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Статті в журналах з теми "Open waveguides"

Автор: Grafiati

Опубліковано: 26 січня 2024

Оновлено: 14 грудня 2024

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1

Dong, Hao, Jean-Baptiste Doc, and Simon Félix. "Maximum directivity of flanged open-ended waveguides." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 154, no. 1 (July 1, 2023): 115–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0020052.

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Directional beams have extensive applications in communication and sound reproduction. This paper investigates the theoretical maximum directivity of infinitely flanged open-ended waveguides and the radiation pattern synthesis. We derive a rigorous solution for the maximum directivity factor of a flanged aperture with arbitrary shape by projecting its surface velocity on the waveguide modes, enabling the creation of a directional beam in any desired direction. We present case studies for a three-dimensional circular waveguide and a bidimensional waveguide. The theoretical beam that is obtained in a subspace spanned by all the propagating modes can then be synthesized by a group of incident modes or a point-source array within the waveguide. The optimality of the beam is demonstrated by comparing it with Gaussian shaded modes radiated from the waveguide. If the evanescent modes are taken into account, the maximum directivity factor increases with considerable loss to the radiation efficiency. Nevertheless, the optimum aperture velocity dominated by its evanescent components is capable of precise beam steering in extreme directions and could be useful for designing material-filled horns. Our work provides benchmark directivity factors and patterns for the practical design of horn antennas. In addition, we present a generalized form of Bouwkamp's impedance theorem.

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2

Ishibashi, Akira, Tsuyoshi Kasai, and Nobuo Sawamura. "Redirection Waveguide having Discrete Translational Symmetry for Photovoltaic Systems with Solar-Cell Units Placed at the Periphery." Energies 11, no. 12 (December 14, 2018): 3498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11123498.

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We have investigated a new type of redirection waveguides for concentration solar-cell systems. The solar cell units are to be placed in the peripheral region of the waveguide. The redirection waveguide converts three-dimensionally propagating (3D) photons into 2D photons that propagate in a planar waveguide which serves as the mainstream of the redirection waveguide. In this new type, the cladding layer on one side of the planar waveguide, not being spatially continuous, tangentially touches the core of the planar waveguide which, having an open geometry, is connected, through tributary waveguides, to the bottom plane where the 3D-photons come in vertically. Based on simulations, we have shown not only that good mainstream-to-mainstream propagation of light-wave can be obtained but also that the light propagation from the tributary waveguides to the mainstream is well done. We also have confirmed that light-waves from the tributary waveguides are well merged with those from the mainstream waveguide at the junction of the cores of the mainstream and the tributary waveguides. Light-waves injected from tributary waveguides propagates well in the core of the mainstream waveguide passing those junctions. The light-wave merging can be fulfilled in the waveguide with the discrete translational symmetry. Photons are shown to be well conveyed in the new waveguide losslessly for a distance of ~1 mm. The redirection waveguide is promising for the concentration photovoltaic systems with solar-cell units placed at its periphery.

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3

NICKELSON, L., S. ASMONTAS, V. MALISAUSKAS, and R. MARTAVICIUS. "The dependence of open cylindrical magnetoactive p-Ge and p-Si plasma waveguide mode cutoff frequencies on hole concentrations." Journal of Plasma Physics 75, no. 1 (February 2009): 35–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377808007307.

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AbstractIn this article we give the solution of Maxwell's equations for the open circular cylindrical magnetoactive semiconductor plasma (-gyrotropy) waveguides. We describe the method that allowed us to arrive at a dispersion equation for the electrodynamical analyses of open circular cylindrical plasma (OCCP) waveguides. We numerically investigate the main and two higher modes' dispersion characteristics of p-Ge and p-Si waveguides placed in an external constant longitudinal magnetic field at several concentrations of two component hole charge carriers. We analyse the cutoff frequency and other electrodynamical characteristics of helicon modes with the left-handed (e+iϕ) circular polarization. We discover that the cutoff frequencies of the main mode and the working frequency range of OCCP p-Ge and p-Si waveguides are moving continuously towards the direction of higher frequencies when the hole concentration is increasing. We determine that the central frequency of the p-Si plasma waveguide is higher and its broadbandwidth is larger compared with the analogical p-Ge waveguide. We also numerically investigate the helicon mode cutoff frequencies of the infinitive p-Ge and p-Si plasma at several concentrations of two component hole charge carriers. We compare the cutoff frequencies of the helicon modes propagating in the infinite plasma and in the OCCP waveguides.

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4

Morozov, V. M., V. I. Magro, and E. Yu Trakhtman. "Infinite linear waveguide antenna array with metal-dielectric structures in the "floquet channel"." Journal of Physics and Electronics 28, no. 1 (September 10, 2020): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/332015.

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Анотація:

An electrodynamics calculation is performed for an infinite waveguide antenna array in the form of open ends of waveguides, in the near zone of which a metal-dielectric structure is located. This metal-dielectric structure is located in the "Floquet channels" and is a combination of a dielectric coating over the antenna array and horns. In this case, the horns are not a continuation of the waveguides, but are located at some distance from them. The space between the waveguides and the horns is filled with a dielectric. A system of equations that allows calculating the reflection coefficients of incident waves in waveguides is obtained.

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5

Magro, V. I., and V. M. Morozov. "Study of a finite linear waveguide antenna array with dielectric plugs." Journal of Physics and Electronics 30, no. 2 (December 30, 2022): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/332223.

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Анотація:

A finite waveguide antenna array of open ends of the waveguides, which are surrounded by a metal screen, is under consideration. The influence of the permittivity and the height of dielectric plugs on the modulus of the reflection coefficient in waveguides of the finite antenna array is studied. Dielectric plugs with different values of permittivity are considered. It is shown that dielectric plugs effectively match the impedance of the antenna array for the case of a slight deviation of the beam from the normal to the array.

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6

Polat, Ersin, Henning Tesmer, Roland Reese, Matthias Nickel, Dongwei Wang, Peter Schumacher, Rolf Jakoby, and Holger Maune. "Reconfigurable Millimeter-Wave Components Based on Liquid Crystal Technology for Smart Applications." Crystals 10, no. 5 (April 27, 2020): 346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst10050346.

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This paper presents recent development of tunable microwave liquid crystal (LC) components in the lower millimeter wave (mmW) regime up to the W-band. With the utilization of increasing frequency, conventional metallic waveguide structures prove to be impractical for LC-based components. In particular, the integration of the electric bias network is extremely challenging. Therefore, dielectric waveguides are a promising alternative to conventional waveguides, since electrodes can be easily integrated in the open structure of dielectric waveguides. The numerous subcategories of dielectric waveguides offer a high degree of freedom in designing smart millimeter wave components such as tunable phase shifters, filters and steerable antennas. Recent research resulted in many different realizations, which are analyzed in this paper. The first demonstrators of phased array antennas with integrated LC-based phase shifters are reviewed and compared. In addition, beam steering with a single antenna type is shown. Furthermore, the possibility to realize tunable filters using LC-filled dielectric waveguides is demonstrated.

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7

Kaddouri, Abdessalem, Bilel Hamdi, Mourad Aidi, and Taoufik Aguili. "GLOBAL METHOD COMBINED WITH FLOQUET MODAL ANALYSIS TO MODEL AN ANTENNA BASED ON RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE ARRAY." EPH - International Journal of Science And Engineering 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2018): 47–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.53555/eijse.v4i2.171.

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In this study, we propose a new formulation based on a global method to model a rectangular waveguide array as antenna. Our method consists to combine the method of moment (MoM), the generalized equivalent circuit method (GECM) and Floquet modal analysis. Looking for rigor, simplicity and rapidity, we repose always on the simple discontinuity in an open rectangular waveguide. So, we extended our pervious works to study in first step an infinite rectangular waveguides array and we achieve with a finite one. For validation purpose, we consider two rectangular waveguides and we compered it whit the same structure studied by direct method in our previous study. Obtained numerical results are presented and discussed. A good agreement is shown and the boundary conditions are verified.

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8

Divakov, Dmitriy, Anastasiia Tiutiunnik, and Anton Sevastianov. "Algorithm for Numerical Solution of Diffraction Problem on the Joint of Two Open Three-Layer Waveguides." MATEC Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 01010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818601010.

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This paper describes the algorithm for the numerical solution of the diffraction problem of waveguide modes at the joint of two open planar waveguides. For planar structures under consideration, we can formulate a scalar diffraction problem, which is a boundary value problem for the Helmholtz equation with a variable coefficient in two-dimensional space. The eigenmode problem for an open three-layer waveguide is the Sturm-Liouville problem for a second-order operator with piecewise constant potential on the axis, where the potential is proportional to the refractive index. The described problem is singular and has a mixed spectrum and therefore the Galerkin method can not be used in this definition. One way to adapt the Galerkin method for the problem solution is to artificially limit the area, which is equivalent to placing the open waveguide in question in a hollow closed waveguide whose boundaries are remote from the real boundaries of the waveguide layer of the open waveguide. Thus, we obtain a diffraction problem on a finite interval and with a discrete spectrum, which can be solved by the projection method, as done in this paper.

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9

Pochernyaev, V. N., and N. M. Syvkova. "EXTERNAL PARAMETERS OF THE CONNECTION OF A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE PARTIALLY FILLED OF LINEAR DIELECTRIC WITH A RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDE PARTIALLY FILLED OF NONLINEAR DIELECTRIC." Visnyk Universytetu “Ukraina”, no. 1 (28) 2020 (2020): 100–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.36994/2707-4110-2020-1-28-09.

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Анотація:

. In the article, the external parameters of the connection of a rectangular waveguide partially filled of linear dielectric with a rectangular waveguide partially filled of a nonlinear dielectric are determined. Knowledge of the external parameters of such a connection ensures the design of devices with open nonlinear elements. Promising microwave paths of radio engineering systems based on rectangular waveguides partially filled of dielectric include a wide variety of active and passive microwave devices. The plane-transverse junction of these waveguides is considered for various geometric dimensions of dielectric plates and their relative permittivity. Such a junction is characterized by reactive conductivity, which is determined through the sum of the reactive conductivities of local fields. The transverse electric field at the junction is represented through the eigenvector function of the geometric surface, which coincides with the cross section of the waveguides. The scattering matrix of the plane-transverse junction is determined through the conductivity of the sections of the two waveguides and the conductivity of the plane-transverse junction. The dependences of the traveling wave coefficient and the modulus of the reflection coefficient on the geometric dimensions of the dielectric plate are plotted taking into account the local fields generated at the plane transverse junction. At the junction of two waveguides, not only changed the geometric dimensions of the dielectric plates along the wide and narrow walls of the waveguide, but also their relative permittivity. In one case, two higher types of waves were taken into account: quasi - H30 and quasi - H12, in the other case - four higher types of waves: quasi - H30, quasi - H12, quasi - E12, quasi - H50. Calculations show that an increase in the number of higher types of waves has practically no effect on the accuracy of calculations. The results obtained indicate the rapid internal convergence of the obtained solutions and the correct choice of the transverse electric eigenvector function of rectangular waveguides partially filled of dielectric as approximate the field on the junction of two waveguides.

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10

Divakov, Dmitriy, Anastasiia Tiutiunnik, and Anton Sevastianov. "Symbolic-Numeric Computation of the Eigenvalues and Eigenfunctions of the Leaky Modes in a Regular Homogeneous Open Waveguide." MATEC Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818601009.

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In this paper the algorithm of finding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions for the leaky modes in a three-layer planar dielectric waveguide is considered. The problem on the eigenmodes of open three-layer waveguides is formulated as the Sturm-Liouville problem with the corresponding boundary and asymptotic conditions. In the case of guided and radiation modes of open waveguides, the Sturm-Liouville problem is formulated for self-adjoint second-order operators on the axis and the corresponding eigenvalues are real quantities for dielectric media. The search for eigenvalues and eigenfunctions corresponding to the leaky modes involves a number of difficulties: the boundary conditions for the leaky modes are not self-adjoint, so that the eigenvalues can turn out to be complex quantities. The problem of finding eigenvalues and eigenfunctions will be associated with finding the complex roots of the nonlinear dispersion equation. In the present paper, an original scheme based on the method of finding the minimum of a function of several variables is used to find the eigenvalues. The paper describes the algorithm for searching for eigenvalues, the algorithm uses both symbolic transformations and numerical calculations. On the basis of the developed algorithm, the dispersion relation for the weakly flowing mode of a three-layer open waveguide was calculated in the Maple computer algebra system.

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11

Thottoli, Ajmal, Ganga Chinna Rao Devarapu, Antonella D’Orazio, Giovanni Magno, and Liam O’Faolain. "Novel high contrast grating hollow core waveguides for enhanced gas spectroscopy." EPJ Web of Conferences 309 (2024): 01009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202430901009.

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The article presents an innovative approach to confining waves in planar high contrast grating hollow core waveguides, design achieves a surface that reflects waves effectively while maintaining a structure that allows for high transmission. The unique side-open waveguide system also allows for gas flow through the sidewalls, making it suitable for gas spectroscopic techniques. The HCW design is specifically tailored for methane gas sensing at a wavelength of 3.27 μm. Numerical analysis shows that the transmittance can reach up to -0.41 dB. These findings demonstrate the potential of high-transmitting hollow-core waveguides for gas sensing, highlighting the effectiveness and cost-efficiency of chip-scale photonic integration.

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12

He, Junjie, Lian Liu, Mianjie Lin, Houhong Chen, and Fei Ma. "Efficient Second-Harmonic Generation in Adapted-Width Waveguides Based on Periodically Poled Thin-Film Lithium Niobate." Micromachines 15, no. 9 (September 12, 2024): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi15091145.

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Frequency conversion process based on periodically poled thin-film lithium niobate (PPTFLN) has been widely recognized as an important component for quantum information and photonic signal processing. Benefiting from the tight confinement of optical modes, the normalized conversion efficiency (NCE) of nanophotonic waveguides is improved by orders of magnitude compared to their bulk counterparts. However, the power conversion efficiency of these devices is limited by inherent nanoscale inhomogeneity of thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN), leading to undesirable phase errors. In this paper, we theoretically present a novel approach to solve this problem. Based on dispersion engineering, we aim at adjusting the waveguide structure, making local waveguide width adjustment at positions of different thicknesses, thus eliminating the phase errors. The adapted waveguide width design is applied for etched and loaded waveguides based on PPTFLN, achieving the ultrahigh power conversion efficiency of second harmonic generation (SHG) up to 2.1 × 104%W−1 and 6936%W−1, respectively, which surpasses the power conversion efficiency of other related works. Our approach just needs standard periodic poling with a single period, significantly reducing the complexity of electrode fabrication and the difficulty of poling, and allows for the placing of multiple waveguides, without individual poling designs for each waveguide. With the advantages of simplicity, high production, and meeting current micro–nano fabrication technology, our work may open a new way for achieving highly efficient second-order nonlinear optical processes based on PPTFLN.

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13

Joly, Patrick, and Christine Poirier. "Mathematical analysis of electromagnetic open Waveguides." ESAIM: Mathematical Modelling and Numerical Analysis 29, no. 5 (1995): 505–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/m2an/1995290505051.

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14

Peterson, A. F. "Open Electromagnetic waveguides [Reviews and Abstracts]." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 39, no. 6 (December 1997): 66–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/map.1997.646803.

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15

Peng, S. T., S. J. Xu, and F. K. Schwering. "Transitions in open millimetre-wave waveguides." IEE Proceedings H Microwaves, Antennas and Propagation 136, no. 6 (1989): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/ip-h-2.1989.0087.

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16

Tahir, Ghiayas, Arshad Hassan, Shawkat Ali, and Amine Bermak. "Unit Cell Optimization of Groove Gap Waveguide for High Bandwidth Microwave Applications." Applied Sciences 14, no. 23 (November 25, 2024): 10891. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app142310891.

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Recently, groove gap waveguides (GGWs) have shown significant potential in power handling and bandwidth enhancement compared to conventional waveguides. In this research work, we designed and developed an innovative mushroom-unit-cell-based groove gap waveguide (MGGW) that has shown improved bandwidth compared to conventional GGW structures. The dispersion characteristics of the MGGW were analyzed through the eigenmode solver feature of Microwave Studio CST, which showed that the bandwidth was improved by 8% compared to conventional unit cells in the microwave spectrum. To validate our proposed method for the physical dimensions of unit cell structures, we developed an MGGW structure for the S band, which shows similar trends aligning with the simulation results. The measurement results are promising as a reflection coefficient of less than −20 dB was achieved over the entire band for the WR284 Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) standard waveguide adapter. The proposed MGGW structure with improved bandwidth will open new doors for researchers to develop ultra-wide bandwidth microwave applications, i.e., filters, transmission lines, resonators, attenuators, etc.

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17

Rusov, Yu S., and S. S. Krapivina. "Research of the Possibilities of Matching the Multi-element Receiving-Transmitting Irradiator Aperture." Radio Engineering, no. 1 (May 30, 2021): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.36027/rdeng.0121.0000168.

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Currently, aperture antennas with spatial excitation, such as reflector antennas and phased array antennas, are widely used in radar. The composition of such an antenna includes an irradiator, which can be made in the form of a small-element array of radiators to form a set of necessary radiation patterns. Monopulse irradiators are often used, which form both total and difference directional patterns. When performing an irradiator based on waveguide parts, radiators in the form of horns or open ends of waveguides are installed in its aperture. Waveguide irradiators with four and twelve horns are widely used. One of the main electrical characteristics of such an irradiator when used as part of a receiving-transmitting antenna is the isolation of the transmitting and receiving paths. Matching the aperture of the transmitting and receiving irradiator has a significant effect on the isolation of its waveguide channels. With small transverse dimensions of the radiators in the form of open ends of waveguides, it is not possible to obtain high isolation of waveguide channels without the use of additional matching elements. The task of research the effect of matching the aperture of a waveguide multi-element irradiator on the isolation of its transmitting and receiving channels, as well as the ways of matching its radiators, is set.The article considers a four-horn irradiator, the aperture of which contains radiators in the form of open ends of a square waveguide. Each radiator has the radius rounding required for the manufacture of the product using the available technological processes. To match the emitter, a dielectric plate is installed inside it. During the research the thickness of the plate and its location relative to the aperture plane changed. The characteristics of matching the radiators with a plate made of teflon, polyethylene and ST-4 material based on polymers filled with titanium dioxide are presented.The proposed method of matching the opening of a multi-element irradiator with a transverse emitter size of 0,68λ (λ is the wavelength in free space corresponding to the average frequency of the operating band) makes it possible to improve the isolation of the receiving and transmitting waveguide channels by at least 4 dB in the frequency band of up to 3%.

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18

Wagner, Dietmar, Fritz Leuterer, Francesco Monaco, Harald Schütz, Jörg Stober, and Manfred Thumm. "In-situ Low Power Tests of the ASDEX Upgrade ECRH Transmission Lines." EPJ Web of Conferences 313 (2024): 04001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/202431304001.

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An Electron Cyclotron Resonance Heating (ECRH) system employing 8 gyrotrons is in routine operation at the ASDEX Upgrade tokamak at IPP Garching. The gyrotrons are of two-frequency type operating at 105 and 140 GHz with a maximum output power of up to 1 MW and 10 s pulse length. The gyrotron output beams are coupled to 8 waveguide transmission lines via quasi-optical Matching Optics Units (MOUs). The oversized corrugated HE11 waveguides with a diameter of 87 mm are operated at atmospheric pressure with overall lengths between 65 and 103 meters. The number of quasi-optical miter bends per line is between 6 and 8. High mode purity in the transmission lines is critical with respect to both, losses and atmospheric breakdowns in the waveguides. Beam measurements at low power have been performed along the transmission lines and are compared to high power measurements. Near-field calculations and measurements of mm-wave beams radiated from open-ended HE11 waveguides show, that varying intensity patterns determine the distribution of Ohmic loading in compact mm-wave beam launching antennas, where the first mirror is located in the reactive near-field or close to the Fresnel maximum.

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19

Cardone, G., S. A. Nazarov, and J. Taskinen. "Spectra of open waveguides in periodic media." Journal of Functional Analysis 269, no. 8 (October 2015): 2328–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jfa.2015.08.001.

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20

Jabłoński, Tomasz F. "Complex modes in open lossless dielectric waveguides." Journal of the Optical Society of America A 11, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 1272. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/josaa.11.001272.

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21

Manenkov, A. B. "Eigenmodes expansions in lossy open waveguides (fibres)." Optical and Quantum Electronics 23, no. 5 (May 1991): 621–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00620088.

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22

Polo-López, Lucas, Juan Córcoles, Jorge A. Ruiz-Cruz, José R. Montejo-Garai, and Jesús M. Rebollar. "Numerical Study on the Orthogonality of the Fields Radiated by an Aperture." Mathematics 11, no. 5 (February 28, 2023): 1198. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11051198.

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This work studies the orthogonality of the fields radiated by the different modes of a radiating aperture. Waveguide modes exhibit an orthogonality property at the aperture cross-section that can be used to simplify calculations. However, it is unclear whether this property can be extended to the radiated fields produced by these same modes in apertures antennas, such as horns or open-ended waveguides. A numerical study has been carried out, analysing how the waveguide orthogonality extends to the radiated modal fields. It is observed that propagating modes and also modes that are well below cutoff follow this same behaviour. However, modes that are close to cutoff exhibit values in between those far from this transition region.

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23

Divakov, D. V., L. A. Sevastianov, and N. E. Nikolaev. "Modeling Open Transitions of the “Horn” Type between Open Planar Waveguides." EPJ Web of Conferences 108 (2016): 02020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201610802020.

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24

Plonis, Darius, Juozas Bučinskas, Raimondas Pomarnacki, Darius Miniotas, Šarūnas Paulikas, Andrius Katkevičius, Romanas Martavičius, and Liudmila Nickelson. "Electric Field and Dispersion Characteristic Calculations of Glass Tube Waveguides Filled with Biological Substances." Electronics 8, no. 3 (March 7, 2019): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics8030301.

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This study presents calculation of dispersion characteristics in the frequency range 1–100 GHz as well as electric field distributions in an open cylindrical waveguide with a central channel. The waveguide is made of glass material. The channel can be either empty or filled with blood plasma or blood cells. We investigated two kinds of electromagnetic (ЕМ) waves, the “tube” and “core” modes, each having a different structure of their electric fields. In the current study, the analysis focused on the fundamental and the first higher hybrid magnetic and electric “tube” modes. The fundamental “tube” mode that propagates in the waveguide filled with blood plasma is characterized by a very small loss at frequencies above 65 GHz. Meanwhile, the first higher mode suffers from strong attenuation in the same frequency range. This calls for finding ways to improve the waveguide’s broad-bandwidth. Our approach involves determining the dependence of this parameter on the inner radius of the waveguide. Extremes of the waveguide’s broad-bandwidth are observed at certain values of its inner radius. When the waveguide is filled with blood plasma or blood cells, the electric fields of the magnetic “tube” mode concentrate around the channel, and the electric field intensity decreases with the propagation of this mode along the waveguide, i.e., with increase of coordinate z. If the channel is filled with blood cells, the electric field of the hybrid magnetic “core” mode is concentrated in the center of the waveguide. This mode is characterized by a large attenuation h”, which reaches 500 m−1 at 30 GHz.

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25

Kim, Dong-Woo, and Soon-Soo Oh. "A Volumetric Waveguide-Type Rotman Lens Antenna for Three-Dimensional Millimeter-Wave Beamforming." Sensors 24, no. 9 (April 30, 2024): 2884. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s24092884.

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In this paper, a volumetric Rotman lens antenna operating at 28 GHz is proposed. The design formula and procedure were derived for the 3-D Rotman lens antenna. The number of tilted beams is 3 × 3. The six rectangular blocks are assembled using a metallic bolt. The input port consists of a waveguide, and the output port is made of an open-ended waveguide. The input and output waveguides are drilled in a flat conducting plate. The input and output port positions are optimized. Simulated and measured results show that the radiating beam is controlled almost exactly as calculated. Compared with the previous two-stage stacked Rotman lens antenna, the proposed Rotman lens antenna can dramatically decrease the antenna volume by approximately 75%.

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26

Chernokozhin, Eugenii V. "Analysis of Slow Waves in Open Slotted Waveguides." Telecommunications and Radio Engineering 54, no. 3 (2000): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/telecomradeng.v54.i3.90.

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Bonnet-Ben Dhia, A. S., B. Goursaud, C. Hazard, and A. Prieto. "A multimodal method for non-uniform open waveguides." Physics Procedia 3, no. 1 (January 2010): 497–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2010.01.065.

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28

Onofrei, Daniel, and Richard Albanese. "Active manipulation of EM fields in open waveguides." Wave Motion 69 (March 2017): 91–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wavemoti.2016.11.011.

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29

Kawalko, S. F., and M. Kanda. "Near-zone gain of open-ended rectangular waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility 39, no. 4 (1997): 408–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/15.649850.

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30

Veselov, G. I., G. G. Voronina, and N. I. Platonov. "Analysis of open dielectric waveguides (coordinate-free problem)." Radiophysics and Quantum Electronics 28, no. 7 (July 1985): 625–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01034107.

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31

Gentili, Guido Diffi, G. Manara, G. Pelosi, and R. Tiberio. "Radiation of open-ended waveguides into stratified media." Microwave and Optical Technology Letters 4, no. 10 (September 1991): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mop.4650041009.

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32

Patrushev, Mikhail, Wolfgang Ackermann, and Thomas Weiland. "Transparent boundary condition for the calculation of eigenmodes in transversely infinite waveguides." Advances in Radio Science 18 (December 10, 2020): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ars-18-7-2020.

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Анотація:

Abstract. Waveguides play one of the key figures in today's electronics and optics for signal transmission. Corresponding simulations of electromagnetic wave transportation along these waveguides are accomplished by discretization methods such as the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) or the Finite Element Method (FEM). For longitudinally homogeneous and transversely unbounded waveguides these simulations can be approximated by closed boundaries. However, this distorts the original physical model and unnecessarily increases the size of the computational domain size. In this article we present a boundary condition for transversely open waveguides based on the Kirchhoff integral which has been implemented within the framework of FIT. The presented solution is compared with selected conventional methods in terms of computational effort and memory consumption.

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33

DIVAKOV, D. V., and A. A. TYUTYUNNIK. "SYMBOLIC-NUMERICAL IMPLEMENTATION OF THE GALERKIN METHOD FOR APPROXIMATE SOLUTION OF THE WAVEGUIDE DIFFRACTION PROBLEM." Программирование, no. 2 (March 1, 2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/s0132347423020097.

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In this paper, we construct a symbolic-numerical implementation of the Galerkin method for approximate solution of the waveguide diffraction problem at the junction of two open planar three-layer waveguides. The Gelerkin method is implemented in the Maple computer algebra system by symbolic manipulations; its software implementation is based on the scprod symbolic-numerical procedure, which enables the numerical calculation of scalar products for the Galerkin method based on symbolic expressions. The use of symbolic manipulations makes it possible to speed up the calculation of integrals in the Galerkin method owing to single-run symbolic calculation of integrals typical for the problem, rather than multiple numerical integration.

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34

Wang, Hanyu, Wei Xu, Zhihong Zhu, and Biao Yang. "Photonic Weyl Waveguide and Saddle-Chips-like Modes." Nanomaterials 14, no. 7 (April 1, 2024): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano14070620.

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Topological Weyl semimetals are characterized by open Fermi arcs on their terminal surfaces, these materials not only changed accepted concepts of the Fermi loop but also enabled many exotic phenomena, such as one-way propagation. The key prerequisite is that the two terminal surfaces have to be well separated, i.e., the Fermi arcs are not allowed to couple with each other. Thus, their interaction was overlooked before. Here, we consider coupled Fermi arcs and propose a Weyl planar waveguide, wherein we found a saddle-chips-like hybridized guiding mode. The hybridized modes consist of three components: surface waves from the top and bottom surfaces and bulk modes inside the Weyl semimetal. The contribution of these three components to the hybridized mode appears to be z-position-dependent rather than uniform. Beyond the conventional waveguide framework, those non-trivial surface states, with their arc-type band structures, exhibit strong selectivity in propagation direction, providing an excellent platform for waveguides. Compared with the conventional waveguide, the propagation direction of hybridized modes exhibits high z-position-dependency. For example, when the probe plane shifts from the top interface to the bottom interface, the component propagating horizontally becomes dimmer, while the component propagating vertically becomes brighter. Experimentally, we drilled periodic holes in metal plates to sandwich an ideal Weyl meta-crystal and characterize the topological guiding mode. Our study shows the intriguing behaviors of topological photonic waveguides, which could lead to beam manipulation, position sensing, and even 3D information processing on photonic chip. The Weyl waveguide also provides a platform for studying the coupling and the interaction between surface and bulk states.

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35

Muhamad Nadzir, Norsaidah, Mohamed Himdi, Mohamad Kamal A. Rahim, Noor Asniza Murad, Osman Ayop, and Olivier Lafond. "Multi-Beam Luneburg Lens with Reduced Size Patch Antenna." Electronics 12, no. 14 (July 10, 2023): 3028. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143028.

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This paper describes the integration of a plate Luneburg lens with a microstrip patch antenna (MPA) with a complementary split ring resonator (CSRR) at 17 GHz frequency. The main advantage of the method is the compact size of the optimized MPA with CSRR such that the radiation pattern of the antennas successfully overlaps at −3 dB. The overlapping is achieved by positioning multiple MPA with CSRR structures around the plate Luneburg lens with 0.408λ distance between the elements. To test the performance of the lens, CST simulations are carried out using a classical WR62 open-ended waveguide to feed the structure, then adding more waveguides rotated at focal points of the lens. After that, the waveguide is substituted with the MPA with CSRR structure. The superiority of the proposed method over the conventional waveguide or regular patch antenna is confirmed by an overlap in radiation pattern at −3 dB with a narrow beamwidth of 10.9°.

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36

Pochernyaev, Vitaly, Nataliia Syvkova, and Mariia Mahomedova. "MICROWAVE MIXER ON RECTANGULAR WAVEGUIDES PARTIALLY FILLED BY DIELECTRIC." Informatyka, Automatyka, Pomiary w Gospodarce i Ochronie Środowiska 13, no. 4 (December 20, 2023): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.35784/iapgos.5355.

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The article investigates and calculates the characteristics of microwave mixers on rectangular waveguides partially filled by dielectric. Presents diagrams of promising combined microwave radio engineering systems - two options for constructing mobile digital troposcatter-radiorelay stations, the antenna-feeder paths of which are implemented on rectangular waveguides partially filled by dielectric. At research of microwave mixers, suppression and the use of the mirror frequency are taken into account. The analysis of researches of microwave mixers is carried out. The design of a balanced-type microwave mixer based on rectangular waveguides partially filled by dielectric is developed. The mixer is used to convertion the microwave signal into an intermediate frequency signal. The signal conversion of the mixers takes place on the non-linear active resistance of the semiconductor diode. In article, an open nonlinear structure is used as such a diode. The following main parameters of microwave mixers are investigated: conversion losses, noise factor, operating frequency band, signal suppression at the mirror frequency. The conversion losses are determined for various mirror channel suppression conditions. Phase methods of mirror frequency suppression are considered, which are most suitable for the waveguide implementation of microwave mixers. A scheme of a microwave mixer of a balance type with a phase method for suppressing the mirror frequency is presented. The article notes that for significant suppression of the mirror frequency of more than 30 dB, a double frequency conversion mixer is used. A diagram of a slotted bridge based on rectangular waveguides partially filled by dielectric is presented. The dependences of the input impedance of the mixer, the impedance of the mixer at the intermediate frequency, the impedance of the mixer at the mirror frequency by the power of the local heterodyne are plotted.

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37

Tu, Zhihua, Daru Chen, Hao Hu, Shiming Gao та Xiaowei Guan. "Characterization and Optimal Design of Silicon-Rich Nitride Nonlinear Waveguides for 2 μm Wavelength Band". Applied Sciences 10, № 22 (15 листопада 2020): 8087. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10228087.

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Optical communication using the 2 μm wavelength band is attracting growing attention for the sake of mitigating the information ‘capacity crunch’ on the way, where on-chip nonlinear waveguides can play vital roles. Here, silicon-rich nitride (SRN) ridge waveguides with different widths and rib heights are fabricated and measured. Linear characterizations show a loss of ~2 dB/cm of the SRN ridge waveguides and four-wave mixing (FWM) experiments with a continuous wave (CW) pump reveal a nonlinear refractive index of ~1.13 × 10−18 m2/W of the SRN material around the wavelength 1950 nm. With the extracted parameters, dimensions of the SRN ridge waveguides are optimally designed for improved nonlinear performances for the 2 μm band, i.e., a maximal nonlinear figure of merit (i.e., the ratio of nonlinearity to loss) of 0.0804 W−1 or a super-broad FWM bandwidth of 518 nm. Our results and design method open up new possibilities for achieving high-performance on-chip nonlinear waveguides for long-wavelength optical communications.

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38

Plonis, Darius, Andrius Katkevičius, and Diana Belova-Plonienė. "Phase Characteristics of Models of GaAs Gyroelectric Waveguides with Temperature Sensitive Anisotropic Dielectric Layers in Case of One Layer." Electrical, Control and Communication Engineering 14, no. 2 (December 1, 2018): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ecce-2018-0016.

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AbstractModels of open cylindrical multilayer gyroelectric-anisotropic-gyroelectric waveguides are presented in this paper. The influence of density of free carriers, temperature and the presence of the external dielectric layer on the wave phase characteristics of the models of n-GaAs waveguides has been evaluated. Differential Maxwell’s equations, coupled mode and partial area methods have been used to obtain complex dispersion equation of the models of gyroelectric-anisotropic-gyroelectric waveguides with or without the temperature sensitive external anisotropic dielectric layer. The analysis has shown that the phase characteristics are practically unchanged when the density of electrons is equal to N = (1017–5·1018) m−3, d/rs = 0, the changes of wave phase coefficients are obtained in the models of waveguides with the external anisotropic dielectric layer. The largest differences of wave phase coefficient are obtained when the density of electrons is N = 1021 m−3. The external dielectric layer improves the control of gyroelectric n-GaAs waveguides with temperature.

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39

Shestopalov, Y., and E. Kuzmina. "Symmetric surface waves along a metamaterial dielectric waveguide and a perfectly conducting cylinder covered by a metamaterial layer." Advanced Electromagnetics 7, no. 2 (May 23, 2018): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7716/aem.v7i2.792.

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Existence of symmetric complex waves in a metamaterial dielectric rod and a perfectly conducting cylinder of circular cross section covered by a concentric layer of metamaterial, a metamaterial Goubau line, is proved. Analytical investigation and numerical solution of dispersion equations reveal several important properties of running waves inherent to open metal-metamaterial waveguides which have not been reported for waveguides filled with standard media.

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40

Ren, Kun, Xiaobin Ren, Yumeng He, and Qun Han. "Magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on a magnetic fluid and independent plasmonic dual resonances." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (January 22, 2019): 247–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.23.

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A magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic based on metal–dielectric–metal (MDM) plasmonic waveguides and a magnetic fluid (MF) is proposed and theoretically investigated. Independent dual resonances are supported by the coupled resonator–waveguide system. The physical mechanisms of dual resonances are analyzed by the temporal coupled-mode theory. The transmission response to an external magnetic field is explored by using the remarkable tunability of the refractive index of the MF. Based on the different dependence of two resonances on the external field, a magnetic-field sensor with self-reference characteristic is achieved. The magnetic-field nanosensor shows an excellent performance with a high sensitivity of 27 pm/Oe, i.e., 270 pm/mT. The proposed sensor takes advantage of the refractive-index tunability of the MF and the compactness of the MDM waveguide structure. This research may open new opportunities to design nanoscale magnetic sensors with good performance.

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41

Bubnelis, Artūras. "MAGNETOACTIVE P-GE ROD WAVEGUIDE LOSS ANALYSIS ON THE CONCENTRATION OF TWO COMPONENT HOLE CHARGE CARRIERS / CILINDRINIŲ GIROELEKTRINIŲ P-GE BANGOLAIDŽIŲ NUOSTOLIŲ PRIKLAUSOMYBĖS NUO DVIEJŲ RŪŠIŲ KRŪVININKŲ KONCENTRACIJOS TYRIMAS." Mokslas - Lietuvos ateitis 4, no. 1 (April 23, 2012): 77–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mla.2012.17.

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A new algorithm is utilized to examine the phase and attenuation constants of open dissipative epsilon- and (or) mu-gyrotropic rod waveguides. Our algorithm allows analyzing the waveguides made of materials having very high losses. The dispersion characteristics of p-Ge with a waveguide of two component hole charge carriers are calculated when the ratio of heavy hole concentration in the material is equal to 5%, 50% and 95% of the total free carrier concentration. The effective mass of p-Ge heavy and light holes are 0.279me and 0.043me respectively. The dispersion characteristics of the main and eight higher modes are presented in the paper. The transformation of higher hybrid modes at some heavy hole concentrations can be noticed. Waveguide broad bandwidth can be considerably extended due to the fact that the losses of higher modes are larger in comparison to those of the main mode at certain heavy hole concentration. Santrauka Darbe pateikiami dviejų rūšių krūvininkų (lengvųjų ir sunkiųjų skylučių) puslaidininkinių p-Ge giroelektrinių bangolaidžių, kuriuos veikia B 1 0 = r T indukcijos nuolatinis išilginis magnetinis laukas, dispersinių charakteristikų skaičiavimo rezultatai, įvertinant nuostolius bangolaidyje. Skaičiavimo algoritmas leidžia tirti bangolaidžius, pagamintus iš medžiagų, atnešančių labai didelius nuostolius. Tiriamos 1 mm spindulio bangolaidžių dažninės charakteristikos 5–200 GHz dažnių ruože. Laisvųjų krūvininkų koncentracija bangolaidyje yra N = 5·1019 m–3. Nustatoma nuostolių priklausomybė nuo sunkiųjų skylučių krūvininkų koncentracijos Nh, esant trims skirtingoms sunkiųjų skylučių koncentracijoms, kai Nh sudaro 5 %, 50 % ir 95 % nuo visų krūvininkų koncentracijos N bangolaidyje.

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42

Ptitsyna, Natalia, and Stephen P. Shipman. "A lattice model for resonance in open periodic waveguides." Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S 5, no. 5 (2012): 989–1020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/dcdss.2012.5.989.

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43

Kaya, Sabri, Kerim Guney, Celal Yildiz, and Mustafa Turkmen. "ANFIS MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS OF OPEN SUPPORTED COPLANAR WAVEGUIDES." Neural Network World 23, no. 6 (2013): 553–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.14311/nnw.2013.23.033.

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44

Stuchly, S. S., C. L. Sibbald, and J. M. Anderson. "A new aperture admittance model for open-ended waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 42, no. 2 (1994): 192–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.275246.

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45

McDougall, M. J., and J. P. Webb. "Infinite elements for the analysis of open dielectric waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 37, no. 11 (1989): 1724–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/22.41037.

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46

Baudrand, H., J. W. Tao, and J. Atechian. "Study of radiating properties of open-ended rectangular waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 36, no. 8 (August 1988): 1071–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.7219.

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47

Serizawa, H., and K. Hongo. "Synthesis of offset parabola with open-ended waveguides feed." IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 39, no. 4 (April 1991): 535–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.81468.

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48

Nordebo, Sven, Gokhan Cinar, Stefan Gustafsson, and Borje Nilsson. "Dispersion Modeling and Analysis for Multilayered Open Coaxial Waveguides." IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques 63, no. 6 (June 2015): 1791–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmtt.2015.2420555.

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49

Yoo, Hyoungsuk, and Anand Gopinath. "Pseudoinverse method for modal solutions of open dielectric waveguides." Optics Letters 34, no. 8 (April 15, 2009): 1282. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ol.34.001282.

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50

Ohkubo, Fuminori, Akihiro Maruta, and Masanori Matsuhara. "Finite-element analysis of open-type axially symmetric waveguides." Electronics and Communications in Japan (Part II: Electronics) 75, no. 12 (1992): 34–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ecjb.4420751204.

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