Дисертації: "Operating costs estimation"

1

Aubé, Antoine. "Comprendre la migration infonuagique : exigences et estimation des coûts d'exploitation." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Toulouse, ISAE, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ESAE0021.

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Le choix d'un hébergement d'un système d'information est lourd d'enjeux pour une organisation. En effet, de cette décision dépendent notamment ses dépenses pour l'exploitation de ce système, la main-d'œuvre allouée à cette exploitation, et la qualité de service rendu par le système d'information.Si, classiquement, cet hébergement était réalisé par les organisations dans leurs locaux, l'émergence d'hébergeurs tiers a initié un changement des pratiques, une migration des systèmes d'information vers l'infrastructure d'une autre organisation. L'informatique en nuage est un tel modèle de délégation de l'infrastructure à un tiers. Ce dernier fournit un nuage informatique, c'est-à-dire un ensemble de services configurables pour mettre à disposition des ressources informatiques.Dans ce contexte de migration vers un nuage informatique (ou migration infonuagique), de nouvelles problématiques apparaissent pour constituer l'hébergement du système d'information, nommé ici environnement infonuagique. Notamment, les problématiques liées à la récurrence et la variété des coûts opérationnels sont bien connues dans l'industrie.Dans ces travaux, nous cherchons à identifier les critères de sélection d'un environnement infonuagique lors d'une migration, et comment il nous est possible d'évaluer la satisfaction des exigences liées à ces critères. À ces fins, nous avons d'abord mené une enquête qualitative auprès d'industriels afin d'identifier les exigences récurrentes des environnements infonuagiques dans l'industrie. Puis, nous nous sommes concentrés sur l'estimation des coûts opérationnels de ces environnements, qui sont très fréquemment évoqués comme un critère à minimiser et qui sont souvent mal compris, étant donné la variété des modèles de tarification de l'informatique en nuage. Ainsi, nous avons développé un modèle conceptuel permettant l'estimation de ces coûts, puis un outil qui implémente ce modèle conceptuel afin d'automatiser cette estimation
Selecting a host for an information system is a major decision for any organization. Indeed, such a decision has consequences on many aspects, such as the operating costs, the manpower allocation to operations, and the quality of service provided by the information system.While the hosting was traditionally carried out by the organizations themselves, in their premises, the emergence of third-party hosting providers initiated a change in practices: a migration of information systems to the infrastructure of another organization.Cloud Computing is such a model for delegating infrastructure to a third party. The latter provides a cloud, which is a set of configurable services to deliver computing resources.In this context of cloud migration, new issues emerge to select information systems hosts, named emph{cloud environments}. In particular, problems related to the recurrence and variety of operational costs are well-known in the industry.In this research work, we aim to identify the criteria for selecting a cloud environment during a migration, and how we can evaluate the compliance of the cloud environment with the requirements linked to these criteria. To this end, we first carried out a qualitative study with industrial experts to identify the most recurring requirements of cloud environments in the industry. Then, we focused on estimating the operational costs of these environments, which are frequently mentioned as a criterion to be minimized, and which are often misunderstood, given the variety of pricing schemes of Cloud Computing. We therefore developed a conceptual model for estimating these costs, and then a tool that implements this conceptual model to automate the estimation

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2

Lai, Mei Teng. "Airline operating cost estimation." Thesis, University of Macau, 2008. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b1950305.

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3

Allison, William J. "A cost model for estimating operating and support costs for U.S. Navy (nuclear) submarines." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA379412.

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4

Donmez, Mustafa. "A parametric cost model for estimating operating and support costs of U.S. Navy Aircraft." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA389448.

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5

Brandt, James M. "A parametric cost model for estimating operating and support costs of US Navy (Non-Nuclear) surface ships /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA363539.

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Thesis (M.S. in Operations Research) Naval Postgraduate School, June 1999.
"June 1999". Thesis advisor(s): Timothy P. Anderson, Samuel E. Buttrey. Includes bibliographical references (p. 171). Also avaliable online.

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6

Ting, Chung-wu. "Estimating operating and support cost models for U.S. Naval ships." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277755.

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Thesis (M.S. in Management) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1993.
Thesis advisor(s): Katsuaki Terasawa ;Gregory G. Hildebrandt ; Dan C. Boger. ."December 1993." Bibliography: p. 73. Also available online.

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7

Scott, John MacDougall III. "A System Dynamics Model of the Operations, Maintenance and Disposal Costs of New Technologies for Ship Systems." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46266.

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Estimating the cost of new technology insertion into an existing (or new) operating environment is of great concern and interest for those entities that own and operate that technology. New technology has many cost requirements associated with it, for instance; design, manufacturing, operation, maintenance and disposal all add to the life-cycle cost of a technology. Estimation and planning methods are needed to better match the costs associated with technology life-cycle requirements (design, manufacturing, etc.) in order to optimize the spending of funds. By optimizing (or closely matching) predicted technology life-cycle costs to a budget the new technology system will have a high probability of operating more efficiently and will minimize costs. System Dynamics has been used to understand and simulate how complex systems of people and technologies operate over time. Decisions (such as how much funding is allocated when in a technology life-cycle) that occur temporally or in a complex environment (i.e., many causes and effects) can be simulated to evaluate the impact the decision may have. Currently, the majority of decision theories and tools are focused on one moment in time (event-focused) rather than including the dynamic nature that decisions can have over time. Evaluating decisions at one instant versus taking into account the life-cycle impact a decision can have, is especially important to the US Government, where investment decisions can involve billions of dollars today, but potentially hundreds of billions later for technology life-cycle requirements. The Navy has experienced large cost overruns in the implementation of new technologies especially in the operations, support and disposal life-cycle phases. There is a lack of detailed knowledge of the dynamic nature of the technology operations, support and disposal (OS&D) processes undertaken by aircraft-carrier builders and planners. This research effort is to better understand and simulate the dynamics prevalent in the new technology implementation process and use a dynamic modeling technique, namely, System Dynamics in our study. A System Dynamics model based on the information and data obtained from experts including; General Dynamics - Newport News Shipbuilding, the Naval Sea Command Cost Estimating Group, and Virginia Polytechnic and State University - System Performance Laboratory. The model was constructed to simulate and predict the cost of operating, maintaining and disposing of a new technology. The investigation of the dynamics yields four dominant behaviors that characterize the technology OS&D process. These four dynamic behaviors are; exponential growth, goal seeking, overshoot & collapse and S-shaped growth with overshoot. Furthermore, seven dynamic hypotheses in the system are investigated. The model predicts an increase in the risk and degradation of new technologies leads to an increase in the total costs in the technology OS&D process. Three interesting insights that lead to increased total OS&D costs were; an inequality between the requirements for OS&D and provided budget, any delay in additional funding being provided and that as the new technology system grew older, it became less costly to maintain.
Master of Science

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8

Straight, Kevin Andrew. "An Analogy Based Method for Freight Forwarding Cost Estimation." Thesis, University of California, Riverside, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1562168.

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The author explored estimation by analogy (EBA) as a means of estimating the cost of international freight consignment. A version of the k-Nearest Neighbors algorithm (k-NN) was tested by predicting job costs from a database of over 5000 actual jobs booked by an Irish freight forwarding firm over a seven year period. The effect of a computer intensive training process on overall accuracy of the method was found to be insignificant when the method was implemented with four or fewer neighbors. Overall, the accuracy of the analogy based method, while still significantly less accurate than manually working up estimates, might be worthwhile to implement in practice, depending labor costs in an adopting firm. A simulation model was used to compare manual versus analytical estimation methods. The point of indifference occurs when it takes a firm more than 1.5 worker hours to prepare a manual estimate (at current Irish labor costs). Suggestions are given for future experiments to improve the sampling policy of the method to improve accuracy and to improve overall scalability.

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9

Redman, Terry Lee. "A cost simulation tool for estimating the cost of operating government owned and operated ships." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1994. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA285512.

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10

Licher, Monica Katherine. "Estimating Post-Construction Costs of a Changing Urban Stormwater Program." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73679.

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Degradation of the nation's waters continues to be a problem and urban runoff is a large contributor to it. New stormwater management policies stress the importance of using stormwater control practices that reduce the quantity and improve the quality of stormwater runoff. The new approaches tend to emphasize small-scale, on-site practices over large scale. Yet to achieve water quality benefits, stormwater control practices must be maintained over time. Maintenance costs of these facilities, however, are poorly understood. A case study of five municipalities around the United States is used to estimate inspection and enforcement costs for each case site. Maintenance activities and costs were collected at the case sites for the following stormwater controls: dry ponds, wet ponds, wetlands, bioretention facilities, sand filters, and infiltration trenches. Cost estimates indicate that inspection and enforcement is not influenced by type. Maintenance cost estimates change depending on the BMP type. Estimated annual post-construction costs applied to a hypothetical 1,000-acre indicate that moving from large-scale to small-scale stormwater controls has a large impact in terms of financial obligation.
Ph. D.

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11

Menéndez, Menéndez Aurelio. "Analysis and decision : a framework for estimating capital and operating costs in the urban transportation planning process." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/68723.

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12

Demir, Ebru. "Developing A Coal Transportation Cost Estimation Model For Turkish Coal Enterprises." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12610432/index.pdf.

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Transportation cost is an important item in total operating cost of an open pit mining operations. In some projects, the transportation cost may reach to 60 % of total operating cost. Turkish Coal Enterprises (TKi) delivers the demanded coal to all cities of Turkey within the context of Prime Ministry Social Solidarity and Aid Fund. The project duration, demanded coal amount whether the coal is needed as packed or unpacked form are determined by local governors. In this study, a model is developed through software, called NAKMAL for the estimation of TKi&rsquo
s coal transportation cost. Transportation cost model is coded using Visual Studio.NET 2005. This model is designed in modular structure and composed of 19 modules. Excavation and transportation in a mine is an important part of the model. Model considers all the highway, railway and transportation by ship alternatives, as well as the packing operation. This model is being used in evaluation of bids by the decision of TKi&rsquo
s board of executive committee.

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13

Zhou, Gordon. "Machine Learning-Based Cost Predictive Model for Better Operating Expenditure Estimations of U.S. Light Rail Transit Projects." Thesis, The George Washington University, 2021. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=28157527.

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Inaccurate forecasts of operating expenditures during the planning phase for new Light Rail Transit (LRT) projects in the United States underestimated future costs by up to 45% (Pickrell, 1989). When operating expenditures exceeded projected levels, local transit agencies often reduced public transit services to operate within their respective annual budgets. Therefore, it is imperative for transit agencies to produce reasonably accurate planning estimates to secure sufficient funding to support future operations, maintenance, and service delivery associated with LRT systems. The research aimed to develop a more accurate LRT operating expenditure predictive model to be used during the planning stage. Traditional statistical analysis and various machine learning-based algorithms were utilized with input from 22 LRT systems in the United States spanning between 2008 to 2018 from various U.S. governmental public databases. This praxis extended the current state of practice that relied primarily on sum of unit-cost estimates (also known as the unit-cost method) which generally failed to produce accurate forecasts due to lack of engineering details at the planning stage. Existing research attempted to develop regression-based methodologies using system-based attributes but did not substantially increase prediction accuracy from using the unit-cost method. The research improved current practices and research by having developed a more accurate and replicable machine learning-based predictive model using available geographic, socio-economic and LRT system-related variables.

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14

Kaufmann, Markus. "Cost Optimization of Aircraft Structures." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Lättkonstruktioner, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-11482.

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Composite structures can lower the weight of an airliner significantly. Due to the higher process complexity and the high material cost, however, the low weight often comes with a significant increase in production cost. The application of cost-effective design strategies is one mean to meet this challenge. In this thesis, a simplified form of direct operating cost is suggested as a comparative value that in combination with multidisciplinary optimization enables the evaluation of a design solution in terms of cost and weight. The proposed cost optimization framework takes into account the manufacturing cost, the non-destructive testing cost and the lifetime fuel consumption based on the weight of the aircraft, thus using a simplified version of the direct operating cost as the objective function. The manufacturing cost can be estimated by means of different techniques. For the proposed optimization framework, feature-based parametric cost models prove to be most suitable. Paper A contains a parametric study in which a skin/stringer panel is optimized for a series of cost/weight ratios (weight penalties) and material configurations. The weight penalty (defined as the specific lifetime fuel burn) is dependent on the fuel consumption of the aircraft, the fuel price and the viewpoint of the optimizer. It is concluded that the ideal choice of the design solution is neither low-cost nor low-weight but rather a combination thereof. Paper B proposes the inclusion of non-destructive testing cost in the design process of composite components, and the adjustment of the design strength of each laminate according to inspection parameters. Hence, the scan pitch of the ultrasonic testing is regarded as a variable, representing an index for the guaranteed material quality. It is shown that the cost for non-destructive testing can be lowered if the quality level of the laminate is assigned and adjusted in an early design stage. In Paper C and Paper D the parameters of the manufacturing processes are upgraded during the cost optimization of the component. In Paper C, the framework is extended by the cost-efficient adaptation of parameters in order to reflect the situation when machining an aluminum component. For different weight penalties, the spar thickness and stringer geometry of the provided case study vary. In addition, another cutter is chosen with regard to the modified shape of the stringer. In Paper D, the methodology is extended to the draping of composite fabrics, thus optimizing not only the stacking layup, but also the draping strategy itself. As in the previous cases, the design alters for different settings of the weight penalty. In particular, one can see a distinct change in fiber layup between the minimum weight and the minimum cost solution. Paper E summarizes the work proposed in Papers A-D and provides a case study on a C-spar component. Five material systems are used for this case study and compared in terms of cost and weight. The case study shows the impact of the weight penalty, the material cost and the labor rate on the choice of the material system. For low weight penalties, for example, the aluminum spar is the most cost-effective solution. For high weight penalties, the RTM system is favorable. The paper also discusses shortcomings with the presented methodology and thereby opens up for future method developments.
QC 20100723
European Framework Program 6, project ALCAS, AIP4-CT-2003-516092
Nationella flygtekniska forskningsprogrammet (NFFP) 4, project kostnadseffektiv kompositstruktur (KEKS)

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15

Collins, Donovan (Donovan Scott). "Feature-based investment cost estimation based on modular design of a continuous pharmaceutical manufacturing system." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/66063.

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Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management; and, (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Chemical Engineering; in conjunction with the Leaders for Global Operations Program at MIT, June 2011.
"June 2011." Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 72-73).
Previous studies of continuous manufacturing processes have used equipment-factored cost estimation methods to predict savings in initial plant investment costs. In order to challenge and validate the existing methods of cost estimation, feature-based cost estimates were constructed based on a modular process design model. Synthesis of an existing chemical intermediate was selected as the model continuous process. A continuous process was designed that was a literal, step by step, translation of the batch process. Supporting design work included process flow diagrams and basic piping and instrumentation diagrams. Design parameters from the process model were combined with feature-based costs to develop a series of segmented cost estimates for the model continuous plant at several production scales. Based on this analysis, the continuous facility seems to be intrinsically less expensive only at a relatively high production scale. Additionally, the distribution of cost areas for the continuous facility differs significantly from the distribution previous assumed for batch plants. This finding suggests that current models may not be appropriate for generating cost estimates for continuous plants. These results should not have a significant negative impact on the value proposition for the continuous manufacturing platform. The continuous process designed for this project was not optimized. Therefore, this work reiterates that the switch to continuous must be accompanied with optimization and innovation in the underlying continuous chemistry.
by Donovan Collins.
S.M.
M.B.A.

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16

Du, Minzhen. "Assessment of a Low Cost IR Laser Local Tracking Solution for Robotic Operations." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103320.

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This thesis aimed to assess the feasibility of using an off-the-shelf virtual reality tracking system as a low cost precision pose estimation solution for robotic operations in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a tracking solution has the potential of assisting critical operations related to planetary exploration missions, parcel handling/delivery, and wildfire detection/early warning systems. The boom of virtual reality experiences has accelerated the development of various low-cost, precision indoor tracking technologies. For the purpose of this thesis we choose to adapt the SteamVR Lighthouse system developed by Valve, which uses photo-diodes on the trackers to detect the rotating IR laser sheets emitted from the anchored base stations, also known as lighthouses. Some previous researches had been completed using the first generation of lighthouses, which has a few limitations on communication from lighthouses to the tracker. A NASA research has cited poor tracking performance under sunlight. We choose to use the second generation lighthouses which has improved the method of communication from lighthouses to the tracker, and we performed various experiments to assess their performance outdoors, including under sunlight. The studies of this thesis have two stages, the first stage focused on a controlled, indoor environment, having an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAS) perform repeatable flight patterns and simultaneously tracked by the Lighthouse and a reference indoor tracking system, which showed that the tracking precision of the lighthouse is comparable to the industrial standard indoor tracking solution. The second stage of the study focused on outdoor experiments with the tracking system, comparing UAS flights between day and night conditions as well as positioning accuracy assessments with a CNC machine under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed matching performance between day and night while still comparable to industrial standard indoor tracking solution down to centimeter precision, and matching simulated CNC trajectory down to millimeter precision. There is also some room for improvement in regards to the experimental method and equipment used, as well as improvements on the tracking system itself needed prior to adaptation in real-world applications.
Master of Science
This thesis aimed to assess the feasibility of using an off-the-shelf virtual reality tracking system as a low cost precision pose estimation solution for robotic operations in both indoor and outdoor environments. Such a tracking solution has the potential of assisting critical operations related to planetary exploration missions, parcel handling/delivery, and wildfire detection/early warning systems. The boom of virtual reality experiences has accelerated the development of various low-cost, precision indoor tracking technologies. For the purpose of this thesis we choose to adapt the SteamVR Lighthouse system developed by Valve, which uses photo-diodes on the trackers to detect the rotating IR laser sheets emitted from the anchored base stations, also known as lighthouses. Some previous researches had been completed using the first generation of lighthouses, which has a few limitations on communication from lighthouses to the tracker. A NASA research has cited poor tracking performance under sunlight. We choose to use the second generation lighthouses which has improved the method of communication from lighthouses to the tracker, and we performed various experiments to assess their performance outdoors, including under sunlight. The studies of this thesis have two stages, the first stage focused on a controlled, indoor environment, having an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAS) perform repeatable flight patterns and simultaneously tracked by the Lighthouse and a reference indoor tracking system, which showed that the tracking precision of the lighthouse is comparable to the industrial standard indoor tracking solution. The second stage of the study focused on outdoor experiments with the tracking system, comparing UAS flights between day and night conditions as well as positioning accuracy assessments with a CNC machine under indoor and outdoor conditions. The results showed matching performance between day and night while still comparable to industrial standard indoor tracking solution down to centimeter precision, and matching simulated CNC trajectory down to millimeter precision. There is also some room for improvement in regards to the experimental method and equipment used, as well as improvements on the tracking system itself needed prior to adaptation in real-world applications.

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17

Weigel, Brent Anthony. "Development of a calculator for estimation and management of GHG emissions from public transit agency operations." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/34840.

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As managers of extensive vehicle fleets and transportation infrastructures, public transit agencies present unique opportunities for reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from the transportation sector. To achieve substantial and cost-effective GHG emissions reductions from their activities, public transit agencies need tools and resources that enable effective GHG emissions management. This research thesis presents the background, methodology, and results of the author's development of a public transit agency-level life cycle GHG emissions calculator. The development of the calculator involved a series of research efforts aimed at identifying and addressing the needs of transit agency GHG emissions management: a review of background information on climate change and public transit's role in mitigating climate change; a review of existing GHG emissions calculators for public transit agencies, a review of the methodologies for life cycle GHG emissions analysis; integration and adaption of existing calculation resources; development of calculator spreadsheets for estimating relevant lifecycle GHG emissions and quantifying GHG emission reduction cost-effectiveness; application of the developed calculator to a carbon footprint analysis for a typical mid-size to large-size transit agency; and application of the developed calculator to the evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of various potential strategies for reducing transit agency GHG emissions. The developed calculator provides an integrative resource for quantifying GHG emissions and costs of public transit agency activities, including GHG emission reduction strategies. Further research is needed to calibrate the estimation of upstream life cycle GHG emissions, particularly for vehicle manufacture and maintenance.

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18

Morin, Jean-François. "Conception of an intelligent tutoring system in cost engineering : knowledge representation, pedagogical interactions, and system operation." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ38158.pdf.

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19

Eriksson, Alexander. "Developing a product costing model using Process-Based Cost Modeling : A case study of early stage cost estimation in a multinational agricultural cooperative." Thesis, KTH, Industriell ekonomi och organisation (Inst.), 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-246009.

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Product costing can be used to estimate potential future costs and revenues associated with a product. In the development of new products early cost estimates can be used to support decision making regarding which products are worth pursuing, and which production processes that are the most profitable. For a firm to make precise early cost estimates both technical and financial expertise is needed; however, in practice there is generally a gap between technology and cost. Process-Based Cost Modeling (PBCM) is a model developed to address this gap and generate costing estimates of higher precision. The model is especially developed for process production technologies. Although promising, PBCM is under researched and its applicability in new contexts are yet to be explored. The purpose of this study was to explore the PBCM’s applicability in new context of process production. This was done through a case study at a multinational agricultural cooperative. The problematization presented by the Case Company was to make early cost estimation of the production process of a main product and its byproducts. Furthermore, the Case Company wanted to compare alternative production designs and use of different raw materials in the production process. To create a product costing model that fully captures the contextual depth of the problem both qualitative and quantitative data was gathered from internal documents, a series of interviews, and observation of one of the sub-processes. The findings of the study resulted in development of a batch costing model, a hybrid between continuous operations and order costing systems. The batch costing proved to be dynamic and allowed comparison of different production and raw material alternatives. Furthermore, the PBCM methodology that resulted in the batch costing model was evident to give a deeper contextual understanding of the relationship between cost and production technology. For the Case Company, the outcome of the study highlighted key areas needing further investigation and process design features that lower operational costs. The results also provide recommendations how to increase the precision of the product costing models when more data are available. Finally, the academic outcome of the thesis provides trajectory in the further research on PBCM and gives new perspective on the use of batch costing in continuous operations.
Produktkalkylering kan användas för att uppskatta framtida kostnader och intäkter associerade med en produkt. Vid utveckling av nya produkter och produktionsprocess kan produktkalkylering således användas vid beslutsfattande i situationer där man ska välja vilka produkter som är värda att arbeta vidare med, och vid lönsamhetsberäkningar vid olika tillverkningsprocesser. För att företaget ska kunna göra precisa kostnadsuppskattningar behövs både teknisk och ekonomisk expertis. Detta överses dock ofta i praktiken, vilket leder till en klyfta mellan teknik och kostnad. Processbaserad kostnadsmodellering, eller Process-Based Cost Modeling (PBCM), är en metod som har tagits fram för att överkomma denna klyfta, framförallt inom processproduktion. Även om modellen är lovande så saknas forskning på området, därav behöver PBCM:s applicerbarhet prövas i nya kontexter. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka PBCM:s applicerbarhet i en ny kontext inom processproduktion. Detta gjordes genom att genomföra en fallstudie på ett multinationellt lantbruksföretag som har verksamhet inom livsmedelproduktion. Fallföretags problematisering byggde på att de ville göra en tidig kostnadsbedömning på tillverkningsprocess som producerar en huvudprodukt och ett antal biprodukter. Tillverkningsprocessen är ännu inte utvecklad och företaget vill således jämföra produktionskostnader vid användning av olika råmaterial och tillverkningsalternativ. För att utveckla en lämplig produktkalkyl till företaget samlades både kvalitativa och kvantitativa data in genom interna dokument, en serie av intervjuer, samt genom observation av en av de underliggande tillverkningsprocesserna. Studien resulterade i en hybridkalkyl som använder sig av både process- och orderkalkylering. Hybridkalkylen visade sig lämplig både för företagets produktionsteknologi, men framförallt tillät jämförelse mellan olika tillverkningsalternativ. Metodiken hos PBCM visade sig även användbar för att förstå hur kostnaden påverkas av produktionsteknologin. För fallföretaget påvisade resultaten områden som behöver undersökas ytterligare. Det ges även rekommendationer hur hybridkalkylen kan finslipas när företaget har mer data tillgängligt. När det kommer till det akademiska bidraget, så ger rapporten riktning för fortsatta forskningen på PBCM och ger nya perspektiv på hur hybridkalkylering kan användas i processproduktion.

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20

Park, Yongha. "Studies in Airline and Aviation Efficiency." The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu149261466159752.

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21

Tsai, Yen-Lin, and 蔡彥霖. "A Study of Operating Cost Estimation on Taxi Transportation." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/46376704991759897976.

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22

CHANG, YEN-JUI, and 張晏瑞. "Study On The Forecast Models For Estimating Project Operating Costs." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/43018121114768613721.

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Анотація:

碩士
中華大學
營建管理學系碩士班
98
Following the announcement of Government Procurement Law on May 27, 1999, whenever government organizations need the procurement of technical services from outside sources, they have to select the best qualified vendor for price negotiation through an open and objective selection process in restricted tendering, thus price is no longer the only consideration. Under the current practices of domestic construction industry, it is very difficult to get a real grasp on the time, money, and manpower that are actually input into an architectural project; hence its operating efficiency and productivity cannot be objectively assessed. Since the market for domestic construction projects has very much saturated, and the business volume has declined noticeably among architectural firms. Currently handled cases are more refined, requiring more attention to details. The architecture market competition is even more intense, and many architectural firms are forced to cut down on design costs in order to attract more design business. Therefore, production efficiency and labor allocation are becoming increasingly important for architectural firms, as they would affect their productivity and service quality. At present, human resources planning and development are only superficial topics in most architectural firm, as they only evaluate the empirical factors of personnel in the quantifiable evaluation process, but lacking the systematic evaluation standards, and other consideration factors such as complicity of work and environmental issues. This research aims on the operation cost evaluation in order to analyze the background factors of operation personnel in relation to the project evaluation, and to analysis related factors such as performance time, efficiency, capacity and operating costs that will affect the operating efficiency.

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23

Sokolowski, David Michael. "Estimating the relationship between cost and condition for routine highway operations and maintenance." 2007. http://catalog.hathitrust.org/api/volumes/oclc/154319762.html.

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Анотація:

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 2007
Typescript. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 120).

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24

Abodinar, Laila. "Estimation of Noisy Cost Functions by Conventional and Adjusted Simulated Annealing Techniques." Thèse, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/21465.

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25

Yu-JuiLin and 林禹睿. "Estimating the Reduction in GHG and Environmental Cost of Green Port Strategy at the Port of Kaohsiung – The Perspective of Terminal Operation." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/y8qz87.

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Анотація:

碩士
國立成功大學
交通管理科學系
103
Global warming has gradually been a serious problem attracting the attentions of numeral international organizations and academia. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), sulfur oxides (SOX), nitrogen oxides (NOX) and particulates (PM2.5 and PM10), cause deteriorating global warming and air pollution and affect human health. Transport sector is one of the main sources for GHG emissions. The Port of Kaohsiung, located in the southern of the Island, is the largest port of Taiwan’s four international ports and ranks the world’s 13th largest port with 9.9 million twenty-foot equivalent units (TEUs) port cargo throughput in 2013. The environmental damage due to the emissions which are resulted from ships and harbor operations in port area cannot be ignored. International ports have widely implemented lots of green port strategies which can be divided into vessel operations (e.g., reducing ship speeds, using low sulfur fuel) and terminal operations (e.g., adopting alternative marine power (AMP) system, using electric rubber tired gantry (RTG), and using electric truck). This study aims to evaluate the changes in GHG emissions and environmental costs using activity based method when the Port of Kaohsiung adopts green port strategies, such as AMP system for berthing ships, electric RTG, and electric truck. In order to further understand the impact of the green port strategy adoption on the reduction in GHG emissions and environmental costs, four scenarios are considered in this study (i.e., the completion rate of the development of the green port strategies reaches 30%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, respectively). The findings of the study are summarized as follow. Three green port strategies significantly reduce GHG emissions by -287,580 tons of CO2, 31.64 tons of CH4, 391.57 tons of PM2.5, 379.45 tons of PM10, 372,927 tons of SOX, and 10,944 tons of NOX. In particular, NOX and SOX are the two largest reductions in GHG emissions. Among all three green port strategies, adopting AMP system reduces the largest emission of CH4, PM2.5, PM10, NOX, and SOX but CO2 emission is increased. Adopting electric RTG significantly reduces the emissions of CO2, NOX, and SOX. Adopting electric truck contributes less emission reductions in all GHG pollutants than other two strategies. Nevertheless, its reductions in CH4, PM2.5 and PM10 emissions are significant. More CO2 emission was emitted by berthing ships when AMP system is used than when auxiliary engine is used because the majority in the energy structure of Taiwan is thermal power generation (73.2%) and thus, resulting in the inefficiency of utility power generation comparing with auxiliary engine generation. Among three green port strategies, AMP system is the most effective strategy with contributing the value of $1.95 billion a year, electric RTG contributes the value of $222 million a year, but electric truck is the least effective one with only contributing the value of $175 million a year. Under four scenarios, it shows that when the completion rate of green port strategies is 30%, it saves $704 million in the environmental cost a year, and when the completion rate comes to 100%, it saves $2.35 billion of environmental costs a year. Finally, two managerial suggestions and corresponding policy implications are provided. The authority of the Port of Kaohsiung should initiate and implement incentive compatible programs to encourage terminal operators and shipping companies adopt AMP system, electric RTG and electric truck for a cleaner and better port environment. Next, electricity emission factor in Taiwan should be gradually decreased by resolving the construction of nuclear generation and by promoting the ratio of green power with inefficient emission and environmental cost reduction of green port strategies by using utility power. Moreover, enterprises should be encouraged by tax credit to subscribe green power to further promote sustainably developing environment.

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26

Singh, Inderjeet 1978. "Risk-averse periodic preventive maintenance optimization." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2011-08-4203.

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We consider a class of periodic preventive maintenance (PM) optimization problems, for a single piece of equipment that deteriorates with time or use, and can be repaired upon failure, through corrective maintenance (CM). We develop analytical and simulation-based optimization models that seek an optimal periodic PM policy, which minimizes the sum of the expected total cost of PMs and the risk-averse cost of CMs, over a finite planning horizon. In the simulation-based models, we assume that both types of maintenance actions are imperfect, whereas our analytical models consider imperfect PMs with minimal CMs. The effectiveness of maintenance actions is modeled using age reduction factors. For a repairable unit of equipment, its virtual age, and not its calendar age, determines the associated failure rate. Therefore, two sets of parameters, one describing the effectiveness of maintenance actions, and the other that defines the underlying failure rate of a piece of equipment, are critical to our models. Under a given maintenance policy, the two sets of parameters and a virtual-age-based age-reduction model, completely define the failure process of a piece of equipment. In practice, the true failure rate, and exact quality of the maintenance actions, cannot be determined, and are often estimated from the equipment failure history. We use a Bayesian approach to parameter estimation, under which a random-walk-based Gibbs sampler provides posterior estimates for the parameters of interest. Our posterior estimates for a few datasets from the literature, are consistent with published results. Furthermore, our computational results successfully demonstrate that our Gibbs sampler is arguably the obvious choice over a general rejection sampling-based parameter estimation method, for this class of problems. We present a general simulation-based periodic PM optimization model, which uses the posterior estimates to simulate the number of operational equipment failures, under a given periodic PM policy. Optimal periodic PM policies, under the classical maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian estimates are obtained for a few datasets. Limitations of the ML approach are revealed for a dataset from the literature, in which the use of ML estimates of the parameters, in the maintenance optimization model, fails to capture a trivial optimal PM policy. Finally, we introduce a single-stage and a two-stage formulation of the risk-averse periodic PM optimization model, with imperfect PMs and minimal CMs. Such models apply to a class of complex equipment with many parts, operational failures of which are addressed by replacing or repairing a few parts, thereby not affecting the failure rate of the equipment under consideration. For general values of PM age reduction factors, we provide sufficient conditions to establish the convexity of the first and second moments of the number of failures, and the risk-averse expected total maintenance cost, over a finite planning horizon. For increasing Weibull rates and a general class of increasing and convex failure rates, we show that these convexity results are independent of the PM age reduction factors. In general, the optimal periodic PM policy under the single-stage model is no better than the optimal two-stage policy. But if PMs are assumed perfect, then we establish that the single-stage and the two-stage optimization models are equivalent.
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