of this publication is the fact that it contains balanced views and assessments of authors from various European countries and academic societies conducting research on digital reality. This publication will certainly allow the reader to form his or her own opinion on human rights in the context of artificial intelligence.

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34

Champeau, Donna A. Factors influencing individuals attitudes toward voluntary active euthanasia and physician assisted suicide. 1994.

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35

The Bible in the public schools: Opinions of individuals and of the press, and judicial decisions. New York: J.W. Schermerhorn, 1986.

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36

Islamophobia in the West: Measuring and explaining individual attitudes. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2012.

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37

Richardson, Glenn, ed. Social Media and Politics. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216986782.

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This two-volume set explores the various ways social media are profoundly changing politics in America. The last decade has seen dramatic changes in the U.S. political process. The advent of social media and other new forms of expression have enabled an unprecedented number of citizens to enter the political arena by expressing their opinions about issues and candidates in ways that can influence untold numbers of voters and officials. But the vast majority of politicians have not fully grasped how social media has fundamentally changed the process of communication or adjusted to the dramatic shift in political power that is taking place. Written by experts on the intersections of politics, public opinion, and popular culture, this book examines how new media have brought political "power to the people" like never before, provided new channels through which politicians communicate and attempt to influence public opinion, and caused a game-changing shift in political power. Volume one focuses on how savvy politicians are learning to communicate in new ways via new media in order to enhance their political appeal. The second volume examines the various ways in which individuals or groups who use new/social media are affecting voters' decisions, applying pressure to elected or appointed officials, and influencing the direction of the country.

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38

Richardson, Glenn, ed. Social Media and Politics. Praeger, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216986799.

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This two-volume set explores the various ways social media are profoundly changing politics in America. The last decade has seen dramatic changes in the U.S. political process. The advent of social media and other new forms of expression have enabled an unprecedented number of citizens to enter the political arena by expressing their opinions about issues and candidates in ways that can influence untold numbers of voters and officials. But the vast majority of politicians have not fully grasped how social media has fundamentally changed the process of communication or adjusted to the dramatic shift in political power that is taking place. Written by experts on the intersections of politics, public opinion, and popular culture, this book examines how new media have brought political "power to the people" like never before, provided new channels through which politicians communicate and attempt to influence public opinion, and caused a game-changing shift in political power. Volume one focuses on how savvy politicians are learning to communicate in new ways via new media in order to enhance their political appeal. The second volume examines the various ways in which individuals or groups who use new/social media are affecting voters' decisions, applying pressure to elected or appointed officials, and influencing the direction of the country.

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39

Cleary, Dee. Remigius Dei Girolami's Political Opinion : the Relationship Between Individual and Community: Political Science Major. Independently Published, 2021.

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40

Walker, Teri. Today’s Environmental Issues. ABC-CLIO, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216026266.

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An accessible and impartial survey of the positions of the Republican and Democratic parties on the most pressing environmental issues of our time, from climate change and wilderness preservation to air and water pollution. Today's Environmental Issues: Democrats and Republicans presents a unique perspective on party politics—one that impartially identifies similarities and differences regarding an array of topics ranging from fracking, sustainability, and pesticides to logging and noise pollution. Essays provide both historical information and up-to-date coverage of partisan opinions on today's environmental concerns. Written for upper level high school students, undergraduates, and general audiences interested in environmental issues and partisan viewpoints, this book enables readers to better understand the origins, details, differences, and commonalities of partisan opinions surrounding today's environmental concerns. Each environmental issue is unique with its own set of concerns and impacts, particularly when viewed from a party perspective. By examining a breadth of issues from the party viewpoint, readers can understand how the parties could work together or in opposition, depending on the environmental issue—and that the parties may not always be polar opposites on every issue, a characterization that is often portrayed in the media. Each essay includes a sidebar that presents a quick look at the party line, individuals who have shaped opinion or policy, or key court decisions.

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41

Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2013.

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42

Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2013.

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43

Atkin, Jonathan. War of Individuals: Bloomsbury Attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2018.

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44

Guisinger, Alexandra. Could Positive Information Shift National-Level Beliefs? Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190651824.003.0008.

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Chapter 8 asks whether changing the types of information provided to voters would sufficiently move public opinion to make such a strategy viable for political actors. Three original survey experiments explore the role of positive factual information, partisan factual information, and simple altruistic framing in shaping opinions. In the first case, a randomly selected half of respondents watched a trade supportive political campaign ad narrated by John McCain. In the second case, respondents received positive messages from experts about the benefits for the United States of the World Trade Organization and the costs to the United States of responding to Chinese currency manipulation, but the partisan attribution of the expert cited in these messages varied. In the final case, respondents identified in random order their preference for U.S. trade policy and their preference for Chinese trade policy. Although all three affected individuals’ beliefs, those effects were not strong enough to overcome most participants’ support for trade protection. Positive messages also increased, rather than decreased, gender and race gaps in preferences for trade protection. The chapter concludes by arguing that these findings support the decision of most individuals seeking reelection not to embrace pro-trade messages.

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45

Hochschild, Jennifer, and Maya Sen. Americans’ Attitudes on Individual or Racially Inflected Genetic Inheritance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190465285.003.0003.

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This chapter proffers a political science perspective on how Americans view the ways in which genetics affect identity. It lays the groundwork for exploring possible relationships in the eyes of the public between genetics and race, by developing hypotheses based mainly on extrapolations from popular media or American history. Next the chapter introduces a 2011 public opinion survey of approximately 4,000 US adults. The Genomics Knowledge, Attitudes, and Politics Survey includes questions designed to reveal Americans' views about the importance of genetics in explaining various traits, behaviors, and diseases. The chapter then shows that respondents' understanding of the relationships among race, genes, and phenotypes is coherent and sensible (regardless of whether it is right or wrong).

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46

United States Reports, Volume 517: Cases Adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 1995, Opinions of March 20 Through (in Part) June 13, 1996, TogetherWith ... Opinion of Individual Justice in Chambers. Supreme Court, 1999.

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47

Lenz, Holly Hanson. Factors influencing individual attitudes toward environmental health communications. 1996.

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48

Atkin, Jonathan. A war of individuals: Bloomsbury attitudes to the Great War. Manchester University Press, 2002.

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49

Klašnja, Marko, Pablo Barberá, Nick Beauchamp, Jonathan Nagler, and Joshua A. Tucker. Measuring Public Opinion with Social Media Data. Edited by Lonna Rae Atkeson and R. Michael Alvarez. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190213299.013.3.

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This chapter examines the use of social networking sites such as Twitter in measuring public opinion. It first considers the opportunities and challenges that are involved in conducting public opinion surveys using social media data. Three challenges are discussed: identifying political opinion, representativeness of social media users, and aggregating from individual responses to public opinion. The chapter outlines some of the strategies for overcoming these challenges and proceeds by highlighting some of the novel uses for social media that have fewer direct analogs in traditional survey work. Finally, it suggests new directions for a research agenda in using social media for public opinion work.

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50

Butterworth, Charles E. Arabic Contributions to Medieval Political Theory. Edited by George Klosko. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199238804.003.0011.

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This article explores political philosophy within the medieval Arabic-Islamic tradition of the Middle East, focusing on the contributions of a few thinkers including Alfarabi, Avicenna, Ibn Bajja, Ibn Tufayl, Ibn Rushd, Averroes, and Ibn Khaldūn. Political philosophy in general differs from political thought, on the one hand, and political theology, on the other, insofar as it seeks to replace opinion about political affairs by knowledge. Political philosophy in the medieval Arabic-Islamic tradition of the Middle East differs from that in the medieval Arabic-Jewish or Arabic-Christian traditions in that it is beholden neither to political nor to theological currents, its occasional rhetorical bows to one or the other notwithstanding. Political thought, best exemplified by the genre known as “Mirrors for Princes,” is always limited by the opinions that dominate the setting and time. Political theology or, for medieval Islam, jurisprudence focuses on how the beliefs and actions set forth in the religious tradition elucidate the conditions justifying warfare or the qualities an individual must have to be considered a suitable ruler.

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