Дисертації з теми "Ondes X"
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Pinsolle, Edouard. "Etude des ondes de densité de charge par diffraction cohérente des rayons X." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00789152.
Повний текст джерелаOuzer, Nabil Adam. "Optimisation d'un isolateur coplanaire à déplacement de champ et ondes magnétostatiques opérant en bande X." Thesis, Lyon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LYSES026/document.
Повний текст джерелаOptimization of an isolator coplanar field displacement and waves magnetostatic operating in X-band. English abstract not supplied
Ben, Jabrallah Soumaya. "Electrolytes aux interfaces : accès aux premiers nanomètres par la technique des ondes stationnaires." Thesis, Paris 6, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA066709/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe distribution of ions and charges at solid-water interfaces is of key importance in a number of phenomena and processes. In particular the development of microfluidics has strengthened the need for understanding and controlling ion distributions in the electric double layer. Indeed, phenomena occurring within the diffuse Gouy-Chapman layer become dominant in determining flow properties as channel size become on the same order of magnitude of the Debye length. In this thesis, we used the technique of X-ray standing waves to determine the distribution of interfacial ions. We have developed cells with thicknesses of a few hundred nanometers or less, precisely measured by X-ray reflectivity. The liquid film is confined between the multilayer which create the standing wave and a polymer film. The ion fluorescence allows to determine the interfacial distribution with a spatial resolution of a few Angstroms. This work was carried out for solutions containing different mixtures of monovalent ions (chloride, potassium, cesium and iodine) at several concentrations.In the second part of this work, we present the results for lanthanide chlorides. These studies have allowed us to determine the composition of the Stern layer and the distribution of ions in this layer for all pairs La3+/Ce3+, La3+/Eu3+, La3+/Gd3+, Ce3+/Eu3+, Ce3+/Gd3+ et Eu3+/Gd3+. We could then classify these ions and discuss the series
TUCOULOU, TACHOUERES REMI. "Modulation spatiale et temporelle d'un faisceau de rayons x par interaction avec des ondes acoustiques de surface." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996GRE10273.
Повний текст джерелаVérité, Marc. "Etude de dépots de ferrite pour dispositifs intégrés micro-ondes non réciproques." Limoges, 2002. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/88d2bfa0-11e2-4e82-a478-a02d532d3c37/blobholder:0/2002LIMO0026.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаDuring this thesis, barium hexaferrite thick films properties have been optimized. Films are realized by electron beam evaporation and the final goal is to make an integrated circulator functionning at 70 GHz. We have observed that the layers are crystallized when substrates temperature is equal to 700ʿC, with in-plane preferential orientation. Moreover, we have observed a pure BaFe12O19 phase or a mixture of phases : BaFe12O19 + BaFe2O4. All measured magnetic properties are acceptable for the application. We have also observed a preferential evaporation phenomenon. The solution consists to use a three beams evaporation system to evaporate separately barium oxide and iron oxide to control the iron on barium ratio. Finally, we have investigated the Thaguchi method
Caron, Francis. "Modélisation en bandes C et X de la rétrodiffusion de couverts de neige sèche : évaluation de l’apport de l’approximation quasi-cristalline pour les milieux denses." Mémoire, Université de Sherbrooke, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11143/8897.
Повний текст джерелаGuimbretière, Guillaume. "Propagation des vibrations acoustiques dans les matériaux non-cristallins : étude de verres d'oxydes simples." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20145.
Повний текст джерелаKirsch, Philippe Alnot Patrick Assouar Mohamed Badreddine. "Etude et réalisation par lithographie électronique de dispositifs à ondes acoustiques de surface à structure multicouche des filtres pour la bande X aux capteurs de liquide /." S. l. : S. n, 2007. http://www.scd.uhp-nancy.fr/docnum/SCD_T_2007_0125_KIRSCH.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаHuet, Isabelle. "Elaboration et caractérisation de films minces de LiNbO3 et LiTaO3 en vue de la réalisation de filtres à ondes acoustiques de surface." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20112.
Повний текст джерелаRieutord, François. "Réflectivité et diffraction des rayons X appliquées aux films minces organiques." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112384.
Повний текст джерелаArrout, Adil. "Utilisation d'un nouveau substrat BST [(Ba[indice]xSr¦1¦-[indice]x)TiO¦3] pour la fabrication de dispositifs en micro-ondes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape4/PQDD_0017/MQ57388.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаKirsch, Philippe. "Etude et réalisation par lithographie électronique de dispositifs à ondes acoustiques de surface à structure multicouche : des filtres pour la bande X aux capteurs de liquide." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007NAN10125/document.
Повний текст джерелаAfter a lot of hard work, countless hours of brainstorming, ideas to still improve or simply to drop, an amazing number of processed samples and a remarkable amount of time spent on all of those different machines have finally brought us to the point where we are able to present our results. Right at the beginning of this work, we had decided to get into the development of surface acoustic wave devices that could possibly serve as well as electric band pass filters as as liquid sensors. We have started out by making an inventory in all domains that we would possibly be confronted with and we proposed a selection of the most valuable information that could be found. Even if science is at the heart of this thesis, we wanted to be sure that our efforts would not be opposed to real world economic and industrial needs. We have thus arranged all necessary tools to our side: From historical evolution of surface acoustic wave devices through acoustic wave theory in solids, from general piezo-electricity to surface acoustic waves. We went through commonly used piezoelectric materials in order to get an idea of their properties and differences to be able to make the right decision at the right time, similarly to the study of the different types of acoustic surface waves with always the same goal in mind: Rely on the vastest number of possibilities in order to make the right decision when required. [...]
Elzo, Aizarna Marta Ainhoa. "Diffraction résonnante des rayons X dans des systèmes multiferroïques." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00870407.
Повний текст джерелаZoyo, Marc. "Conception et réalisation d'amplificateurs de puissance micro-ondes à l'état solide et à fort rendement pour des applications spatiales bande S et bande X." Toulouse 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996TOU30175.
Повний текст джерелаMaulois, Mélissa. "Etude expérimentale et numérique de la cinétique de plasmas d'air produits par rayonnement X impulsionnel." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016TOU30121/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe irradiation of air by an X-ray, produces an air plasma which can affect the generation and the propagation of electromagnetic fields, disrupting the surrounding electronic systems. Quantifying these constraints requires beforehand a comprehensive study of the plasma generated by the energetic particles. A 0D chemical kinetics model was developed to characterize the time evolution of the air X-ray induced plasma for different air pressures. The model is defined by the coupling of the evolution equation of the densities of the main species plasma with the equation of conservation of the mean energy density of electrons. To develop and test the model, it was first applied to a theoretical case where the plasma is generated by an X-ray flash with a duration of 100 ns with a constant mean energy equal to 1 MeV. The irradiation of dry air by X-rays leads to the generation of two populations of electrons Compton "relativistic" and "non-relativistic". In fact, these Compton electrons initiate the electron avalanches leading to the formation of the studied plasma. The obtained results show that the plasma is primarily generated by ionization of the gas by the relativistic Compton electrons. Although initiated by hard X-rays, the plasma generated is weakly ionized with a maximum electron density of 1013 cm-3 at atmospheric pressure and a maximum electron mean energy of about 4 eV. The validation of the model is based on the electron density measurements. For various air pressures, the experiments performed consist of irradiating an air-filled waveguide, by an X-ray pulse during 90 ns. The aim of the experiment is to measure the absorption of an electromagnetic wave after its passage through the plasma contained in the guide. The absorption coefficient of the wave in the guide depends on the constant of propagation in free space, which is proportional to the plasma frequency and thus to the electron density. The experimental electron density is then determined using the formalism of absorption in a plasma filled waveguide. To compare the experimental and numerical results, the kinetic model was adapted to the experiments by considering more particularly the waveguide walls and the humidity of the air. In the case of air with 76% of relative humidity, between 30 mbar and atmospheric pressure, the relative gap between the measurements and the model for the maximum electron density is lower than 10% knowing that the maximum of the density varies from 3.5x1013 to 4x1011 cm-3. The deviation between the measured electron density and the simulated one, increases when the whole X-ray pulse duration is considered, with a mean relative deviation of about 30%. Knowing that the measurement of the electron density is determined with an uncertainty of ± 30%, the kinetic model results are satisfying and thus enable the model validation. The kinetic model has also allowed to determine the time evolution of the mean electron energy of the plasma
Bellec, Ewen. "Study of charge density wave materials under current by X-ray diffraction." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS437/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe main subject of this manuscript is the X-ray diffraction of charge density wave (CDW) materials. We studied the quasi-1D NbSe3 crystal and the quasi-2D TbTe3. Several large instruments facilities were used for this study, the ESRF synchrotron in Grenoble on the ID01 line and the LCLS free electron laser in Stanford. First, thanks to the coherence of the X-beam at LCLS, we were able to observe a loss of transverse coherence in NbSe3 when applying an electrical current above a certain threshold as well as a longitudinal compression of the CDW. Then, at the ESRF, we used an X-ray beam focused on the micrometer scale by a Fresnel zone plate to scan the CDW locally by diffraction on NbSe3 and on TbTe3. When a current is applied to the sample, we observed a transverse deformation indicating that the CDW is pinned on the sample surface in NbSe3. In the case of TbTe3, the CDW rotates under current showing a hysteresis cycle when one is continuously changing from positive to negative current. We have also observed in several regions, in TbTe3, the creation of localized irradiation defects inducing a compression-dilation of the CDW. In a last theoretical part, we show how the theory of electric transport in the CDW state by a train of charged solitons, as well as taking into account the CDW pinning on the surface of the sample that we have seen experimentally, allows us to understand several resistivity measurements, found in the literature, made on samples with different dimensions. Finally, we present several ideas for an explanation of the CDW pinning at the surfaces on a microscopic level and propose the hypothesis of a commensurate CDW on the surface (and incommensurate in volume)
Cruciani, Angelo. "Conception et développement de détecteurs à inductance cinétique pour l'astronomie millimétriques et les rayons X." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENY001.
Повний текст джерелаThe main subject of this PhD thesis is the concept and development of a novel kind of cryogenics detectors, called Lumped Element Kinetic Inductance Detector for the application in millimeter astronomy and in the detection of high energy photons. Regarding astrophysics, the goal was to obtain large arrays of detectors, demonstrating a sensitivity comparable with bolometers. I worked on the development and tests of single pixel, realization of the array and integration into NIKA (Neel IRAM KIDs Array), an experiment installed at the IRAM telescope in Spain. This activity culminated with two demonstrative runs at the telescope with excellent results: the camera, working at two frequencies (1.25 mm and 2 mm) with more than 200 pixels, obtained a sensitivity of about 200 aW/sqrt(Hz). The goal of the second application was to obtain a good concept for high energy photons detection with LEKIDs. We developed new devices to study the detection of X-ray mediated via phonons produced in the substrate. Those tests demonstrated a threshold level of about 60 eV, encouraging for the future
Paković, Srdan. "Contributions to the theory of non diffractive waves and synthesis of metallic Bessel beam/X-wave launchers." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021REN1S128.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis present the author’s contributions to the field of non-diffractive waves. Essentially, non-diffractive waves are electromagnetic beams that radiate localized energy with a variety of potential practical applications. The work presented in this thesis can be divided into two parts. In the first part, a novel concept of synthesizing metallic spline profiled Bessel beam/X-wave launchers has been proposed. First, an ad-hoc tool based on mode matching is presented. The tool is capable of evaluating the S parameters, near-, and far-field radiation patterns of metallic structures with azimuthal symmetry. Then, metallic Bessel beam/X-wave launchers are synthesized using the ad-hoc tool. The concept has been experimentally validated by manufacturing and measuring an X-wave launcher operating in a 75-105 GHz frequency range. The fabricated launcher is the first experimental demonstration of an X-wave launcher at such frequencies. In the second part, we have investigated the use of non-diffractive waves for wireless power transfer. First, the use of Bessel-Gauss beams for WPT is investigated. The superior performance of Bessel-Gauss beams compared to Bessel beams is demonstrated. A Bessel-Gauss launcher has been designed for validating this claim. The power transfer coefficient of the launcher exceeds 50% for distances exceeding its non-diffractive range
Fardeheb-Mammeri, Amina-Zahia. "Dépôt par pulvérisation magnétron de couches minces de nitrure d'aluminium à axe C incliné en vue de la réalisation de dispositifs à ondes acoustiques vibrant en mode de cisaillement." Thesis, Nancy 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NAN10115/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe excitation and propagation, in liquid media, of shear waves in surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices based aluminum nitride (AlN) require the inclination of the c axis in the hexagonal structure. The purpose of this study was to deposit tilted c-axis AlN thin films by magnetron sputtering technique without any modification of the deposition system. The search approach was based only on the optimisation of deposition parameters. Substrate and the target were not inclined or shifted. It has been possible through an approach based solely on changes in growth parameters, to deposit thin piezoelectric layers with an inclination angle of 13 ° ± 2 ° under conditions of high pressure (0.8 Pa) and low temperature ( 300 ° C). A thin layer of SiO2 was also introduced to enhance the growth of tilted grains and therefore the columns. The deposited layers have a homogeneous thickness of 75% of a silicon substrate of 3 inches. After determining the optimal parameters leading to growth AlN film with tilted c-axis, we achieved a SAW device and hence demonstrate the ability to excite shear waves in AlN/Si02 /Si SAW structure. The performed device operate at 486.2 MHz corresponding to an acoustic velocity of about 5835m/s and an electromechanical coupling coefficient of 0.014%. The obtained electrical response is very interesting if we take into account the low electromechanical coupling of the structure due to the used substrate
Wu, Meiyi. "Development of the x-ray standing waves methodology to probe the interfaces of periodic multilayers." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS175/document.
Повний текст джерелаThe interfacial information of periodic multilayers can be crucial for the development of reflecting mirrors which operate in the X-ray and extreme ultraviolet (X-EUV) ranges. Such information may contain the interdiffusion and chemical process at the interfaces of the layers. The idea of this thesis is to apply the X-ray standing wave technique to the characterization of materials, mainly but not limited to the periodic multilayers. X-ray standing wave technique enables to enhance the excitation (photoemission, fluorescence etc.) of specific locations within a periodic stack. The nature of such advantage is the interference of two coherent X-ray beams. One may compare the X-ray standing waves with the mechanical standing waves. The constructive interference at the anti-nodal plane amplifies the electric field; while the destructive interference at the nodal plane minimizes the electric field. In this way, the experimental spectra obtained under standing wave field will be mostly the material located on the anti-nodal plane. Combined with other techniques such as X-ray emission spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, a depth-selective information with a sub-nanoscale sensitivity can be obtained
Tu, Yuchun. "Multilayer monochromators for EUV and X-ray optics and the interface characterization." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066062/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn this thesis, we study several material combinations and some interface engineering methods
Girault, Sylvie. "Étude par diffraction des rayons X de l'onde de densité de charge dans les bronzes bleus de molybdène A₀. ₃ MoO₃ (A=K, Rb, T1)." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112458.
Повний текст джерелаThe molybdenum blue bronze A0. 3 Mo03, where A is a monovalent atom, presents a Peierls instability around 180K with the simultaneous formation of a charge density wave and a structural distortion, while the electronic transport measurements show a metal to semiconductor transition. At low temperature, about 13K, we have collected a large number of satellites and adjusted their integrated intensities to a model of structure factors including displacive sine wave modulation. The best structural refinement shows a distortion of the Mo06 octahedron, basically along the (102) direction. In the vicinity of the transition temperature, we analysed the intensity and the profile of the satellites and determined the critical exponents. Our results indicates the existence of a 3D regime of critical fluctuations, compatible with an order parameter dimension n=2. In the high temperature phase, we studied the temperature evolution of the critical fluctuations using diffuse scattering measurements. We have observed a crossover temperature of about 200K above which the critical fluctuations become quasi-two-dimensional up to about 300K. Moreover, we have synthetized vanadium-doped samples and realized a structural refinement of these compounds. We have shown that the V impurities are localized on a particular molybdenum site Mo (2). Using X-ray and conductivity measurements, we observed that the long range order associated with the charge density wave formation at low temperature is destroyed and that the system remains semiconducting over all the temperature range (13K, 300K)
GUALANDRIS, STEPHANE. "Determination de la structure de couches minces de copolymere par ondes stationnaires de rayons x en reflexion totale, developpements de cette methode dans le cas des multicouches aperiodiques." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066720.
Повний текст джерелаTACCOEN, ALAIN. "Caracterisation des premiers stades de croissance du fer et du -fesi#2 sur la surface (111) du silicium par ondes stationnaires de rayons x et microscopie electronique en transmission." Paris 6, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA066252.
Повний текст джерелаWang, Tianbo. "Reconstruction of soft X-ray and tungsten concentration profiles in tokamaks using gaussian process tomography." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0182.
Повний текст джерелаAiming at the development of a sustainable and safe energy source, nuclear fusion research is presently largely concentrated around the construction and operation of the international ITER project. One of the primary issues threatening safe and efficient operation of tokamaks, is the accumulation of so-called impurities in the plasma core, causing fuel dilution and radiative power loss. In this doctoral work, a new method has been developed and applied for reconstruction of soft X-ray radiation distribution in poloidal cross-section by means of Gaussian processes (GPs), which can deliver the information about impurity concentrations in tokamak plasmas. The method was tested on synthetic and real data and was found to compare favorably with standard techniques, at greatly reduced computational cost. Concentration of tungsten was also inferred and neural network approximations were investigated, opening perspectives for real-time impurity control in tokamaks
Elias, Philippe. "Structure spatio-temporelle de la matière éjectée par une surface soumise à une onde de choc." Paris 11, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA112226.
Повний текст джерелаDesmau, Morgane. "Rôle des biofilms bactériens sur le devenir des nanoparticules manufacturées dans les sols." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. https://theses.md.univ-paris-diderot.fr/Desmau_Morgane_complete_20181219.pdf.
Повний текст джерелаOver the last decades, the important increase in nanoparticles (NPs) production and use resulted in their release in the environment and raise important concerns regarding their potential to negatively impact ecosystems. In the environment, NPs are likely accumulated in soil where it is expected that they will interact with bacterial biofilm/mineral interfaces, one of the most reactive compartment. This complex interface exhibits highly specific physico-chemical properties that can control NPs fate and transformations (dissolution, aggregation…). During this PhD work, I was interested by the partitioning of NPs at this interface, the transformations that NPs can undergo and to physico-chemical parameters that control NPs behavior. To do so, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 biofilms were grown on oriented single crystals -Al2O3 (1-102) and were exposed to silver nanoparticles and Quantum Dots. NPs partitioning and stability were mostly investigated using Long Period – X-ray Standing Waves – Fluorescence Yield spectroscopy and Grazing Incidence – X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy. This work allows to demonstrate that NPs partitioning at the interface is mostly controlled by the mineral surface. Nevertheless, biofilm is able to slow down NPs migration depending on NPs size and aggregation state, NPs surface charge and coating type ((in)organic, hydrophobic properties). When NPs migrate through biofilm thickness, they undergo transformation, and more specifically dissolution. This dissolution is partly controlled by microenvironments within biofilm thickness but also by the presence of thiol groups at EPS and cells surfaces as well as in molecules secreted by bacteria
Sant, Roberto. "Exploration par rayonnement synchrotron X de la croissance et de la structure de dichalcogénures 2D." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAY075.
Повний текст джерелаTwo-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) are promising materials for a variety of applications, especially in optoelectronics. However, the lack of understanding of their epitaxy - i.e. growth mechanism, microscopic structure, nature of the 2D layer-substrate interaction, etc. - is still a crucial issue to address. In this PhD thesis we explored a series of epitaxial growths of monolayer and thin film TMDCs grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on a variety of substrates. We studied their atomic structures and we attempted the modifications of some of them with various in situ methods. Several systems and processes have been investigated: (i) transition metal ditellurides, ZrTe2 , MoTe2 and TiTe2 on InAs(111) substrate, (ii) the intercalation of alkali metal species between single layer MoS2 and its Au(111) substrate, (iii) the growth and the thermal treatments in H2S atmosphere of monolayer PtSe2 on Pt(111). Our work relies on both phenomenological and quantitative methods based on surface X-ray diffraction, often complemented by parallel analysis performed with other probes, e.g. STM, TEM, XPS, ARPES. Most notably, we found that: (i) a metastable orthorhombic phase and a charge density wave phase can be stabilized at room temperature in MoTe2 and TiTe2 owing to the epitaxial strain in the materials; (ii) the intercalation of Cs atoms under MoS2 induces structural and electronic decoupling of the 2D MoS2 layer from its Au(111) substrate; (iii) the sulfurization of PtSe2 promotes the Se-by-S substitution in one (or both) of its two chalcogen layers, leading either to the full conversion of the selenide into a sulfide or even to an ordered Janus alloy
Colin, Muriel. "Modélisation d'un réflectomètre mode X en vue de caractériser les fluctuations de densité et de champ magnétique : applications aux signaux de Tore Supra." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10181.
Повний текст джерелаThis work deals with the interaction between a probing wave and plasma fluctuations. For all probing wave polarization in reflectometry expermiments, this interaction can be described by a Mathieu's equation. In order to check the validity domain of our model we have developed softwares with new numerical schems (both in O-mode and X-mode). After these validations, the ratio of the wave amplitude backscattered by density and magnetic fluctuations has been evaluated, and we have confirmed that the density fluctuations are prominent in most of cases in tokamak expermiments. The accuracy of numerical methods is high enough to simulate the reflectometer experiments. The part of coherent fluctuations in 1D is now well determined and a new connection between the spectrum of the phase variations and the turbulence spectrum has been shown
Montaux-Lambert, Antoine. "Conception d’un interféromètre large bande spectrale pour la métrologie et l’imagerie de phase sur sources synchrotron." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS042/document.
Повний текст джерелаThis PhD dissertation presents the optimization and design of a wavefront analyzer dedicated to optical metrology and phase imaging on synchrotron sources in the hard X-ray regime. We chose to develop a single grating interferometer combined with a phase retrieval algorithm based on Fourier analysis. The main purpose here is to conceive a bulk instrument able to work in a great variety of experimental conditions without having to tune the parameters of the instrument in between experiments. This is thus related to the key constraint that is to calibrate the wavefront analyzer so that any further measurements could be corrected from any deterministic errors and allow single shot measurements of any sample.The key varying parameter in synchrotron experiments is the radiation energy (or wavelength). Therefore, the design of the interferometer aimed at minimizing the discrepancies of its performances over a broad spectral range from 10 to 30keV . This research lead in one hand to the description and implementation of an innovative interferometric configuration based on the achromatization of the instrument performances over this spectral range, despite the chromatic nature of the grating.On the other hand, in order to guaranty the quantitative analysis of interferograms, we also optimized the numerical approach to extract and treat the information they contain. This lead to the development of a conditioning procedure for a subsequent phase retrieval by Fourier demodulation. It fulfills the classical boundary conditions imposed by Fourier transform techniques and allows a nearly artifact-free extraction of the information.At last, experimental results demonstrate first, the viability of the grating achromatization concept, and then, the possibility to realize the metrology of grazing incidence optics at different wavelengths. The instrument was then used for phase imaging purposes of biological and archaeological samples
Fuscaldo, Walter. "Advanced radiating systems based on leaky waves and nondiffracting waves." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1S015/document.
Повний текст джерелаIn recent years, microwave, millimeter-wave, and THz applications such as medical and security imaging, wireless power transfer, and near-field focusing, just to mention but a few, have gained much attention in the area of ICT due to their potentially high social impact. On one hand, the need of highly-directive THz sensors with tunable radiating features in the far-field region has recently boosted the research activity in the design of flexible, low-cost and low-profile devices. On the other hand, it is of paramount importance to focus energy in the near-field region, and thus the generation of limited-diffraction waves in the microwave and millimeter-wave regime is a topic of recent increasing interest. In this context, leaky-wave theory is an elegant and extremely useful formalism which allows for describing in a common fashion guiding and radiating phenomena in both the near field and the far field, spanning frequencies from microwaves to optics passing through THz. In this PhD thesis we aim to exploit the intrinsic versatility of the leakywave approach to design advanced radiating systems for controlling the far-field radiating features at THz frequencies and for focusing electromagnetic radiation in the near field at millimeter waves. Specifically, the use of relatively new materials such as graphene and liquid crystals has been considered for the design of leaky-wave based radiators, achieving very promising results in terms of reconfigurability, efficiency, and radiating capabilities. In this context, an original theoretical analysis has provided new general formulas for the evaluation of the radiating features (e.g., half-power beamwidth, sidelobe level, etc.) of leaky-wave antennas. Indeed, the current formulations are based on several simplifying hypotheses which do not allow for an accurate evaluation of the beamwidth in different situations. In addition to the intriguing reconfigurable capabilities offered by leaky waves in far-field applications, interesting focusing capabilities can be obtained in the near field. In particular, it is shown that leaky waves can profitably be used to generate limited-diffraction Bessel beams by means of narrow-band radiators in the microwave range. Also, the use of higherorder leaky-wave modes allows for achieving almost the same performance in the millimeter-wave range, where previous designs were subjected to severe fabrication issues. Even more interestingly, the limited-diffractive character of Bessel beams can also be used to generate limited-diffraction pulses as superpositions of monochromatic Bessel beams over a considerable fractional bandwidth. In this context, a novel theoretical framework has been developed to understand the practical limitations to efficiently generate limited-diffraction, limited-dispersion pulses, such as X-waves, in the microwave/millimeter-wave range. As a result of this investigation, a class of wideband radiators has been thoroughly analyzed, showing promising capabilities for the generation of both zeroth-order and higher-order Xwaves. The latter may pave the way for the first localized transmission of orbital angular momentum in the microwave range
Aubert, Emmanuel. "Etude des interactions de molécules hôtes dans des zéolithes synthétiques par diffraction des rayons X à haute résolution." Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00142220.
Повний текст джерелаLes monocristaux nécessaires ont été obtenus au laboratoire par synthèse hydrothermale. L'étude de la densité de charge de AlPO4-15 a révélé les interactions hôte / invité dans ce composé et, avec l'analyse de sa topologie, a permis d'en modéliser le potentiel électrostatique. L'étude de la zéolithe MFI a permis de localiser l'ion fluorure qui se trouve être lié à un atome de silicium de la charpente.
Puglisi, Alessandra. "Ab-initio study of x-ray spectroscopy of molecular ions." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066257/document.
Повний текст джерелаMolecular ions cover important roles in study and characterization of astrophysical and laboratory plasma. To this purposes, different spectroscopic techniques are used among which we found the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the X-ray photoabsorption spectroscopy. This PhD work is focused on the calculation of X-ray photoabsorption spectra of molecular ions of silicon, carbon and oxygen XHn+ (X= Si, C, O; n= 1, 2, 3). The former is excited on the L (2p) shell while the others on the K (1s) shell produced in plasma discharged. We developed numerical protocols which permits to compute with reasonable precision the K and L-shell photoabsorption spectra combining electronic structure and nuclear wavepacket propagation methods. The optimization of the geometries and the calculation of the ionization potentials (IP) are carried out using the density functional theory (DFT). The relaxation effects due to the core hole creation are taken into account at the self-consistent field (SCF) level. The potential energy surfaces (PES) and the dipole moment transitions are computed at the post Hartree-Fock (configuration interaction, CI) level. The spin-orbit coupling effect are explicitly taken into account through the Breit-Pauli operator. The theoretical results have been compared with the experimental data and they allow the interpretation of the experimental bands
Ifrah, Simon. "Synthèse de pérosckites La1-xAxBO3 (A = Sr, Ag, Ce ; B = Mn, Cr ; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0,2) par des méthodes conventionnelles ou assistées par micro-ondes pour la combustion catalytiue du méthane et des suies." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10215.
Повний текст джерелаThe objective of this study was to develop and to optimize the preparation of La1-xAxBO3+δ perovskites catalysts (A = Sr, Ag, Ce; B = Mn or Cr; 0 ≤ x ≤ 0. 2) used for methane combustion. Catalysts were prepared, at atmospheric pressure or under pressure (hydrothermal conditions), by conventional methods (co-precipitation) and non conventional methods such as microwaves irradiation. The method of preparation has an important effect on the physico-chemical properties of the prepared catalysts and affects consequently their catalytic activity in methane combustion. The substitution of active elements (Sr, Ag, Ce) in the networks of LaMnO3 and LaCrO3 allows to lower considerably the light-off temperature (T50) of methane combustion. The lanthanum-chromium oxides system exists under various forms: LaCrO3, LaCr2O6, LaCrO3- La2O3 and LaCrO3-LaCr2O6 whose obtaining depends on the used mode of synthesis. The content of the secondary phase (LaCr2O6 or La2O3) is dependent on the atmosphere, the temperature and the duration of calcination used. These catalysts present different reducibility (mobility of the oxygen species) which affects their activity in methane or diesel soot combustion. However, LaCrO3 perovskite, prepared using hydrothermal method which was found to be hardly reducible and possessing a great BET surface area, leads to an important activity in diesel soot combustion (Tmax = 435°C) but shows low activity in methane combustion. All manganese based catalysts are affected by the poisoning by H2S, who provokes a decrease of the catalytic activity in combustion of the methane which is connected to the decrease of the number of the active sites. The latter remain, however noticeable in the case of the most active catalyst La0. 8Ag0. 2MnO3+δ prepared using microwaves assisted hydrothermal synthesis
Daillant, Jean. "Deux cas de films minces : l'étalement des polymères sur différentes surfaces et les monocouches d'amphiphiles sur l'eau : une étude par rayons X aux incidences rasantes." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112218.
Повний текст джерелаBernu, Sylvain. "Etude structurale sous pression de BaVS3, un composé quasi-1d à électrons corrélés, et effets des substitutions chimiques." Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00647329.
Повний текст джерелаBouchouit, Karim. "Préparation, caractérisation et propriétés optiques non linéaires de composés semi-organiques." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00433814.
Повний текст джерелаAntonangeli, Daniele. "Elasticity and sound wave anisotropy of hcp-metals at high-pressure." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066001.
Повний текст джерелаMora, Serge. "Structure d'interfaces de fluides complexes." Paris 11, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA112161.
Повний текст джерелаThe structure of liquid-vapor interfaces is investigated in this thesis. Different kinds of surfaces have been examined in order to determine the influence of each component of molecular interactions on the physical properties of these surfaces. The height-height fluctuation spectrum of different bare liquid-vapor surfaces has been determined by x ray diffuse scattering. These measurements show that the cappilary-wave model fails at small length scales (wave-vector > 10^8 m^(-1)). The problem of the small scale structure can be addressed by considering corrections to the surface energy through an effective momentum-dependent surface energy. We show that the momentum-dependent surface energy first decrease from its macroscopic value and then increases with increasing wave vector. The agreement with a theory proposed by K. Mecke and S. Dietrich is excellent. We then turned to fatty acid films at the water-air interface: a bending energy is sufficient to describe the whole momentum-dependent surface energy. It has been measured for films in various phases. The particular case of a polimerized monolayer has been specially investigated, and a coupling between height fluctuations and in-plane phonons has been demonstrated. Surface of ionic solutions have also been investigated: height fluctuations spectrum has been measured. In addidition, x ray grazing incidence fluorescence and ellipsometry experiment have been performed in order to measure the adsorption excess of ions. Knowing this excess is essential to understand the origins of surface tension's variation when salts are added, and so to explain ion specificity and the Hofmeister effect. Then, these experiments are fundamental to account for a long time unexplained phenomenon
Roussel, Pascal. "Cristallogenèse et études structurales des bronzes phosphatés de tungstène (PO 2) 4(WO 3) 2 M ET A X(PO 2) 4(WO 3) 2 M (A = NA, K, PB) : modulations et ondes de densité de charge." Caen, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999CAEN2034.
Повний текст джерелаBattikh, Arij. "Développement d’une tête de réception numérique innovante pour réception de télécommunications par satellite en Bande X." Thesis, Limoges, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LIMO0012.
Повний текст джерелаThis thesis reconsiders the architecture of ground station receivers of satellite communications (SATCOM) thanks to the implementation of innovative technological components: theRF sub-sampling/digitization and the digital polarization duplexer (DOMT). A demonstrator operating at X-Band has been studied and designed from these technologies. The sub-sampling of the RF signals is performed using Track and Hold Amplifier (THA) technology which allows sampling signals whose bandwidth covers several GHz (DC-13 GHz in the context of this work). An experimental study has been conducted to compare the performances of a THA with those of an equivalent mixer in terms of dynamics, harmonic distortions and noise factor. The digitization of the IF signals, low frequency image of the sub-sampled RF signal, is then ensured by a high-speed Digital Analog Converter (ADC). The realized DOMT is based on the use of a purely analog turnstile junction which separates the polarized received signals. The DOMT digital signal processing unit allows recombination of orthogonally polarized signals from a digital calibration. The proper functioning of this innovative digital RF front-end concept is demonstrated at X band, theoretically from a mathematical model on the one hand and experimentally on the other hand, thanks to the characterizations of the designed demonstrator. The obtained results in both simulation and measurement validate the concept and allows obtaining a cross-polarization coupling around 40dB at X band
Saint-Christophe, Emmanuel. "Etude réflectométrique, à 77 degrés K et à 296 degrés K, de la résonance ferromagnétique de matériaux amorphes conducteurs à base de cobalt et à base de fer : étude faite en bande X à l'aide d'n réflecto-interféromètre à trois ondes." Bordeaux 1, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991BOR10584.
Повний текст джерелаMicheau, Samuel. "Etude théorique de l'interaction entre une impulsion laser intense et un agrégat de gaz rare." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00186659.
Повний текст джерела- Nous avons introduit des processus d'ionisation d'ordres supérieurs en incluant des états excités intermédiaires X^{q+} + e- -> X^{q+*} +e- -> ... -> X^{(q+1)+} +2 e-. Nous avons pour cela utilisé une approche potentiel modèle pour décrire la structure électronique des ions (ou atomes) de l'agrégat et nous avons évalué les sections efficaces totales d'excitation et d'ionisation collisionnelles suivant le formalisme des ondes distordues.
- Nous avons étudié l'influence des phénomènes d'écran induits par la densité d'électrons libres sur la dynamique de l'interaction. A l'aide d'un potentiel d'écran sophistiqué, nous avons montré que les effets d'écran augmentent les sections totales d'ionisation et réduisent les sections d'excitation par rapport aux données non écrantées.
Le modèle nanoplasma amélioré permet à présent de reproduire les populations d'états de charge très élevés observées expérimentalement ainsi que la variation de l'émission He_alpha provenant d'agrégats d'argon en fonction des différents paramètres de l'interaction (durée d'impulsion, taille d'agrégat, éclairement crête, longueur d'onde). Nous avons également simulé les spectres d'émission X résolus en temps et en énergie. Ces spectres indiquent une durée d'émission ultra-brève (inférieure à 100 fs), et confirment ainsi que l'interaction laser-agrégat est une source de rayonnement utilisable dans le cadre d'applications à la science X ultra-rapide.
Rat, Evelyne. "Comportement des vibrations acoustiques des milieux désordonnés dans le domaine du térahertz." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20137.
Повний текст джерелаAkarid, Ahmed. "Étude numérique et expérimentale de la diffraction en géométrie conique de réseaux optiques aux longueurs d’ondes X et UV." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS327.
Повний текст джерелаThe conical geometry of optical grating diffraction has been suggested and studied, in the last 10 years, for cutting edge applications in the VUV and X-ray domains, due to its specific properties such as: absence of screen inside the grating grooves at grazing incidence, low angular dispersion which limits the temporal spread of short pulses, very high diffraction efficiencies. It has been accepted as the first choice technology for VUV short pulses monochromatization. It is also one of the two options selected by NASA, for the grating spectrograph of the future X-ray Observatory of the Lynx mission. This thesis reports our contribution to the development of numerical methods in order to model the effects of diffraction by optical gratings in this still little studied geometry. This study is made more complex by an inherent coupling between the two fundamental polarization modes. From the numerical aspect, it requires performing “vectorial” computations, whereas, in a classical diffraction geometry, scalar computations are sufficient. Our work is based on numerical methods already developed for modeling optical diffraction by periodic structures in the framework of classical geometry. These methods are using on the differential theory, whose main concept is propagating a set of plane waves throughout the modulated area. We use the differential method together with an algorithm of reflectivity matrix propagation. It overcomes some of the convergence issues. In the theoretical part of this work, reflectivity matrix algorithms are extended to the case of oblique geometry. On these theoretical grounds, we developed a computation code, named COROX, which can be applied in any geometry. A number of typical grating cases have been studied, both in the conical and of le classical one. The output is not only the diffraction efficiencies, but also the polarization properties (Stokes parameters, Müller matrix), as well as the spectral phases. Interesting properties have been noticed, such as the presence of a non-negligible circularly polarized component diffracted from a lamellar grating when the incident wave is linearly polarized at 45° from the grating plane. The spectral phase behavior is also a significant data for an eventual shape tayloring of ultrashort pulses. Diffraction efficiency measurements have been performed on the Metrology beamline of Synchrotron SOLEIL, using a 150 lines/mm blazed grating as a test object. A reasonable agreement between measured and computed efficiencies has been obtained, provided that the rather high roughness of this grating is taken into account
Piault, Pierre. "Modélisation numérique et caractérisation des défauts dans les miroirs multicouches en vue de leur application en imagerie X cohérente." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLO008/document.
Повний текст джерелаMultilayer mirrors find numerous X-ray applications in synchrotron and X-rays free electron lasers. These multilayers optical devices must take up new challenges raised with the upgrade these radiation sources. To study the origin of intensity contrast in reflected beam, experimental measurements and numerical modeling were performed.Several techniques for multilayer structure charactérization have been implemented at the ESRF beamline BM05. Measurements methods based on 'Rocking Curve Imaging' and 'theta/2theta' Imaging were performed and applied for the first time to multilayer mirrors. Measurements of the wavefront reflected by multilayers were performed using holography and near field speckle techniques. The results obtained allowed a better understanding of the phase effects induced by multilayer reflection of their origin and to reconstruct the topography of the height defects within a multilayer mirror using the numerical model developped in the course of this PhD thesis.A numerical model based on Takagi-Taupin equations was modified to account for defects present in the multilayer mirror structure. Simulations for simple defects were performed to evaluate performance and limits of the numerical model. The propagation and the coherence of the reflected beam were simulated. The measurement and simulation results show the main influence of defect heights on the generation of the intensity contrast observed. The simulations also lead to conclude the equivalency phase effect resulting of the same height defects in multilayers mirror structure and reflecting surface.These modelization and simulations results can be usefull to specify defect feature which minimise reflected intensity contrast. The new developped experimental technics will allows X-rays caracterization for next multilayer mirrors
Yokaichiya, Fabiano. "Estudo por difração de raios-X de Ondas de Densidade de Carga (CDW) e de Ondas de Densidade de Spin (SDW) no cromo." [s.n.], 1998. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/278001.
Повний текст джерелаDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Fisica "Gleb Wataghin"
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Resumo: Ondas de densidade de carga (CDW) e ondas de densidade de spin (SDW) de monocristais de cromo e algumas de suas ligas (Cr O, 18% Re e Cr 0,2% V) foram investigados através de difração de raios-X em fontes de luz síncrotron na França (ESRF) e no Brasil (LNLS). Varreduras no espaço recíproco em posições correspondente à CDW e SDW foram realizadas na linha de luz de Espalhamento Magnético (ID20) no ESRF .Determinamos a dependência de temperatura e a influência da composição das ligas nas características dos picos satélites relacionados a CDW. Medidas similares foram realizadas na linha de luz XRD no LNLS. Aqui um monocristal de Cr 0, 18% Re foi investigado para o estudo de picos satélites relacionados a CDW à temperatura ambiente. O conjunto destas medidas foi qualitativamente analisado para o estudo da origem dos picos da CDW. Foi mostrado uma contribuição da chamada onda de deformação (SW) coexistindo com o pico da CDW na fase antiferromagnética transversal do monocristal de cromo (abaixo da temperatura de Néel e acima da temperatura de spin-flip). Achou-se que a amplitude e o deslocamento atômico da onda de densidade de carga podem se quantitativamente determinados por difração de raios-X. A composição das ligas tem uma influência nestes valores e comporta-se de acordo com a expectativa teórica: a amplitude da CDW aumenta com o número de elétrons de valência das impurezas nas ligas de Cr. Um modelo que leva em conta a presença e a interação destas três ondas no cristal e que determina a intensidade relativa de todos os diferentes picos satélites numa amostra de cromo foram desenvolvidos e apresentados
Abstract: Charge density waves (CDW) and spin density waves (SDW) of Cr single crystals and some alloys (Cr 0,18% Re and Cr 0,2% V) have been investigated through x ray diffraction at synchrotron radiation sources in France (ESRF) and Brazil (LNLS). Reciprocal space scans at positions corresponding to CDW and SDW were performed at the Magnetic Scattering beam1ine (m20) at ESRF. We have determined the temperature dependence and the influence of the alloy composition on the characteristics of the CDW satellite peaks. Similar measurements were performed at the XRD beam1ine at LNLS. Here a Cr 0,18% Re single crystal has been investigated to study CDW satellite peaks at room temperature. The ensemble of these measurements has shown that there is a contribution from the so called strain wave (SW) coexisting in the transversal antiferromagnetic phase of chromium single crystals (below the Néel temperature and above the spin-flip temperature) with the CDW peak. It was found that the amplitude and the atomic displacement of the charge density wave can be quantitatively determined by x ray diffraction. The alloy composition has an influence on these values and they behave according to the theoretical expectation: the amplitude of the CDW increases with the number of valence electrons of the impurity in the Cr alloy. A model taking into account the presence and the interaction of the three waves in the crystal and determining the relative intensity of all the different satel1ite peaks in a Cr sample has also been developed.
Mestrado
Física
Mestre em Física
Carregosa, João Domingos Covello. "Síntese e propriedades de Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2 (x=0;0,1 e 0,2) obtidos pelo método hidrotermal assistido por micro-ondas." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/3537.
Повний текст джерелаThe solid solution of Gd3+ doped CeO2 (GDC) is a promising candidate for electrolyte in SOFCs (Solid Oxide Full Cells) operating in intermediate and low temperatures. The reduction of the working temperature of these energy conversion devices is the great technological challenge to its marketing. In this work, nanocrystalline powders of Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2 with x=0; 0.1 e 0.2 were obtained by microwave-assisted hydrothermal synthesis at low temperature and times of synthesis (10 and 20 min at 120 °C). The powders were analyzed by TG-DTA, SEM, XRD and dilatometry. The results showed characteristic peaks of the cubic fluorite structure, referring to the cerium oxide (CeO2), without the presence of secondary peaks. We also observed that the samples synthesized at 10 and 20 minutes showed distinct behaviors in function of the concentrations of Gd3+. In addition, immersion tests were performed for the sintered ceramics, by Archimedes method. The relative density values were above 92% for all the proposed formulations.
A solução sólida de CeO2 dopada com Gd3+ (CGO) é um promissor candidato para eletrólito de SOFCs (Solid Oxide Full Cells) operantes em temperaturas intermediárias e baixas. A redução da temperatura de trabalho destes dispositivos de conversão de energia é o grande desafio tecnológico para a sua comercialização. Nesse trabalho, pós nanocristalinos de Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2 com x=0; 0,1 e 0,2 foram obtidos via síntese hidrotérmica assistida por micro-ondas em temperatura e tempos de síntese baixos (10 e 20 min à 120 °C). Os pós foram analisados por TG-DTA, MEV, DRX e dilatometria. Os resultados indicaram picos característicos da estrutura cúbica tipo fluorita, referente ao óxido de cério (CeO2), sem presença de picos secundários. Observou-se também que as amostras processadas em patamares de 10 e 20 minutos apresentaram comportamentos distintos frente aos teores de Gd3+ estudados. Além disso, foram realizados ensaios de imersão das cerâmicas sinterizadas, pelo método de Arquimedes. Os valores de densidade relativa ficaram acima de 92% para todas as formulações propostas.
Picado, Gabriel Martins. "Caracterização de Y3Fe5O12 preparado por sinterização e micro-ondas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/9177.
Повний текст джерелаForam preparadas amostras de Y3Fe5O12, sintetizadas por dois métodos: sinterização convencional (forno) e usando um forno de micro-ondas. Foram utilizados, como precursores, a hematite (Fe2O3) e a ítria (Y2O3). Após moagem, as misturas obtidas foram sujeitas pelos dois métodos, a diferentes temperaturas e tempos de sinterização. Foram sintetizados no forno entre os 1350 ºC e os 1450 ºC, e tempos de sinterização de 4 h e 6 h. Em micro-ondas o intervalo de temperaturas utilizado situou-se entre 600 ºC e os 900 ºC, com tempo de sinterização de 15 minutos. Posteriormente realizaram-se as caracterizações estruturais por difração de Raios-X (DRX), as quais revelaram a presença maioritária das fases da granada de YIG. As amostras obtidas por sinterização convencional apresentaram uma maior cristalinidade. A cristalinidade aumentou para temperaturas de sinterização mais elevadas. Procedeu-se também à caracterização magnética e elétrica das amostras obtidas. Obteve-se para as amostras em estudo, a 300 K e 1 MHz, uma constante dielétrica entre 8,3 e 12,5 com perdas dielétricas menores que 1,6 × 10-1. Relativamente à magnetização obteve-se um valor máximo 40,32 emu/g, registado para a amostra sinterizada a 1450º C/ 6 h e o valor mais baixo foi registado para a amostra sinterizada a 900 ºC, com valor 15,42 emu/g, a 300 K.
The ferrite Y3Fe5O12 were prepared by two methods: using a conventional oven and a micro-wave oven. The used precursors were hematite (Fe2O3) and yttria (Y2O3). After milling, the obtained mixtures were subjected to different temperatures and time of sintering in a conventional furnace and in a micro-wave oven. In the conventional oven the samples were synthesized between 1350 °C and 1450 °C, and sintering times of 4 and 6 hours. In the microwave oven the temperatures ranged between 600 °C and 900 °C with sintering time of 15 minutes. After the prepared samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD revealed the presence of a majority of the YIG phase granade. The crystallinity of the samples obtained by conventional sintering increases with the increasing of the sintering temperatures. The magnetic and electrical properties of the samples were measured. The samples show at 300 K and 1 MHz, a dielectric constant between 8.3 and 12.5, with the dielectric losses lower than 1.6 × 10-1. The magnetization presents a maximum value of 40.32 emu / g for the sample sintered at 1450 °C / 6 h. A lower value was measured for the sample sintered at 900 °C, with a value 15.42 emu/g, at 300 K.
Silva, Ranilson Angelo da. "Síntese de nanoestruturas de ZnO por redução carbotérmica e hidrotermal, assistido por micro-ondas : caracterização como sensor /." Araraquara : [s.n.], 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99659.
Повний текст джерелаBanca: Sonia Maria Zanetti
Banca: Luis Vicente de Andrade Scalvi
Resumo: O trabalho objetiva a realização do crescimento de materiais nanoestruturados de óxido de zinco (ZnO) pelo método de redução carbotérmica e um estudo de suas propriedades como sensor, utilizando ZnO e distintas fontes de carbono (grafite e negro de fumo) como materiais de partida. Para efeito de comparação, o método hidrotermal assistido por micro-ondas (HAM) também foi utilizado como processo de síntese das nanoestruturas. Os materiais obtidos das sínteses foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), microscopia eletrônica de varredura com canhão de emissão por campo (MEV-FEG), além de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Por meio destas técnicas de caracterização, mostrou-se a eficiência da obtenção de nanoestruturas de óxido de zinco, sendo que a morfologia do material resultante é fortemenete dependente do método utilizado. Testes para sensor de gás e luz foram realizados em amostras selecionadas utilizando como critério sua morfologia nanométrica e uniformidade de crescimento. Para medidas com gás, utilizou-se o oxigênio e também o hidrogênio. A medida foi realizada em uma câmara hermeticamente fechada com controle da temperatura e do fluxo dos gases, onde foi inserido um eletrodo interdigital de alumina com trilhas de contato de ouro para qual foi utilizado para depositar as estruturas de ZnO. Para alimentação do sistema, foi utilizada uma fonte de tensão estabilizada, que é operada remotamente e tem sensibilidade na medida da corrente em picoampére, possibilitando assim maior precisão nas medidas. Para as medidas de sensor de luz, foi utilizado o mesmo eletrodo interdigital supracitado, mas o material foi exposto a uma lâmpada de xenônio com intensidade equivalente à metade da intensidade da luz solar. Com relação às medidas das propriedades como sensor de gás e luz, foram analisados parâmetros como: resposta de sensor, sinal, sensibilidade e tempo de resposta
Abstract: The work aims to conduct a study on the growth of nanostructured materials of zinc oxide (ZnO) by carbothermal reduction process and its sensor properties for both gas and light stimulus. For comparison, the microwave-assisted hydrothermal method (MAH) was also used as synthesis process of nanostructures. The synthesizes materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Through these characterization techniques it was showed that synthesis methods are efficient, and the morphology of the resulting materials depends on the method used. Sensor tests were performed for some samples, using a selection criteria the size and morphology of the material. For sensor characterization it was used hydrogen and oxigen gases. A sealed chamber with controlled temperature and gas flow was used to perform the measurements, whichwas connected to a stabilized voltage source. This source is operated remontly and has a sensibility in the current measurement of picoampére, allowing greater accuracy in the measurement. For the deposition ZnO nanostructures, was used an Alumina interdigital electrode with tracks of gold contact. To measure the light sensor, the same electrode above mentioned was exposed to the beam with an intensity of half of sun radiation (xenon lamp). Regarding the sensor properties (gas ans radiation) it was analyzed the response of the sensor, signal, sensibility and response time, which are essential parameters for the efficiency a sensor material. Through analysis of sensor measurements, it was found that the samples synthesized by HAM had batter sensor performance than the obtained by carbothermal reduction process
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