Дисертації з теми "Oligochaeta"
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1
Er-Rai, Hakima. "Bilan énergétique de Eudrilus eugeniae (Oligochaeta, Eudrilidae)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212398.
2
Rennebeck, Gabriela Maria. "Estrutura quaternaria da hemoglobina de Glossoscolex paulistus (oligochaeta - glossoscolecidae)." [s.n.], 1990. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316570.
Анотація:
Orientador : Benedito OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: A hemoglobina extracelular de Glossoscolex paulistus (0ligochaeta - glossoscolecidae) apresenta peso molecular aproximado de 3.106 e é formada por cinco unidades principais de: 70kOa, 50kOa, "kDa, 28kOa e 12kDa. Estudos eletroforéticos em poliacrilamida (PAGE/SDS) evidenciaram ser a unidade 70kDa o tetrâmero formado por quatro cadeias polipeptídicas de 16kDa, a unidade 50kDa o trímero formado por três cadeias de 16kDa, as unidades 33 e 28kDa dímeros de cadeia única e a unidade 12kDa o monômero, a menor unidade encontrada nas hemoglobinas de invertebrados. A hemoglobina nativa (pH 7,4) apresenta afinidade pelo oxigênio (P50 = 6.6 torr) maior que a hemoglobina humana e menor do que a mioglobina. A hemoglobina dissociada em pH alcalino apresenta menor afinidade pelo oxigênio sendo necessário quantidade de O2 maiores para saturar 50% dos grupamentos heme. A ligação do oxigênio na hemoglobina dissociada é irreversível sendo necessário o tratamento com ditionito de sódio para que ocorresse a desoxigenação. Através da filtração da hemoglobina dissociada em gel de Sephadex G-200, foi possível isolar o monômero 12kDa. Esse monômero apresenta homologia com a mioglobina e sua afinidade pelo oxigênio é similar a mioglobina. Estudos imunoquímicos indicaram a identidade antigênica parcial entre o monômero 12kDa e o trímero 50kDa, sugerindo que possivelmente as cadeias polipeptídicas que formam o trímero são homólogas às cadeias monoméricas a nível de seqüência primária. Este resultado sugere que as unidades que formam o complexo final partilham de um gene ancestral comum e que por pressão evolutiva se agregaram a fim de optimizar o transporte do oxigênio. Um modelo localizando as unidades dentro do complexo total é sugerido indicando que as unidades funcionais se encontram no centro da molécula e são protegidas da oxidação pelos polipeptídeo estruturais que se encontram por toda a superfície da molécula
Mestrado
Genetica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
3
Smith, David P. (David Paul) 1956. "Responses of Pristina leidyi Smith 1896 (Naididae: Oligochaeta) to Cadmium, Vanadium, and Some Environmental Factors." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1990. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc500695/.
Анотація:
Concern over sediment toxicity has increased the need for toxicity test information with organisms that inhabit sediments. Oligochaetes are exposed to toxicants through feeding and direct body contact with aquatic sediments. Chronic testing with oligochaetes has historically focused on tubificids with test lengths of one year or more to encompass several generations. Most naidid oligochaetes have generation times of three to seven days and could provide chronic information in a matter of weeks. The cosmopolitan distributed naidid, Pristina leidyi, was evaluated for use as a toxicity test organism. Results of research conducted includes culture methods, effects of temperature on reproduction, growth rates in a reference sediment, acute toxicity tests, and chronic toxicity tests.
4
Stephan, Nilo Nélio Caixeiro. "Distribuição espacial e temporal dos insetos e Oligochaeta aquáticos da sub-bacia do Córrego São Pedro, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/4465.
Анотація:
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Para se conhecer a variação espacial e temporal da fauna de Oligochaeta e insetos aquáticos e utilizar as informações obtidas para caracterizar a qualidade ambiental da subbacia do Córrego São Pedro (integrante da bacia de drenagem do Rio Paraibuna, em Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais) foram realizadas, entre maio de 2005 e maio de 2006, coletas do sedimento em cinco pontos ao longo deste curso d’água, obtendo-se um total de 143359 espécimes distribuídas em 88 táxons. Os Oligochaeta foram representados por 4 famílias (Tubificidae, Naididae, Opistocystidae e Enchytraeidae) e 29 espécies. A família Tubificidae, a mais abundante, foi constituída por 7 espécies, sendo Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, a espécie de maior representatividade numérica. Nesta família, os indivíduos imaturos foram responsáveis por 57% da fauna total. Os insetos foram representados por 26 famílias, sendo Chironomidae a mais abundante. Os indivíduos do gênero Chironomus contribuíram com 98% da entomofauna. Resultado do teste não paramétrico de Kruskalwallis indicou existir diferenças significativas (P< 0,05) na composição e estrutura da fauna entre os pontos de coleta. Teste de sinais de Wilcoxon indicou que houve diferença significativa (p< 0,05) da fauna nos períodos seco e chuvoso. A estrutura e composição faunística, bem como as variáveis físicas e químicas analisadas mostraram a existência de impactos e alterações antrópicas na sub-bacia do Córrego São Pedro.
In order to obtain information about the spatial and temporal variation of Oligochaeta fauna and aquatic insects and to use this information to characterize the environmental quality of Córrego São Pedro Subbasin (which is part of the drainage basin of Paraibuna River, Juiz de Fora city, Minas Gerais state, Brazil) we collected sediment samples at 5 spots along the course of this river. Sampling was carried out between May 2005 and May 2006, and we gathered a total of 143359 species distributed among 88 taxa. Oligochaeta were represented by 4 families (Tubificidae, Naididae, Opistocystidae, and Enchytraeidae) and 29 species. The Tubificidae family, the most abundant one, was composed of 7 species, among which Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri was the most representative in number. Immature individuals made up 57% of the total Tubificidae fauna. Insects were represented by 26 families, among which Chironomidae was the most abundant. Individuals from the genus Chironomus made up 98% of the enthomofauna. The results of the non-parametric Kruskal-wallis test showed a significative difference (P<0.05) in composition and structure of the fauna between collection spots. The Wilcoxon signal test indicated a significative difference (p<0.05) for the fauna during dry and rainy periods. Faunistic structure and composition, as well as the physical and chemical variables analised showed the existence of anthropic impacts and changes in Córrego São Predro Subbasin.
5
Bezerra, Emerson de Azevedo Silva. "Análise filogenética dos Glossoscolecidae (ANNELIDA, EUCLITELLATA)." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2013. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/4114.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-25Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
We conducted a study on the phylogenetic relationships of Glossoscolecidae through the henniguian method of data processing. We used morphological characters obtained from references and through observation of animals deposited in collections. A total of 45 characters were selected from 61 terminal taxa. Multiple outgroups were selected (Alluroididae, Haplotaxidae, Hrabeiella periglandulata, Lumbriculidae, Moniligastridae, and Monotesticulata Syngenodrilidae). The phylogenetic analysis was performed using the software Mesquite (version 2.75) and TNT (version 1.1). The characters were coded, whenever possible, as multiestates and absences as apomorphies. The data were treated as unordered and ordered. At TNT, we compared the results of two algorithms (Traditional Search and New Technology Search). The strict consensus trees with ordered characters not supported the monophyly of Glossoscolecidae. Only with characters unordered, the taxon was supported by the presence of sphincter in nephridia. In general, there were no differences in outcomes between the use of software Mesquite and TNT and the use of the algorithm Traditional Search and New Technology Search. We propose the following positioning Glossoscolecidae between the Euclitellata: Lumbricina: (Hormogastridae (Microchaetidae + Glossoscolecidae)) + Megascolecoidea + Lumbricidae + Kynotidae + (Sparganophilidae (Almidae + Criodrilidae)).
Realizou-se um estudo das relações filogenéticas de Glossoscolecidae através do método hennigiano de tratamento de dados. Foram utilizados caracteres morfológicos obtidos em bibliografias e através da observação de animais depositados em coleções. Um total de 45 caracteres foram selecionados, e 61 táxons terminais. Multiplos grupos-externo foram selecionados (Alluroididae, Haplotaxidae, Hrabeiella periglandulata, Lumbriculidae, Moniligastridae, Monotesticulata e Syngenodrilidae). A análise filogenética foi realizada com o uso dos softwares Mesquite (versão 2.75) e TNT (versão 1.1). Os caracteres foram codificados em multiestados sempre que possível e ausências como apomorfias. Os dados foram tratados como não-ordenados e ordenados. No TNT, comparou-se os resultados de dois algoritmos (Traditional Search e New Technology Search). As árvores de consenso estrito com caracteres ordenados não sustentou a monofilia de Glossoscolecidae. Apenas com os caracteres não-ordenados, o táxon foi sustentando pela presença de esfíncter nos nefrídios. Em geral, não houve diferenças nos resultados entre o uso do software Mesquite e TNT e entre o uso do algoritmo Traditional Search e New Technology Search. Propomos o seguinte posicionamento de Glossoscolecidae entre os Euclitellata: Lumbricina: (Hormogastridae (Microchaetidae + Glossoscolecidae)) + Megascolecoidea + Lumbricidae + Kynotidae + (Sparganophilidae (Almidae + Criodrilidae)).
6
Breidenbach, Josef. "Normalanatomie und -histologie des Lumbriciden Lumbricus terrestris L. (Annelida, Oligochaeta)." [S.l. : s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=967450195.
7
Tiho, Seydou. "Les communautés de lumbricidae (Oligochaeta) de l'avenue Roosevelt (Bruxelles, Belgique)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211665.
8
Nascimento, Haroldo Lobo dos Santos. "Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta, Naididae) como espécie-teste em bioensaios ecotoxicológicos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2014. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-17112014-131007/.
Анотація:
Estudos com oligoquetas aquáticos aplicados à ecotoxicologia são quase inexistentes no Brasil, embora diversas agências reguladoras já tenham demonstrado interesse na inclusão da espécie Branchiura sowerbyi (Oligochaeta, Naididae) em protocolos de monitoramento de ambientes aquáticos tropicais. Com o objetivo de ampliar o conhecimento sobre o potencial de utilização desta espécie em ensaios ecotoxicológicos, efetuou-se ampla revisão bibliográfica entre 1950 e 2012, verificando-se discrepâncias metodológicas, o uso quase exclusivo da matriz água e a inserção da turfa como fonte de matéria orgânica nos testes com sedimento artificial, recomendado como forma de reduzir a diferença entre os diversos tipos de sedimento avaliados. A partir desta revisão, bioensaios de toxicidade com sedimento natural e artificial (SAT, com a fibra de coco em substituição à turfa) foram realizados para avaliar a sobrevivência, crescimento e reprodução de B. sowerbyi. Posteriormente, testes de toxicidade aguda e crônica (incluindo a bioacumulação) foram realizados com B. sowerbyi eTubifex tubifex (espécie com uso padronizado) para avaliar os efeitos dos metais arsênio e zinco. Pelos resultados obtidos verifica-se que a reprodução e taxa de crescimento de B. sowerbyi, quando mantida em SAT (número de casulo: 2 ± 0,01; taxa de crescimento diário: - 0,44 ± 0,24%), foram inferiores (p < 0,05) em relação ao sedimento natural (número de casulos: 19,00 ± 6,24; taxa de crescimento diário: 0,35 ± 0,24%), demonstrando que o sedimento natural é mais favorável ao cultivo da espécie. Nos testes com metais, B. sowerbyi aparentou ser mais sensível ao arsênio e ao zinco, do que a espécie Tubifex tubifex, com valores de CL50 e CE50 inferiores aos observados para T. tubifex (CL50(96h): 297 ± 24,50 μmolAs·L-1 e 14,89 ± 1,01 μmolZn·L-1 para B. sowerbyi, contra > 1577,43 μmolAs·L-1 e 132,51 ± 12,95 μmolZn·L-1 para T. tubifex e CL50(14d): 4,28 ± 0,03 e 9,72 ± 0,38 μmolAs·g-1 para B. sowerbyi e T. tubifex, respectivamente). A partir da análise das metodologias utilizadas para as duas espécies e daquelas sugeridas em trabalhos publicados com B. sowerbyi, elaborou-se um protocolo para realização de bioensaios com a espécie B. sowerbyi em condições tropicais.Aquatic oligochaetes studies applied to ecotoxicology are rare in Brazil, although several regulatory agencies had shown interest in the inclusion of the species B. sowerbyi (Oligochaeta, Naididae) in the tropical aquatic ecosystems monitoring. Aiming to increase the knowledge about the potential use of this species on ecotoxicological bioassays, an extensive literature review from 1950 to 2012 was performed, verifying methodological discrepancies; the majority use of the water sample and the insertion of peat as a source of organic matter on the bioassays with artificial sediment, which it is recommended to reduce the difference between the sediment samples that were collected from different places. From this review, toxicity bioassays with natural and artificial sediments (SAT, with coir instead of peat) were made to evaluate the survival, growth and reproduction of B. sowerbyi. After that, acute and chronic bioassays were made with B. sowerbyi and Tubifex tubifex (a standardized species) to evaluate the effects of arsenic and zinc. The results showed that the reproduction and growth rate of B. sowerbyi, kept in SAT (number of cocoons: 2 ± 0.01; daily growth rate: - 0.44 ± 0.24%), were smaller (p < 0.05) compared to the natural sediment (number of cocoons: 19.00 ± 6.24; diary growth rate: 0.35 ± 0.24%), showing that the natural sediment is more favorable to the cultivation of this species. In the bioassays with metals, B. sowerbyi appeared to be more sensible to arsenic and zinc than T. tubifex (CL50(96h): 297 ± 24.50 μmolAs·L-1 and 14.89 ± 1.01 μmolZn·L-1 to B. sowerbyi, against > 1577.43 μmolAs·L-1 and 132.51 ± 12.95 μmolZn·L-1 to T. tubifex and CL50(14d): 4.28 ± 0.03 and 9.72 ± 0.38 μmolAs·g-1 to B. sowerbyi and T. tubifex, respectively). From the analysis of the methodological approaches from the two species and from those suggested by other studies with B. sowerbyi, a bioassay protocol for the species B. sowerbyi was elaborated.
9
Johnson, Paul James. "Ecological studies on the Enchytraeidae (Oligochaeta) of streams in southern England." Thesis, University of Reading, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252674.
10
Bonafé, Carlos Francisco Sampaio 1961. "Estudos bioquimicos e fisicos de hemoglobina extracelular de Glossoscolex paulistus (Oligochaeta)." [s.n.], 1988. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314583.
Анотація:
Orientadores : Nilce Correa Meirelles, Iris Linares de TorrianiDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Glossoscolex pauHstus (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae) é um anelídeo que vive no solo em regiões calcáreas no Estado de São Paulo, e tem uma hemeproteína gigante extracelular que ocorre dissolvida no sangue. Esse tipo de pigmento respiratório é denominado eritrocruorina, e é observado à microscopia eletrônica como dois discos hexagonais sobrepostos, cada um contendo seis subunidades, com uma cavidade central. No presente trabalho estudou-se afinidade da eritrocruorina pelo oxigênio em presença do cátion bivalente magnésio, observando-se aumento de afinidade e cooperatividade. Determinou-se o coeficiente de sedimentação de 58 S, e estimou-se o peso molecular de 3,23 x 106 Da. Encontrou-se peso molecular mínimo de 25250 Da, alto comparativamente ao das hemoglobinas tetraméricas e mioglobinas, sugerindo a presença de subunidades que não carreiam o heme, a exemplo de outras eritrocruorinas. A abordagem com espalhamento de raios X a baixo ângulo levou a parâmetros estruturais de baixa resolução com raio de giro de cerca de 11,4 nm e dimensão máxima da molécula
Abstract: Glossoscolex paulistus (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae) is an earthworm which dwells in limestone regions in São Paulo State, and has a giant extracellular hemeprotein that occurs in the blood. This type of respiratory pigment is called erythrocruorin, and is examined with the aid of electronic microscopy as two hexagonal superimposed disks, each one having six subunits and a central cavity. This thesis studies the affinity of erythrocruorin with oxygen in the presence of the divalent cation magnesium: an increase of affinity and cooperativity is observed. The sedimentation coefficient was found to be 58 S, and the molecular weight approximately 3.23 x 106 Da. The minimum molecular weight determined, 25,250 Da, was relatively high compared with those of tetrameric hemoglobins and mioglobins, thus suggesting the presence of subunits not carrying a heme group as is the case with other erithrocruorins. Small angle X-ray scattering experiments led to the determination of low resolution dimensional parameters such as the radius of giration (11.4 nm) and maximum molecular dimension (27 nm)
Mestrado
Bioquimica
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
11
Garland, Jay L. "Effects of grazing by the oligochaete, Aeolosoma, on detrital and periphytic assemblages." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41558.
Анотація:
The effects of grazing by the small oligochaete, Aeolosoma, on periphyton assemblages of different algal composition and on unconditioned detritus were examined. Natural water and periphyton inoculum were collected from a littoral environment and used to construct laboratory microcosms. Changes in algal community composition, microbial respiration, and structural indices (Chlorophyll a, protein, and carbohydrate) were measured in grazed and ungrazed cultures through time in 2 to 12 d experiments.
Grazed cultures after 10 to 12 d had dissimilar algal community compositions in both the early and late summer periphytic assemblages as measured by Pinkham and Pearson's Index of Similarity (B). Changes resulted from stimulation (Green coccoids, thin green filaments) and suppression (certain diatoms) of individual algal taxa, and not from the dramatic shifts in comunity composition and structure effected by macroinvertebrate grazing.
Master of Science
12
Alves, Paulo Roger Lopes. "Avaliação ecotoxicológica de agrotóxicos em Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) e Folsomia candida (Collembola)." Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Centro de Ciências Agrárias. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, 2010. http://www.bibliotecadigital.uel.br/document/?code=vtls000161970.
Анотація:
O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio de testes ecotoxicológicos, as influências de três inseticidas e dois fungicidas em Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta), e Folsomia candida (Collembola), seguindo-se padrões ISO e OECD. Foram investigados os inseticidas fipronil, thiametoxam e imidacloprid, e os fungicidas captan e carboxin + thiram. Observaram-se mortalidades significativas de F. candida, ao fim de 14 dias, para todas as substâncias químicas avaliadas. Considerados tóxicos, imidacloprid e fipronil apresentaram LC50 de 20,96 e 59,62 mg de ingrediente ativo/kg de solo seco, respectivamente. Para minhocas observaram-se mortalidades significativas apenas por imidacloprid, que apresentou LC50 de 25,53 mg.kg-1. Após 28 dias de exposição, a reprodução dos colêmbolos foi reduzida por imidacloprid (EC50 de 0,006 mg.kg-1), carboxin + thiram (EC50 6,09 mg.kg-1) e thiametoxam (EC50 39,08 mg.kg-1). Também se constatou efeito negativo de imidacloprid (EC50 4,07 mg.kg-1) e carboxin + thiram (EC50 56,38 mg.kg-1) para minhocas. Captan demonstrou moderado efeito neste teste de toxicidade crônica (EC50 334,84 mg.kg-1) e, os inseticidas fipronil (EC20 23,16 mg.kg-1) e thiametoxam (EC50 791,99 mg.kg-1) apresentaram leve efeito de toxicidade na reprodução de E. andrei. Nenhum dos produtos avaliados, nos testes de fuga, apresentou repelência de F. cândida, no período de 48 horas. Pelo contrário, houve efeito de atração destes artrópodes pelos sítios contaminados. E. andrei apresentou efeito de repelência aos substratos contaminados com imidacloprid (EC50 0,11 mg.kg-1), captan (EC50 33,54 mg.kg-1), carboxin + thiram (EC50 60,32 mg.kg-1) e thiametoxam. Imidacloprid teve efeito tóxico significativo em concentrações inferiores às que são comercialmente recomendadas para o tratamento de sementes.The aim of this study was evaluate through ecotoxicological tests, the impact of three insecticides and two fungicides on Eisenia andrei (Oligochaeta) and Folsomia candida (Collembola), following the standards ISO and OECD. We investigated the insecticide Fipronil, Imidacloprid and Thiametoxam, and fungicides Captan, Carboxin + Thiram. Significant mortalities were observed in F. candida, after 14 days, for all active ingredients. Considered highly toxic, Imidacloprid and Fipronil had LC50 of 20.96 and 59.62 mg a.i. / kg dry soil, respectively. For earthworms significant mortalities were observed only for Imidacloprid, which showed LC50 of 25.53 mg / kg. After 28 days of exposure, reproduction of springtails has been greatly reduced by Imidacloprid, with EC50 value of 0.006 mg / kg, and moderately by Carboxin Thiram (EC50 6.09 mg / kg) and Thiametoxam (EC50 39.08 mg / kg). We also observed the strong effect of Imidacloprid (EC50 4.07 mg / kg) and Carboxin + Thiram (EC50 56.38 mg / kg) for earthworms. Captan showed moderate chronic effects in this test (EC50 334.84 mg / kg), and the insecticide Fipronil (EC20 23.16 mg / kg) and Thiametoxam (EC50 791.99 mg / kg) had a slight effect on reproduction toxicity of E. andrei. Any i.a. evaluated in the avoidance test showed repellency of the F. candida in 48 hours. Instead of avoidance behavior, there was attraction effect of these arthropods by contaminated sites. Earthworms have a strong repellency effect to the substrates contaminated by Imidacloprid (EC50 0.11 mg / kg). Individuals of E. andrei showed moderate repellent SAT contaminated by the fungicide Captan (EC50 33.54 mg / kg) and Thiram Carboxin (EC50 60.32 mg / kg.), and slight effect observed by Thiametoxam. Imidacloprid had a significant effect at concentrations below those which are commercially recommended for seed treatment.
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Assis, Orlando. "Enquitreídeos (Enchytraeidae, Oligochaeta) como indicadores do manejo do solo e em ensaios ecotoxicológicos." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1848.
Анотація:
A agricultura ocupa uma grande área do território brasileiro, interagindo com praticamente todos os grandes biomas. O manejo do solo, aliado ao uso de agrotóxicos e de fertilizantes, pode contribuir para o desequilíbrio da fauna edáfica, trazendo impactos que podem influenciar na harmonia do ecossistema do solo. O revolvimento do solo o expõe à radiação solar, que pode influenciar na abundância de espécies e os fertilizantes de base sintética desequilibram os níveis de nutrientes do solo, impactando na dinâmica dos organismos. Os agrotóxicos contaminam e causam mortalidade de diversos organismos. Na tentativa de melhor analisar esses impactos, foram escolhidos quatro diferentes sistemas de uso do solo: Olericultura Orgânica (OO), Olericultura Convencional (OC), Lavoura Convencional (LC) e uma região de fragmento de Floresta Nativa (FN), com repetições verdadeiras, na região metropolitana de Curitiba, no município de Quitandinha-PR, com os objetivos: avaliar o potencial dos enquitreídeos como bioindicadores em áreas de diferentes sistemas de uso do solo (SUS); identificar os fatores que influenciam a abundância e diversidade desses organismos nestes diferentes sistemas; avaliou-se o potencial reprodutivo destes organismos expondo-os em amostras de solos provenientes das áreas dos sistemas de uso do solo (SUS) estudados, em condições laboratoriais; foi também avaliado em ensaios laboratoriais com uso de solo artificial tropical (SAT) o impacto do glifosato na reprodução dos enquitreídeos sob concentrações baseadas nas recomendações do fabricante e das quantidades comumente utilizadas na região. Nossos resultados mostraram que houve diferença significativa na abundância entre FN e LC, e a riqueza de gêneros sofreu redução de seis para dois, respectivamente. Dentre os atributos do solo encontrados nas análises físico-químicas, as áreas de florestas (FN) apresentaram pH mais baixo, matéria orgânica e potássio mais altos que nos outros sistemas estudados, e menor quantidade de fósforo do que as áreas de plantio convencional (LC e OC). Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos em condições laboratoriais mostraram que o número de juvenis de Enchytraeus sp produzidos em solo das áreas estudadas foi maior em solo de FN do que LC, em concordância com os dados de abundância. Os ensaios ecotoxicológicos com glifosato em solo artificial tropical reduziu significativamente a reprodução, mesmo em concentrações no solo equivalentes a doses recomendadas, sugerindo que esse herbicida popular pode ser deletério aos enquitreídeos e, portanto, deve ser usado com cautela. Os resultados sugerem que a abundância e riqueza de enquitreídeos são bons indicadores do uso do solo na região estudada e que a espécie autóctone Enchytraeus sp respondeu satisfatoriamente em ensaios laboratoriais para avaliar a qualidade do solo.Agriculture occupies a large area of the Brazilian territory, interacting with the major biomes. Soil management, the use of pesticides and fertilizers can contribute to the imbalance of the biota, the soil fauna, impacting the harmony of the whole soil ecosystem. The soil disturbance in plowing and disking exposes the soil fauna to the sun' radiation, which can be harmful to of species in this environment. Synthetic fertilizers can unbalance levels of soil nutrients, directly impacting the dynamics of organisms. The pesticides can be deleterious to the living organisms in the soil. This study aims to evaluate potential of the enchytraeids as soil management indicators in areas of horticulture and grain farming and to identify which factors influence the abundance and diversity of these worms in different land use systems (SUS); It also aims to assess the potential of the enchytraeids to respond to the natural soil quality of the areas of study and the toxicity of recommended doses of the most used pesticide (glyphosate) in laboratory tests; Four land use systems (SUS) in Quitandinha – PR were chosen for the present study: Organic Vegetable Crops (OO), Conventional Vegetable Crops (OC) and Conventional tillage (LC), Native Forest (FN) with true repetitions. The abundance of enchytraeids was statistically higher in FN than LC, while the richness of genera reduced from six to two, respectively. Among the soil attributes, forest areas had lower pH, organic matter, nitrogen and higher potassium than other SUS in the other SUS and lower amount of phosphorus than the areas of conventional tillage. In ecotoxicological tests under laboratory conditions the number of juveniles of Enchytraeus sp produced in soil of the areas studied for 21 days of incubation were higher in soils from FN than LC. in agreement to field abundance data. Ecotoxicological tests with gliphosate in concentrations based on doses used by the agricultures in the area sudied showed that in artficial soil, even concentrations equivalent to recommended doses may reduce reproduction significantly, suggesting this popular herbicide may be harmful to enchytraeids and should be used with caution. The results suggest the abundance and richness of genera are good indicators of soil use systems in the area studied and that the autochthonous enchytraeid Enchytraeus sp responded well to laboratory tests to evaluate soil quality.
14
Hurdzan, Christopher Michael. "Chlorobenzene Toxicity to Oligochaetes: Mixtures and Predictions." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1243545063.
15
Otomo, Patricks Voua. "Stress responses of Eisenia andrei and Enchytraeus doerjesi (Oligochaeta) to combined effects of temperature and metal contamination." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6900.
Анотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The terrestrial Oligochaete species Eisenia andrei and Enchytraeus doerjesi were exposed to different concentration series of Cd and Zn, both separately and in mixtures for 28 days in artificial OECD soil at 15, 20 and 25°C. At the end of the four week exposure period, survival and reproduction were assessed in E. doerjesi and survival, reproduction, biomass change, metal uptake and biomarker responses (MTT and comet assays) in E. andrei. Survival results for both E. andrei and E. doerjesi indicated that the lethality of Cd increased at higher temperatures, whereas the opposite was observed for Zn.Cadmium LC50 values were the highest at 15°C and the lowest at 25°C. In the Zn exposures LC50 increased with increasing temperature. Mixture results in both test organisms indicated that mixtures were less lethal than the metals separately. Effects of mixtures on survival, nonetheless, increased with increasing temperature. In the Cd experiment, reproduction in E. andrei was only recorded in the control treatments at the three temperatures investigated. However, the deleterious effect of Zn on the reproduction of both E. andrei and E. doerjesi decreased with increasing temperature and Zn EC50 for reproduction increased with increasing temperature. Results for exposures to mixtures indicated in both test organisms that the interaction between Cd and Zn were antagonistic. In both E. andrei and E. doerjesi, the effect of mixture exposures on reproduction decreased with increasing temperatures. The highest mixture EC50 values for reproduction were found at higher temperature. In E. doerjesi (using reproduction results in MixToxModules) Cd and Zn interactions were dose level dependent at the three temperatures investigated. Antagonism was the predominant interaction at lower mixture concentrations whereas synergism occurred at mixture concentrations equal to or higher than the mixtures’ EC50 values. Biomass loss increased with increasing temperature in the Cd exposures (p 9 0.05) but not in the Zn exposures in E. andrei. In this species mixture results indicated antagonistic interactions between Cd and Zn at all temperatures investigated. The deleterious effect of mixtures on the biomass of E. andrei increased with increasing temperature. When Cd and Zn interactions were further investigated in E. andrei (using biomass results in MixToxModules) it was found that they were dose level dependent at the three temperatures investigated. Antagonism was the predominant interaction at lower mixture concentrations whereas synergism occurred at mixture concentrations higher than the mixtures EC50 values. The assessment of metal uptake in E. andrei revealed a temperature dependent Cd uptake with higher Cd body burdens occurring at higher exposure concentrations and temperatures (p ≤ 0.05). In the case of Zn, although uptake was lower at higher temperature, there was no statistical difference in uptake between exposure concentrations and between temperatures. Mixture results however indicated that in mixture exposures less Cd was accumulated by E. andrei than in single Cd exposures (p ≤ 0.05). Inversely, in mixture exposures more Zn was accumulated by E. andrei than in single Zn exposures (p ≤ 0.05). Biomarker studies revealed that Cd and Zn were both cytotoxic and genotoxic whether in single or mixture exposures. Factorial ANOVA analyses of the effects of temperature and metals on the reduction of MTT by E. andrei indicated that temperature rather than the metals was the most important factor controlling mitochondrial activity (p < 0.001). In both Cd and Zn exposures significant deleterious metal effects on mitochondrial processes were found to increase with temperature (p ≤ 0.01). Mixture exposures indicated decreasing cytotoxicity with increasing temperature (p ≤ 0.05) and possible antagonism between Cd and Zn at cellular level. Results of the comet assay showed that the genotoxic profile of Cd was the opposite of the genotoxic profile of Zn. Cd was less genotoxic at lower temperature and increasingly deleterious at higher temperature while Zn was more genotoxic at lower than higher temperature (p ≤ 0.05). The results of mixture exposures indicated decreasing mixture genotoxicity with increasing temperature and suggested that the interactions between Cd and Zn at molecular level were probably antagonistic.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Eisenia andrei en Enchytraeus doerjesi is aan verskillende konsentrasiereekse van Cd en Zn, afsonderlik en in mengsels, vir 28 dae in OECD kunsmatige grond onderskeidelik by 15, 20 en 25°C blootgestel Die volgende eindpunte is aan die einde van die vier weke blootstellingsperiode gemeet: oorlewing en voortplanting (by E. doerjesi) en oorlewing, voortplanting, biomassaverandering, metaalopname, MTT en komeettoetse (by E. andrei). Oorlewingsresultate by beide E. andrei en E. doerjesi het getoon dat toenemende temperatuur die letale toksisiteit van Cd laat toeneem terwyl die teenoorgestelde waar was vir Zn. By die Cd blootstellings was die LK50 waardes die hoogste by 15°C en die laagste by 25°C. By die blootstellings aan Zn het die LK50 waardes toegeneem by hoër temperatuur. Resultate by die mengsels by beide toestspesies het aangetoon dat die mengsels minder letaal was as die afsonderlike metale. Effekte van mengsels op oorlewing het nietemin toegeneem met toenemende temperatuur. By die Cd blootstellings is voortplanting slegs by die kontroles en in die geval van E. andrei by die drie onderskeie temperature ondersoek. Die nadelige uitwerking van Zn op voortplanting by beide E. andrei en E. doerjesi het afgeneem met stygende temperatuur en die Zn LK50 vir voortplanting het toegeneem met toenemende temperatuur. Resultate van die blootstellings aan mengsels het getoon dat die wisselwerking tussen Cd en Zn by beide spesies antagonisties was. By beide spesies het die invloed van die mengsels op voortplanting afgeneem met stygende temperatuur. Die hoogste mengsel LK50 waardes vir voortplanting is by hoër temperature gevind. By E. doerjesi was Cd en Zn wisselwerkings by blootstelling aan mengsels (voortplantingsresultate ondersoek deur van MixToxModules gebruik te maak) dosisvlak verwant by die drie temperature wat ondersoek is. Antagonisme was die oorwegende wisselwerking by laer mengsel konsentrasies terwyl sinergisme voorgekom het by mengsel konsentrasies gelyk aan of hoër as die LK50 waardes van die mengsels. In die geval van die Cd blootstellings by E. andrei het biomassaverlies toegeneem met toenemende temperatuur (p ≤ 0.05) maar nie by die Zn blootstellings nie. Resultate van blootstellings aan mengsels het getoon dat die uitwerking van mengsels op die biomassa van E. fetida toegeneem het met toenemende temperatuur. By die verdere ondersoek van Cd en Zn wisselwerkings, waar gekyk is na dosis verhouding of dosisvlak antagonisme (deur van biomassa resultate in MixToxModules gebruik te maak), is gevind dat Cd en Zn wisselwerkings dosisvlak afhanklik was by die drie temperature wat ondersoek is. Antagonisme was die oorwegende wisselwerking by laer mengselkonsentrasies terwyl sinergisme voorgekom het by mengselkonsentrasies hoër as die mengsel EK50 konsentrasies. Die bepaling van metaalopname deur E. andrei het ’n temperatuurafhanklike opname van Cd getoon met hoër Cd liggaamskonsentrasies by hoër blootstellingskonsentrasies en temperature (p ≤ 0.05). Alhoewel Zn opname laer was by hoër temperatuur was daar geen statisties betekenisvolle verskille in opname tussen blootstellingskonsentrasies of temperature nie. Die bepaling van metaalopname by wurms wat aan mengsels blootgestel is, het getoon dat minder Cd deur E. andrei opgeneem is as waneer die wurms aan Cd as enkelmetaal blootgestel is (p ≤ 0.05), Daarteenoor het die teenoorgestelde gebeur in die geval van Zn, Meer van die metaal is opgeneem wanneer E. andrei aan mengsels blootgestel is as aan die enkelmetaal. Biomerkerstudie het getoon dat Cd en Zn beide sito- en genotoksies kan wees ongeag of dit as enkelmetale of in mengsels toegedien is. Faktoriale ANOVA analises van die effekte van temperatuur en metale op die verlaging van MTT by E. andrei het getoon dat temperatuur ’n belangriker faktor was as metaalbesoedeling by die kontrole van mitochondriale aktiwiteit. (p ≤ 0.001). By beide Cd en Zn blootstellings was daar in elk geval statisties betekenisvolle metaaleffekte op mitochondriale prosesse met toename in temperatuur (P ≤ 0.01). By blootstellings aan mengsels is gevind dat sitotoksisiteit afgeneem het met toenemende temperatuur (p ≤ 0.05) asook ’n moontlike antagonisme tussen Cd en Zn op sellulêre vlak. Resultate van die komeettoets het getoon dat die genotoksiese profiel van Cd die teenoorgestelde was as die van Zn. Cd was minder genotoksies by laer temperature en meer en meer skadelik by hoër temperature terwyl Zn meer genotoksies was by laer as by hoër temperature (p ≤ 0.05). Die resultate van blootstlling aan mengsels het laer genotoksisiteit getoon met toename in temperatuur. Dit dui daarop dat wisselwerkings tussen Cd en Zn op molekulêre vlak moontlik antagonisties was.
16
Azevedo, Priscila Trigo Martins. "Minhocas, fungos micorrízicos arbusculares e bactérias diazotróficas em mudas de Araucaria angustifolia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11140/tde-25052010-091014/.
Анотація:
A Araucaria angustifolia possui alto valor madeireiro e resinífero, é fonte de alimento e espécie característica da Floresta Ombrófila Mista, um ecossistema rico em espécies endêmicas e detentor de alta diversidade. Devido à intensa exploração durante décadas, atualmente a araucária é considerada espécie em perigo crítico de extinção, sendo fundamental a compreensão deste ecossistema para sua preservação e regeneração. As minhocas, os fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMA) e as bactérias diazotróficas são organismos edáficos que desempenham funções essenciais no processo de ciclagem de nutrientes e podem favorecer o desenvolvimento vegetal. Muitos trabalhos avaliam o efeito de cada um destes organismos separadamente, mas o estudo das interações entre eles é escasso. Portanto, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da inoculação de minhocas invasoras Amynthas corticis, do FMA Gigaspora rosea e de um isolado de bactéria diazotrófica sobre o desenvolvimento de mudas de araucária, considerando suas interações. O experimento foi realizado em vasos, em casa de vegetação, sob delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2x2, sendo: presença e ausência de minhoca (A. corticis), presença e ausência de FMA (G. rosea), e presença e ausência de bactéria diazotrófica (isolado S32274), com oito repetições cada, sendo que a metade dos vasos foi avaliada 150 dias após o transplantio (Época 1) e o restante aos 250 dias após o transplantio (Época 2) das mudas de araucária. Os parâmetros de avaliação foram: altura e diâmetro das plantas, massa seca das raízes e da parte aérea, concentração e conteúdo total de nitrogênio e fósforo da parte aérea, densidade de esporos de G. rosea no substrato, taxa de colonização radicular pelo FMA e sobrevivência, reprodução e massa fresca das minhocas. A biomassa e o conteúdo de N e P das plantas foram afetados pela interação dos organismos. A inoculação de G. rosea propiciou melhor desenvolvimento das mudas de araucária, entretanto, não houve efeito significativo da inoculação de somente diazotróficos. As plantas inoculadas com minhocas apresentaram tendência de menor biomassa e a sobrevivência das minhocas foi baixa. O estudo das interações de microrganismos e macrofauna deve ser considerado na pesquisa e desenvolvimento de práticas de manejo mais sustentáveis para reflorestamento e manutenção de florestas de araucária.Araucaria angustifolia is a tree of high lumber and resin values, a source of food, and the most important tree in the Mixed Subtropical Ombrophilous forest, a rich ecosystem with many endemic species. However, due to intense exploration for decades, the Araucaria is presently considered a critically endangered species, and the understanding of this ecosystem is fundamental for conservation and regeneration purposes. Soil organisms such as earthworms, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and diazotrophic bacteria play an essential role in nutrient cycling and can increase plant performance. Many studies have evaluated the impact of each of these organisms independently, but few have studied their interactions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the inoculation effects of invasive earthworms (Amynthas corticis), AMF (Gigaspora rosea) and an isolated of diazotrophic bacteria, and the interactions between each of these, on the performance of A. angustifolia seedlings. The plants were grown in greenhouse conditions in a block-type randomized design with a factorial layout of 2x2x2, being: presence and absence of earthworms (A. corticis), presence and absence of AMF (G. rosea) and presence and absence of diazotrophic bacteria (isolated S32274), in eight replicates, evaluated at 150 and 250 d after transplanting. The following parameters were evaluated: plant height and diameter, shoot and root biomass, shoot nutrient content (P, N), number of AMF spores, root mycorrhizal colonization rate and earthworm survival, reproduction and fresh biomass. Plant biomass and shoot nutrient content were affected by the three-way interaction of earthworms, AMF and bacteria. AMF inoculation enhanced A. angustifolia performance, while bacterial inoculation alone had no significant effect on plants and earthworms had low survival rates and tended to reduce plant biomass. Microbial-faunal interactions can lead to important changes in plant growth and should be considered in future research and development of sustainable Araucaria forest management practices.
17
Chapman, Joshua A. "Soil microbial communities from the alimentary canal of the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Oligochaeta: lumbricidae)." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2006. https://eidr.wvu.edu/etd/documentdata.eTD?documentid=4756.
Анотація:
Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 2006.Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains viii, 75 p. : ill. (some col.), map. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
18
Nascimento, Haroldo Lobo dos Santos. "Aspectos reprodutivos de Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede, 1862 e Branchiura sowerbyi Beddard, 1892 (Oligochaeta: Tubificidae)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2765.
Анотація:
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FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais
Os representantes da classe Oligochaeta são de grande importância para os ecossistemas dulciaquícolas, pois além de participarem do processo de mineralização da matéria orgânica, fazem a mistura do sedimento, transportando substâncias profundas para a superfície e tornando-as disponíveis a biota. Dentre os oligoquetas que habitam ambientes límnicos, destaca-se a família Tubificidae, na qual diversas espécies representantes são amplamente estudadas como indicadoras de ambientes poluídos (por exemplo, Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri e Branchiura sowerbyi). A biologia dessas espécies tem sido objeto de pesquisas em diversos países, porém no Brasil, apesar dos relatos de ocorrência, há uma carência considerável de trabalhos sobre este assunto. Com isso, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar os atributos biológicos de L. hoffmeisteri e B. sowerbyi, oriundos de ambientes aquáticos brasileiros. Para tanto, foram realizados dois experimentos com L. hoffmeisteri: o primeiro para avaliar a influência da temperatura na reprodução e o segundo a influência da biomassa corporal na produção de casulos. Além destes, duas populações, de 30 organismos cada, cultivadas a 25 ± 1°C e em duas frações granulométricas de areia, foram observadas durante um período de 25 semanas, contadas a partir da eclosão do jovem, para verificar o tempo de maturação sexual, crescimento e reprodução da espécie. Já para B. sowerbyi, uma observação de 52 semanas foi realizada para uma população de 30 indivíduos mantida a 25 ± 1°C, tendo como objetivos verificar também a taxa de crescimento, tempo de maturação sexual e taxa de reprodução. A partir dos resultados, verificou-se que a temperatura tem influência na reprodução de L. hoffmeisteri, com maior produção de casulos a temperaturas mais elevadas (25 ± 1°C). Para alguns autores esse fato pode ser utilizado como um parâmetro para indicar poluição térmica em regiões temperadas. Além da temperatura, a biomassa corporal também teve influência na produção de ovos, sendo esta diretamente proporcional ao peso corporal do organismo. Com as observações realizadas durante as 25 semanas, foi possível determinar (valores para areia fina e média respectivamente): tempo de eclosão (8 a 12 dias, para os dois substratos testados), taxa média de crescimento diário (2,14 ± 0,75 e 2,04 ± 0,42%), tempo de maturação sexual (7,17 ± 2,93 e 9,00 ± 2,00 semanas) e número de casulos produzidos por adulto por dia (0,37 ± 0,22 e 0,23 ± 0,24 casulos) de L. hoffmeisteri. De acordo com os resultados, não foi possível afirmar que a espécie se desenvolva melhor em areia de granulometria fina ou média. Já a espécie B. sowebyi, apresenta dois ciclos anuais de reprodução, sendo o primeiro mais expressivo que o segundo em relação ao número de casulos, visto que a postura foi constante durante o primeiro ciclo e inconstante no segundo. Os resultados do presente estudo revelaram aspectos sobre os atributos biológicos de duas espécies de tubificídeos (L. hoffmeisteri e B. sowerbyi), ainda pouco estudadas no país, os quais podem ser incorporados em futuros estudos ecológicos.
The organisms of the Oligochaeta Class are very important for the aquatic ecosystems, because they both participated in the organic matter mineralization and mixed the sediment, transporting substances deep into the surface, making them available to the biota. Among the limnic oligochaetes, stands the family Tubificidae, in which several species are widely recognized as indicators of organic pollution in aquatic environments (eg. Tubifex tubifex, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri and Branchiura sowerbyi). The biology of these species has been researched in many countries, but in Brazil, despite the reports of occurrence, there is a lack of studies on their biologies. Thus, the present work aimed to gather information about biological attributes of L. hoffmeisteri and B. sowerbyi from Brazilian aquatic environments. To this end, two experiments involving L. hoffmeisteri were conduced, the first for assess the influence of the temperature on the reproduction and the second the influence of the biomass body on the production of cocoons. In spite of these experiments, two 30-individual populations, cultured in two granulometric fractions of sand and kept at 25 ± 1°C, were observed, during 25 weeks for verify the time spent for reach the maturity, growth and reproduction rate, for the two types of substrate. For B. sowerbyi, a 52-week observation was made for a 30-individual population, aiming to verify the same objectives describes for the other species. From the results, verified that the temperature has great influence on the reproduction of L. hoffmeisteri, a great production of cocoons was recorded at high temperatures. For some authors, this fact could be used as a parameter to indicate thermal pollution in temperate regions. Besides the temperature, biomass body also had an influence on eggs production, which is directly proportional to the weight of the organisms. From the observations during the 25 weeks, it was possible to determine (for fine sand and medium sand, respectively): hatching time (8 to 12 days, for both sediments), the mean specific daily growth rate (2.14 ± 0.75 e 2.04 ± 0.42%), maturation time (7.17 ± 2.93 e 9.00 ± 2.00 weeks) and the mean number of cocoons laid per adult per day (0.37 ± 0.22 e 0.23 ± 0.24 cocoons) for of L. hoffmeisteri. According the results, it isn’t possible to affirm that this species develops better in one of the substrates types tested. B. sowerbyi, according the results of the 52 weeks of observation, shown two annuals reproductive cycles, the first been more expressive, in the number of cocoons, than the second, since the posture of cocoons was constant during all the first cycle and inconstant during the second one. The results of the present work revealed important aspects of the biological attributes of two tubificids species (L. hoffmeisteri and B. sowerbyi), little studied in Brazil, that should be incorporated into futures ecologies researches.
19
Wan, Lili. "Determination of total selenium and seleno-amino acids in yeast and aquatic organisms by liquid chromatography and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry." Diss., Columbia, Mo. : University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10355/4683.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Missouri-Columbia, 2007.The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file. Title from title screen of research.pdf file (viewed on March 4, 2008) Vita. Includes bibliographical references.
20
Kusdra, Jorge Ferreira. "Influencia do Oligochaeta edáfico Amynthas spp. e do Rhizobium tropici no feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/27504.
Анотація:
Resumo: O presente trabalho foi executado visando investigar a influência da inoculação do Oligochaeta edáfico Amynthas spp. ("minhoca louca") e Rhizobium tropici SEMIA 4077, sobre os parâmetros de matéria seca da parte aérea, da raiz, dos nódulos e da planta, número de nódulos e nitrogênio total da parte aérea do feijoeiro (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pertencente a variedade FT-Nobre. Para cumprir esse objetivo foram instalados três experimentos sendo os dois primeiros conduzidos em condições distintas de ambiente, fertilidade do solo e unidade experimental, sob a forma de um arranjo inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial, com quatro repetições, considerando como um fator as minhocas, com quatro níveis e o outro fator o inoculante, com dois níveis em um experimento e três no outro. O terceiro experimento foi destinado a estimar as populações de rizóbios estabelecidas no solo utilizado nos experimentos anteriores. De um modo geral os resultados evidenciaram uma redução nos parâmetros avaliados devida a ambas as inoculações sendo, porém, os decréscimos significativos relacionados principalmente com a inoculação das minhocas. Concluiu-se que, nas condições experimentais estabelecidas, a presença das minhocas caracterizou-se em efeitos negativos as plantas e a inoculação das sementes com o rizóbio não foi capaz de promover acréscimos nos parâmetros avaliados.
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Maboeta, Mark Steve. "Ecological relevance of suborganismal and population responses of terrestrial oligochaeta to the fungicide copper oxychloride." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51734.
Анотація:
Thesis (Ph.D)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Copper oxychloride is a fungicide that is extensively used in vineyards in the Western Cape to treat and prevent fungal diseases. It is however not clear what the effects are on soil organisms, which play an important role in soil fertility, in South African soils. There is paucity of data linking results obtained in the laboratory to effects observed in the field, which will only become useful if a clear relation can be demonstrated. The aims of this study were to: ~ Determine the effects of copper oxychloride on field populations of earthworms and simultaneously monitor lysosomal membrane stability, measured as neutral red retention time (NRRT). ~ Validate experimental field studies by doing inventories of earthworm populations in long-term sprayed vineyards. ~ Determine the LC50 of copper oxychloride and simultaneously measuring NRRT, and linking them to the experimental field studies. ~ Conduct bioassays, burrowing activity- and soil-avoidance experiments to investigate their relations to earthworm population responses in the experimental field studies. Earthworms were sampled by hand-sorting in the field tests on treated and untreated field plots in the Western- (October 1998 - July 1999) and Northern Cape (April 1998 - October 1999). Soil samples and worms were analysed for copper contents and coelomocytes of live earthworms were used to conduct the neutral red retention assays. Acute toxicity tests were conducted over a period of 28 days during which the earthworms (Eisenia fetiday were exposed to different concentrations of copper oxychloride. Change in biomass and mortality were measured as endpoints, as well as NRRT. Bioassays, burrowing activity and soil-avoidance were conducted by exposing Aporrectodea caliginosa to grassland- and vineyard soil as well as grassland soil spiked with 60 J.1g.g-1copper in the form of copper oxychloride. Growth and mortality were recorded in the bioassays as well as copper concentrations In earthworm body tissues and substrates used over a period of28 days. Burrowing activity and soil-avoidance were determined by measuring the length of tunnels burrowed by A. caliginosa in soil profiles over a period of 4 days under different exposure regimes. Results from the field tests showed that spraying of copper oxychloride had a negative effect on earthworm populations at the prescribed application rates. NRR T in earthworms from the exposure plots was significantly (p<0.05) lower after just one spraying application. It was concluded that spraying copper oxychloride at prescribed application rates caused a decrease in field populations of earthworms and that NRRT was an early and reliable biomarker since it was indicative of later effects observed at the population level. Results obtained from the field inventory of earthworms in vineyards at Nietvoorbij, Robertson end Worcester confirmed data from the two field studies. The calculated LC50 of 882.78 I1g.g-1 for copper oxychloride and 519.40 I1g.g-1 for copper was ecologically relevant if a safety factor of 10 was applied. NRRT which manifested earlier than effects on biomass change in the acute toxicity tests, were significant when viewed against the background of responses of field populations of earthworms. From the bioassay experiments it was found that A. caliginosa exposed to copper oxychloride spiked soil had significantly (p<0.05) higher weight loss and mortality than those in grassland- and vineyard soil. This indicated that changes in biomass and mortality were indicative of population responses in the field and can be considered as ecologically relevant. Burrowing activity of A. caliginosa was significantly (p<0.05) lower in vineyard and copper oxychloride spiked soil than in grassland soil. Similarly in the soil avoidance experiments it was found that A. caliginosa avoided vineyard- and copper oxychloride contaminated soil. It is therefore concluded that burrowing activity and soil avoidance were ecologically relevant endpoints since they corresponded with population responses in the field. The study thus revealed that the long-term usage of copper oxychloride could have negative effects on earthworm populations. The spraying of copper oxychloride can have important implications on the sustainable use of agricultural soils since earthworms and other soil organisms play such an important role in soil fertility. The use of biomarkers and other ecotoxicological indicators can provide an early warning that soil organisms are under environmental stress.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die fungisied koperoksichloried word wyd gebruik in die Wes-Kaap om swamsiektes in wingerde te beheer en te voorkom. Dit is egter nie bekend wat die effek daarvan op Suid Afrikaanse grondbiota, wat 'n belangrike rol speel in grondvrugbaarheid, is nie. Daar is ook 'n tekort aan inligting wat die resultate van laboratoriumondersoeke in verband bring met veldstudies. Die doelstellings van die studie was om: ~ Die effek van koperoksichloried op erdwurmpopulasies in die veld te ondersoek en terselfdertyd membraanstabiliteit, as moontlike biomerker, gemeet as neutraal rooi retensietye (NRRT), te monitor. ~ Die geldigheid van eksperimentele veldstudies te toets deur ook grondanalises te doen in wingerde wat oor langtermyn met koperoksichloried bespuit is. ~ Die LC50 van koperoksichloried vir erdwurms te bepaal en terselfdertyd NRR T te meet asook om dié gegewens in verband te bring met die resultate van seisoenale veldstudies oor die uitwerking op erdwurmpopulasies. ~ Bio-evaluerings ("bioassays"), tonnelaktiwiteit- en vermydingseksperimente te onderneem en die verband tussen die toksiteitstoetse en populasieresponse, soos waargeneem in die veld, te ondersoek. Erdwurms is versamel deur handsortering tydens die veldtoetse in die Wes- (Oktober 1998 - Julie 1999) en Noord-Kaap (April 1998 - Oktober 1999) op kontrole en bespuite persele. Grondmonsters en erdwurms is spektrofotometries geanaliseer om koperinhoude te bepaal. Die selomosiete van lewende wurms is gebruik om NRR T te bepaal. Akute toksisiteitstoetse is uitgevoer oor 'n tydperk van 28 dae waartydens Eisenia fetida blootgestel is aan verskillende koperoksichloried konsentrasies. Veranderinge in biomassa en mortaliteit is bepaal asook NRRT. Bioevaluerings ("bioassays"), tonnelaktiwiteit- en vermydingseksperimente IS uitgevoer deur Aporrectodea caliginosa bloot te stel aan grasveld- en wingerdgrond asook grasveldgrond wat met koperoksichloried gekontamineer is. Groei en mortalitiet is bepaal in die "bioassays" asook koperkonsentrasies in die grond en erdwurm liggaamsweefsels oor 'n tydperk van 28 dae. Tonnelaktiwiteit en grondvermyding is bepaal deur die lengte van tonnels wat deur A. caliginosa gegrawe is te meet oor 'n tydperk van vier dae vir die verskillende blootgestelde groepe. Die resultate het aangedui dat koperoksichloriedbespuiting 'n negatiewe invloed het op erdwurmpopulasies teen die voorgeskrewe toedieningsprogram. NRRT in erdwurms van die blootstellingperseel, was beduidend (p<0.05) laer na 'n enkele bespuiting. Daar is verder bevind dat NRR T 'n betroubare en vroeë biomerker is, aangesien dit 'n aanduiding gegee het van latere effekte wat op populasievlak na vore getree het. Veldopnames in Nietvoorbij, Robertson en Worcester het die geldigheid van data verkry uit die veldstudies ondersteun. Die berekende LC50 van 882.78 ug.g" vir koperoksichloried en 519.40 ug.g" VIr koper was ekologies relevant indien 'n veiligheidsfaktor van 10 toegepas is. NRRT se ekologiese relevansie is bevestig deur dit te vergelyk met response wat in die veldtoetse waargeneem is. Deur bioevalueringseksperimente is bevind dat gewigsverlies en mortaliteit van A. caliginosa beduidend hoër was in koperoksichloried gekontamineerde grond as in die grasveld- (kontrole) en wingerdgronde. Veranderinge in biomassa en mortalitiet was aanduidend van populasieresponse soos waargeneem in die veldstudies en kan dus as ekologies relevante eindpunte beskou word. Tonnelaktiwiteit van A. caliginosa was beduidend (p<0.05) laer in wingerd- en koperoksichloried gekontamineerde grond as in grasveldgrond. Dieselfde is gevind in die grondvermydingstoetse waar A. caliginosa wingerd- en koperoksichloried gekontamineerde grond vermy het. Dit kan dus afgelei dat tonnelaktiwiteit en grondvermyding ook ekologies bruikbare eindpunte is aangesien dit verband hou met populasieresponse soos waargeneem in die veldstudies. Hierdie studie het getoon dat die herhaalde gebruik van koperoksichloried 'n nadelige invloed kan hê op erdwurmbevolkings. In die lig van die belangrike rol wat erdwurms en ander grondorganismes speel in grondvrugbaarheid kan die oormatige gebruik van hierdie fungisied ernstige implikasies inhou vir volhoubare benutting van landbougronde. Die gebruik van biomerkers en ander ekotoksikologiese eindpunte kan egter as vroeë waarskuwingsmetode dien dat die grondorganismes onder omgewingstres verkeer.
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Cardillo, Fabiola. "Atividade de anticorpos especificos nas propriedades ligantes da hemoglobina extracelular de Glossoscolex paulistus (Oligochaeta, Glossoscolecidae)." [s.n.], 1989. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/316566.
Анотація:
Orientador: Benedito de OliveiraDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Eritrocruorinas são proteínas - respiratórias responsáveis pelo transporte de oxigênio,- possuem peso molecular acima de 3x¿10 POT. 6¿ e estão presentes na hemolinfa de anelídeos. O espectro característico da eritrocruorina de Glossoscolex paulistus em ensaios de Equilíbrio com o Oxigênio mostra a oxieritrocruorina com um pico máximo de absorção a 419 nm, e sua forma deoxigenada com um pico máximo a 428 nm. Este comportamento é modificado pelo efeito de antisoro de coelhos específico, por IgG específica e por fragmento Fab específicos,- revelando urna alteração do espectro de absorção da eritrocruorina por um desvio para a esquerda das Curvas no ¿Plot de Hill". Este desvio demonstra uma afinidade aumentada da hemeproteína pelo oxigênio. Não foram observadas modificações do espectro da eritrocruorina sozinha ou na presença de soro de carneiro não imunizado. A concentração de proteínas dos diferentes soros foi ajustada, na intenção de se obter quantidade, similar de proteína. Por outro lado, urna diminuição na afinidade pelo oxigênio é observada quando são usadas grandes quantidades de proteínas totais do soro - talvez devido à interação não específica de proteínas outras que não IgG, existentes no soro total específico
Abstract: Erythrocruorins are respiratory proteins responsible for the oxygen transport, having molecular weight over 3x¿10 POT. 6¿, present in the haemolymph of annelids. The caracteristic spectrum of the erythrocruorin from Glossoxolex paulistus in a Oxygen Equilibrium assay shows the oxyerythrocruorin with a maximum absortion peak at 419 nm ant the deoxygenated form with a maximum at 428 nm. This behavior is modified by the effect of a whole specific antiserum raised in rabbits, by specific IgG antibodies and by specific Fab fragments, showing an alteration of the erythrocruorin spectrum by a deviation to the left of the Hill Plot Curves. This deviation denotes an increasing affinity to the oxygen of the hemeprotein. No differences in the spectrum of the erythrocruorin were detected with erythrocruorin alone, or in the presence of whole serum of a non-immunized sheep. Protein concentration of the different sera were adjusted, in order to have a similar amount of protein. On the other hand, a decreased affinity to the oxygen is observed when larger amounts of the whole serum protein are use - perhaps due to non-specific interaction of non IgG rnolecules of the whole specif antiserum
Mestrado
Imunologia
Mestre em Ciências Biológicas
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Schiavon, Greice de Almeida. "Fauna edáfica em diferentes sistemas de manejo: avaliações sob a ótica acadêmica e do conhecimento local." Universidade Federal de Pelotas, 2012. http://repositorio.ufpel.edu.br/handle/ri/2362.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2012-12-12This study was conducted on Estação Experimental Cascata, Embrapa Clima Temperado, in Pelotas, and on one family farm, in Morro Redondo. The objective of the study was to evaluate the scientific and local knowledge about the influences of management practices on soil fauna in ecological production systems. The methodology for samples of soil fauna, in each season, was done using the TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). Local knowledge was assessed using semi-structured interviews. The data analysis was done using th ecological indices as explanatory tools, and also the multivariate analysis (Principal Component Analysis - PCA) to evaluate the influence of management practices on soil fauna. In the first chapter, the ecological horticultural production systems cultivated under laminar composting with manure (CE) and mulch on the soil (CM), at Embrapa, showed the best values of soil fauna diversity, while treatment with frequent soil mechanization (MF) obtained a strong correlation with enchytraeids in all seasons. In the second chapter, results from interviews showed that the studied family recognize the role of earthworms in soil and understand the influence of the soil practices on soil fauna. It s possible to conclude that local knowledge is a valuable contribution to scientific knowledge to assess the influence of management practices on soil fauna. Moreover, the treatments CE and CM demonstrated their importance for to maintaining the soil diversity and for decreasing the hand labor in ecological horticultural production systems.
Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na Estação Experimental Cascata, Embrapa Clima Temperado no município de Pelotas e em uma propriedade agrícola familiar no município de Morro Redondo. O objetivo geral do estudo foi avaliar o conhecimento local e acadêmico sobre as influências das práticas de manejo na fauna edáfica nos sistemas de produção de base ecológica. A metodologia para a coleta da fauna edáfica, a cada estação do ano, foi baseada no programa TSBF (Tropical Soil Biology and Fertility). O conhecimento local foi avaliado a partir de entrevista semiestruturada com a família agricultora. Para avaliação dos dados foram utilizados como ferramentas explicativas, os índices ecológicos, e a análise multivariada, conhecida como Análise de Componentes Principais (ACP) para correlação das influências das práticas de manejo na fauna edáfica. No primeiro capítulo foi possível observar no sistema de produção de base ecológica de hortaliças da Estação Experimental Cascata, que os tratamentos com compostagem laminar com esterco bovino (CE) e cobertura morta sobre o solo (CM) apresentaram os melhores valores de diversidade da fauna edáfica, enquanto o tratamento com mecanização frequente do solo (MF) obteve uma forte correlação com os enquitreídeos em todas as estações do ano. No segundo capítulo, realizado através de entrevista com a família agricultora, foi ressaltada a função das minhocas no solo, além da compreensão que as práticas de manejo influenciam a presença da fauna edáfica. Com isso, foi possível concluir que o conhecimento local é um importante aliado ao conhecimento acadêmico para avaliar a influência das práticas de manejo na fauna edáfica. Além disso, os tratamentos CE e CM demonstraram sua importância para a manutenção da diversidade do solo e diminuição da mão-de-obra nos sistemas de produção de base ecológica de hortaliças.
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PEREIRA, Claudete Martins da Silva. "Efeito das larvas de besouro no processo de decomposi??o de esterco de coelho e produ??o de substratos org?nicos para mudas de hortali?as." Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, 2017. https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/2482.
Анотація:
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The soil?s fertility and nutrient cycling are essential for agricultural production. Many organisms play a key role in the decomposition of organic matter present in nature. Among these organisms, more attention and research should be directed to the coprophagous insects. They transform agricultural residues in material rich in nutrients. Coleoptera families act in the fragmentation of decomposing organic matter (vegetal remains, rotten wood, straw, manure, among others), participating in the cycling of nutrients, but little is known about the humus produced by other species of the fauna of the soil beyond the earthworms. The objective of this work was to study compost from rabbit manure processed by beetle larvae under controlled conditions, and to analyze the potential of usage of this compost as substrate for lettuce seedlings production. To reach this goal, the study was accomplished in Embrapa Agrobiologia, Serop?dica (RJ), and it was divided in two phases. In the first chapter, the rabbit manure by beetle larvae and earthworms were incubated, aiming the compost production. During the course of the composting process, samples were taken at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days of incubation. In these samples the variables analyzed were: electrical conductivity (EC); pH; contents of N, P, K, Ca and Mg; and humic substances. In the second chapter the rabbit manure compost produced were evaluated as substrates for lettuce seedlings production. The following characteristics were evaluated: germination percentage, aerial part's height, number of leaves, production of fresh mass of aerial part and of the root, root volume and clod stability. The results indicated that the substrate of the cuniculture residue compost processed by cetoniinae larvae was as efficient as the substrate from vermicomposting, and the substrate commonly used in the experimental research site (Fazendinha km 47) for production of lettuce seedlings.
A fertilidade do solo e a ciclagem de nutrientes s?o fundamentais para a produ??o agr?cola. Muitos organismos exercem papel fundamental na decomposi??o da mat?ria org?nica presente na natureza. Dentre esses organismos, maior aten??o e pesquisa devem ser direcionadas aos insetos copr?fagos, por tamb?m transformarem res?duos da agropecu?ria, em material rico em nutrientes. As fam?lias de cole?pteros atuam na fragmenta??o da mat?ria org?nica em decomposi??o (restos vegetais, madeira podre, palha, estercos, entre outros), participando da ciclagem de nutrientes, por?m, pouco se conhece sobre o h?mus produzido por outras esp?cies da fauna do solo que n?o sejam as minhocas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a compostagem de esterco de coelho por larvas de besouro em condi??es controladas e analisar o potencial de uso do composto produzido como substrato para produ??o de mudas de alface. Visando alcan?ar este objetivo, este trabalho foi realizado na Embrapa Agrobiologia em Serop?dica, RJ, sendo dividido em duas etapas. No cap?tulo I, foi realizada a incuba??o de esterco de coelho por larvas de besouro e por minhocas, visando a produ??o do composto. Durante o decorrer do processo de compostagem, amostras foram coletadas aos 0, 30, 60 e 90 dias de incuba??o. Nessas amostras foram analisadas as seguintes vari?veis, condutividade el?trica (CE), pH, teores de N, P, K, Ca e Mg e subst?ncias h?micas. No cap?tulo 2, os compostos de esterco de coelho produzidos foram avaliados como substratos para a produ??o de mudas de alface. As seguintes caracter?sticas foram avaliadas: porcentagem de germina??o, altura da parte a?rea, n?mero de folhas, produ??o de massa fresca da parte a?rea e da raiz, volume de raiz e estabilidade do torr?o. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o substrato oriundo da compostagem de res?duos da cunicultura, realizada por larvas de cetoniinae, ? t?o eficiente quanto o substrato obtido atrav?s da vermicompostagem e o substrato comumente utilizado na Fazendinha km 47 para a produ??o de mudas de alface.
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Wüst, Pia Katharina [Verfasser], and Harold L. [Akademischer Betreuer] Drake. "Mikrobielle Kohlenstoff- und Stickstofftransformationen im Verdauungstrakt von Regenwürmern (Oligochaeta) / Pia Katharina Wüst. Betreuer: Harold L. Drake." Bayreuth : Universitätsbibliothek Bayreuth, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1015875513/34.
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Rodrigues, Luciana Falci Theza. "Nascentes de Mata Atlântica: panorama e ecologia da fauna de Oligochaeta (Annelida) e implicações para conservação." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2018. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/7120.
Анотація:
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Nascentes são importantes elementos da paisagem pela sua relevância econômica, social e ecológica. Tendo em vista a crescente degradação desses ecossistemas, aliado ao pouco conhecimento sobre a sua biodiversidade em regiões tropicais, esta tese tem como objetivo geral ampliar o conhecimento sobre nascentes de regiões tropicais e prover um estudo sobre a diversidade e aspectos ecológicos de oligoquetas aquáticos nesse ecossistema. A fim de confirmar a carência de estudos em nascentes, especificamente sobre a fauna de oligoquetas, foi feito um levantamento bibliográfico sobre os estudos realizados em 30 anos (1985-2015) nos mais diversos ambientes aquáticos continentais em todo o mundo. A pesquisa mostrou que nascentes estão entre os ecossistemas menos estudados, juntamente com corpos d’água de cavernas e pântanos. Também realizamos coletas da fauna, medimos variáveis físicas e químicas e aplicamos um protocolo de avaliação rápida (PAR) em nascentes localizadas em diferentes municípios de Minas Gerais, tanto em Unidades de Conservação (UCs) quanto em áreas públicas e particulares. Os resultados mostraram que a composição de espécies de oligoquetas de nascentes que emergem de forma difusa formando uma área alagada (helocreno), é diferente daquela de nascentes que formam riachos (reocreno) e poças (limnocreno), provavelmente devido à sua maior heterogeneidade. Também verificamos que a diversidade beta foi alta nas três tipologias, indicando que os esforços para a conservação desses ecossistemas devem incluir um grande número de nascentes de todas as tipologias. Os resultados desse estudo também enfatizam, após a aplicação do PAR, que, apesar da maioria das nascentes serem classificadas como ótimas, nascentes localizadas em áreas urbanas foram classificadas como razoável ou ruim, mesmo estando algumas delas em UCs. Isso mostra a importância das UCs na preservação das nascentes, assim como sua vulnerabilidade quando inseridas em ambientes urbanos. Concluímos que este estudo sobre as nascentes contribui não apenas para o conhecimento do tema, mas também para a gestão ambiental, pois direciona para os habitats e locais que mais carecem de estudo, mostra a importância de se preservar diferentes tipos de nascentes para a manutenção da diversidade e aponta para a necessidade de maior fiscalização e cumprimento dos dispositivos legais, a fim de evitar maiores alterações nas condições naturais desses ambientes.
Springs are important landscape elements due to its economic, social and ecological importance. In view of the increasing degradation of these ecosystems, added to low knowledge about their biodiversity in tropical regions, the main goal of this study is to increase the knowledge about springs in tropical regions and to provide information on the diversity and ecological aspects of aquatic oligochaetes in this ecosystem. To confirm the lack of studies in springs, specifically considering freshwater oligochaetes, a bibliographic survey has was made basead on the studies carried in a period of 30 years (1985-2015) in various continental aquatic environments around the world. The survey showed that spring are one of the least studied ecosystems, together with cave water bodies and swamps. For this study, fauna was collected, physical and chemical variables were measured, and a rapid assessment protocol (RAP) were applied at spring located in different cities of Minas Gerais State, either in Conservation Units or in public and private areas. The results showed differences among the oligochaetes species composition found in spring that rises diffusely forming a flooded area (helocrene), in comparasion to spring that forms streams (rheocrene) and that ones that forms a pond (limnocrene). Probably, it is due to the high heterogeneity of this kind of spring. We also verified that beta diversity was high at the three types of springs, suggesting that efforts to conserve these ecosystems should include many spring systems of all types. After applying RAP, this study emphasized that, besides the major numbers of spring, water have been classified as optimum also the springs located in urban areas were classified as moderate or poor, even when some of them were located in Conservation Units. This result highlights importance of Conservation Units on spring preservation, and also the vulnerability of these systems when inserted in urban environments. This study contributes not only for academic knowledge, but also for environmental management, once it points out the habitats and places that need more studies, showing the importance of preserving different types of spring systems for the maintenance of diversity. It also indicate the requirements for major inspections and the legal enforcement provisions needed, in order to avoid further transformations in the natural conditions of these systems.
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Mestrinho, Camila Correia. "Toxicidade aguda e rejeição ao fungicida oxicloreto de cobre para eisenia fetida e pontoscolex corethrurus (oligochaeta)." Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 2009. http://tede.ufam.edu.br/handle/tede/2728.
Анотація:
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Previous issue date: 2009-08-14Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
With the advance of the technology in agriculture, diverse substances have been used for the control of pests. As the fungicides to the copper base (metal heavy), these if accumulate in the environment compromising the activity of the organisms, over all the earthworms, essentials to the maintenance of the chemical and biological processes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the fungicide cooper oxychloride on earthworms considering parameters mortality and rejection to the contaminate the soil. Two species, Eisenia fetida (standard test species) and Pontoscolex corethrurus (Amazonian native species) have been selected as indicators of soil contamination of. E. fetida created in laboratory, from samples acquired in Manaus and, P. corethrurus collected in ground natural. For exposition to the contaminante two types of soil had been used, Gleissolo and Argissolo. The tested substance contained 588 g/kg of the active ingredient cooper oxychloride -35% of metallic copper. The methodology for determination of the acute toxicity and the effect on the behavior of rejection was based on OECD and ISO international protocols. The toxicity tests consisted on a contaminated soil with increased concentrations of cooper oxychloride. The acute toxicity was evaluated by the medium lethal concentration (CL50) using a Probit analysis, followed by the generation of the dose-response curve. Differences between the control and treatments had been evaluated through the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and for comparison of averages used the Dunnett test was used with a 5% of significance. For the data of rejection to the substratum the t-Student test for comparison of the averages of the number of individuals between the contaminated sections and control. The esteem value of the CL50 after 14 days of exposition in the contaminated Gleissolo for E. fetida, was of 1162.3 mg Cu/kg (IC 95% of 975-1385.2), showing low lethality for this species. However, the native showed to greater sensitivity to copper, being the estimated value of CL50: 154.6 mg Cu/kg (58.9-405.7). In contrast to E. fetida the reduction of biomass in P. corethrurus was not significant in the Gleissolo acute test. However, for the Argissolo test it was observed a significant reduction for the concentration of 56. Due to the great variability of response for P. corethrurus in Argissolo, the data had not been adjusted in a typical dose-response curve, however the estimated CL50 in 84.3 mg Cu/kg (35-202.8). The rejection for the contaminated Gleissolo was observed for both the species, being that P. corethrurus showed to greater sensitivity to the copper that E. fetida with significant results at 14 and 28mg Cu/kg, respectively, and in Argissolo the responses of P. corethurus did not show a significant correlation for the increase of concentrations. The rejection tests had shown that, for low concentrations of the fungicide, the earthworms had prevented contaminated ground, confirming the high sensitivity of these organisms in detecting a decrease of concentrations in the ground. In Argissolo the responses of rejection of P. corethurus had not been significant according to the increase of concentrations of cooper. For a further evaluation of the risks of pesticides for tropical soils toxicity assays must be also carried out with a native species in order to verify its sensitivity in relation to the standard test species.
Com o avanço da tecnologia na agricultura, diversas substâncias têm sido utilizadas para o controle de pragas. Como os fungicidas à base de cobre (metal pesado), estes se acumulam no ambiente comprometendo a atividade dos organismos, sobretudo as minhocas, essenciais à manutenção dos processos químicos e biológicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do fungicida oxicloreto de cobre em minhocas considerando características de mortalidade e rejeição ao solo contaminado. Foram selecionadas duas espécies, Eisenia fetida (espécie-teste padrão) e Pontoscolex corethrurus (espécie nativa) como indicadores de contaminação do solo. E. fetida criadas em laboratório, a partir de amostras adquiridas em Manaus e, P.corethrurus coletadas em solo natural. Para exposição ao contaminante foram usados dois tipos de solo, Gleissolo e Argissolo. A substância teste usada foi um fungicida cúprico, que contém 588 g/kg do ingrediente ativo oxicloreto de cobre (35% de cobre metálico). A metodologia para determinação da toxicidade aguda e do efeito comportamental de rejeição ao substrato contaminado baseou-se em protocolos internacionais OECD e ISO. Os testes de toxicidade consistiram na exposição das minhocas em solo contaminado em concentrações crescentes com oxicloreto de cobre. A toxicidade aguda foi avaliada pela estimativa da concentração letal mediana (CL50) utilizando análise de Probit, seguido da geração da curva dose resposta. Diferenças entre o controle e tratamentos avaliadas através da análise de variância (ANOVA) e para comparação de médias utilizado o teste de Dunnett, a 5 % de significância. Para os dados de rejeição utilizou-se o Teste t-Student para comparação das médias do número de indivíduos entre as seções contaminadas e de controle. O valor estimado da CL50 após 14 dias de exposição em Gleissolo para E. fetida, foi de 1162,3 mg Cu/kg (IC 95% de 975-1385,2), mostrando baixa letalidade para esta espécie. Entretanto, a nativa mostrou maior sensibilidade ao cobre, estimando a CL50 em 154,6 mg Cu/kg (58,9-405,7). Ao contrário de E. fetida a redução de biomassa em P. corethrurus, não foi significativa em teste agudo em Gleissolo. Entretanto, em Argissolo foi observada redução significativa apenas na concentração de 56 mg Cu/kg. Devido a grande variabilidade da resposta de cobre para P. corethrurus em Argissolo, os dados não foram ajustados em uma típica curva dose- resposta, estimando a CL50 em 84,3 mg Cu/kg (35-202,8). A rejeição ao Gleissolo contaminado foi observada para ambas as espécies, sendo que P. corethrurus mostrou maior sensibilidade ao cobre que E. fetida (respostas significativas a 14 e 28mg Cu/kg, respectivamente), e em Argissolo as respostas de rejeição de P. corethurus não foram significantes conforme o aumento de concentração. Os testes de rejeição mostraram que, mesmo em baixas concentrações do fungicida, as minhocas evitaram solos contaminados, confirmando a sensibilidade destes organismos em detectar baixas concentrações. Em Argissolo as respostas de rejeição de P. corethurus não foram significantes conforme o aumento de concentração. Para avaliação do risco de pesticidas para solos tropicais, os ensaios de toxicidade devem ser realizados também com uma espécie nativa, para verificar a sensibilidade desta em relação à espécie teste padrão.
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Fourie, Frana. "Evaluation of the suitability of responses on various organisational levels in terrestrial Oligochaeta to determine species sensitivity relationships." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6906.
Анотація:
Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2011.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Species differ in their sensitivities to toxicants and these differences are exploited in ecological risk assessment methods such as species sensitivity distributions (SSDs). The most commonly used endpoints for ecotoxicity testing and thus to generate data for use in SSDs are on the whole-organismal level, and usually include the evaluation of survival and reproduction. However, suborganismal biomarker responses are in many instances more sensitive than these whole-organismal responses. Therefore, this study investigated and compared responses on various biological organisational levels to determine their suitability for use in SSDs. Five terrestrial oligochaete species (earthworms) were selected as model test organisms, and were exposed to a range of concentrations of a well-studied pesticide, copper oxychloride. The investigated responses included survival, biomass change and reproduction on the whole-organismal level. In order to investigate responses on the suborganismal level, cells (coelomocytes) were extracted non-invasively. The spectrophotometric neutral red retention (NRR) assay was used to determine cell survival and the MTT assay to determine mitochondrial metabolic activity of the coelomocytes. The alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay was used to assess DNA integrity in these cells. The amount of Cu taken up by earthworms was also determined and compared to their responses. Species differences were observed in all responses, and EC50 and EC10 values were calculated for the whole-organismal endpoints and used to generate SSDs. From these SSDs, the hazardous concentrations where 5% of all species would be detrimentally affected (HC5) were calculated, which indicated that the most sensitive whole-organismal endpoint was mass change, followed by reproduction and survival. It was found that earthworms avoided feeding on the contaminated substrate in high copper oxychloride concentration exposures. The concentration where this behaviour occurred could be estimated for each species, and an SSD was constructed with these data. The HC5 value indicated that this response is more sensitive than earthworm survival, but less sensitive than the other responses. It was shown that the earthworms regulated their body Cu concentrations in a species-specific manner. This regulation of Cu was reflected in the suborganismal responses, and the species that had taken up the highest amount of Cu was the most sensitive species for all three suborganismal assays. Due to this regulation of Cu, the resulting dose-responses for the suborganismal endpoints did not allow for the calculation of EC50 values in most of the species and such data could thus not be used to generate SSDs. Sufficient EC10 values were however generated to construct SSDs from the results of the NRR and comet assays. The HC5 values obtained from SSDs constructed with EC10 values for both suborganismal and whole-organismal endpoints indicated that the NRR assay was the most sensitive endpoint, followed by both the comet assay and earthworm mass change, and subsequently the other whole-organismal endpoints. In conclusion, the majority of the responses on the various levels of biological organisation investigated during the present study were shown to be suitable to determine species sensitivity relationships in the terrestrial oligochaete species studied.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Spesies verskil van mekaar ten opsigte van hulle sensitiwiteit vir toksikante, en hierdie verskille word in ekologiese risikobepalingsmetodes soos spesie-sensitiwiteitsverspreidings (SSVs) gebruik. Die mees algemene eindpunte vir ekotoksisiteitstoetse, en wat dus gebruik word om data te genereer vir SSVs, is op die heelorganismevlak, en sluit gewoonlik die bepaling van oorlewing en voortplanting van die toetsorganismes in. Hierdie eindpunte is egter in die meeste gevalle minder sensitief as suborganismiese biomerker-response. Hierdie studie het dus die response op verskeie vlakke van biologiese organisasie ondersoek en vergelyk om te bepaal of hulle geskik is vir gebruik in SSVs. Vyf terrestriële spesies van die klas Oligochaeta is gekies as toetsorganismes en is blootgestel aan 'n reeks konsentrasies van die goed bestudeerde pestisied koperoksichloried. Die response oorlewing, massaverandering en voortplanting is op die heelorganismevlak ondersoek. Vir die suborganismiese response is selle (selomosiete) met behulp van 'n nie-ingrypende proses vanuit die erdwurms geïsoleer. Die suborganismese toetse wat op hierdie selle gedoen is, was die neutraalrooi-retensietoets (NRR toets) om sel-oorlewing te bepaal, die MTT toets om mitochondriese metabolisme te bepaal en die alkaliese komeettoets om DNS-integriteit te bepaal. Die hoeveelheid Cu wat die erdwurms opgeneem het, is ook bepaal en met hulle response vergelyk. Verskille is tussen die spesies waargeneem vir al die response. Beide EK50 en EK10 waardes is bereken vir die heelorganismiese eindpunte om SSVs te genereer. Vanaf hierdie SSVs kon die gevaarlike konsenstrasie, waar 5% van alle spesies nadelig beïnvloed kan word (GK5), bereken word. Hierdie GK5 waardes het aangedui dat massaverandering die mees sensitiewe heelorganismiese eindpunt was, gevolg deur voortplanting en oorlewing. Die erdwurms het opgehou vreet aan die gekontamineerde substraat by hoë koperoskichloriedkonsentrasies. Die konsentrasie waar hierdie gedrag plaasgevind het kon vir elke spesie vasgestel word, en 'n SSV is met behulp van hierdie data genereer. Hierdie GK5 waarde het aangedui dat hierdie respons meer sensitief was as oorlewing, maar minder sensitief as die ander response. Die erdwurms kon die konsentrasie van Cu in hulle liggame op 'n spesie-spesifieke manier reguleer. Hierdie regulering van interne Cu is weerspieël in die suborganismiese response, waar die spesie wat die meeste Cu opgeneem het, ook die mees sensitiewe was vir al drie suborganismiese toetse. As gevolg van hierdie regulering van Cu en die gevolglike dosis-responsverhoudings, kon EK50-waardes nie vir al die spesies bereken word nie, en dus was daar geen EK50-data beskikbaar om SSVs mee te genereer nie. Genoegsame EK10 waardes kon egter bereken word vir die NRR- en komeettoetse, en gebruik word om SSVs te genereer. Die GK5-waardes wat bereken kon word vanuit die SSVs met EK10 waardes vir beide suborganismese en heelorganismiese response, het aangedui dat die mees sensitiewe eindpunt die NRR toets was, gevolg deur beide die komeettoets en massaverandering van erdwurms, en daarna die ander heelorganismiese eindpunte. Die gevolgtrekking is dat daar aangetoon kon word dat die meerderheid van die response wat gedurende hierdie studie ondersoek is, geskik is om sensitwiteitsverhoudings van hierdie groep spesies te bepaal.
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Rodrigues, Luciana Falci Theza. "Inventário, riqueza e distribuição espacial de Oligochaeta (Annelida, Clitellata) em ambientes lóticos de Mata Atlântica (Minas Gerais, Brasil)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2012. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/1800.
Анотація:
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O presente trabalho objetivou conhecer a riqueza e distribuição espacial de oligoquetas em córregos de primeira ordem localizados em áreas preservadas. A dissertação está dividida em duas seções: a primeira trata de um inventário contendo informações sobre a distribuição geográfica e ecologia das espécies de oligoquetas identificadas em oito córregos localizados no Estado de Minas Gerais; a segunda aborda a distribuição espacial de oligoquetas nesses córregos, inseridos em duas fisionomias vegetais de Mata Atlântica (Floresta Estacional Semidecidual e Campos Rupestres); traz também uma abordagem em mesoescala através do estudo dos oligoquetas em mesohabitats de remanso e corredeira. Cento e sessenta amostras de folhiço submerso foram obtidas (oitenta em corredeiras e oitenta em remansos), com amostrador Surber, nos meses de maio, junho, julho e setembro de 2010 e junho de 2011 em oito córregos de primeira ordem, localizados nos municípios de Juiz de Fora e Lima Duarte, Estado de Minas Gerais. Foram inventariados 20 taxa de oligoquetas, dos quais um -Bratislavia (?) sp.- possivelmente é uma espécie nova, totalizando 4.376 espécimes. Em termos de riqueza, o gênero mais representativo foi Pristina, com 10 espécies. Foi encontrado maior valor do índice de diversidade beta entre áreas de fisionomias vegetais diferentes. Quanto aos mesohabitats, a fauna não mostrou separação entre corredeiras e remansos, indicando que fatores ligados às diferenças em menor escala, como velocidade da corrente, largura e profundidade do córrego, não interferiram de forma significativa na distribuição da fauna. Os resultados obtidos nesse estudo vêm contribuir de forma importante para o conhecimento sobre a distribuição das espécies de oligoquetas no Brasil, sobretudo em ambientes lóticos preservados, ambientes para os quais poucos estudos foram realizados.
The present study aimed knows space richness and distribution of oligochaetes on first order streams situated on preserved areas. The dissertation is divided on two sections: the first one treats about a inventory containing information about ecology and geographic distribution of oligochaetes species indentified on eight streams located on State of Minas Gerais; the second one approach oligochaetes distribution in this streams, inserted on two vegetation types of Atlantic Forest ( Semidecidual Estacional Forest and Rupestres Fields); bring too an mesoscale approach through study of oligochaetes in riffles and pools mesohabitats. One hundred and sixty samples of litter was taken (eighty on riffles and eighty on pools), with Surber sampler, at the months of May, June, July and September of 2010 and June of 2011 on eight first order streams, situated on municipalities Juiz de Fora and Lima Duarte, State Minas Gerais. Twenty oligochaetes taxa was inventoried, of witch -Bratislavia (?) sp.- probably is a new specie, adding it up 4376 specimens. In terms of richness, the most representative genus was Pristina, with ten (10) species. Different areas vegetation types had the highest value of beta diversity index. As to mesohabitats, fauna don’t show separation between riffles and pools, indicating that factors related minor scale differences, like running speed, streams spread and depth, don’t affect on significative way on fauna distribution. The results obtained in this study came add to an important form to knowledge about distribution of oligochaetes species on Brazil, mainly on preserved lotic environments, sites with few studies performed.
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Gorni, Guilherme Rossi. "Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) em córregos de baixa ordem do Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão (São Paulo, Brasil)." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2007. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/3972.
Анотація:
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Este estudo visa ao levantamento de espécies e um melhor entendimento da distribuição espacial da Classe Oligochaeta em córregos de baixa ordem do Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão (PECJ) (SP - Brasil). Para isto, foi elaborado um trabalho abordando três aspectos apresentados nesta dissertação em forma de capítulos: 1) levantamento da riqueza de espécies de Oligochaeta; 2) distribuição espacial e temporal das espécies de Oligochaeta; 3) distribuição em meso-escala (mesohabitats) das espécies de Oligochaeta. As amostras da fauna, utilizando-se um amostrador tipo “Surber”, foram realizadas em trechos dos córregos Galharada, Campo do meio e Serrote durante o período de maio de 2005 a maio de 2006. De maneira geral, nossos resultados indicam que: 1) apesar das características peculiares dos córregos de baixa ordem do PECJ, a fauna Oligochaeta apresentou-se bastante rica; 2) a utilização de técnicas refinadas no processamento das amostras resultou em uma cobertura amostral satisfatória, fazendo-se necessária em trabalhos que visam ao levantamento de espécies de Oligochaeta em áreas de preservação ambiental; 3) Os processos hidrológicos dos córregos, juntamente ao aporte alimentar parecem ser os principais fatores de influência na composição da comunidade de Oligochaeta; 4) As espécies de Tubificidae demonstraram maior afinidade por habitats livres de correnteza contendo certa quantidade de detritos orgânicos, enquanto que as espécies de Naididae preferem habitats com certa correnteza onde há retenção de detritos vegetais. Nossos achados remontam à importância da manutenção de áreas preservadas para a conservação da biodiversidade, visto que qualquer tipo de alteração nesses ambientes pode acarretar drásticas perdas na composição das comunidades.
This study aims to survey species and to better understand the spatial distribution of the Class Oligochaeta in low order streams at Campos do Jordão State Park (PECJ) in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, three aspects were examined and presented as chapters in this dissertation: 1) a survey of the variety of Oligochaeta; 2) spatial and temporal distribution of Oligochaeta species; 3) mesoscale distribution (mesohabitats) of Oligochaeta species. Samples of the fauna were collected between May 2005 and May 2006 in stretches of Galharada, Campo do Meio and Serrote streams using a Surber sampler. In general, our results indicate that: 1) despite the peculiar characteristics of PECJ’s low order streams, the Oligochaeta fauna was considered quite rich; 2) the use of fine techniques in sample processing resulted in satisfactory sample coverage, making this use necessary for surveys of Oligochaeta species in environmental conservation areas; 3) apparently, the main factors influencing the Oligochaeta community composition are hydrological processes in the streams and food intake; 4) Tubificidae species showed greater affinity for non-flowing habitats with organic debris, while Naididae species showed greater affinity for flowing habitats where vegetable debris are retained. Our findings point to the importance of maintaining preserved areas for the conservation of biodiversity, as any alteration to these environments may cause drastic losses in the communities’ composition.
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Williams, Julianne I. "Monograph of the North American freshwater fish leeches (Oligochaeta: Hirudinida ; Piscicolidae) and molecular phylogeny of the family Piscicolidae." W&M ScholarWorks, 2007. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539616905.
Анотація:
The phylogeny of the Piscicolidae was analyzed from combined sequence data of 18S rDNA, cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (CO-I), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit I (ND-I), and morphological data using parsimony. A worldwide distribution of Pisciolidae was represented for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis. While the family Piscicolidae was supported as a monophyletic group, the traditional subfamilies based on morphology were not supported. The Platybdellinae was polyphyletic and formed four distinct clades, and Bathybdella sawyeri did not group with any other platybdellids. The Piscicolinae was also polyphyletic, also forming four distinct clades. The pontobdellid genus Stibarobdella was shown to be the basal taxon within the Pisciolidae; however, the Pontobdellinae was found to be paraphyletic if Oxytonostoma was included. The genera Aestabdella, Austrobdella, and Malmiana were found to be paraphyletic; the genera Calliobdella, Cystobranchus, and Platybdella were found to be polyphyletic. The species Myzobdella lugubris was not found to be monophyletic. It is proposed that Oxytonostoma be removed from the Pontobdellinae, that Aestabdella be synonymized with Pterobdella, that Calliobdella vivida, Cystobranchus mammillatus, Cystobranchus meyeri, Cystobranchus salmositicus, and Cystobranchus virginicus be reassigned to Gonimosobdella, and that Piscicolaria be synonymized with Myzobdella. The synonymy of Malmiana and Heptacyclus is confirmed, with Heptacyclus having priority. Piscicola milneri is confirmed to be a separate species from Piscicola geometra. Eleven species of freshwater leeches from North America are redescribed. The description of Gonirnosobdella mammillata is emended to correctly describe the conducting tissue and atrium. The reassignment of Piscicola sahnositica to Cystobranchus and now Gonirnosobdella is confirmed on the basis of the conducting tissue arrangement and absence of mycetomes. The description of Gonirnosobdella virginica is emended to include information on pigmentation, conducting tissue, accessory gland cells, coelomic system, and mycetomes. The reproductive and coelomic systems of Gonimosobdella meyeri, Myzobdella reducta, Piscicola milneri, and Piscicola punctata are reported for the first time.
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Maleri, Rudolf A. "The ability of terrestrial Oligochaeta to survive in ultramafic soils and the assessment of toxicity at different levels of organisation." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1200.
Анотація:
Thesis (PhD (Botany and Zoology)) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2006.Metals are natural elements of the earth crust usually present at low concentrations in all soils. Although many metals such as cobalt, copper, iron and zinc are essential to living organisms, at elevated concentrations most metals are toxic to organisms living in and on soils. Elevated concentrations of metals are caused either by anthropogenic deposition following remobilisation from the earth crust or are of natural origin. Ultramafic soils do not only pose unfavourable living conditions such as drought and poor organic content, these soils are also characterized by extremely high concentrations of a range of metals known to be toxic under normal circumstances. Ultramafic soils are of high ecological importance as a high proportion of endemic organisms, especially plants, live on these soils. As it is known that earthworms do occur in ultramafic soils, the aims of the present study were to investigate the abilities of earthworms to survive in these soils and the influences of elevated chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel levels. For the evaluation of the metal background conditions, soils originating from ultramafic rocks of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, Mpumalanga, South Africa were collected and different fractions representing different levels of bioavailability were analyzed for arsenic, chromium, cobalt, copper, manganese and nickel. To assess the mobile, readily available metal fraction, i.e. Ca2+- exchangeable metal cations, a 0.01 mol/L CaCl2 extraction was performed. To investigate the mobilisable metal fraction, representing the amount of easily remobilisable complexed and carbonated metal ions, a DTPA (di-ethylene-triamine-pentaacetic acid) extraction was conducted. In relation to non-ultramafic or anthropogenic contaminated soils, a far lower proportion of metals were extractable by the above mentioned extraction methods. To investigate the availability and effects of these metals on earthworms, two ecophysiologically different species were employed. Aporrectodea caliginosa and Eisenia fetida were long-term exposed to the ultramafic soils collected at the Barberton region and a control soil from a location at Stellenbosch with a known history of no anthropogenic metal contamination. The responses to the ecological stress originating in the ultramafic soils were measured on different levels of earthworm organisation. As endpoints affecting population development, cocoon production, fecundity and viability were evaluated. On individual level, growth, metal body burden and tissue distribution were investigated. As endpoints on subcellular level, the membrane integrity was assessed by the neutral red retention assay, the mitochondrial activity was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay and as a biomarker for the DNA integrity, the comet assay was performed. Focussing on manganese and nickel, the uptake by E. fetida of these metals was investigated with the exclusion of soil related properties using an artificial aqueous medium to draw comparisons to the uptake of these metals in natural soils. The possible development of resistance towards nickel was tested by exposing pre-exposed (for more than 10 generations) E. fetida specimens to ultramafic soils with concentrations of more than 4000 mg/kg nickel. The results showed that, except on the endpoint survival, which was less sensitive than all other bioassays, significant responses to the ultramafic challenge were observed in all earthworm bioassays and on all levels of organisation. The sensitivity of the responses of the earthworms towards the ultramafic conditions was not predictable by the level of organisation. The two species showed different strategies of metal elimination. In A. caliginosa, metals such as nickel, manganese and chromium were transported to the posterior section and the posterior section was subsequently pushed off by autotomization. In E. fetida, metals such as chromium and nickel were sequestered in storage compartments in the coelomic cells or fluid. Other metals, such as cobalt, were not taken up at elevated concentrations. Although an increased accumulation of nickel was observed in E. fetida specimens pre-exposed to nickel, development of resistance or cross resistance was not observed in this species. In contrast, pre-exposed specimen exposed to elevated concentrations of nickel showed a higher sensitivity in terms of survival, indicating the absence of acclimatisation or even genetic adaptation. A comparison of the two species employed indicated that A. caliginosa was less suited for the assessment of the ultramafic soils due to the high individual variation in metal body burden, the mass loss observed and the slow reproduction rate even in the control soils. This happened despite the fact that A. caliginosa was a soil dwelling species supposed to be better adapted to the soil substrate than the litter dwelling E. fetida. The toxicity of the ultramafic soils was not necessarily related to total or environmentally available amounts of the selected metals. Thus, it can be speculated that either these soils contained unidentified toxicants with resulting interactions between toxicants playing an important role or earthworms were able to remobilize metals occurring in these soils. As the singular application of an ecotoxicological endpoint did not give reliable results, especially seen over the duration of the exposures, it can be concluded that, when studying soils with such a complex composition, the utilisation of endpoints addressing different levels of organisation is necessary for the assessment of toxic stress emerging from these ultramafic soils.
33
Barois, Isabelle. "Interactions entre les vers de terre (Oligochaeta) tropicaux géophages et la microflore pour l'exploitation de la matière organique du sol." Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066696.
Анотація:
Chez p. C. Et m. A. , le ver de terre fournit du carbone assimilable sous forme de mucus intestinal qui declenche l'activite microbienne intestinale de degradation de la matiere organique du sol. Les mesures de parametres physicochimiques du contenu intestinal et de l'activite microbienne permettent de caracteriser la microflore de chaque portion de l'intestin. Cette microflore a 2 origines, l'une tellurique et l'autre propre a l'intestin. La microflore allochtone est constituee de bacteries gram+, celle endosymbionte de bacteries gram
34
MARIANI, LUCERO. "Impact des biostructures produites par martiodrilus carimaguensis (oligochaeta, glossoscolecidae) sur le fonctionnement du sol dans les savanes orientales de colombie." Paris 6, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001PA066158.
Анотація:
Cette etude a ete realisee a la station de recherche de carimagua (meta, colombie). Le premier objectif est l'examen de l'impact des structures produites par la faune dans ces savanes orientales de colombie, notamment par les turricules en surface de l'espece de ver de terre martiodrilus carimaguensis. Le second objectif est d'observer une rigueur stricte dans la conduite des analyses statistiques afin d'assurer la fiabilite des resultats et de proposer des solutions aux problemes rencontres. Les methodes d'analyses des donnees abordees concernent la structure spatiale et le traitement de donnees experimentales. Differentes methodes d'analyse de la structure spatiale sont comparees et une methode non-parametrique d'analyse des donnees multivariees et multifactorielles est developpee. Apres un chapitre de methodes, le memoire se divise en 4 parties afin d'analyser cet impact des biostructures sur le fonctionnement du sol : la quantification et l'analyse spatiale des etats de surface, l'etude du regime alimentaire de m. Carimaguensis, l'effet des turricules de cette espece sur la dynamique de l'azote et du carbone, et enfin, l'effet de ces structures sur la dynamique de l'eau dans les differents ecosystemes.
35
Barois, Isabelle. "Interactions entre les vers de terre (Oligochaeta) tropicaux géophages et la microflore pour l'exploitation de la matière organique du sol." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602658t.
36
Beylich, Anneke. "Untersuchungen an Enchytraeiden (Oligochaeta) zum Einfluss von Bodenfeuchte und pH-Wert auf die Toxizität von Schwermetallen im Freiland und in Laborversuchen." Berlin, 2001. http://www.diss.fu-berlin.de/2002/50/index.html.
37
Voua, otomo Patricks. "The effects of long-term exposure to cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia Fetida (Oligochaeta) : an investigation of the development of genetic metal resistance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/22010.
Анотація:
Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2006.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The development of potential genetically based resistance to cadmium (Cd) after long-term exposure to this metal at a sublethal concentration, was investigated in earthworm specimens belonging to the genus Eisenia. Adult (clitellate) earthworms from a long-term laboratory Cdexposed population (> 78 generations) and from other populations having no previous history of metal exposure were exposed to increasing concentrations (0; 2.5; 5; 10 and 20 mg/l) of Cd in the form of CdSO4. Different biomarkers and molecular markers were used to determine whether the specimens from the long-term Cd-exposed population had acclimatized or adapted to the metal contaminated environment. Acclimation was investigated at different physiological and biochemical levels using the following three biomarkers: the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay (MTT assay) measuring mitochondrial activity and cell viability; the single cell gel electrophoresis assay (comet assay) measuring DNA strand breaks and the biosynthesis of metallothioneins (MTs) that have the function of lowering metal toxicity. Earthworms from the long-term exposed substrate as well as specimens from populations not exposed to Cd were used. Adaptation was investigated by looking at both allozyme polymorphism at seven enzyme encoding loci and DNA polymorphism using chosen neutral and selectable genetic markers. The markers used were cytochrome c oxydase subunit I (COI) and metallothionein-2 (mt-2) respectively. This was done amongst the same pool of populations. Additionally, the DNA polymorphism study also aimed at genetically identifying the species utilized in this study thereby determining whether these earthworms belong to the species Eisenia fetida or Eisenia andrei. MTs biosynthesis did not generate the expected data mainly due to the fact that a suitable antibody could not be obtained (discussed in Chapter 5 section 5.3.3.). Similarly, the assessment of DNA polymorphism at the chosen selectable genetic marker mt-2 did provide information relevant to understanding the potential development of resistance to Cd in the long-term metal contaminated group. COI sequences generated in this study were compared to E. fetida and E. andrei COI sequences available on Genbank. Consequently, specimens used in this study were identified as possibly belonging to the species E. andrei. Allozyme polymorphism revealed no fixed genetic differences between the long-term Cd exposed laboratory culture and the rest of the populations. All the populations departed from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ2 > 5.9; p < 0.05), and showed a low mean heterozygosity per locus (Ho ≤ 0.21), probably due to inbreeding. Cell viability and proliferation as tested by the MTT assay revealed that coelomocytes, isolated from the long-term Cd-exposed group showed the highest viability (98.42%) compared to those from other groups (+/- 80%). Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA (H2, 225=109.7165 p < 0.001) revealed that the long-term Cd-exposed laboratory culture showed a better response to acute exposure to Cd, thus demonstrating that these worms have developed some kind of tolerance to Cd. Similarly, the comet assay showed that in the long-term Cd-exposed specimens, less DNA breaks occurred after Cd exposure than in the unexposed groups. Of all the comet parameters assessed in this study (comet tail length, tail moment and tail DNA percentage), tail DNA percentage seemed to be more sensitive although all three parameters indicated that long-term Cd-exposed specimens were more resistant than unexposed specimens as shown by the number of single strand DNA breaks induced by exposure to higher concentrations of Cd (p < 0.001). The comet and the MTT assays indicated that the earthworms with a previous history of Cd exposure have developed increased fitness towards higher doses of Cd, compared to previously unexposed groups. These findings mainly proved that several mechanisms could come into play at the physiological and biochemical level to allow the Cd exposed population to acclimatize to its chemically stressful environment. Clear genetic support for the differences found between the tested populations was not obtained, but needs to be investigated further using Cd selectable markers such as the mt-2 gene, in order to come to a more conclusive deduction.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die moontlike ontwikkeling van geneties gebaseerde weerstand teen kadmium (Cd) by erdwurms van die genus Eisenia, na langtermyn blootstelling aan die metaal by 'n subletale konsentrasie, is ondersoek. Volwasse (klitellate) erdwurms van 'n langtermyn laboratorium Cdblootgestelde bevolking (< 78 generasies) asook van ander bevolkings met geen voorgeskiedenis van metaal blootstelling nie, is blootgestel aan 'n reeks van Cd konsentrasies (0; 2.5; 5; 10; en 20 mg/l) in die vorm van CdSO4. Verskillende biomerkers en molekulêre merkers is gebruik om vas te stel of die erdwurms geakklimeer of aangepas het by die metaal in die gekontamineerde omgewing. Akklimasie is op verskillende fisiologiese en biochemiese vlakke getoets deur die volgende drie biomerkers te gebruik: Die 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromied toets (MTT toets), wat mitochondriale aktiwiteit en sel lewensvatbaarheid meet; die enkel sel elektroforese toets (Komeettoets) wat DNS string breuke meet; die biosintese van metallotioniene (MT's) wat metaalvergiftiging verlaag. Erdwurms van die langtermyn blootstellingsubstraat asook eksemplare van bevolkings wat nie aan kadmium blootgestel was nie, is gebruik. Aanpassing is ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van allosiem polimorfisme, waar 7 ensiem koderende lokusse gebruik is asook van DNS polimorfisme deur neutrale genetiese merkers te selekteer. Die merkers wat gebruik is, was sitochroom c oksidase, subeenheid I (COI) en metallotionien-2 (mt-2) respektiwelik. Hierdie toetse is met dieselfde groepe bevolkings uitgevoer. 'n Bykomende van die studie aspek waar ook van DNS polimorfisme gebruik gemaak is, was daarop gemik om die spesie wat vir die huidige studie gebruik is, geneties te identifiseer en om vas te stel of die erdwurms aan die spesie Eisenia fetida of Eisenia andrei behoort. Die MT biosintese het nie die verwagte data gegenereer nie, hoofsaaklik weens die feit dat geskikte teenligaampies nie beskikbaar was nie (bespreek in Hoofstuk 5 afdeling 5.3.3). Soortgelyk, het die waardebepaling van DNS polimorfisme by die geselekteerde genetiese merker mt-2 nie genoegsame informasie verskaf om die potensiaal van die ontwikkeling van weerstand teen Cd in die langtermyn blootgestelde groep te verstaan nie. COI geenvolgordes van E. fetida en E. andrei wat op Genbank beskikbaar was, is gebruik om met die resultate van die huidige studie te vergelyk. Die spesie wat tydens die huidige studie gebruik is, is op hierdie wyse geïdentifiseer as E. andrei. Allosiem polimorfisme het geen vaste genetiese verskille tussen die langtermyn blootgestelde laboratoriumkulture en die ander bevolkings getoon nie. Al die bevolkings het verskil van die Hardy-Weinberg ewewigstoestand (χ2 > 5.9; p < 0.05) en het 'n lae heterosigositeit per lokus getoon (Ho ≤ 0.21), moontlik as gevolg van inteling. Sellewensvatbaarheid en proliferasie soos getoets met die MTT toets, het getoon dat selomosiete, geïsoleer vanuit die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde groep, die hoogste lewensvatbaarheid (98.42%) gehad het in vergelyking met die ander groepe (+/- 80%). Kruksal-Wallis ANOVA (H2, 225=109.7165 p < 0.001) het getoon dat die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde laboratoriumkultuur 'n beter respons vir akute blootstelling aan Cd gehad het. Hierdeur is gedemonstreer dat hierdie wurms 'n soort toleransie teenoor kadmium ontwikkel het. Soortgelyk het die komeettoets aangetoon dat daar in die langtermyn blootgestelde eksemplare minder DNS breuke voorgekom het na verdere blootstelling aan Cd as in die ander groepe. Van al die komeet parameters wat tydens die studie gemeet is (komeet stertlengte, Olive stert moment en stert DNS persentasie), het die stert DNS persentasie geblyk om die mees sensitiefste te wees, alhoewel al drie parameters aangetoon het dat die langtermyn Cd blootgestelde eksemplare meer weerstandbiedend was teen induksie van DNS enkelstring breuke weens Cd blootstelling (p < 0.001), as die wat nie voorheen blootgestel was nie. Die komeet en MTT toetse het aangetoon dat erdwurms met 'n voorgeskiedenis van Cd blootstelling 'n toenemende fiksheid teen hoër dososse van Cd ontwikkel het as die wat nie voorheen aan kadmium blootgestel was nie. My bevindings kon hoofsaaklik toon dat verskeie meganismes op die fisiologiese en biochemiese vlak 'n rol sou kon speel om Cd blootgestelde bevolkings by 'n chemies stresvolle omgewing te laat akklimeer. Duidelike ondersteuning vir die verskille tussen die getoetsde bevolkings deur van Cd geselekteerde merkers soos die mt-2 geen gebruik te maak om 'n meer finale afleiding te kan maak is nie verkry nie en behoort verder ondersoek te word.
38
Tyrstam, Sabina. "Påverkas bottenfaunan av att timmer lagras i sjöar? En studie i Kisasjön efter stormen Gudrun." Thesis, Linköping University, The Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-11602.
Анотація:
Stormen 2005 drabbade södra Sverige och skövlade nästan 70 miljoner m3 timmer på en natt, varför mycket timmer lagrades i Kisasjön. Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om bottenfaunan i Kisasjön påverkats av timmerlagringen genom låga syrehalter och ändrat bottensubstrat. Även den närbelägna Knoppetorpssjön dit Kisasjöns vatten rinner undersöktes. På vardera tio djup under språngskiktet i varje sjö togs fem ekmanhugg. Syreförhållandena mättes vid varje lokal och sedimentet beskrevs. Syrehalten var nära noll vid botten på lokaler djupare än 6 m redan tidigt under sommaren. Totalt fångades 2136 individer fördelade på 10 taxa. Sjöarna innehöll i stort sett samma taxa men antalet individer skiljde. Chaoborus flavicans
dominerade i Knoppetorpssjön och ökade med djupet, medan de andra grupperna var vanligare på mindre djupt vatten. Oligochaeta dominerade i Kisasjön och minskade med djupet. Chironomini och C. flavicans vara dock något vanligare på djupa bottnar. En tidigare undersökning i Kisasjön visade på liknande artsammansättning. Alla taxa är anpassade till ett liv i syrebrist. Oligochaeta,
Chironomidae och C. flavicans kan lagra syre för senare bruk. C. flavicans söker dagtid skydd undan fiskpredation nära den syrefria sedimenten, vilket troligen förklarar dess höga antal i Knoppetorpssjön. Lägre antal i Kisasjön kan bero på
förorenat vatten, kanske oljeutsläpp, medan Oligochaeta kan ha högre toleransnivå. Att det var färre Oligochaeta i Knoppetorpssjön kan bero på mindre mängd organiskt material (bark) där.
39
Strand-Tibbitts, Kristen. "Crystallographic Studies of Rrythrocruorin from Lumbricus Terrestris: a Dissertation." eScholarship@UMMS, 2004. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/309.
Анотація:
The viability of multicellular aerobic organisms requires the binding and transport of molecular oxygen from the atmosphere to sites of metabolism. In the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, erythrocruorins are freely dissolved multi-subunit protein complexes that serve the same functions as red blood cells The aims of this study were to 1) determine the overall arrangement of hemoglobin chains and non-hemoglobin chains in Lumbricus erythrocruorin, 2) determine the stereochemical determinants specifying erythrocruorin's hierarchical symmetry, and 3) investigate the molecular and chemical basis for the remarkable cooperative binding of ligands to earthworm hemoglobin. Erythrocruorin is a highly cooperative oxygen-carrying protein with Hill coefficients measured at some pH's as high as n = 7.9. Crystallographic analysis of the whole erythrocruorin molecule structure to 5.5 Å resolution reveals a hierarchical organization of 144 oxygen-binding polypeptides and 36 non-hemoglobin linker polypeptide chains. The hemoglobin chains are arranged in a novel dodecameric substructure at the periphery of the complex, whereas 36 linker chains comprise the inner core and projected triple-stranded, helical coiled-coil spokes towards the center of the complex. Interdigitation of these spokes appears crucial for stabilizing the complex. Crystallographic analysis of crystals from isolated hemoglobin chains provides greater detail (resolution = 2.6 Å) and complete atomic models for the hemoglobin polypeptides. Comparison of these models with other hemoglobins reveal unique features in the distal heme pocket, including large aromatic residues at the B10 position in three of the four hemoglobin chains. Aromatic residues at this position have been implicated in other hemoglobins to confer resistance to oxidation. Molecular interactions across each subunit include pH-dependent interactions that are consistent with the observed Bohr effect on oxygen binding. Specifically a π-cation interaction between an arginine of one subunit to a histidine of the opposing subunit is likely an important molecular switch in the allosteric transition from a low to high affInity ligand-binding state.
40
Duarte, Ana Paula Aparecida. "Mudanças físicas, químicas e nas formas de Pb e Mn após a passagem do solo através do trato intestinal de Pontoscolex corethrurus (Oligochaeta: Annelida)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFPR, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1884/28253.
41
Friberg, Hanna. "Persistence of Plasmodiophora brassicae : influence of non-host plants, soil fauna and organic material /." Uppsala : Dept. of Entomology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005115.pdf.
42
Depkat-Jakob, Peter [Verfasser], and Harold [Akademischer Betreuer] Drake. "Denitrification, Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction, and Methanogenesis in the Gut of Earthworms (Oligochaeta): Assessment of Greenhouse Gases and Genetic Markers / Peter Depkat-Jakob. Betreuer: Harold Drake." Bayreuth : Universität Bayreuth, 2013. http://d-nb.info/1059352575/34.
43
Frizzera, Gabriela Linhares. "Limnologia, distribuição e composição da fauna de Oligochaeta (Annelida: Clitellata) e larvas de Chironomidae (Diptera) do Lago dos Manacás, município de Juiz de Fora, MG." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 2011. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2156.
Анотація:
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CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar a existência de variação espacial e temporal das variáveis abióticas e conhecer a estrutura da assembléia de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta do lago dos Manacás em meses que compõe o período seco e chuvoso e, a partir destas variáveis avaliar a qualidade da água deste ambiente. Foram realizadas três coletas, duas no período seco (agosto/09 e julho/10) e uma no chuvoso (fevereiro/10), em dois transectos, cada um com cinco pontos de coleta. As amostras de sedimento foram obtidas com draga do tipo Petersen em tréplicas, também foram obtidas amostras para a análise da granulometria e matéria orgânica. As amostras de água foram obtidas do fundo com uma garrafa de Van Dorn. Para analisar o estado trófico do ambiente foi calculado o índice de estado trófico (TSI) de Carlson e foi avaliada a presença e abundância de táxons indicadores de poluição. As variáveis limnológicas não apresentaram variações significativas entre os pontos de coleta e entre os transectos. Entretanto foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre as coletas realizadas, com exceção das variáveis oxigênio, carbono orgânico dissolvido e pH. A granulometria foi composta principalmente por sedimento fino e com alta porcentagem de matéria orgânica. A assembléia encontrada foi composta por 25 táxons e 1007 organismos. A maior riqueza e diversidade foi obtida na primeira coleta em agosto de 2009 e as menores densidade número de táxons foi encontrada no período chuvoso em fevereiro de 2010. Os quironomídeos foram os organismos mais abundantes em todo o período de coletas. Os pontos marginais (I e V) diferiram significativamente em relação à assembléia somente em um transecto na primeira coleta, nas demais, as margens foram consideradas iguais. Em agosto de 2009 pode ser observada uma grande quantidade de táxons adominantes. Neste período Caladomyia ortoni foi o principal táxon dominante. Em 2010 não foram observados táxons adominantes e Polypedilum foi dominante neste período. O índice calculado para determinar o estado trófico do lago dos Manacás classificou este ambiente como oligotrófico, mesotrófico e eutrófico ao longo do período de coletas. As variáveis abióticas diferiram temporalmente modificando as condições do ambiente e a estrutura da assembléia de Chironomidae e Oligochaeta. As concentrações de nutrientes aumentaram bastante demonstrando que o lago passa por um processo de alteração da qualidade da água. A baixa abundância de organismos encontrados no lago foi considerada comum, visto que também foi observado em outros locais. Apesar do índice de estado trófico mostrar que a qualidade da água do lago dos Manacás apresenta-se em más condições, a ausência e/ou a baixa densidade dos táxons considerados como indicadores de poluição não confirmam estes dados.
The aim of this study was to verify the existence of the spatial and temporal variation of abiotic variables and know the structure of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta assembléia of the Manacás lake in months that compound the dry and rainy period and from this variable to evaluate the water quality of the environment. Three collects have been done, two in dry season (august/09 and july/10) and one in the wet season (february/10) in two transects each with five sampling points., Sediment samples has been collected by a bottom sampler Petersen. Three replicates have been made in each sample point for analysis of macroinvertebrates. Sediment samples were also obtained for analysis of particle size and organic matter. Water samples were obtained from the bottom with a bottle of Van Dorn. To analyse of the environment trofic status was calculated the trofic status index (TSI) of the Carlson and the presence and abundance of the pollution indicators taxa. Limnological parameters showed no significant variations among the sampling sites and among transects. However significant differences were detected between samples collected, with the exception of oxygen, dissolved organic carbon and pH. The particle size was mainly composed of fine sediment with a high percentage of organic matter. The assembléia found was composed of 25 taxa and 1007 organisms. The higher richness and diversity was obtained in the first collection in August 2009 and the lower density and number of taxa was found to the rainy season. Chironomids were the most abundant organisms during all period of collection. The marginal points (I and V) differed significantly with respect the assemblage only in transect A in the first collection in the others, the margins were considered equal. In August 2009 could be seen a large number of taxa adominantes. During this period the main dominant taxa was Caladomyia ortoni. In 2010 adominantes taxa were not observed, and Polypedilum were dominant in this period. The index to determine the trophic status of Manacás Lake rated this environment as oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic during the period of collection. The abiotic variables varied temporally changing environmental conditions and structure of the assembléia of Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. The concentrations of nutrients increased significantly showing that the lake goes through a process of change in water quality. The low abundance of the organisms found in the lake was considered common, already observed on others places. Although the trofic status index to show the water quality of Manacás lake is in bad conditions the absence and/or the low density of taxa considered how pollution indicators do not confirm this data.
44
Nunes, Maria Edna Tenório. "Avaliação dos efeitos de agrotóxicos sobre a fauna edáfica por meio de ensaios ecotoxicológicos com Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta) e com comunidade natural de solo." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/18/18139/tde-24012011-140524/.
Анотація:
Os impactos ambientais relacionados ao uso de agrotóxicos em áreas agrícolas vêm sendo considerados como preocupantes nas últimas décadas, verificando-se efeitos adversos em diferentes níveis de organização biológica nos ecossistemas terrestres e aquáticos e, consequentemente, com elevados riscos à saúde humana. No municipio de Bom Repouso, MG, com economia baseada na produção de batata e morango, a situação é similar, evidenciando-se a utilização intensiva e inadequada de agrotóxicos (mais de 80 produtos), muitos com alta periculosidade ambiental e toxicológica, entre eles o Vertimec® 18 EC. No sentido de verificar os impactos do uso deste agrotóxico, estudos experimentais foram conduzidos para avaliação de efeitos agudo, crônico (reprodução) e comportamental (rejeição) com Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta), além da realização de ensaio multi-espécies, com populações da fauna edáfica extraidas de área do CRHEA/SHS/EESC/USP, Itirapina, SP. Por meio dos resultados obtidos, verifica-se que para E. andrei a CL50, 14dias foi de 7,64 mg/kg, sendo que a sobrevivência dos organismos nos ensaios crônicos (28 dias) só diferiu significativamente (p<0,05) do controle na maior concentração (10,5 mg/kg). Os sobreviventes apresentaram alterações morfológicas (afilamento e descoloração da parte posterior; estrangulamentos em diferentes regiões do corpo; fragmentação e perda de segmentos, principalmente posteriores), comportamentais (letargia ou lentidão na resposta a estímulos mecânicos) e diminuição do peso corporal, correlacionadas ao aumento das concentrações do agrotóxico. Em relação à reprodução, o número médio de juvenis (n = 4) passou de 33 (Controle) para 3 (0,875 mg de abamectina/kg SAT), não ocorrendo reprodução nos demais tratamentos. Nos ensaios de comportamento, houve rejeição, com diferença significativa (p<0,05) em relação ao controle, a partir de 1,75 mg abamectina/kg. Nos ensaios com multi-espécies verificou-se efeito significativo na densidade (p<0,05), sendo maior no controle, no qual também foram registrados os maiores índices de diversidade e riqueza para fauna edáfica, e menor índice de dominância, em relação à dose recomendada (DR).Environmental impacts of pesticides use in agricultural areas have been a matter of worry in the last decades, with adverse effects on different levels of biological organization of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and, consequently, denoting high risks to human health. At Bom Repouso, MG, Brazil, where economy is based on potato and strawberry production, the situation is similar, with intensive and inappropriate pesticide use (more than 80 products), many very dangerous and toxic to the environment and humans, such as Vertimec® 18 EC. Aiming to verify the impacts of the use of this pesticide, experimental studies were conducted to evaluate the acute, chronic (reproduction) and behavioral (avoidance) effects on Eisenia andrei (Annelida, Oligochaeta), in addition to an multi-species assay, with edaphic fauna populations extracted from an area at CRHEA/SHS/EESC/USP, Itirapina, SP. The LC50, 14d for E. andrei was 7.64 mg/kg and the survival of earthworms on chronic test (28 days) differed significantly (p<0.05) from control only at the highest concentration (10.5 mg abamectin/kg soil). Survivors showed morphological (threadlike and colorless posterior region; constrictions on different body regions; fragmentation and loss of segments) and behavioral (lethargy or slowness o respond to mechanical stimuli) alterations and weight loss correlated to increasing pesticide concentrations. Respecting to reproduction, average (n = 4) number of juvenile was 33 (Control); 3 (0.875 mg de abamectin/kg soil) and 0 (other treatments). Earthworms avoided contaminated soils, with significant difference (p<0.05) from control, from 1.75 mg abamectin/kg soil. Multi-species tests showed significant effect (p<0.05) on density, higher on control, which showed higher diversity and richness indexes for edafic fauna, and small dominance index, compared to recommended dose (DR).
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Martins, Renato Tavares. "Colonização de Oligochaeta e outros macroinvertebrados durante a decomposição de Eichhornia azurea (SW.) Kunth (Pontederiaceae) e Salvinia auriculata Aubl. em um sistema lêntico na região tropical." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2009. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/2820.
Анотація:
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O presente estudo foi composto por dois experimentos, o objetivo do primeiro deles verificar a colonização de Oligochaeta ao longo da decomposição da macrófita Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth, no segundo experimento, analisou-se a estrutura faunística dos macroinvertebrados no decorrer da decomposição de E. azurea e Salvinia auriculata Aubl. O experimento 1 foi dividido em dois períodos (1º período: setembro a novembro de 2007; 2º período: fevereiro a abril de 2008), em cada um deles, 21 sacos de náilon contendo 10 g de folhas de E. azurea, foram colocados no lago, e retirados após 2, 5,8, 12, 25, 45, e 65 dias. No experimento 2 (novembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008), foram utilizados 60 sacos de náilon, 30 deles com 10 g de folhas de E. azurea, e os demais contendo a mesma quantidade de folhas de S. auriculata. Após 30 minutos, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 e 72 dias os sacos foram retirados do lago. Em ambos os experimentos, após serem retirados do lago, os sacos foram levados ao laboratório, e o material remanescente fixado em formol 4%, lavado e triado, os organismos encontrados foram identificados e conservados em álcool 70%. No experimento 1, o maior coeficiente de decomposição (K) foi observado no primeiro período (K= 0,023 d-1 ) em relação ao segundo (K= 0,018 d-1 Palavras–Chave: Chironomidae, Lago dos Manacás, macrófitas, Naididae, relação carbono:nitrogênio ), no entanto, não houve diferença significativa. Observou-se o aumento da densidade e riqueza dos Oligochaeta ao longo do estudo em ambos os períodos. Naididae foi a família dominante, estes organismos por possuírem a capacidade de se locomover na coluna d'água próximo ao substrato, mostraram-se melhores colonizadores do que Enchytraeidae e Tubificidae. No experimento 2, ao final dos 72 dias, observou-se menor biomassa total de E. azurea (2,65 g MS) em relação à S. auriculata (5,10 g MS), sendo que na primeira macrófita registrou-se a diminuição da relação carbono: nitrogênio durante o estudo, enquanto que em S. auriculata não foi observada a diminuição desta razão. Chironomidae e Naididae foram as famílias com maiores densidades, representando mais de 95% da fauna em ambas as macrófitas. Os coletores foram o grupo funcional mais abundante em E. azurea e S. auriculata, confirmando a predominância destes organismos nas folhas em decomposição na região tropical.
The present study was composed of two experiments. The first with the objective to verify the colonization of Oligochaeta during decomposition of the macrophyte Eichhornia azurea (Sw.) Kunth, while the second experiment analized the faunistic struture of the macroinvertebrates along decomposition of E. azurea and Salvinia auriculata Aubl. Experiment 1 was divided into two periods (1st period: September to November 2007; 2nd period: February to April 2008). In each period, 21 nylon bags containing 10 g of dry leaves of E. azurea, were placed in the lake, and removed at intervals of 2, 5,8, 12, 25, 45, and 65 days. In experiment 2 (November 2007 to February 2008), 60 nylon bags were used, 30 of them filled with 10 g of dry leaves of E. azurea and the others, containing the same amount of dry leaves of S. auriculata. After intervals of 30 minutes, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60 and 72 days the bags were taken out of the lake. In both experiments, after out of the lake, the bags were taken to the laboratory, and the remanescent material was fixed in a formol solution 4%, washed and sorted. The organisms were identified and preserved in 70% alcohol. In experiment 1, the highest decomposition coefficient (K) was observed in the first period (K= 0.023 d-1) in relation to the second (K= 0.018 d-1 ), however with no significant difference. An increase of density and richness of Oligochaeta along the study was observed in both periods. Naididae was the most dominant family, represented by the genera Allonais, Chaetogaster, Dero and Pristina. These organisms, for their ability of moving themselves in the water column, near the substrate, showed to be better colonizers than Enchytraeidae and Tubificidae. In experiment 2, at the end of the 72 days, it was observed a small fraction of total biomass of E. azurea (2.65 g DM) in relation to S. auriculata (5.10 g DM), whereas in the first macrophyte it was registered a decrease of the carbon: nitrogen relationship during the study, while in S. auriculata it was not observed the decrease of this rate. Chironomidae and Naididae were the families with the higher densities, representing more than 95% of the fauna in both macrophytes. The collectors were the most abundant functional group in E. azurea and S. auriculata, attesting to the predominance of these organisms in the leaves in decomposition in the tropical region.
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Lindahl, Anna M. L. "Sources of pesticide losses to surface waters and groundwater at field and landscape scales." Uppsala : Dept. of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200950.pdf.
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La, France Martin. "Zu den Auswirkungen experimenteller Waldneugründungs- und Waldumbaumaßnahmen auf die saprophage Invertebratenfauna an extrem immissionsgeschädigten Kammlagenstandorten des Osterzgebirges (Sachsen): Oligochaeta: Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae; Acari: Oribatida; Insecta: Collembola: Bodenzoologisch-ökologische Untersuchungen." Doctoral thesis, Technische Universität Dresden, 2002. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A24201.
Анотація:
The effects of reafforestation with seedlings of spruce, birch, mountain-ash, beech and larch, partially in combination with liming and removal of the topsoil layer before planting, on the community of saprophagous invertebrates (lumbricids, enchytraeids, oribatids, collembolans) were examined. The study area was located on plateau sites of the eastern Ore Mountains (Saxonia, Germany). Investigations were carried out on study sites exposed to high sulphur dioxide immissions and reforested 3 respectively 10 years ago. Invertebrates were sampled by the extraction of soil cores and by the ?electro-octett-method? (lumbricids). Additionally, the ?minicontainer method? was used to investigate decomposition rates of different types of litter. On the control area, a diedback spruce stand, the decomposer community showed high adaptations to the acidic soil substrate and was dominated by few enchytraeid species. Long-termed loss of tree shelter, liming and topsoil removal before planting resulted in a severe decline of most saprophagous species. However, changes in invertebrate community pattern due to different plantations were not found. A comparison of leaf and needle litter decomposition rates resulted in the following order: birch (k = 0.50) > mountain-ash (0.40) > spruce (0.30) >> larch (0.12). Considering all investigated taxa, the metabolic decomposing capacity of the larch litter reached 39 %, that the spruce litter 54 % of the foliage litter results.Anläßlich des kompletten Ausfalls der Fichte in den extrem immissionsbelasteten Kammlagen des Osterzgebirges (Sachsen) wurden im Rahmen eines interdisziplinären Verbundprojektes verschiedene Waldbaukonzepte hinsichtlich ihrer Einflüsse auf die saprophage Invertebratenfauna (Enchytraeidae, Lumbricidae, Oribatida, Collembola) untersucht. Zur Disposition standen Verfahren zur Waldneugründung (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Birke, Eberesche oder Fichte; zusätzlich waldbaulich unbeeinflußte Sukzessionsparzellen) und zum Waldumbau (Kulturparzellen mit Reihenpflanzung von Buche oder Lärche nach Abtrieb und flächigem Oberbodenabschub). Ein absterbender Fichtenreinbestand in fortgeschrittener Auflösung diente als Referenz- bzw. Korrelationsmaßstab. Die Erfassung der Mesofauna erfolgte über die Extraktion von Stechrohrproben. Lumbriciden wurden mit der Elektrooktett-Methode aufgenommen. Neben der flächenbezogenen Datenerfassung wurden 1.200 mit Blattstreu von Birke, Eberesche, Fichte und Lärche befüllte Minicontainer über 19 Monate auf einer Sukzessionsparzelle exponiert, um substratspezifische Abbaugeschwindigkeiten zu ermitteln und faunistische Sukzessionsverläufe zu studieren. Die Referenzfläche zeichnete sich durch eine stark enchytraeendominierte Zersetzergemeinschaft aus, die deutliche Anzeichen einer kalkungsbedingten Überprägung erkennen ließ. Der Enchytraeenanteil an den potentiellen Umsatzleistungen der untersuchten Destruententaxa (berechnet über metabolische Äquivalenzwerte) lag bei über 90 %. Hiervon ausgehend zeigten die Zersetzergemeinschaften der Versuchsanlagen "Waldneugründung" und "Waldumbau" stark divergierende Entwicklungsrichtungen. Als ausschlaggebende Faktoren konnten Schirmverlust, Kalkung und Oberbodenbeseitigung wahrscheinlich gemacht werden. Dagegen waren Einflüsse der unterschiedlichen Kulturbaumarten kaum nachzuweisen. Die streuspezifischen Dekompositionsgeschwindigkeiten unterschieden sich wie folgt: Birke (k = 0,50) > Eberesche (0,40) > Fichte (0,30) >> Lärche (0,12). Diese vergleichsweise geringen Abbauraten stehen überwiegend mit dem rauhen Montanklima in Zusammenhang. Enchytraeen besiedelten alle Streutypen zügig, während Collembolen vor allem die Ebereschenstreu verzögert aufsuchten und mit geringster Dichte bevölkerten. Oribatiden zeigten die geringste Besiedlungsgeschwindigkeit und hatten wie die Enchytaeen in der Laubstreu signifikant höhere Wohndichten. Nur Steganacarus spinosus zeigte eine besondere Affinität für Nadelstreu. Das metabolische Leistungspotential des Destruentenbesatzes der Lärchenstreu erreichte 39 %, das der Fichtenstreu 54 % der Laubstreuresultate.
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BOUGUENEC, VERONIQUE. "Elevage en masse d'enchytraeidae : etude bibliographique, mise au point experimentale et tests pour l'alimentation des poissons." Toulouse 3, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987TOU30273.
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Oliveira, Paula Caroline dos Reis [UNESP]. "Comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e qualidade da água e do sedimento das bacias hidrográficas dos rios Lavapés, Capivara, Araquá e Pardo, município de Botucatu(SP) e região." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/99466.
Анотація:
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Os rios de pequeno e médio porte são os ecossistemas aquáticos altamente representativos no estado de São Paulo que, tendo a maior produção econômica e maior densidade demográfica do país, sofre com a intensa degradação ambiental. A análise integrada das características da água, do sedimento e da comunidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e fundamental para a determinação da qualidade dos ambientes lóticos. 0 presente trabalho buscou avaliar características limnológicas gerais da água e sedimento, bem como a fauna de macroinvertebrados bentônicos dos principais rios do município de Botucatu e região (Capivara, Lavapés, Araquá e Pardo). Os estudos foram feitos em dois períodos do ano: chuvoso (março/2007) e seco (setembro/2007). A largura, profundidade, vazão e temperatura da água aumentaram no sentido jusante; a velocidade, transparência da água e oxigênio dissolvido foram maiores nos trechos à montante; a luminosidade foi total na maioria das estações de amostragem e o pH foi ácido em todos os rios estudados. As estações que sofrem maior impacto de fontes de poluição (rio Lavapés e Araquá) apresentaram os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, material em suspensão (orgânico e inorgânico), nitrogênio total, nitrato, nitrito, amônia fósforo total, fosfato total dissolvido (orgânico e inorgânico), DBO e coliformes termotolerantes. A maior concentração de silicato foi encontrada no rio Capivara e está relacionada com os intensos processos erosivos na bacia. No período chuvoso a condutividade elétrica, turbidez, material em suspensão foram maiores, enquanto que a clorofila- a foi maior no período seco. Foram encontrados 151 táxons e abundância máxima de 116.481 ind/m2 . Chironomidae apresentou a maior riqueza, seguido...
Rivers and streams of low and medium orders are among the most important aquatic ecosystem of Sao Paulo. This State has the highest economical production and demographic density of the country. Thus, these environments are under severe degradation. Integrated analyses of water, sediment and benthic macroinvertebrates are essential in the assessment of freshwater quality. This study aimed to assess the environmental quality and structure of benthic macroinvertebrates of the main rivers and streams of Botucatu (SP) (Capivara, Lavapes, Araqua and Pardo) and adjacent region. The fieldwork was carried out in rainy (March/207) and dry (September/2007) seasons. Channel width, depth, water velocity and temperature increased towards the rivers mouth. Velocity, water transparency and dissolved oxygen were higher in the upstream sampling stations, light penetration was total in most sampling stations and pH was acid in all studied streams. The most impacted sampling stations, basically by pollution sources (Lavapés and Araquá Rivers), exhibited the highest values of electric conductivity, suspended matter (organic and inorganic), total nitrogen, nitrate, nitrite, ammonium, total dissolved phosphorus (organic and inorganic), BOD and thermotolerant coliforms. Higher silicate concentrations were observed in Capivara stream and were related erosive processes in the basin. Electric conductivity, turbidity and suspended matter were higher in the rainy season and chlorophyll in the dry season. A total of 151 taxa, and a maximum abundance of 116,481 indom-2 , were observed. Chironomidae had the highest richness of taxa, followed by Trichoptera, Oligochaeta and Ephemeroptera. Chironomidae was also the most abundant group, followed by Oligochaeta and Ephemeroptera. Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera Trichoptera and Chironomus gr. decorus were the best (bio) indicators of the environmental conditions... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Jelinek, Herbert Verfasser], and Andreas [Akademischer Betreuer] [Schmidt-Rhaesa. "Untersuchungen zur Systematik der Naididae D' Udekem, 1855 (Annelida, Clitellata, Oligochaeta) unter besonderer Berücksichtigung ihrer Borstenmorphologie, ihres Karyotyps sowie ihrer partiellen CO-I–Gensequenzen („Barcode – Gene“) / Herbert Jelinek. Betreuer: Andreas Schmidt-Rhaesa." Hamburg : Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Hamburg, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1020465972/34.