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1
Rogaly, Joe. The democratic delusion: Britain's simple-minded voting system - and some better ones - explained. London: Electoral Reform Soc., 1988.
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2
Goud en het geheim van geld: Hoe bankiers ons financiële systeem opblazen. Amsterdam: Nieuw Amsterdam, 2012.
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3
Gvozdeva, Valentina. Data management in transport systems. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1018180.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Topics on the theoretical and practical foundations of data management, primarily in transport, are presented. They are devoted to the basic concepts and definitions, the history of development, and the basics of data management in transport systems. The main methods and models of data management are presented. The issues of data management in the systems of various types of transport: water, rail, road, air, pipeline, as well as specialized and non-traditional ones are considered.
Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation.
For training University and College students in specialties involving the study of disciplines related to data management in information and transport systems.
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Vincent, Hans R. Ons wereldbeeld en het integrale denken: Op zoek naar de eenheid van religie, filosofie en wetenschap. Kampen: Agora, 2000.
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5
N. J. P. Giltay Veth. Past rechtspersoonlijkheid van de afdeling van een vereniging in het systeem van ons rechtspersonenrecht? Deventer: Kluwer, 1992.
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6
Official Netscape plug-in book: The hottest add-ons & how they work. Research Triangle Park, NC: Ventana, 1996.
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7
Blevins, William L. Your family, your self: How to analyze your family system to understand yourself, & achieve more satisfying relationships with your loved ones. Oakland, CA: New Harbinger Publications, 1993.
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8
De kunstmatige mens: Hoe machines ons veranderen. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: De Bezige Bij, 2002.
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9
Smith, Leslie S. Audition. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199674923.003.0015.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Audition is the ability to sense and interpret pressure waves within a range of frequencies. The system tries to solve the what and where tasks: what is the sound source (interpretation), and where is it (location)? Auditory environments vary in the number and location of sound sources, their level and in the degree of reverberation, yet biological systems have robust techniques that work over a large range of conditions. We briefly review the auditory system, including the auditory brainstem and mid-brain major components, attempting to connect its structure with the problems to be solved: locating some sounds, and interpreting important ones. Systems using knowledge of animal auditory processing are discussed, including both CPU-based and Neuromorphic approaches, starting from the auditory filterbank, and including silicon cochleae: feature (auditory landmark) based systems are considered. The level of performance associated with animal auditory systems has not been achieved, and we discuss ways forward.
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Nise. System Engineering 4e with Just Ask Control Soluti Ons Companion and Student Survey Set. John Wiley & Sons Inc, 2003.
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11
Okamoto, Yukari. Mathematics Learning in the USA and JAPAN. Edited by Roi Cohen Kadosh and Ann Dowker. Oxford University Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199642342.013.032.
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This chapter examines the idea that spoken language of mathematics could be a potential factor in explaining variation in mathematics achievement between East Asian and US students. A particular focus was placed on the number naming systems of East Asian languages that are rooted in ancient Chinese. In these languages, the organization of number names follows the rules of the base-ten system. Studies that examined influences of number naming systems on children’s mathematical competence showed that young children speaking East Asian languages prefer to represent two-digit numbers as consisting of tens and ones. Although these results seem limited to specific mathematical competence, it is argued that strong foundations built around base-ten knowledge are likely to contribute to later mathematics performance. Some disadvantages of East Asian languages are also discussed.
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Grosse Ruse-Khan, Henning. The International IP System: From Continuity to Resilience. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199663392.003.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter looks at how rule-relations within the international intellectual property (IP) system have developed from continuity (in constantly raising minimum standards) to resilience (against certain forms of increasing protection). It considers the evolution of the international IP system from the nineteenth century onwards, examining how each succeeding changes and additions to the system had established a relationship of continuity which integrates existing standards and adds new ones. The chapter then turns to the emergence of another revolutionary change. The integral nature of the common goals established in TRIPS’ object and purpose creates a form of ‘resilience’ of the multilateral system over attempts for inter-se modifications. Moreover, international law has appropriate tools so that those charged with applying, implementing, and interpreting multilateral IP norms can give effect to this resilience both in relations of interpretation and relations of conflict.
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Gorman, Jack M. Love, Reward, and Social Connections. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190850128.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Just as there are pathways for negative emotions and behaviors like fear and despair, the brain has networks that accompany positive ones, such as parental behavior, love, and social connectedness. One such system involves the brain hormones oxytocin and vasopressin, which are known to play a critical role in monogamous pair bonding and in both maternal and paternal nurturing behavior. Another is the so-called reward pathway that originates in the brain stem and terminates in the nucleus acumbens. This pathway allows us to anticipate reward and identify risk, and it reinforces pleasurable experiences. Both systems can also be part of aberrant behaviors like prejudice and drug addiction.
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Pepinsky, Thomas B., R. William Liddle, and Saiful Mujani. Islam and the Market. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190697808.003.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The global spread of Islamic finance has transformed the financial systems of many Muslim countries, but observers know little about the factors that shape individuals’ demand for Islamic finance. This chapter examines the socioeconomic origins of consumer demand for Islamic financial products in Indonesia, where a growing Islamic financial market coexists with a large conventional financial system. Many analysts of Islamic finance presume that pious Muslims should prefer Islamic financial products to conventional ones. We explore how socioeconomic change may also create new constituencies for Islamic financial products. Accordingly, we show that modernization and globalization play important roles in shaping individual use of Islamic financial products. Perhaps surprisingly, there is no evidence that piety has any systematic effect on consumers’ choice of Islamic versus conventional financial products.
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Bodart, Olivier, and Steven Laureys. Imaging the central nervous system in the critically ill. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199600830.003.0224.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Imaging techniques play a major role in managing patients with acute severe neurological signs. Initial evaluation of patients with traumatic brain injuries is best performed with a computed tomography (CT) scan, both for its ability to demonstrate most of the significant lesions and for logistical reasons. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is able to provide more subtle information, as well as prognosis indicators, but is impractical until the patient’s condition has been stabilized. MRI has the same advantages for assessing anoxic brain injuries. In strokes, MRI has become the technique of choice, as it is able to highlight new lesions among older ones, and can identify ischaemic lesions only a few minutes after the event. At the same time MRI can identify or exclude contraindications for intravenous thrombolysis. Subarachnoid haemorrhages are best initially assessed with CT followed by a digital suppression angiogram to identify arterial aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations. In spine imaging, CT scan works the best in indicating traumatic bone lesions, while MRI is unsurpassed in examining the spinal cord and ligamentous injuries, and can provide prognostic indicators of the expected functional outcome.
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Protecting Your Assets from Probate and Long-Term Care: Don't Let the System Bankrupt You and Your Loved Ones. Allworth, 2017.
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Martyn, Geoffrey. The Parent Care Handbook: Navigating Today's Complex Healthcare System and Finding Quality Senior Care for Your Aging Loved Ones. Authorhouse, 2003.
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18
Mathews, Jud. Extending Rights' Reach. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190682910.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Constitutional rights protect individuals against government overreaching, but that is not all they do. In different ways and to different degrees, constitutional rights also regulate legal relations among private parties in most legal systems. In other words, rights can have not only a vertical effect, within the hierarchical relationship between citizen and state, but also a horizontal one, on the citizen-to-citizen relationships otherwise governed by private law. In every constitutional system with judicially enforceable constitutional rights, courts must make choices about whether, when, and how to give those rights horizontal effect. This book is about how different courts make those choices, and about the consequences that they have. The doctrines that courts build to manage the horizontal effect of rights speak to the most fundamental issues that constitutional systems address, about the nature of rights and of constitutionalism itself. These doctrines can also entrench or enhance judicial power, but in very different ways depending on the legal system. This book offers three case studies, of Germany, the United States, and Canada. For each, it offers a detailed account of the horizontal effect jurisprudence of its apex court—not in isolation, but as a central feature of a broader account of that country’s constitutional development. The case studies show how the choices courts make about horizontal rights reflect existing normative and political realities and, over time, help to shape new ones.
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Crowley, Kate, Jenny Stewart, Adrian Kay, and Brian Head. Reconsidering Policy. Policy Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447333111.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
For all nation-states, the context in which public policies must be developed and applied continues to become more complex and demanding. Yet policy studies has not fully responded to the challenges and opportunities represented by these developments. While governance has drawn attention to a globalising and network-based policy world, politics and the role of the state have been de-emphasised. The book addresses this imbalance through a process of reconsideration – re-visiting traditional policy-analytic concepts and re-developing and extending new ones. The objects of reconsideration are of two types: firstly, themes relating to ‘deep’ policy: policy systems; institutions, the state and borders; and secondly, policy-in-action: information, advice, implementation and policy change. Through these eight perspectives, each developed as a chapter of this book, the authors have produced a melded approach to policy, which they call systemic institutionalism. They define this approach as one that provides a broad analytic perspective that links policy with governance (implemented action) on the one hand, and the state (structured authority) on the other. By identifying research agendas based on these insights, the book suggests how real world issues might be substantively addressed, in particular more complex and challenging issues, through examples that bring out the ‘policy’ (the history and potential for collective public action) in the system.
20
Hancké, Bob. How Including Labour Can Improve Corporate Governance. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198805274.003.0010.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Involving labour in decision-making has the potential to improve corporate governance, even in adversarial industrial relations systems such as the ones found in Anglo-American economies. This chapter approaches corporate governance as an information problem—how do shareholders and other interested parties to the activities of a company know that management is working in their best long-term interest? If both labour and business are represented in decision-making, the information asymmetries that each faces are significantly alleviated by the presence of the other, which leads to more balanced outcomes. Representatives of business know relatively little about how the company is run, but a lot about how the company is doing in its key product markets. Labour may have only a tenuous grip on competitive strategy, but it is quite cognisant of how the company is run internally. A board system where representation is shared imposes transparency.
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Sanders, James W. Irish vs. Yankees. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190681579.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
As a social historian, James W. Sanders takes a new look at a critical period in the development of Boston schools. Focusing on the burgeoning Irish Catholic population and framing the discussion around Catholic hierarchy, Sanders considers the interplay of social forces in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries that led to Irish Catholics’ emerging with political control of the city and its public schools. The latter reduced the need for parochial schools; by at least the 1920s, the public and parochial schools had taken giant steps toward one another in theory and practice under the leadership of the Catholics who presided over both systems. The public schools taught the same morality as the Catholic ones, and, in the generous use of Catholic saints and heroes as moral exemplars, they came dangerously close to breaching the wall of separation between religion and the public school. As a result, despite the large Irish Catholic population, Boston’s parochial school system looked very different from parochial schools in other American cities, and did not match them in size or influence. The book begins in 1822 when Boston officially became a city and ends with the Irish Catholic takeover of the Boston public school system before the Second World War.
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Fuller, Richard A., and James E. M. Watson. Replacing underperforming nature reserves. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198808978.003.0023.
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This chapter discusses a radical solution to the problem that many protected areas are not in the right places to achieve maximum conservation benefit. The radical solution involves replacing underperforming protected areas with new ones that achieve more for conservation. Such a system revision was successfully undertaken in Bhutan as long ago as 1993. This chapter argues that designing robust policies and processes around reserve replacement will (i) force a thorough assessment of the role of protected areas against a clear set of conservation objectives, (ii) upgrade a poorly performing system of protected areas into a system that achieves better conservation outcomes for the same, or even a lower, overall budget, and (iii) allow for sober, transparent, and effective decision-making when parts of existing protected areas are under threat from development.
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Peterson, Brittany L., Beth M. Cohen, and Rachel A. Smith. “Courtesy Incarceration”. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5406/illinois/9780252037702.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter looks at the stigma experienced by family members of people who are incarcerated, examining how relatives and loved ones of people in prison try to build a sense of community and support. The chapter is based on a collaborative effort designed to preserve the integrity and credibility of the research while capitalizing on the unique strengths that come with personal experience. Each methodological choice helps to balance and alleviate the tension between objectivity and subjectivity in scholarship. The juxtaposition of the “subjective” relationship to the prison system and the “objective” research goals provides a holistic approach to exploring the experiences of those with incarcerated loved ones, in an effort to understand the communicative strategies used in these complex situations.
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Manne, Kate. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190604981.003.0001.
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Considers three cases in which we not only need to name a problem to do justice to girls and women, but in which male dominance is actively tied to blocking and preempting the term’s usage, or rewriting her mind to engineer agreement (known as “gaslighting”). Introduces the practices of silencing—in particular, “testimonial smothering”—theorized by the philosopher Kristie Dotson as a way of understanding what is at stake in analyzing terms such as “strangulation” versus “choking,” “rape,” and, it is subsequently argued, “misogyny.” Clarifies the book’s aims, methods, limitations, and notable omissions. Goes on to introduce a way of thinking about the logic of misogyny in functional terms—and hence, in this case, political ones. On the ensuing account, misogyny is a system that serves to enforce and police gendered norms and expectations to which groups of girls and women are subject under historically patriarchal orders, given the intersection between patriarchal forces with other systemic forms of domination and disadvantage, oppression and vulnerability.
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Decision Making, Politics And Quality Of Life: How to solve problems without creating larger ones. Edgar Hartel, 2013.
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Kenny, Paul D. Populism and Patronage. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198807872.001.0001.
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Populist rule is bad for democracy, yet in country after country, populists are being voted into office. Populism and Patronage shows that the populists such as Indira Gandhi and Narendra Modi win elections when the institutionalized ties between non-populist parties and voters decay. Yet, the explanations for this decay differ across different types of party system. Populism and Patronage focuses on the particular vulnerability of patronage-based party systems to populism. Patronage-based systems are ones in which parties depend on the distribution of patronage through a network of brokers to mobilize voters. Drawing on principal agent theory and social network theory, this book argues that an increase in broker autonomy weakens the ties between patronage parties and voters, making the latter available for direct mobilization by populists. Decentralization is thus a major factor behind populist success in patronage democracies. Populists exploit the breakdown in national patronage networks by connecting directly with the people through the media and mass rallies, avoiding or minimizing the use of deeply institutionalized party structures. Mrs Gandhi herself famously promised to go “once more direct to the people” in her populist election campaign of 1971. This book not only reinterprets the recurrent appeal of populism in India, but also offers a more general theory of populist electoral support that is tested using qualitative and quantitative data on cases from across Asia and around the world, including Indonesia, Japan, Venezuela, and Peru.
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Chalabi, Azadeh. National Human Rights Action Planning. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198822844.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book deals with human rights action planning, as a largely under-researched area, from theoretical, doctrinal, empirical, and practical perspectives in order to put forward a new account of such planning. As such, the present work provides one of the most comprehensive studies of human rights planning to date. At the theoretical level, by advancing a novel general theory of human rights planning, it offers an alternative to the traditional state-centric model of planning. This new theory contains four sub-theories: contextual, substantive, procedural, and analytical ones. At the doctrinal level, a textual analysis of core human rights conventions is conducted in order to reveal the scope and nature of the obligation to adopt a national human rights action plan and to consider how to ensure that states are in compliance with this obligation. At the empirical level, a cross-case analysis of national human rights action plans of fifty-three countries is conducted exploring the major problems of these plans in different phases and uncovering the underlying causes. At the practical level, both national and supra-national human rights governance systems are examined. At the supra-national level, a networked model of global human rights governance is suggested as a practical response strategy against the extant global governance system which hardly works as an integrated system. At the national level, after suggesting the establishment of a nation-wide network for implementing human rights, the essential parts of human rights action planning are probed in four phases putting forward some methodological techniques for each phase.
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Romanov, Sergey. The Language of the Great Pyramids of Egypt and the Megalithic Structures of the Earth. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2012.978-5-317-06606-2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This is the first in a series of books on deciphering information generated by the process of paleocontact. Information is recorded in the form of various artificial structures: pyramids, megalithic structures, as well as in mythology, legends of various peoples, etc. The most important components of the coding system for this information are languages: a proto-language and an artificial language created to encrypt information in various structures. The decoded information affects various aspects of science, including the origin of our planet, the development of earthly civilization, as well as a description of the catastrophic processes of «renewal» taking place in the solar system and, somewhat less often, on Earth. The book - like this one, as well as the following ones - is intended for people interested in the history of civilization.
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Vu, Tuong. Workers under Communism. Edited by Stephen A. Smith. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199602056.013.027.
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This essay compares the experience of workers and workplace politics under communism in the Soviet Union, Poland, East Germany, China, and Vietnam. State–labour relations in these contexts were fraught with tension from the start. Workers’ experience varied widely over time and space. Nevertheless, all workers were subject to state-imposed forms of domination at the workplace and in society at large. This domination was the effect of a powerful ideology, dense organizations, and social hierarchies that were mutually reinforcing. Many workers actively supported communist goals and were rewarded, but the system failed to motivate enough workers to make it work in the long term. Against the background of stagnant or declining living standards, propaganda failed to enlighten most workers while coercion could not produce disciplined and efficient ones. Socialist workers were disempowered but not powerless to manipulate and resist the system.
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Hahn, Robert G. Fluid and electrolyte physiology in anaesthetic practice. Edited by Jonathan G. Hardman. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199642045.003.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The maintenance of body fluid homeostasis is an essential task in perioperative care. Body fluid volumes are tightly controlled by the nervous system, by hormones, and by the kidneys. All these systems are affected by anaesthesia and surgery in ways that must be appreciated by the anaesthetist. Administration of infusion fluids is the key tool to prevent major derangements of the body fluid volumes during before, during, and after surgery. By varying its composition, an infusion fluid can be made to selectively expand or shrink a body fluid compartment. The total osmolality determines whether the infused volume distributes over the total body water or over the extracellular fluid volume, or even attracts fluid from intracellular space. Infusion fluid is the first-line tool in the management of the vasodilation that is induced by both general and regional anaesthesia. Fluids are also an essential component in the treatment of haemorrhage, in which a reduction in arterial pressure implies that 20% of the blood volume has been lost. Capillary refill restores the blood volume, but too slowly to prevent haemorrhagic shock. In this situation, prompt intravenous fluid therapy is life-saving. Electrolyte derangements may be induced by disease and/or medication. The most essential ones to consider during anaesthesia are sodium, potassium, calcium, and bicarbonate.
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Nuovo, Victor. The Philosophy of a Christian Virtuoso iii. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198800552.003.0008.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The question why Locke failed to publish an ethical system, notwithstanding the value he placed on the moral life, is raised and its answer postponed. Locke’s thoughts about ethics expressed in the Essay and other writings are examined, their sources identified, and the systematic connections between them are considered. Hellenistic sources, especially Epicurean ones, are identified, along with the ethical rationalism and naturalism of Hugo Grotius. Following Grotius, Locke developed a theory of the law of nature, rooted in social convenience, but sanctioned by divine command. In Some Thoughts concerning Education, Locke advocated the cultivation of virtues suitable to the moral and civic life of a gentleman. His abortive attempt to develop a system of ethics in ‘Of Ethics in General’, intended as a chapter of the Essay, but abandoned, brings the reader back to the opening question. Locke concluded that revelation is a more reliable source of moral knowledge.
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Stirr, Anna Marie. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190631970.003.0009.
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Bringing the insights from the earlier chapters in the book to bear on Nepal’s contentious post–civil war project of state restructuring, the conclusion looks at how discursive and performative practices of producing intimacies across social and geographic divides comprise a system of shifting and porous boundaries between similarity and difference, self and other, sometimes collapsing distinctions and often producing new ones. It suggests that the aesthetics of dohori, and its emotional resonances grounded in sensory musical experience, continues to inspire aspirations for more egalitarian social formations, while grounding the possibility of the new in reconfigurations of valued aspects of the old.
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Rodogno, Davide. Humanitarian Intervention in the Nineteenth Century. Edited by Alex J. Bellamy and Tim Dunne. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198753841.013.2.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The purpose of this chapter is to show that a number of interventions took place from 1815 to 1914. The chapter avoids the fabrication of a fil rouge connecting nineteenth-century interventions to more recent ones, including the one in Libya. They are not identical phenomena. The historian’s perspective emphasizes continuities and ruptures in the concept of the responsibility to protect, a term that is historicized in the chapter, and examines whether or not the amount of intervention that occurs in the present-day international system, or the seemingly original network of contemporary transnational relations, is anything but original.
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Mevorach, Irit. Conclusion. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198782896.003.0007.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter provides a summary and concluding remarks regarding the future of cross-border insolvency. It argues based on the analysis in the previous chapters that a regime that fits current market conditions and increases global and local welfare is within reach, and is founded on the emerging norms of modified universalism. Persisting territorial inclinations should not cast a shadow over the desirability of modified universalism. Rather than yielding to territorialist inclinations, international actors should strengthen modified universalism by attempting to close gaps in the system to reflect agreed norms and by working to overcome negative biases in favour of positive ones. Modified universalism can crystallize into binding law in the form of customary international law (CIL), which can close gaps and overcome biases. The system can further foster compliance with the norms through a range of measures. While cross-border insolvency is already governed by proper instruments, certain gaps remain. It is suggested that there is room for additional work on the instruments and generally on strengthening the cross-border insolvency system. Future reform should continue to be multifaceted, with different roles assigned to different actors.
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Rosenberg, Michael, and Aslı Erim-Özdoğan. The Neolithic in Southeastern Anatolia. Edited by Gregory McMahon and Sharon Steadman. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195376142.013.0006.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This article presents data on Neolithic sites in southeastern Anatolia, where, as elsewhere in southwestern Asia, the changes attendant on the Neolithic, while revolutionary in their consequences for the evolution of human cultural and social systems, were gradual. In the Early Aceramic we see the development of sedentary communities based on important economic changes, but ones that still retain major elements of the earlier hunter-gatherer, egalitarian social system. However, those elements are now buttressed with institutions (e.g., general-purpose public buildings, feasting) that permit the now somewhat larger communities to remain intact on a long-term basis and to act as a whole. In the Mature Aceramic (MA), we see some of those same institutions (public buildings and spaces) evolving to (of necessity) more strongly promote group identity at the community level in the still-larger communities that characterize the MA. Beginning in the MA III and continuing through the early part of the Pottery Neolithic, we see the gradual disintegration of the Aceramic Neolithic lifeway and its replacement by one that is quite different, wherein kinship appears to play a larger, more formal role. These social changes are intertwined with important economic changes (the development of the full southwestern Asia domesticate complex) and technological changes (the widespread adoption of ceramic technology), but the specifics of how they are related remains an open question.
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Allen, Colin, Peter M. Todd, and Jonathan M. Weinberg. Reasoning and Rationality. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0003.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The article explores five parts of Cartesian thought that include individualism, internalism, rationalism, universalism, and human exceptionalism demonstrating the philosophical and psychological theories of rationality. Ecological rationality comes about through the coadaptation of minds and their environments. The internal bounds comprising the capacities of the cognitive system can be shaped by evolution, learning, or development to take advantage of the structure of the external environment. The external bounds, comprising the structure of information available in the environment, can be shaped by the effects of minds making decisions in the world, including most notably in humans the process of cultural evolution. The internal constraints on decision-making including limited computational power and limited memory in the organism and the external ones include limited time push toward simple cognitive mechanisms for making decisions quickly and without much information. Human exceptionalism is one of the strands of Residual Cartesianism that puts the greatest focus on language and symbolic reasoning as the basis for human rationality. The invention of symbolic systems exhibits how humans deliberately and creatively alter their environments to enhance learning and memory and to support reasoning. Nonhuman animals also alter their environments in ways that support adaptive behavior. Stigmergy, an important mechanism for swarm intelligence, is the product of interactions among multiple agents and their environments. It is enhanced through cumulative modification, of the environment by individuals.
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Price, Marilyn, and Donald J. Meyer. The Aging Physician and Other Professionals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199374656.003.0037.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Capacity to practice ones’ profession safely and effectively may become an issue as physicians or other professionals age. While this chapter will focus primarily on the psychiatric assessment of the aging physician, impairment due to illness in persons employed in other healthcare positions, the military, aviation, the judicial system, and law enforcement present similar public safety concerns. The assessment of a physician is used as a model for the evaluation of these other professionals. The role of the state physician’s health committees and physician competency committees in arranging for assessment, support, and monitoring of the impaired aging physician is discussed. Also discussed are mandatory screening and reporting regarding fitness for duty.
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Casteleira, Rodrigo Pedro. (Des)pregamentos e táticas nos cotidianos narrados por travestis: Desalojamentos em espaços prisionais como modos de (r)existências. Brazil Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31012/978-65-5861-325-1.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This book aims to analyze four crossdressers narratives who have been imprisoned for different periods of time in order to raise debates on resistance ways carried out by each one of them. The crossdressers interviewed here were reached by different connections such as friends in common, social media or phone calls, which did not represent a closed and narrowed field but one that it is open and flexible. The issues raised here tried to sketch the crossdresser category through the words by crossdressers writers along with the concepts about themselves and self- determinations, therefore shaping a kind of autobiography even if it is led by a semi- structured script. The existing connections among them, beyond the crossdresser category, lie at first in their access to the prison system and later in finding ways to make it possible to go through life imprisonment. These articulated methods are tactics thought in the space and time web, that is, on a daily basis. This is also one of the book investigation focuses, once it matters to understand not the crossdressers heroic actions, but the ordinary ones, the usual ones, articulated according to educational backgrounds thought as being a less important education.
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Sogge, Christopher D. Geodesics and the Hadamard parametrix. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691160757.003.0002.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter studies the spectrum of Laplace–Beltrami operators on compact manifolds. It begins by defining a metric on an open subset Ω ⊂ Rn, in order to lift their results to corresponding ones on compact manifolds. The chapter then details some elliptic regularity estimates, before embarking on a brief review of geodesics and normal coordinates. The purpose of this review is to show that, with given a particular Laplace–Beltrami operator and any point y0 in Ω, one can choose a natural local coordinate system y = κ(x) vanishing at y0 so that the quadratic form associated with the metric takes a special form. To conclude, the chapter turns to the Hadamard parametrix.
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Roberts, John T. Laws of Nature. Edited by Paul Humphreys. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199368815.013.20.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Scientists (and scientifically literate laypersons) regard certain regularities or uniformities in the course of nature—but not others—as laws of nature; the ones they regard as laws they allow to play a distinguished role in explanation and in evaluating counterfactuals. The philosophical problem about laws is: What laws of nature could be such that this would be a reasonable and fruitful way for scientists to proceed? This article explores the major current philosophical theories of laws, including dispositional essentialism and the best-system analysis. It also explores several major questions about laws, including the question of their modal status, nomic necessity, the question of Humeanism, the question of hedged laws (i.e., ceteris paribus laws), and the question of governing.
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Mathur, Kuldeep. Recasting Public Administration in India. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199490356.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Ever since a democratic system of government was adopted and a strategy of planned economic development was launched in India, the planners were quite conscious of the need for an administrative system different from the colonial one to implement the planned objective of development. Kuldeep Mathur, in this volume, examines these administrative reforms and provides a magisterial account of the changes in the institutional process of public administration. The introduction of neoliberal policies revived the concerns about reform and change, thereby giving rise to a new vocabulary in the discourse of public administration. The conventional world of public administration was now expected to adopt management practices of the private sector and interact with it to achieve public policy goals. New institutions are now being layered on traditional ones, and India is becoming a recipient of managerial ideas whose efficacy has yet to be tested on Indian soil. In light of the aforementioned changes, this volume argues that hybrid architecture for delivering public goods and services has been the most significant transformation to be institutionalized in the current era and critiques the neoliberal transformation from within a mainstream public administration perspective.
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Van Lange, Paul A. M., Bettina Rockenbach, and Toshio Yamagishi, eds. Trust in Social Dilemmas. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190630782.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Trust is one of the most classic themes across the social and behavioral sciences. It is also a topic is that is strongly intertwined with cooperation and social dilemmas, and there is little doubt that trust is an effective tool to promote cooperation, even if cooperation without trust is possible under certain circumstances. The past decade has also increasingly revealed emerging themes, new theoretical developments, intriguing questions, and a challenging debate revolving around the evolution, as well as strengths and limitations, of trust in social dilemmas and other situations of interdependence. Major societal issues are partially issues of trust: the financial crisis and the refuge crisis are two examples. Why can systems of excessive bonuses emerge and survive? Why is it that we tend to approach individuals with a healthy dose of trust, but we tend to be suspicious of other groups—or even individual members of other groups? Some scientists make the claim that it is ultimately trust—or rather the lack of it—that undermines intergroup relations. One of the next challenges is to examine the workings of trust and how best to organize a system that exploits the opportunities of trust within groups and between groups in contemporary society. We hope this book provides a state of the art of this literature and that the themes discussed in this book will indeed turn out to be prominent ones in future research on trust in social dilemmas—whether they operate at the level of interpersonal or intergroup relations.
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Thurner, Stefan, Rudolf Hanel, and Peter Klimekl. Evolutionary Processes. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198821939.003.0005.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Evolutionary processes combine many features of complex systems: they are algorithmic; states co-evolve with interactions; they show power law statistics; they are selforganized critical; and they are driven non-equilibrium systems. Evolution is a dynamical process that changes the composition of large sets of interconnected elements, entities, or species over time. The essence of evolutionary processes is that, through the interaction of existing entities with each other and with their environment, they give rise to an open-ended process of creation and destruction of new entities. Evolutionary processes are critical, co-evolutionary, and combinatorial, meaning that thew entities are created from combinations of existing ones. We review the concepts of the replicator equation, fitness landscapes, cascading events, the adjacent possible. We review several classical quantitative approaches to evolutionary dynamics such as the NK model and the Bak–Snappen model. We propose a general and universal framework for evolutionary dynamics that is critical, co-evolutionary, and combinatorial.
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Kenworthy, Lane. Social Democratic Capitalism. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190064112.001.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
What configuration of institutions and policies is most conducive to human flourishing? The historical and comparative evidence suggests that the answer is social democratic capitalism — a democratic political system, a capitalist economy, good elementary and secondary schooling, a big welfare state, pro-employment public services, and moderate regulation of product and labor markets. Lane Kenworthy shows that this system improves living standards for the least well-off, enhances economic security, and boosts equality of opportunity. And it does so without sacrificing other things we want in a good society, from liberty to economic growth to health and happiness. Its chief practitioners have been the Nordic nations. The Nordics have gone farther than other rich democratic countries in coupling a big welfare state with public services that promote high employment and modest product- and labor-market regulations. Many believe this system isn’t transferable beyond Scandinavia, but Kenworthy shows that social democratic capitalism and its successes can be replicated in other affluent nations, including the United States. Today, the U.S. lags behind other countries in economic security, opportunity, and shared prosperity. If the U.S. expanded existing social programs and added some additional ones, many Americans would have better lives. Kenworthy argues that, despite formidable political obstacles, the U.S. is likely to move toward social democratic capitalism in coming decades. As a country gets richer, he explains, it becomes more willing to spend more in order to safeguard against risk and enhance fairness. He lays out a detailed policy agenda that could alleviate many of America’s problems.
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Butz, Martin V., and Esther F. Kutter. Top-Down Predictions Determine Perceptions. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198739692.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
While bottom-up visual processing is important, the brain integrates this information with top-down, generative expectations from very early on in the visual processing hierarchy. Indeed, our brain should not be viewed as a classification system, but rather as a generative system, which perceives something by integrating sensory evidence with the available, learned, predictive knowledge about that thing. The involved generative models continuously produce expectations over time, across space, and from abstracted encodings to more concrete encodings. Bayesian information processing is the key to understand how information integration must work computationally – at least in approximation – also in the brain. Bayesian networks in the form of graphical models allow the modularization of information and the factorization of interactions, which can strongly improve the efficiency of generative models. The resulting generative models essentially produce state estimations in the form of probability densities, which are very well-suited to integrate multiple sources of information, including top-down and bottom-up ones. A hierarchical neural visual processing architecture illustrates this point even further. Finally, some well-known visual illusions are shown and the perceptions are explained by means of generative, information integrating, perceptual processes, which in all cases combine top-down prior knowledge and expectations about objects and environments with the available, bottom-up visual information.
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Falk, Katherine, Barbara Bartlik, and Janet Mindes. Inflammation and the Gut–Brain–Mood Connection (DRAFT). Edited by Madeleine M. Castellanos. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780190225889.003.0014.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Inflammation, oxidative stress, dysbiosis, and increased gut permeability (leaky gut) are now understood to be among the causative factors in depression, other psychiatric illnesses, and sexual dysfunction. This new appreciation of psychiatric illness as a systemic illness, occurring in the body as well as in the brain, offers new ways to understand and treat sexual problems such as polycystic ovary syndrome and erectile dysfunction. Leaky gut can be caused by medications such as antibiotics, NSAIDS, or aspirin; drinking alcohol; or the proinflammatory standard American diet. As conventional treatments for these conditions do not address sources of systemic inflammation, this integrative medicine approach is of great value for clinicians and can help relieve the suffering of patients and their loved ones.
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Scanlon, T. M. Unequal Income. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198812692.003.0009.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Some of the objections to inequality discussed in previous chapters apply to the recent increase in inequality in the United States and other developed countries. But this does not account for the sense that this inequality is unfair, and hence objectionable in itself. An institution is unfair if it produces significant differences in income and wealth for which no sufficient reason can be given. As argued in Chapters 7 and 8, inequalities cannot be justified on grounds of desert or non-institutional property rights. Justifiable inequalities are ones that either could not be eliminated without infringing important personal liberties of the kinds discussed in Chapter 7, or are required in order for the economic system to function in a way that benefits all. This requirement is weaker than Rawls’s Difference Principle, but its repeated application leads to something close to Rawls’s view.
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Black, Helen K., John T. Groce, and Charles E. Harmon. Introduction. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780190602321.003.0001.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
Chapter One offers a brief history of the rise in awareness of the vast numbers of informal, family caregivers caring for aged, demented, and impaired loved ones in the home. The importance of informal caregivers to the healthcare system, both financially and emotionally, emerged in studies exploring the numbers of home caregivers and the nature of their care work. Early studies also focused on the sense of burden caregivers experienced due to caregiving. Since the 1980s, caregiving studies have been a constant in research, and have become increasingly complex in the use of large data sets and advanced technology to study the number of caregivers, their characteristics and labors, and the outcomes of caregiving on their emotional and physical health. Few studies have focused solely on the experience of caregiving in African-American elder male caregivers, and in the way we accomplish here.
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Wittman, David M. Spacetime Geometry. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199658633.003.0011.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
This chapter shows that the counterintuitive aspects of special relativity are due to the geometry of spacetime. We begin by showing, in the familiar context of plane geometry, how a metric equation separates frame‐dependent quantities from invariant ones. The components of a displacement vector depend on the coordinate system you choose, but its magnitude (the distance between two points, which is more physically meaningful) is invariant. Similarly, space and time components of a spacetime displacement are frame‐dependent, but the magnitude (proper time) is invariant and more physically meaningful. In plane geometry displacements in both x and y contribute positively to the distance, but in spacetime geometry the spatial displacement contributes negatively to the proper time. This is the source of counterintuitive aspects of special relativity. We develop spacetime intuition by practicing with a graphic stretching‐triangle representation of spacetime displacement vectors.
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Samuels, Richard. Massive Modularity. Edited by Eric Margolis, Richard Samuels, and Stephen P. Stich. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195309799.013.0004.
Повний текст джерелаАнотація:
The objective of the article is to discuss the evolution, hypothesis, and some the more prominent arguments for massive modularity (MM). MM is the hypothesis that the human mind is largely or entirely composed from a great many modules. Modules are functionally characterizable cognitive mechanisms that tend to possess several features, which include domain-specificity, informationally encapsulation, innateness, inaccessibility, shallow outputs, and mandatory operation. The final thesis that comprises MM mentions that modules are found not merely at the periphery of the mind but also in the central regions responsible for such higher cognitive capacities as reasoning and decision-making. The central cognition depends on a great many functional modules that are not themselves composable into larger more inclusive systems. One of the families of arguments for MM focuses on a range of problems that are familiar from the history of cognitive science such as problems that concern the computational tractability of cognitive processes. The arguments may vary considerably in detail but they share a common format. First, they proceed from the assumption that cognitive processes are classical computational ones. Second, given the assumption that cognitive processes are computational ones, intractability arguments seek to undermine non-modular accounts of cognition by establishing the intractability thesis.