Статті в журналах: "Opal fields South Australia"

1

Carpenter, Raymond J., Matthew P. Goodwin, Robert S. Hill, and Karola Kanold. "Silcrete plant fossils from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales: new evidence for climate change and monsoon elements in the Australian Cenozoic." Australian Journal of Botany 59, no. 5 (2011): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt11037.

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Diverse Cenozoic (possibly latest Oligocene to mid–late Miocene) macrofossils from the Lightning Ridge opal fields are illustrated and discussed. Specimens identified to, or closely comparable with, extant taxa include ferns (Lygodium, Gleichenia and others), conifers now extinct in Australia (Dacrydium, Retrophyllum and Papuacedrus), Lauraceae (Cryptocarya/Cinnamomum), sclerophyllous Proteaceae (Banksia, Lomatia and Grevillea), Cunoniaceae/Elaeocarpaceae and Eucalyptus (and/or other Myrtaceae). Overall, at least four fern, three conifer and 30 angiosperm taxa are recognised. The climate supported many species with close relatives in wet Australasian habitats, including rainforests. However, a drier or more seasonal (?monsoonal) aspect is especially indicated by the presence of lobed leaves that resemble extant species of Brachychiton (Malvaceae), Erythrina (Fabaceae) and tribe Cercideae (Fabaceae). A degree of water stress is also suggested by the prevalence of narrow, toothed and/or deeply lobed angiosperm leaves.

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2

Stockton, Carol M. "Opal Prospecting and Mining in South Australia." Journal of Gemmology 38, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2021.38.1.2b.

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3

Stockton, Carol M. "Opal Prospecting and Mining in South Australia." Journal of Gemmology 38, no. 1 (2022): 2. http://dx.doi.org/10.15506/jog.2022.38.1.2b.

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4

Hart, DM. "The Plant Opal Content in the Vegetation and Sediment of a Swamp at Oxford Falls, New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 2 (1988): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880159.

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Opal phytoliths in the leaves of 10 native species growing in and around a swamp were isolated and quantified, and shape and surface detail examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The amount of plant opal in the leaves ranged from 0.10 to 2.45% by dry weight, and phytolith forms most commonly found were spheres, rods and sheets. Phytoliths in the silt size range of the swamp sediment were isolated by a simple fractionation technique. It was found that the forms with a small surface area to volume ratio survived in the sediment.

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5

Jones, M., M. Cargo, L. Cobiac, and M. Daniel. "Mapping the program logic for the South Australia Obesity Prevention and Lifestyle (OPAL) initiative." Obesity Research & Clinical Practice 5 (October 2011): 17–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orcp.2011.08.087.

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6

Herrmann, J. R., R. Maas, P. F. Rey, and S. P. Best. "The nature and origin of pigments in black opal from Lightning Ridge, New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 66, no. 7 (April 1, 2019): 1027–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2019.1587643.

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7

Pedler, Reece D. "The impacts of abandoned mining shafts: Fauna entrapment in opal prospecting shafts at Coober Pedy, South Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 11, no. 1 (March 28, 2010): 36–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-8903.2010.00511.x.

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8

Coutts, B. A., N. E. B. Hammond, M. A. Kehoe, and R. A. C. Jones. "Finding Wheat streak mosaic virus in south-west Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 9 (2008): 836. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar08034.

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Between 2003 and summer 2006, 33 659 samples of wheat and grasses were collected from diverse locations in south-west Australia and tested for presence of Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV), but none was detected. In April–early May 2006, 2840 random samples of volunteer wheat from 28 fields on 24 farms in 6 districts in the grainbelt were tested. WSMV was detected for the first time, the infected samples coming from three fields, one in the Hyden and two in the Esperance districts. In ‘follow-up’ surveys in May 2006 in the same two districts, 8983 samples of volunteer wheat or grasses were tested, and the virus was detected on further farms, two in the Hyden and four in the Esperance districts. Incidences of infection in volunteer wheat were 1–8%, but WSMV was not found in grasses. By September 2006, when 1769 samples from further visits were tested, WSMV was detected in wheat crops or volunteer wheat plants at 2/3 of the original farms, with infection also found at one of them in barley, volunteer oats, and barley grass (Hordeum sp.). When samples of the seed stocks originally used in 2005 to plant five of the fields containing infected volunteer wheat at the three original infected farms were tested, seed transmission of WSMV was detected in four of them (0.1–0.2% transmission rates). In August–October 2006, 16 436 samples were collected in a growing-season survey for WSMV in wheat trials and crops throughout the grainbelt. WSMV was detected in 33% of ‘variety’ trials, 18% of other trials, 13% of seed ‘increase’ crops, and 52% of commercial crops. Incidences of infection were <1–100% within individual crops, <1–17% in trials, and <1–3% in seed increase crops. WSMV-infected sites were concentrated in the low-rainfall zone (east) of the central grainbelt. This area received considerable summer rains in 2006, which allowed growth of a substantial ‘green ramp’ of volunteer cereals and grasses, favouring infection of subsequent wheat plantings. WSMV was also detected at low levels over a much wider area involving all rainfall zones, from Dongara in the north to Esperance in the south. All 26 122 samples collected in January–May 2006 and 515 with possible WSMV symptoms collected in August–October 2006 were also tested for High plains virus (HPV), but it was not detected.

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9

Kear, Benjamin P. "Reassessment of the Early Cretaceous plesiosaur Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge, 1904 (Reptilia : Sauropterygia) from White Cliffs, New South Wales." Australian Journal of Zoology 50, no. 6 (2002): 671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo01073.

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Cimoliasaurus maccoyi Etheridge, 1904 is a poorly known plesiosauroid from the lower Cretaceous (Aptian) opal-bearing deposits (Doncaster Member, Wallumbilla Formation) of White Cliffs, New South Wales. Characters used to define the taxon are found to be either uninformative beyond higher taxonomic levels, ontogenetically related or misinterpreted, suggesting that C. maccoyi is a nomen dubium. Provisional referral of the C. maccoyi remains to Elasmosauridae gen. et sp. indet. may be warranted on the basis the derived morphology of its cervical vertebrae. A review of 'cimoliasaurian' taxa described from the Callovian to Maastrichtian of Europe, North and South America, New Zealand and Australia indicates that all can either be reassigned or represent nomina dubia. The taxonomic status of Cimoliasauridae is also tenuous, with the family established on largely non-diagnostic characters.

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10

Harries, Martin, Ken C. Flower, and Craig A. Scanlan. "Sustainability of nutrient management in grain production systems of south-west Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 72, no. 3 (2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp20403.

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Balancing nutrient inputs and exports is essential to maintaining soil fertility in rainfed crop and pasture farming systems. Soil nutrient balances of land used for crop and pasture production in the south-west of Western Australia were assessed through survey data comprising biophysical measurements and farm management records (2010–15) across 184 fields spanning 14 Mha. Key findings were that nitrogen (N) inputs via fertiliser or biological N2 fixation in 60% of fields, and potassium (K) inputs in 90% of fields, were inadequate to balance exports despite increases in fertiliser usage and adjustments to fertiliser inputs based on rotations. Phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) balances were positive in most fields, with only 5% returning losses >5 kg P or 7 kg S/ha. Within each of the three agroecological zones of the survey, fields that had two legume crops (or pastures) in 5 years (i.e. 40% legumes) maintained a positive N balance. At the mean legume inclusion rate observed of 20% a positive partial N budget was still observed for the Northern Agricultural Region (NAR) of 2.8 kg N/ha.year, whereas balances were negative within the Central Agricultural Region (CAR) by 7.0 kg N/ha.year, and the Southern Agricultural Region (SAR) by 15.5 kg N/ha.year. Hence, N budgets in the CAR and SAR were negative by the amount of N removed in ~0.5 t wheat grain, and continuation of current practices in CAR and SAR fields will lead to declining soil fertility. Maintenance of N in the NAR was achieved by using amounts of fertiliser N similar to other regions while harvesting less grain. The ratio of fertiliser N to legume-fixed N added to the soil in the NAR was twice that of the other regions. Across all regions, the ratio of fertiliser N to legume-fixed N added to the soil averaged ~4.0:1, a major change from earlier estimates in this region of 1:20 under ley farming systems. The low contribution of legume N was due to the decline in legume inclusion rate (now 20%), the low legume content in pastures, particularly in the NAR, and improved harvest index of lupin (Lupinus angustifolius), the most frequently grown grain legume species. Further quantifications of the effects of changing farming systems on nutrient balances are required to assess the balances more accurately, thereby ensuring that soil fertility is maintained, especially because systems have altered towards more intensive cropping with reduced legume production.

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11

Stirling, GR, and MF Wachtel. "Root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) on potato in south-eastern South Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 25, no. 2 (1985): 455. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9850455.

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In south-eastern South Australia root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) caused losses to potato crops in fields that were sown once every 5- 15 years and were used for grazing in the intervening years. Although seed used by some growers was infested with M. hapla, the nematode also survived between potato crops on subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum), the dominant pasture species, and capeweed (Cryptostemma calendula). Subterranean clover was the most abundant alternate host. Nematodes invaded clover seedlings that established following rain in April and produced eggs about 12 weeks later. A second generation was produced in late winter and spring, so that a relatively high root-knot nematode population was present when potatoes were planted. The population increased rapidly on potatoes and numbers capable of causing severe root damage were observed 10- 15 weeks after planting. The growing of non-host crops, or the use of herbicides or cultivation to eliminate subterranean clover in the winter prior to the potato crop, should be investigated. In a nematicide trial, ethylene dibromide at 70 and 110 kg/ha increased yields of potato cv. Pontiac by about 90%.

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12

Ryley, M. J., N. R. Obst, J. A. G. Irwin, and A. Drenth. "Changes in the Racial Composition of Phytophthora sojae in Australia Between 1979 and 1996." Plant Disease 82, no. 9 (September 1998): 1048–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.1048.

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Surveys of commercial soybean fields, disease nurseries, and trial plots of soybean were conducted throughout eastern Australia between 1979 and 1996, and 694 isolates of Phytophthora sojae were collected and classified into races. Fourteen races, 1, 2, 4, 10, 15, and 25, and eight new races, 46 to 53, were identified, but only races 1, 4, 15, 25, 46, and 53 were found in commercial fields. Races 1 and 15 were the only races found in commercial fields in the soybean-growing areas of Australia up until 1989, with race 1 being the dominant race. Race 4 was found in central New South Wales in 1989 on cultivars with the Rps1a gene, and it is now the dominant race in central and southern New South Wales. Races 46 and 53 have only been found once, in southern New South Wales, and race 25 was identified in the same region in 1994 on a cultivar with the Rps1k gene. Only races 1 and 15 have been found in the northern soybean-growing regions, with the latter dominating, which coincides with the widespread use of cultivars with the Rps2 gene. Changes in the race structure of the P. sojae population from commercial fields in Australia follow the deployment of specific resistance genes.

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13

McDonald, B. A., J. Zhan, and J. J. Burdon. "Genetic Structure of Rhynchosporium secalis in Australia." Phytopathology® 89, no. 8 (August 1999): 639–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1999.89.8.639.

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Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers were used to determine the genetic structure of Australian field populations of the barley scald pathogen Rhynchosporium secalis. Fungal isolates were collected by hierarchical sampling from five naturally infected barley fields in different geographic locations during a single growing season. Genetic variation was high in Australian R. secalis populations. Among the 265 fungal isolates analyzed, 214 distinct genotypes were identified. Average genotype diversity within a field population was 65% of its theoretical maximum. Nei's average gene diversity across seven RFLP loci was 0.54. The majority (76%) of gene diversity was distributed within sampling site areas measuring ≈1 m2; 19% of gene diversity was distributed among sampling sites within fields; and 5% of gene diversity was distributed among fields. Fungal populations from different locations differed significantly both in allele frequencies and genotype diversities. The degree of genetic differentiation was significantly correlated with geographic distance between populations. Our results suggest that the R. secalis population in Western Australia has a different genetic structure than populations in Victoria and South Australia.

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14

Baker, Jeanine, and Christopher Preston. "Canola (Brassica napus L.) seedbank declines rapidly in farmer-managed fields in South Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 8 (2008): 780. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07436.

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Canola is an important crop in southern Australia, where it is used as part of the crop rotation to manage cereal diseases, improve wheat yields, and assist in integrated weed management programs. The potential release of herbicide-tolerant transgenic cultivars into Australia has raised concerns that volunteer canola may itself become an uncontrollable weed. This study examined the persistence of the canola seedbank in farmer-managed fields in 3 geographical areas of the South Australian cropping region for up to 3.5 years after the last canola crop was grown. In total, 66 fields from minimum- and no-tillage farms were sampled for number of canola seed/m2 and the percentage of those that germinated. ANOVA analysis indicated that time since the last harvest and cultivation method were both significant factors affecting the number of seed/m2 present. Neither time since harvest nor cultivation method was significant for number of germinated canola seeds, although time since harvest approached significance at the 5% level. This demonstrates that the canola seedbank and the number of volunteers decline rapidly in managed cropping systems in southern Australia. Therefore, it is unlikely that herbicide-tolerant canola will become a major weed if volunteers are managed carefully.

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15

Hamilton, LJ. "Statistical features of the Oceanographic area off south-western Australia, obtained from Bathythermograph data." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 4 (1986): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860421.

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A statistical analysis has been made of 26 years of bathythermograph (BT) data to 1980 for the south-west Australian area bounded by 30-35�s. and 110-115�E., a region influenced by the Leeuwin Current. The data indicate that a surface mixed layer exists all year round, with average depth 55 m and standard deviation 37 m. All but 2% of BT casts show a mixed-layer depth (MLD) less than 150 m. MLD are deepest in mid-year, particularly from July to September. Sea surface temperatures (SST) are significantly related to temperature values down to 200 m depth, especially in mid-year, for both eastern and western parts of the area separated by 113�E. Correlations of MLD with SST are significant only in the western part, and then only from January to March, and April to June. Long-term horizontally averaged temperature fields are broadly related through the water column from the surface to 200 m. All results indicate that, especially in mid-year, SST fields are related to subsurface temperature fields, which may be representative of flow structure. Seasonal differences exist between the eastern and western areas, caused by the Leeuwin Current.

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16

Redmond, Helen. "Impact of energy generation on health: unconventional gas." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 126, no. 2 (2014): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs14038.

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In this age of human-induced climate change, drilling for unconventional gas is expanding rapidly. In the United States hundreds of thousands of wells tap into shale gas, tight sands gas and coal seam gas (CSG). In Australia we have large CSG fields containing thousands of wells in Queensland, and several smaller fields in New South Wales and Victoria. The scale of proposed development of shale gas in South Australia, Western Australia and the Northern Territory will eclipse CSG in the eastern states. Yet unconventional gas extraction has the potential to undermine every single one of the environmental determinants of health: clean air, clean water, a safe food supply and a stable climate.1 To ensure health, water has to be sufficient in quality and quantity. The unconventional gas industry impacts both in a number of ways. Water quality can be threatened both by chemicals in drilling and fracking fluids, and by chemicals mobilised from deep underground in the process.

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17

BRAY, RODNEY A., THOMAS H. CRIBB, and JEAN-LOU JUSTINE. "Multitestis Manter 1931 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) in ephippid and chaetodontid fishes (Perciformes) in the south-western Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean off Western Australia." Zootaxa 2427, no. 1 (April 15, 2010): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.2427.1.4.

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Five species of the genus Multitestis are described, figured or discussed: Multitestis pyriformis from Platax orbicularis off Lizard Island, northern Great Barrier Reef, Australia and Platax teira off New Caledonia; Multitestis coradioni n. sp. (syn. Multitestis pyriformis Machida, 1963 of Bray et al. (1994)) from Coradion chrysozonus off Heron Island, which differs from M. pyriformis in its oval body-shape, the more posteriorly situated testicular fields and larger eggs, Multitestis elongatus from Platax pinnatus off Lizard Island, Multitestis magnacetabulum from P. teira off Heron Island, southern Great Barrier Reef, Australia, and New Caledonia, Multitestis paramagnacetabulum n. sp. from P. orbicularis off Ningaloo Reef, Western Australia, which differs from M. magnacetabulum in the more posteriorly situated testicular fields.

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18

Richardson, Adam J., Iain R. Taylor, and Jane E. Growns. "The Foraging Ecology of Egrets in Rice Fields in Southern New South Wales, Australia." Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 24, no. 2 (August 2001): 255. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1522039.

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19

Boutsalis, Peter, Gurjeet S. Gill, and Christopher Preston. "Incidence of Herbicide Resistance in Rigid Ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) across Southeastern Australia." Weed Technology 26, no. 3 (September 2012): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-11-00150.1.

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Herbicide resistance in rigid ryegrass is an escalating problem in grain-cropping fields of southeastern Australia due to increased reliance on herbicides as the main method for weed control. Weed surveys were conducted between 1998 and 2009 to identify the extent of herbicide-resistant rigid ryegrass across this region to dinitroaniline, and acetolactate synthase- and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase-inhibiting herbicides. Rigid ryegrass was collected from cropped fields chosen at random. Outdoor pot studies were conducted during the normal winter growing season for rigid ryegrass with PRE-applied trifluralin and POST-applied diclofop-methyl, chlorsulfuron, tralkoxydim, pinoxaden, and clethodim. Herbicide resistance to trifluralin in rigid ryegrass was identified in one-third of the fields surveyed from South Australia, whereas less than 5% of fields in Victoria exhibited resistance. In contrast, resistance to chlorsulfuron was detected in at least half of the cropped fields across southeastern Australia. Resistance to the cereal-selective aryloxyphenoxypropionate-inhibiting herbicides diclofop-methyl, tralkoxydim, and pinoxaden ranged between 30 and 60% in most regions, whereas in marginal cropping areas less than 12% of fields exhibited resistance. Resistance to clethodim varied between 0 and 61%. Higher levels of resistance to clethodim were identified in the more intensively cropped, higher-rainfall districts where pulse and canola crops are common. These weed surveys demonstrated that a high incidence of resistance to most tested herbicides was present in rigid ryegrass from cropped fields in southeastern Australia, which presents a major challenge for crop producers.

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20

Peck, D. M., N. Habili, R. M. Nair, J. W. Randles, C. T. de Koning, and G. C. Auricht. "Bean leafroll virus is widespread in subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) seed crops and can be persistently transmitted by bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi Shinji)." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 9 (2012): 902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12121.

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In the mid 2000s subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum) seed producers in South Australia reported symptoms of a red-leaf disease in fields with reduced seed yields. The red-leaf symptoms resembled those caused by several clover-infecting viruses. A set of molecular diagnostic tools were developed for the following viruses which are known to infect subterranean clover: Alfalfa mosaic virus; Bean leafroll virus (BLRV); Beet western yellows virus; Bean yellow mosaic virus; Cucumber mosaic virus; Pea seed-borne mosaic virus; Soybean dwarf virus and Subterranean clover stunt virus. Surveys of subterranean clover seed production fields in 2008 in the south-east of South Australia and western Victoria identified Bean leafroll virus, Alfalfa mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus as present, with BLRV the most widespread. Surveys of pasture seed production fields and pasture evaluation trials in 2009 confirmed that BLRV was widespread. This result will allow seed producers to determine whether control measures directed against BLRV will overcome their seed losses. Bluegreen aphid (Acyrthosiphon kondoi) was implicated as a potential vector of BLRV because it was observed to be colonising lucerne plants adjacent to subterranean clover seed production paddocks with BLRV, and in a glasshouse trial it transmitted BLRV from an infected lucerne plant to subterranean clover in a persistent manner.

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21

Riley, I. T., and S. J. Kelly. "Endoparasitic nematodes in cropping soils of Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 42, no. 1 (2002): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea01054.

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Soil samples were collected in Western Australia from cereal fields at about harvest time to determine levels of the endoparasitic nematodes, Pratylenchus and Heterodera. A systematic survey in 1997 and 1998 centred on the 40 shires with the highest proportion of cereal cropping. One hundred and eighty samples were collected in 1997 and 227 in 1998 at 10-km intervals along north–south transects 35 km apart. A targeted survey in 1997 included 98 soil samples from fields selected by growers as having poor productivity without an evident cause. No Heterodera cysts were found in any survey sample but these could be extracted from soils previously known to be infested. Pratylenchus neglectus was most commonly detected followed by P. thornei and P. zeae. Populations identified as P. brachyurus, P. penetrans, P. scribneri, and an undescribed species similar to P. thornei were also found. Overall Pratylenchus was extracted from 63% of samples (mean 1.1, median 0.3, max. 22.0/mL of soil). Maps of the data indicate that Pratylenchus populations were aggregated with some areas having relatively light infestations. There was a positive relationship with the intensity of cereal cropping and a negative relationship with pulse cropping. The findings indicate that potentially damaging Pratylenchus numbers occur in a significant proportion of fields and highlight the need to develop and implement strategies to lower population densities.

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22

Lebedev, K. V. "THE MODEL STUDY OF THE WIND STRESS IMPACT TO THE INTERANNUAL VARIABILITY OF THE ANTARCTIC CIRCUMPOLAR CURRENT SOUTH OF AUSTRALIA." Journal of Oceanological Research 47, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 172–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.29006/1564-2291.jor-2019.47(2).10.

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The interannual variability of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) in the region south of Australia is studied on the base of numerical simulations performed with the use of the Argo-based model for Investigation of the Global Ocean (AMIGO). The model consists of a block for variational interpolation to a regular grid of Argo floats data and a block for model hydrodynamic adjustment of variationally interpolated fields. The mean ACC transport for the period of 2005–2014 through the Australia-Antarctica section was estimated at 178±6 Sv (1 Sv = 106m3/с-1). Additional numerical experiments were carried out in order to study the contribution of the wind forcing to the interannual variability of the ACC transport: the real thermohaline fields corresponding to the particular time period were replaced by climatic ones (1) and by replacing the real wind forcing data with the climatic ones (2). Analysis of the numerical experiments results has shown that the variable wind stress forcing is the key factor determining the interannual variability of the ACC transport through the Australia-Antarctica section.

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23

McNicoll, Russell. "HORIZONTAL DRILLING IN AUSTRALIA: THREE CASE HISTORIES." APPEA Journal 31, no. 1 (1991): 354. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj90027.

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Three horizontal wells with horizontal sections of up to 331 m were drilled successfully during the development of the marginal North Herald and South Pepper oil and gas fields, which have relatively thin oil columns (6 to 12 m) at a depth of some 1200 m sub-sea. A steerable motor system was used to maintain directional control within the design parameters. This system proved to be successful from the start and no major changes to the bottom hole assembly design were required to drill all the wells. Average drilling time including running and setting the seven inch liner amounted to 12 days. The wells were tested with rates up to 7500 BOPD through a one inch choke.

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24

Stanmore, P. J., and E. M. Johnstone. "THE SEARCH FOR STRATIGRAPHIC TRAPS IN THE SOUTHERN PATCHAWARRA TROUGH, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 28, no. 1 (1988): 156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj87014.

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A seismic stratigraphic study of the Early Permian Patchawarra Formation has been undertaken to delineate zones of reservoir sandstone development and to identify stratigraphic hydrocarbon traps in the western Patchawarra Trough region. In this intracratonic basinal setting, the Patchawarra Formation is dominated by paludal and lacustrine sediments with fluvial sandstones. The Patchawarra Formation in the Patchawarra Trough is a prolific, liquids-rich gas producer with discovered-in-place resources approaching 28 x 109 cubic metres (1 TCF).With minimal well control in the study area, seismically defined increments of strata (SIS units) have been mapped areally away from nearby fields. The occurrence of sand-prone facies has been predicted through the development of a palaeogeographic model for each unit.Integration of facies and structural maps has led to the identification of a suite of intraformational and basin edge stratigraphic plays.

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25

Sokolov, Serguei, and Stephen R. Rintoul. "Multiple Jets of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current South of Australia*." Journal of Physical Oceanography 37, no. 5 (May 1, 2007): 1394–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo3111.1.

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Abstract Maps of the gradient of sea surface height (SSH) and sea surface temperature (SST) reveal that the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) consists of multiple jets or frontal filaments. The braided and patchy nature of the gradient fields seems at odds with the traditional view, derived from hydrographic sections, that the ACC is made up of three continuous circumpolar fronts. By applying a nonlinear fitting procedure to 638 weekly maps of SSH gradient (∇SSH), it is shown that the distribution of maxima in ∇SSH (i.e., fronts) is strongly peaked at particular values of absolute SSH (i.e., streamlines). The association between the jets and particular streamlines persists despite strong topographic and eddy–mean flow interactions, which cause the jets to merge, diverge, and fluctuate in intensity along their path. The SSH values corresponding to each frontal branch are nearly constant over the sector of the Southern Ocean between 100°E and 180°. The front positions inferred from SSH agree closely with positions inferred from hydrographic sections using traditional water mass criteria. Recognition of the multiple branches of the Southern Ocean fronts helps to reconcile differences between front locations determined by previous studies. Weekly maps of SSH are used to characterize the structure and variability of the ACC fronts and filaments. The path, width, and intensity of the frontal branches are influenced strongly by the bathymetry. The “meander envelopes” of the fronts are narrow on the northern slope of topographic ridges, where the sloping topography reinforces the β effect, and broader over abyssal plains.

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26

Moriarty, Hayden, Jennifer Clifford, James Donley, and Lewis Maxwell. "Unlocking material gas resources – Moomba South case study." APPEA Journal 60, no. 2 (2020): 736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj19222.

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In the last two years, Santos has identified and unlocked a significant contingent resource in the Cooper Basin, onshore Australia. Commercialisation of these resources has been enabled through the application of phased appraisal programs, combined with Santos’ disciplined low-cost operating model. The implementation of a disciplined low-cost operating model as part of the current Santos strategy has resulted in unprecedented cost reductions in the Cooper Basin. Sub-economic contingent resources across many fields have become primary targets for appraisal and development for conversion to economic reserves. One of Santos’ largest contingent resources lies in the deep tight rocks of the Moomba Field.

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BEVERIDGE, I., and S. SHAMSI. "Revision of the Progamotaenia festiva species complex (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from Australasian marsupials, with the resurrection of P. fellicola (Nybelin, 1917) comb. nov." Zootaxa 1990, no. 1 (January 30, 2009): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.1990.1.1.

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Examination of all available specimens currently identified as Progamotaenia festiva from macropodid and vombatid marsupials together with comparison with published genetic data has allowed the recognition of seven new species based on morphological differences: P. adspersa sp. nov. from Macropus irma (Jourdan) from Western Australia, P. aemulans sp. nov. from Macropus dorsalis (Gray) from Queensland, P. corniculata sp. nov. from Lagorchestes conspicillatus Gould from Queensland, P. dilatata sp. nov. from Wallabia bicolor (Desmarest) from Victoria, New South Wales, the Australian Capital Territory and Queensland, P. onychogale sp. nov. from Onychogalea unguifera (Gould) from Queensland, P. pulchella sp. nov. from Setonix brachyurus (Quoy & Gaimard) from Western Australia, and P. vombati sp. nov. from Vombatus ursinus (Shaw) from Victoria, New South Wales and the Australian Capital territory. Progamotaenia fellicola (Nybelin, 1917) comb. nov. is resurrected and is reported from Macropus agilis (Gould) from Western Australia, the Northern Territory and Queensland in Australia as well as from Papua New Guinea. Within the redefined taxon P. festiva (Rudolphi, 1819), three morphotypes were recognised: the first lacking a space between the testis fields and the osmoregulatory canals, found in M. giganteus Shaw (type host), M. rufus (Desmarest), M. robustus Gould and M. dorsalis, the second with a space between the testis fields and the osmoregulatory canals, found in M. parryi Bennett and M. robustus and the third, with a space between the testis fields and the osmoregulatory canals but with a greater number of testes per segment, found in M. antilopinus (Gould) and M. robustus. Because the morphotypes are not entirely concordant with the genetic groups identified within P. festiva, all have been retained provisionally within this taxon.

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28

Westbrooks, Randy G., and Gene Cross. "Serrated Tussock (Nassella trichotoma) in the United States." Weed Technology 7, no. 2 (June 1993): 525–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00027998.

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Serrated tussock [(Nassella trichotoma (Nees) Hack. # STDTR] is a clump-forming, perennial, cool season grass. It is native to South America, where it occurs in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru, and Uruguay. In the past century, it has been introduced to New Zealand, Australia and South Africa, and also occurs in small acreages in France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. Serrated tussock occurs in fields, wastelands, and pastures, but rarely in wet or shaded areas.

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29

Karamy, Selma Elfirda. "West Java’s Fashion Diplomacy to South Australia: A Model of Sister Province Cooperation." Tourism and Sustainable Development Review 1, no. 2 (August 31, 2020): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/tsdr.v1i2.5.

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Sister Province is a concept that describes inter sub-national cooperation from two different countries. West Java Province, as one of the three provinces with the largest population in Indonesia, has built a Sister Province cooperation with South Australia. This Sister Province cooperation has been established from 1997 and revitalized during the leadership of the 14th Governor of West Java, Ahmad Heryawan, in 2015. The revitalization of West-South-South Java cooperation began with the signing of a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) containing work plans in both regions in various fields. In the MoU, West Java and South Australia collaborated in the arts and culture, which is related to the modest fashion. The realization of the West Java and South Australia Sister Province was the cooperation of Bandung Islamic Fashion Institute (IFI) as the first Muslim fashion school in Indonesia, and Technical and Further Education (TAFE) as vocational schools and training in South Australia. This study uses the paradiplomacy theory and the sister province concept as analytical tools. The research was conducted to know how the process and the implementation of IFI and TAFE cooperation as a form of Sister Province Cooperation. The research method used is descriptive qualitative research with literature studies. This research resulted in the cooperation of the Sister Province of West Java-South Australia through IFI and TAFE running quite well, namely by the realization of scientific exchanges and fashion show collaborations between the two institutions. However, other cooperation plans have not been realized and require both parties and the government to assist in the preparation of realization and achieve effective and profitable cooperation.

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30

Arouri, Khaled R., David M. McKirdy, Lorenz Schwark, Detlev Leythaeuser, and Peter J. Boult. "Accumulation and mixing of hydrocarbons in oil fields along the Murteree Ridge, Eromanga Basin, South Australia." Organic Geochemistry 35, no. 11-12 (November 2004): 1597–618. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.orggeochem.2004.04.008.

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31

Patton, Nicholas R., Daniel Ellerton, and James Shulmeister. "High-resolution remapping of the coastal dune fields of south east Queensland, Australia: a morphometric approach." Journal of Maps 15, no. 2 (July 3, 2019): 578–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17445647.2019.1642246.

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32

Adams-Schimminger, Miriam, Graham Fifield, Bruce Doran, and David Freudenberger. "Woodland Rehabilitation and Biodiversity Conservation in an Agricultural Landscape in South Eastern Australia." Case Studies in the Environment 1, no. 1 (2017): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/cse.2017.sc.399598.

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Southern Australia has a tree crisis. The iconic and ecologically essential eucalypt trees are dying out across vast swathes of farmland that were once grassy woodlands. A century of clearing and agricultural intensification, plus the failure of these trees to self-regenerate, has led to a massive loss of wildlife habitat, particularly tree hollows that only form in large and old Eucalyptus trees. Just as importantly, this decline in trees has exposed farmers to losses of agricultural productivity. There is now a lack of shelter for livestock. Rising salty ground water is degrading pastures as this ground water is no longer being controlled by the deep roots and respiration of eucalypts. We describe the research that shows how an innovative partnership between farmers, a non-government environmental organisation, and government funding is rehabilitating entire fields to a productive and wildlife-rich woodland full of thriving eucalypts.

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33

Home, David. "The United States of America and Decolonization in the South Pacific Region Countries." International Journal of Science and Society 1, no. 2 (September 11, 2019): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.54783/ijsoc.v1i2.11.

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The purpose of this study is intended to reveal the background and influence of the United States in the South Pacific countries. The method used in this study is critical history. In analyzing data, the steps taken are steps according to Kuntowijoyo, topic selection, heuristics, verification (source criticism), interpretation, historiography. The results showed that the presence of the Soviet Union and China in the south Pacific moved the United States to pay more attention to this region, by further enhancing its role in the South Pacific Region. The role of the United States in the South Pacific Region covers the fields of economics, politics, and strategy. In the economic field, the United States provides assistance and improves their standard of living. In the political and strategic fields, the United States, together with Australia and New Zealand, which was bound by the ANZUS defense pact, tried to stem the influx of communist influence from the Soviet Union and China.

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34

Scholefield, T., C. P. North, and H. L. Parvar. "RESERVOIR CHARACTERISATION OF A LOW RESISTIVITY GAS FIELD-OTWAY BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 36, no. 1 (1996): 62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj95004.

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The Katnook, Haselgrove and Ladbroke Grove Fields of southeastern SA are characterised by a lack of resistivity contrast above and below known gas-water contacts, poor hole conditions, complex mineralogy and fresh formation water. A multi-disciplinary review of all available data to characterise the Pretty Hill Sandstone reservoir by integrating core, log and engineering data has enabled a comprehensive picture of reservoir heterogeneity and its influence on log response and well performance to be determined. The availability of extensive core throughout the 6 wells has resulted in the accurate modelling of reservoir porosity and the derivation of a facies-dependent, quantitative permeability log which closely matches drill stem test and production test derived permeability thickness (kh). Previous water saturation assumptions have been shown to be optimistic with Leverett J Function water saturation averaging 50-60 per cent through the reservoir. Detailed facies modelling from the cores extrapolated into areas with no core control has led to the derivation of a geological model which, when integrated into a 3D simulation, has resulted in calculated pressures within 1 per cent of those measured and has enabled the prediction of the pressure response from highly compartmentalised portions of the reservoir. Simulation-derived, material balance and volumetric original-gas-iti-place for the Katnook Field now agree to within 5 per cent.The study has resulted in changes to previously accepted evaluation procedures for wells targeting the Pretty Hill Sandstone.

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35

Sprague, S. J., S. J. Marcroft, H. L. Hayden, and B. J. Howlett. "Major Gene Resistance to Blackleg in Brassica napus Overcome Within Three Years of Commercial Production in Southeastern Australia." Plant Disease 90, no. 2 (February 2006): 190–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0190.

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The infection by Leptosphaeria maculans of Brassica napus cultivars with major gene resistance derived from Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris was studied in southeastern Australia. Following the commercial release of these cultivars in Australia in 2000, plants with stem cankers were first reported in 2002 at two geographically isolated regions in South Australia and New South Wales. In 2003, this study showed that the major gene resistance had been overcome in an area of approximately 50,000 ha in South Australia and in two fields in New South Wales (0.5 and 30 ha). There was no relationship between disease severity and incidence in 2003 and the proximity to the sites where resistance breakdown occurred in 2002. At some locations, the frequency of isolates able to overcome the B. rapa subsp. sylvestris-derived resistance had increased between 2002 and 2003. Isolates cultured from canola cultivars with either B. rapa subsp. sylvestris-derived resistance or polygenic resistance showed host specificity when inoculated onto cultivars with B. rapa subsp. sylvestris-derived or polygenic resistance, respectively. The most likely cause of the resistance breakdown was the rapid increase in frequency of L. maculans isolates virulent on this particular resistance source. The selection pressure leading to this increased frequency was probably mediated by the planting of cultivars harboring the major resistance gene in the same locations for a 3-year period, and the ability of the pathogen to produce large numbers of asexual and sexual spores.

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36

Thiel, S., and G. Heinson. "Modelling the effects of ocean and sediments on electromagnetic fields, example from the Gawler Craton, South Australia." ASEG Extended Abstracts 2009, no. 1 (2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aseg2009ab126.

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37

Lytton-Hitchins, J. A., P. Greenslade, and L. J. Wilson. "Effects of Season and Management of Irrigated Cotton Fields on Collembola (Hexapoda) in New South Wales, Australia." Environmental Entomology 44, no. 3 (April 8, 2015): 529–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvv029.

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38

Byerlee, Derek. "The Super State: The Political Economy of Phosphate Fertilizer Use in South Australia, 1880–1940." Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte / Economic History Yearbook 62, no. 1 (April 30, 2021): 99–128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jbwg-2021-0005.

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Abstract From 1882 to 1910 superphosphate was almost universally adopted by wheat farmers in South Australia. A supply chain perspective is used to link the mining of phosphate rock in distant Pacific islands to the final application of superphosphate in the fields of Australian wheat farmers. Farmers and private manufacturers led the adoption stage in the context of a liberal market regime and the role of the state at this stage was limited although strategic. After 1920, the role of the state in the industry sharply increased in all phases of the industry. A political economy perspective is used to analyse state-ownership of raw material supplies and protectionist policies to manufacturers that resulted in high prices in Australia by 1930. Numerous government reviews pitted the interests of farmers and manufacturers leading to a complex system of tariffs and subsidies in efforts to serve all interests. Overall, the adoption of superphosphate was a critical factor in developing productive and sustainable farming systems in Australia, although at the expense of Pacific Islanders who prior to WWII received token benefits and were ultimately left with a highly degraded landscape.

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39

Adu-Yeboah, Patricia, Peter Boutsalis, Peter Hooper, Gurjeet S. Gill, and Christopher Preston. "Use of alternative herbicide mixtures to manage glyphosate-resistant Lolium rigidum Gaud. along crop margins in South Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 12 (2014): 1349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp14066.

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The repeated use of glyphosate to control annual ryegrass along fence lines and crop margins has resulted in the evolution of resistance to this herbicide in populations of annual ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) in cropping regions of Australia. Field trials were conducted between 2009 and 2011 at four fence-line sites in South Australia to identify suitable herbicide treatments for controlling glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass. Annual ryegrass populations growing at all four sites were found to have 12–24-fold resistance to glyphosate compared with a standard susceptible population in dose-response experiments. Glyphosate alone (1080 g ha–1) did not effectively control glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass at any location. Single applications of paraquat + diquat and paraquat + amitrole were effective where weed populations were low, with up to 99% reduction in seed-head production. Mixtures of paraquat + diquat + diuron, glufosinate ammonium + diuron and two applications of paraquat + diquat 14 days apart consistently provided high levels of control of glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass at all locations, with >90% reduction in seed-head production. In 2011, glyphosate resistant individuals of annual ryegrass were identified up to 50 m inside the fields adjacent to the fence. Therefore, failure to control glyphosate-resistant annual ryegrass along crop margins risks movement of resistance into adjacent cropped fields.

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40

Bagheri, Mohammad B., Matthew Wallace, Vello Kuuskraa, Hadi Nourollah, Matthias Raab, and Tim Duff. "CO." APPEA Journal 62, no. 2 (May 13, 2022): S372—S377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj21144.

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This paper discusses the potential for storing CO2 and producing lower carbon intensity oil from onshore oil fields in the Cooper and Surat basins of South Australia and Queensland. A comprehensive database was compiled for the oil fields in the basins above, including the key required data to assess the potential of the basins for CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR). The South Australia and Queensland oil field databases contain 140 reservoirs with a combined original oil in-place of 1497 million barrels. These reservoirs have, to date, produced a total of 382 million barrels, with 458 million barrels of expected ultimate recovery (EUR). The database was compiled with support from Santos, Bridgeport, and Beach Energy. These reservoirs were screened further based on their size and pressure. The next step was to model the application of a CO2 flood in each of the shortlisted reservoirs using the CO2 EOR Prophet model developed by Advanced Resources International. The modelling showed that joint implementation of CO2 storage and CO2 EOR would allow the Cooper and Surat basins to store 116–158 million metric tons of CO2 and produce 248–518 million barrels of additional oil. Creating hubs and clustering fields based on their geographical location helps to reduce the cost of infrastructure and CO2 transportation. Therefore, the reservoirs in this study, were grouped and anchored to the most dominant oil reservoir that has the largest CO2 storage and EOR capacity. The results of the clusters are summarised in this paper.

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41

Wong, M. T. F., R. W. Bell, and K. Frost. "Mapping boron deficiency risk in soils of south-west Western Australia using a weight of evidence model." Soil Research 43, no. 7 (2005): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr05022.

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The aim of this work was to develop a risk map for boron (B) deficiency in the grain cropping regions of Western Australia (WA), whilst avoiding the high costs associated with direct B measurements for an area as vast as the south-west of WA. The study firstly determined relationships between 0.01 m CaCl2-extractable soil B levels and readily available data on soil properties and parent materials for Reference Soils of south-west Australia and secondly assembled direct evidence of B deficiency risk from surveys of farmers’ crops and soils and from glasshouse experiments. Across 73 Reference Soils, there was a positive relationship between 0.01 m CaCl2-extractable soil B levels and clay (r 2 = 0.50) and pH (r 2 = 0.43) in the surface horizon. Soils containing <0.5 mg B/kg generally had <5% clay and pH CaCl2 <5.5. Plant and soil analysis surveys in farmers’ fields revealed 10–20% of fields had B levels below tentative critical levels. In a glasshouse experiment, B response in oilseed rape was obtained in 4 sandy acid soils, all developed on sandstone parent materials. From this prior evidence of B deficiency, spatial data layers for surface soil pH, subsurface pH, surface clay level, and geology in south-western Australia were weighted and combined using the Dempster-Shafer weight of evidence model to map B-deficiency risk. The weightings of evidence layers were revised to increase the correspondence between predicted areas of high risk and field areas with measured low B or B deficiency from a validation dataset. The model helps overcome the high cost associated with direct B measurements for risk mapping. A similar approach may have value for mapping risk of other deficiencies of relevance to agriculture.

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42

Stirling, Graham R., A. Marcelle Stirling, Robin M. Giblin-Davis, Weimin Ye, Dorota L. Porazinska, Jackie M. Nobbs, and Kenneth J. Johnston. "Distribution of southern sting nematode, Ibipora lolii (Nematoda: Belonolaimidae), on turfgrass in Australia and its taxonomic relationship to other belonolaimids." Nematology 15, no. 4 (2013): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685411-00002686.

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Molecular evidence from sequences of three regions of ribosomal DNA (partial SSU, ITS-1, 5.8S and ITS-2, and D2/D3 expansion segments of LSU) is presented to show that the two belonolaimids described from turfgrass in Australia (Ibipora lolii and Morulaimus gigas) are identical. Morulaimus gigas is therefore considered a junior synonym of I. lolii. The decision to place the nematode in Ibipora rather than Morulaimus is supported by molecular studies which showed that I. lolii is not closely related to Morulaimus or Carphodorus, two belonolaimid genera that are only found in Australia. Survey data are presented to show that I. lolii is widespread on turfgrass around Newcastle in New South Wales and in Perth, Western Australia, where the infested area is increasing rapidly, largely because the nematode is being spread in planting material. Ibipora lolii damages all turfgrass species but is particularly damaging to kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum), the main grass used for sporting fields and recreational areas in warm regions of Australia. Data from an experiment in pots also show that the nematode multiplies to damaging levels on sugarcane. Symptoms on grasses are similar to those caused by the sting nematode, Belonolaimus longicaudatus, in south-eastern USA, but because the two nematodes are taxonomically different, I. lolii is referred to as the southern sting nematode. Ibipora lolii was not found in surveys of natural vegetation on the east and west coasts of Australia, suggesting that it is an introduced species, possibly originating in South America or the Caribbean, where other Ibipora species are found.

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Liew, Kai Khiun, and Angela Lee. "K-pop boot camps in choreographic co-creative labor." Global Media and China 5, no. 4 (December 2020): 372–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2059436420974935.

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The worldwide popularity of South Korean popular music has generated global consumer demand for variations of its grueling training regimen offered by talent recruitment agencies and dance studios. Using the case study of the South Korean popular music boot camps offered by the Australia-based agency, The Academy, this article seeks to frame these performative engagements along more cosmopolitan notions of choreographic co-creative labor. In contrast to the highly competitive South Korean popular music machinery, participation in these boot camps can be characterized as affective prosumer “free labor” from trainees from diverse backgrounds, abilities, and motivations. Through programs that enable trainees to “re-present,” “re-organize,” and “re-interpret” K-pop dance performances, studios like The Academy leverage on K-pop’s popularity and its training pedagogies so as to open new fields of creative labor. Accompanying such openings are the strengthening transnational connectivities in the activities of The Academy in intensifying existing multicultural networks in Australia. The studio is also part of a more cosmopolitan platform in orienting traditionally Eurocentric mainstream Australia culturally toward the Asia-Pacific region. By further democratizing the dance abilities of K-pop choreographies, initiatives like The Academy serve in enlarging creative labor in transnational rhythmic communities.

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44

Coenraads, Robert R. "Key areas for alluvial diamond and sapphire exploration in the New England gem fields, New South Wales, Australia." Economic Geology 85, no. 6 (October 1, 1990): 1186–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.85.6.1186.

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45

Abduriyim, A., F. L. Sutherland, and E. A. Belousova. "U–Pb age and origin of gem zircon from the New England sapphire fields, New South Wales, Australia." Australian Journal of Earth Sciences 59, no. 7 (October 2012): 1067–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08120099.2012.724031.

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46

Hallett, Lauren M., Rachel J. Standish, Justin Jonson, and Richard J. Hobbs. "Seedling emergence and summer survival after direct seeding for woodland restoration on old fields in south-western Australia." Ecological Management & Restoration 15, no. 2 (April 25, 2014): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/emr.12110.

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47

Balali, G. R., S. M. Neate, A. M. Kasalkheh, B. J. Stodart, D. L. Melanson, and E. S. Scott. "Intraspecific variation of Rhizoctonia solani AG 3 isolates recovered from potato fields in Central Iran and South Australia." Mycopathologia 163, no. 2 (January 23, 2007): 105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11046-006-0089-7.

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48

Parker, K. A. "THE EXPLORATION AND APPRAISAL HISTORY OF THE KATNOOK AND LADBROKE GROVE GAS FIELDS, ONSHORE OTWAY BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91007.

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The discoveries of the Katnook Field and, later, the Ladbroke Grove Field were significant milestones for hydrocarbon exploration in the southeast of South Australia as well as for the Otway Basin in general. The initial 1987 discovery at Katnook-1 of a relatively shallow gas accumulation in the basal part of the Eumeralla Formation was eclipsed in late 1988 at the Katnook-2 appraisal stage where deeper and more significant gas reserves were discovered in the Pretty Hill Sandstone.Technological improvement, in seismic acquisition, in particular, use of longer offset configurations and higher fold, and in filtering and correction techniques at the processing stage, are discussed in relation to improved geologic understanding. These aspects ultimately led to drilling success in both exploration and appraisal.At the deep Katnook discovery stage several significant problem areas remained unresolved. These related to uncertainties in vertical distribution of gas pay, level of a gas-water contact, and unreliable reserve estimates the result of the inability of conventional log analysis techniques to distinguish gas-bearing from water-bearing sands. Both in the evaluation of Katnook-2 and at the Katnook-3 appraisal stage, expensive cased-hole testing programs were undertaken to determine the size, extent and producibility of the gas accumulation. A key development between drilling Katnook-2 and Katnook-3 was the discovery of carbon dioxide-rich gas at Ladbroke Grove during 1989 in an adjacent structure to the south.The Katnook Field was the first commercial gas field development in the southeast, South Australian part of the Otway Basin, with gas sales commencing in March 1991, within a year of completing field appraisal. The discoveries, and subsequent development, have led to a renewed focus on the Otway Basin as a prospective hydrocarbon province.

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49

Fairburn, W. A. "GEOMETRY OF RESERVOIR TRENDS IN THE EPSILON FORMATION SANDS, SOUTHERN COOPER BASIN, SOUTH AUSTRALIA." APPEA Journal 32, no. 1 (1992): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj91027.

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Sandstone reservoirs within the Lower Permian Epsilon Formation, despite being gas productive in several fields in the Cooper Basin of South Australia, in particular Big Lake and Moomba, have proved to be elusive targets for exploration. This is mainly due to the distribution pattern of these sands, which differs markedly from that of the thicker and laterally extensive fluvial sands which are prevalent in the Toolachee and Patchawarra formations. As a consequence, there has been some acceptance that the distribution of Epsilon Formation reservoirs are unpredictable.Log correlation studies of the Epsilon Formation, in conjunction with sand trend mapping, have identified sands which are either laterally continuous ('sheet' sands) or laterally discontinuous ('ribbon' sands).Core facies analysis supports the interpretation that the 'sheet' sands are lake shore strandline deposits whereas the 'ribbon' sands are distributary channel deposits of prograding delta systems.Based on the inferred depositional models, and with the aid of detailed isopach maps, it has been possible to project reservoir trends of the channel sands and prepare sand maps, at varying gamma-ray cutoffs, of the shoreface sands.An understanding of the geometry of the various sand bodies has clarified the prospectivity of the Epsilon Formation and facilitated the selection of development well locations throughout the Southern Cooper Bas

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50

Pratley, J. E., J. C. Broster, and P. Michael. "Echinochloa spp. in Australian rice fields—species distribution and resistance status." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 7 (2008): 639. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07156.

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Six Echinochloa species, i.e. barnyard grass (Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) Beauv.), awnless barnyard grass (E. colona (L.) Link), hairy millet (E. oryzoides (Ard.) Fritsch), prickly barnyard grass (E. microstachya (Wieg.) Rydb), Japanese millet (E. esculenta (A Br.) H Scholz), and channel millet (E. inundata Michael et Vickery), were detected in surveys of Australian rice fields in south-eastern Australia. Differences were detected in the rate of germination of species and this may affect the efficacy of herbicide treatments where mixes of species occur. Phenotypic variation within E. crus-galli, such as size of panicles, size of spikelets, and degree of awning, sometimes makes identification difficult and may have implications for seed growers. No instances of herbicide resistance were found in any Echinochloa species despite its widespread occurrence in other countries.

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