Статті в журналах: "Olfactory drive"

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Shao, Z., A. C. Puche, E. Kiyokage, G. Szabo, and M. T. Shipley. "Two GABAergic Intraglomerular Circuits Differentially Regulate Tonic and Phasic Presynaptic Inhibition of Olfactory Nerve Terminals." Journal of Neurophysiology 101, no. 4 (April 2009): 1988–2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.91116.2008.

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Olfactory nerve axons terminate in olfactory bulb glomeruli forming excitatory synapses onto the dendrites of mitral/tufted (M/T) and juxtaglomerular cells, including external tufted (ET) and periglomerular (PG) cells. PG cells are heterogeneous in neurochemical expression and synaptic organization. We used a line of mice expressing green fluorescent protein under the control of the glutamic acid decarboxylase 65-kDa gene (GAD65+) promoter to characterize a neurochemically identified subpopulation of PG cells by whole cell recording and subsequent morphological reconstruction. GAD65+ GABAergic PG cells form two functionally distinct populations: 33% are driven by monosynaptic olfactory nerve (ON) input (ON-driven PG cells), the remaining 67% receive their strongest drive from an ON→ET→PG circuit with no or weak monosynaptic ON input (ET-driven PG cells). In response to ON stimulation, ON-driven PG cells exhibit paired-pulse depression (PPD), which is partially reversed by GABAB receptor antagonists. The ON→ET→PG circuit exhibits phasic GABAB-R-independent PPD. ON input to both circuits is under tonic GABAB-R-dependent inhibition. We hypothesize that this tonic GABABR-dependent presynaptic inhibition of olfactory nerve terminals is due to autonomous bursting of ET cells in the ON→ET→PG circuit, which drives tonic spontaneous GABA release from ET-driven PG cells. Both circuits likely produce tonic and phasic postsynaptic inhibition of other intraglomerular targets. Thus olfactory bulb glomeruli contain at least two functionally distinct GABAergic circuits that may play different roles in olfactory coding.

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Poivet, Erwan, Aurore Gallot, Nicolas Montagné, Pavel Senin, Christelle Monsempès, Fabrice Legeai, and Emmanuelle Jacquin-Joly. "Transcriptome Profiling of Starvation in the Peripheral Chemosensory Organs of the Crop Pest Spodoptera littoralis Caterpillars." Insects 12, no. 7 (June 23, 2021): 573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/insects12070573.

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Starvation is frequently encountered by animals under fluctuating food conditions in nature, and response to it is vital for life span. Many studies have investigated the behavioral and physiological responses to starvation. In particular, starvation is known to induce changes in olfactory behaviors and olfactory sensitivity to food odorants, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. Here, we investigated the transcriptional changes induced by starvation in the chemosensory tissues of the caterpillar Spodoptera littoralis, using Illumina RNA sequencing. Gene expression profiling revealed 81 regulated transcripts associated with several biological processes, such as glucose metabolism, immune defense, response to stress, foraging activity, and olfaction. Focusing on the olfactory process, we observed changes in transcripts encoding proteins putatively involved in the peri-receptor events, namely, chemosensory proteins and odorant-degrading enzymes. Such modulation of their expression may drive fluctuations in the dynamics and the sensitivity of the olfactory receptor neuron response. In combination with the enhanced presynaptic activity mediated via the short neuropeptide F expressed during fasting periods, this could explain an enhanced olfactory detection process. Our observations suggest that a coordinated transcriptional response of peripheral chemosensory organs participates in the regulation of olfactory signal reception and olfactory-driven behaviors upon starvation.

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3

Lindeman, Sander, Xiaochen Fu, Janine Kristin Reinert, and Izumi Fukunaga. "Value-related learning in the olfactory bulb occurs through pathway-dependent perisomatic inhibition of mitral cells." PLOS Biology 22, no. 3 (March 1, 2024): e3002536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3002536.

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Associating values to environmental cues is a critical aspect of learning from experiences, allowing animals to predict and maximise future rewards. Value-related signals in the brain were once considered a property of higher sensory regions, but their wide distribution across many brain regions is increasingly recognised. Here, we investigate how reward-related signals begin to be incorporated, mechanistically, at the earliest stage of olfactory processing, namely, in the olfactory bulb. In head-fixed mice performing Go/No-Go discrimination of closely related olfactory mixtures, rewarded odours evoke widespread inhibition in one class of output neurons, that is, in mitral cells but not tufted cells. The temporal characteristics of this reward-related inhibition suggest it is odour-driven, but it is also context-dependent since it is absent during pseudo-conditioning and pharmacological silencing of the piriform cortex. Further, the reward-related modulation is present in the somata but not in the apical dendritic tuft of mitral cells, suggesting an involvement of circuit components located deep in the olfactory bulb. Depth-resolved imaging from granule cell dendritic gemmules suggests that granule cells that target mitral cells receive a reward-related extrinsic drive. Thus, our study supports the notion that value-related modulation of olfactory signals is a characteristic of olfactory processing in the primary olfactory area and narrows down the possible underlying mechanisms to deeper circuit components that contact mitral cells perisomatically.

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4

Schoppa, Nathan E., and Gary L. Westbrook. "AMPA autoreceptors drive correlated spiking in olfactory bulb glomeruli." Nature Neuroscience 5, no. 11 (October 15, 2002): 1194–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn953.

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5

Duan, Duo, Hu Zhang, Xiaomin Yue, Yuedan Fan, Yadan Xue, Jiajie Shao, Gang Ding, et al. "Sensory Glia Detect Repulsive Odorants and Drive Olfactory Adaptation." Neuron 108, no. 4 (November 2020): 707–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2020.08.026.

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6

Avnat, Eden, Guy Shapira, David Gurwitz, and Noam Shomron. "Elevated Expression of RGS2 May Underlie Reduced Olfaction in COVID-19 Patients." Journal of Personalized Medicine 12, no. 9 (August 28, 2022): 1396. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm12091396.

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Anosmia is common in COVID-19 patients, lasting for weeks or months following recovery. The biological mechanism underlying olfactory deficiency in COVID-19 does not involve direct damage to nasal olfactory neurons, which do not express the proteins required for SARS-CoV-2 infection. A recent study suggested that anosmia results from downregulation of olfactory receptors. We hypothesized that anosmia in COVID-19 may also reflect SARS-CoV-2 infection-driven elevated expression of regulator of G protein signaling 2 (RGS2), a key regulator of odorant receptors, thereby silencing their signaling. To test our hypothesis, we analyzed gene expression of nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 positive patients and non-infected controls (two published RNA-sequencing datasets, 580 individuals). Our analysis found upregulated RGS2 expression in SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (FC = 14.5, Padj = 1.69 × 10−5 and FC = 2.4; Padj = 0.001, per dataset). Additionally, RGS2 expression was strongly correlated with PTGS2, IL1B, CXCL8, NAMPT and other inflammation markers with substantial upregulation in early infection. These observations suggest that upregulated expression of RGS2 may underlie anosmia in COVID-19 patients. As a regulator of numerous G-protein coupled receptors, RGS2 may drive further neurological symptoms of COVID-19. Studies are required for clarifying the cellular mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 infection drives the upregulation of RGS2 and other genes implicated in inflammation. Insights on these pathway(s) may assist in understanding anosmia and additional neurological symptoms reported in COVID-19 patients.

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7

Narikiyo, Kimiya, Hiroyuki Manabe, and Kensaku Mori. "Sharp wave-associated synchronized inputs from the piriform cortex activate olfactory tubercle neurons during slow-wave sleep." Journal of Neurophysiology 111, no. 1 (January 1, 2014): 72–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00535.2013.

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During slow-wave sleep, anterior piriform cortex neurons show highly synchronized discharges that accompany olfactory cortex sharp waves (OC-SPWs). The OC-SPW-related synchronized activity of anterior piriform cortex neurons travel down to the olfactory bulb and is thought to be involved in the reorganization of bulbar neuronal circuitry. However, influences of the OC-SPW-related activity on other regions of the central olfactory system are still unknown. Olfactory tubercle is an area of OC and part of ventral striatum that plays a key role in reward-directed motivational behaviors. In this study, we show that in freely behaving rats, olfactory tubercle receives OC-SPW-associated synchronized inputs during slow-wave sleep. Local field potentials in the olfactory tubercle showed SPW-like activities that were in synchrony with OC-SPWs. Single-unit recordings showed that a subpopulation of olfactory tubercle neurons discharged in synchrony with OC-SPWs. Furthermore, correlation analysis of spike activity of anterior piriform cortex and olfactory tubercle neurons revealed that the discharges of anterior piriform cortex neurons tended to precede those of olfactory tubercle neurons. Current source density analysis in urethane-anesthetized rats indicated that the current sink of the OC-SPW-associated input was located in layer III of the olfactory tubercle. These results indicate that OC-SPW-associated synchronized discharges of piriform cortex neurons travel to the deep layer of the olfactory tubercle and drive discharges of olfactory tubercle neurons. The entrainment of olfactory tubercle neurons in the OC-SPWs suggests that OC-SPWs coordinate reorganization of neuronal circuitry across wide areas of the central olfactory system including olfactory tubercle during slow-wave sleep.

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8

Inoue, Tsuyoshi, and Ben W. Strowbridge. "Transient Activity Induces a Long-Lasting Increase in the Excitability of Olfactory Bulb Interneurons." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 1 (January 2008): 187–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00526.2007.

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Little is known about the cellular mechanisms that underlie the processing and storage of sensory in the mammalian olfactory system. Here we show that persistent spiking, an activity pattern associated with working memory in other brain regions, can be evoked in the olfactory bulb by stimuli that mimic physiological patterns of synaptic input. We find that brief discharges trigger persistent activity in individual interneurons that receive slow, subthreshold oscillatory input in acute rat olfactory bulb slices. A 2- to 5-Hz oscillatory input, which resembles the synaptic drive that the olfactory bulb receives during sniffing, is required to maintain persistent firing. Persistent activity depends on muscarinic receptor activation and results from interactions between calcium-dependent afterdepolarizations and low-threshold Ca spikes in granule cells. Computer simulations suggest that intrinsically generated persistent activity in granule cells can evoke correlated spiking in reciprocally connected mitral cells. The interaction between the intrinsic currents present in reciprocally connected olfactory bulb neurons constitutes a novel mechanism for synchronized firing in subpopulations of neurons during olfactory processing.

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9

Raza, Muhammad Fahad, Muhammad Ajmal Ali, Ahmed Rady, Zhiguo Li, Hongyi Nie, and Songkun Su. "Neurotransmitters receptors gene drive the olfactory learning behavior of honeybee." Learning and Motivation 79 (August 2022): 101818. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lmot.2022.101818.

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10

Sabandal, John Martin, Paul Rafael Sabandal, Young-Cho Kim, and Kyung-An Han. "Concerted Actions of Octopamine and Dopamine Receptors Drive Olfactory Learning." Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 21 (April 10, 2020): 4240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.1756-19.2020.

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11

De Saint Jan, D., D. Hirnet, G. L. Westbrook, and S. Charpak. "External Tufted Cells Drive the Output of Olfactory Bulb Glomeruli." Journal of Neuroscience 29, no. 7 (February 18, 2009): 2043–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.5317-08.2009.

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12

Mouret, Aurélie, Kerren Murray, and Pierre-Marie Lledo. "Centrifugal Drive onto Local Inhibitory Interneurons of the Olfactory Bulb." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1170, no. 1 (July 2009): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03913.x.

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13

Reisert, Johannes, Glen J. Golden, Michele Dibattista, and Alan Gelperin. "Odor sampling strategies in mice with genetically altered olfactory responses." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e0249798. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249798.

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Peripheral sensory cells and the central neuronal circuits that monitor environmental changes to drive behaviors should be adapted to match the behaviorally relevant kinetics of incoming stimuli, be it the detection of sound frequencies, the speed of moving objects or local temperature changes. Detection of odorants begins with the activation of olfactory receptor neurons in the nasal cavity following inhalation of air and airborne odorants carried therein. Thus, olfactory receptor neurons are stimulated in a rhythmic and repeated fashion that is determined by the breathing or sniffing frequency that can be controlled and altered by the animal. This raises the question of how the response kinetics of olfactory receptor neurons are matched to the imposed stimulation frequency and if, vice versa, the kinetics of olfactory receptor neuron responses determine the sniffing frequency. We addressed this question by using a mouse model that lacks the K+-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchanger 4 (NCKX4), which results in markedly slowed response termination of olfactory receptor neuron responses and hence changes the temporal response kinetics of these neurons. We monitored sniffing behaviors of freely moving wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice while they performed olfactory Go/NoGo discrimination tasks. Knockout mice performed with similar or, surprisingly, better accuracy compared to wildtype mice, but chose, depending on the task, different odorant sampling durations depending on the behavioral demands of the odorant identification task. Similarly, depending on the demands of the behavioral task, knockout mice displayed a lower basal breathing frequency prior to odorant sampling, a possible mechanism to increase the dynamic range for changes in sniffing frequency during odorant sampling. Overall, changes in sniffing behavior between wildtype and NCKX4 knockout mice were subtle, suggesting that, at least for the particular odorant-driven task we used, slowed response termination of the odorant-induced receptor neuron response either has a limited detrimental effect on odorant-driven behavior or mice are able to compensate via an as yet unknown mechanism.

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14

Platt, Maryann P., Kevin A. Bolding, Charlotte R. Wayne, Sarah Chaudhry, Tyler Cutforth, Kevin M. Franks, and Dritan Agalliu. "Th17 lymphocytes drive vascular and neuronal deficits in a mouse model of postinfectious autoimmune encephalitis." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 12 (March 11, 2020): 6708–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1911097117.

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Antibodies against neuronal receptors and synaptic proteins are associated with a group of ill-defined central nervous system (CNS) autoimmune diseases termed autoimmune encephalitides (AE), which are characterized by abrupt onset of seizures and/or movement and psychiatric symptoms. Basal ganglia encephalitis (BGE), representing a subset of AE syndromes, is triggered in children by repeated group AStreptococcus(GAS) infections that lead to neuropsychiatric symptoms. We have previously shown that multiple GAS infections of mice induce migration of Th17 lymphocytes from the nose into the brain, causing blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, extravasation of autoantibodies into the CNS, and loss of excitatory synapses within the olfactory bulb (OB). Whether these pathologies induce functional olfactory deficits, and the mechanistic role of Th17 lymphocytes, is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, whereas loss of excitatory synapses in the OB is transient after multiple GAS infections, functional deficits in odor processing persist. Moreover, mice lacking Th17 lymphocytes have reduced BBB leakage, microglial activation, and antibody infiltration into the CNS, and have their olfactory function partially restored. Th17 lymphocytes are therefore critical for selective CNS entry of autoantibodies, microglial activation, and neural circuit impairment during postinfectious BGE.

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15

Peris-Sampedro, Fiona, Iris Stoltenborg, Marie V. Le May, Pol Sole-Navais, Roger A. H. Adan, and Suzanne L. Dickson. "The Orexigenic Force of Olfactory Palatable Food Cues in Rats." Nutrients 13, no. 9 (September 3, 2021): 3101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13093101.

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Environmental cues recalling palatable foods motivate eating beyond metabolic need, yet the timing of this response and whether it can develop towards a less palatable but readily available food remain elusive. Increasing evidence indicates that external stimuli in the olfactory modality communicate with the major hub in the feeding neurocircuitry, namely the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (Arc), but the neural substrates involved have been only partially uncovered. By means of a home-cage hidden palatable food paradigm, aiming to mimic ubiquitous exposure to olfactory food cues in Western societies, we investigated whether the latter could drive the overeating of plain chow in non-food-deprived male rats and explored the neural mechanisms involved, including the possible engagement of the orexigenic ghrelin system. The olfactory detection of a familiar, palatable food impacted upon meal patterns, by increasing meal frequency, to cause the persistent overconsumption of chow. In line with the orexigenic response observed, sensing the palatable food in the environment stimulated food-seeking and risk-taking behavior, which are intrinsic components of food acquisition, and caused active ghrelin release. Our results suggest that olfactory food cues recruited intermingled populations of cells embedded within the feeding circuitry within the Arc, including, notably, those containing the ghrelin receptor. These data demonstrate the leverage of ubiquitous food cues, not only for palatable food searching, but also to powerfully drive food consumption in ways that resonate with heightened hunger, for which the orexigenic ghrelin system is implicated.

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Tavoni, Gaia, David E. Chen Kersen, and Vijay Balasubramanian. "Cortical feedback and gating in odor discrimination and generalization." PLOS Computational Biology 17, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): e1009479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009479.

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A central question in neuroscience is how context changes perception. In the olfactory system, for example, experiments show that task demands can drive divergence and convergence of cortical odor responses, likely underpinning olfactory discrimination and generalization. Here, we propose a simple statistical mechanism for this effect based on unstructured feedback from the central brain to the olfactory bulb, which represents the context associated with an odor, and sufficiently selective cortical gating of sensory inputs. Strikingly, the model predicts that both convergence and divergence of cortical odor patterns should increase when odors are initially more similar, an effect reported in recent experiments. The theory in turn predicts reversals of these trends following experimental manipulations and in neurological conditions that increase cortical excitability.

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Brill, Julia, Zuoyi Shao, Adam C. Puche, Matt Wachowiak, and Michael T. Shipley. "Serotonin increases synaptic activity in olfactory bulb glomeruli." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 1208–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00847.2015.

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Serotoninergic fibers densely innervate olfactory bulb glomeruli, the first sites of synaptic integration in the olfactory system. Acting through 5HT2A receptors, serotonin (5HT) directly excites external tufted cells (ETCs), key excitatory glomerular neurons, and depolarizes some mitral cells (MCs), the olfactory bulb's main output neurons. We further investigated 5HT action on MCs and determined its effects on the two major classes of glomerular interneurons: GABAergic/dopaminergic short axon cells (SACs) and GABAergic periglomerular cells (PGCs). In SACs, 5HT evoked a depolarizing current mediated by 5HT2C receptors but did not significantly impact spike rate. 5HT had no measurable direct effect in PGCs. Serotonin increased spontaneous excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs and sIPSCs) in PGCs and SACs. Increased sEPSCs were mediated by 5HT2A receptors, suggesting that they are primarily due to enhanced excitatory drive from ETCs. Increased sIPSCs resulted from elevated excitatory drive onto GABAergic interneurons and augmented GABA release from SACs. Serotonin-mediated GABA release from SACs was action potential independent and significantly increased miniature IPSC frequency in glomerular neurons. When focally applied to a glomerulus, 5HT increased MC spontaneous firing greater than twofold but did not increase olfactory nerve-evoked responses. Taken together, 5HT modulates glomerular network activity in several ways: 1) it increases ETC-mediated feed-forward excitation onto MCs, SACs, and PGCs; 2) it increases inhibition of glomerular interneurons; 3) it directly triggers action potential-independent GABA release from SACs; and 4) these network actions increase spontaneous MC firing without enhancing responses to suprathreshold sensory input. This may enhance MC sensitivity while maintaining dynamic range.

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18

Khan, Munzareen, Anna H. Hartmann, Michael P. O’Donnell, Madeline Piccione, Anjali Pandey, Pin-Hao Chao, Noelle D. Dwyer, Cornelia I. Bargmann, and Piali Sengupta. "Context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by inversion of the response in a single sensory neuron type." PLOS Biology 20, no. 6 (June 13, 2022): e3001677. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3001677.

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The valence and salience of individual odorants are modulated by an animal’s innate preferences, learned associations, and internal state, as well as by the context of odorant presentation. The mechanisms underlying context-dependent flexibility in odor valence are not fully understood. Here, we show that the behavioral response of Caenorhabditis elegans to bacterially produced medium-chain alcohols switches from attraction to avoidance when presented in the background of a subset of additional attractive chemicals. This context-dependent reversal of odorant preference is driven by cell-autonomous inversion of the response to these alcohols in the single AWC olfactory neuron pair. We find that while medium-chain alcohols inhibit the AWC olfactory neurons to drive attraction, these alcohols instead activate AWC to promote avoidance when presented in the background of a second AWC-sensed odorant. We show that these opposing responses are driven via engagement of distinct odorant-directed signal transduction pathways within AWC. Our results indicate that context-dependent recruitment of alternative intracellular signaling pathways within a single sensory neuron type conveys opposite hedonic valences, thereby providing a robust mechanism for odorant encoding and discrimination at the periphery.

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19

Gelperin, A., J. Flores, F. Raccuia-Behling, and I. R. C. Cooke. "Nitric Oxide and Carbon Monoxide Modulate Oscillations of Olfactory Interneurons in a Terrestrial Mollusk." Journal of Neurophysiology 83, no. 1 (January 1, 2000): 116–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2000.83.1.116.

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Spontaneous or odor-induced oscillations in local field potential are a general feature of olfactory processing centers in a large number of vertebrate and invertebrate species. The ubiquity of such oscillations in the olfactory bulb of vertebrates and analogous structures in arthropods and mollusks suggests that oscillations are fundamental to the computations performed during processing of odor stimuli. Diffusible intercellular messengers such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) also are associated with central olfactory structures in a wide array of species. We use the procerebral (PC) lobe of the terrestrial mollusk Limax maximus to demonstrate a role for NO and CO in the oscillatory dynamics of the PC lobe: synthesizing enzymes for NO and CO are associated with the PC lobes of Limax, application of NO to the Limax PC lobe increases the local field potential oscillation frequency, whereas block of NO synthesis slows or stops the oscillation, the bursting cells of the PC lobe that drive the field potential oscillation are driven to higher burst frequency by application of NO, the nonbursting cells of the PC lobe receive trains of inhibitory postsynaptic potentials, presumably from bursting cells, due to application of NO, and application of CO to the PC lobe by photolysis of caged CO results in an increase in oscillation frequency proportional to CO dosage.

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20

Gire, David H., and Nathan E. Schoppa. "Long-Term Enhancement of Synchronized Oscillations by Adrenergic Receptor Activation in the Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 99, no. 4 (April 2008): 2021–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01324.2007.

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The noradrenergic system is widely thought to be important for associative learning in the olfactory system through actions in the first processing structure, the main olfactory bulb (MOB). Here, we used extracellular local field potential (LFP) and patch-clamp recordings in rat MOB slices to examine norepinephrine (NE)-induced long-term changes in circuit properties that might underlie learning. During responses to patterned olfactory nerve stimulation mimicking the breathing cycle, NE induced a long-term increase in gamma frequency (30–70 Hz) synchronized oscillations. The enhancement persisted long after washout of NE (≤70 min), depended on the combined actions of NE and neuronal stimulation, and seemed to be caused by enhanced excitatory drive on the mitral/granule cell network that underlies rapid gamma oscillations. The last effect, increased excitation, was manifested as an increase in evoked long-lasting depolarizations (LLDs) in mitral cells. From a functional perspective, the observed long-term cellular and network changes could promote associative learning by amplifying odor-specific signals.

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21

Parsa, Pirooz Victor, Rinaldo David D’Souza, and Sukumar Vijayaraghavan. "Signaling between periglomerular cells reveals a bimodal role for GABA in modulating glomerular microcircuitry in the olfactory bulb." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 30 (July 13, 2015): 9478–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1424406112.

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In the mouse olfactory bulb glomerulus, the GABAergic periglomerular (PG) cells provide a major inhibitory drive within the microcircuit. Here we examine GABAergic synapses between these interneurons. At these synapses, GABA is depolarizing and exerts a bimodal control on excitability. In quiescent cells, activation of GABAA receptors can induce the cells to fire, thereby providing a means for amplification of GABA release in the glomerular microcircuit via GABA-induced GABA release. In contrast, GABA is inhibitory in neurons that are induced to fire tonically. PG–PG interactions are modulated by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), and our data suggest that changes in intracellular calcium concentrations triggered by nAChR activation can be amplified by GABA release. Our results suggest that bidirectional control of inhibition in PG neurons can allow for modulatory inputs, like the cholinergic inputs from the basal forebrain, to determine threshold set points for filtering out weak olfactory inputs in the glomerular layer of the olfactory bulb via the activation of nAChRs.

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McQuiston, A. Rory, and Lawrence C. Katz. "Electrophysiology of Interneurons in the Glomerular Layer of the Rat Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 86, no. 4 (October 1, 2001): 1899–907. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.2001.86.4.1899.

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In the mammalian olfactory bulb, glomeruli are surrounded by a heterogeneous population of interneurons called juxtaglomerular neurons. As they receive direct input from olfactory receptor neurons and connect with mitral cells, they are involved in the initial stages of olfactory information processing, but little is known about their detailed physiological properties. Using whole cell patch-clamp techniques, we recorded from juxtaglomerular neurons in rat olfactory bulb slices. Based on their response to depolarizing pulses, juxtaglomerular neurons could be divided into two physiological classes: bursting and standard firing. When depolarized, the standard firing neurons exhibited a range of responses: accommodating, nonaccommodating, irregular firing, and delayed to firing patterns of action potentials. Although the firing pattern was not rigorously predictive of a particular neuronal morphology, most short axon cells fired accommodating trains of action potentials, while most delayed to firing cells were external tufted cells. In contrast to the standard firing neurons, bursting neurons produced a calcium-channel-dependent low-threshold spike when depolarized either by current injection or by spontaneous or evoked postsynaptic potentials. Bursting neurons also could oscillate spontaneously. Most bursting cells were either periglomerular cells or external tufted cells. Based on their mode of firing and placement in the bulb circuit, these bursting cells are well situated to drive synchronous oscillations in the olfactory bulb.

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Li, Bingjie, Marissa L. Kamarck, Qianqian Peng, Fei-Ling Lim, Andreas Keller, Monique A. M. Smeets, Joel D. Mainland, and Sijia Wang. "From musk to body odor: Decoding olfaction through genetic variation." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 2 (February 3, 2022): e1009564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009564.

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The olfactory system combines input from multiple receptor types to represent odor information, but there are few explicit examples relating olfactory receptor (OR) activity patterns to odor perception. To uncover these relationships, we performed genome-wide scans on odor-perception phenotypes for ten odors in 1000 Han Chinese and validated results for six of these odors in an ethnically diverse population (n = 364). In both populations, consistent with previous studies, we replicated three previously reported associations (β-ionone/OR5A1, androstenone/OR7D4, cis-3-hexen-1-ol/OR2J3 LD-band), but not for odors containing aldehydes, suggesting that olfactory phenotype/genotype studies are robust across populations. Two novel associations between an OR and odor perception contribute to our understanding of olfactory coding. First, we found a SNP in OR51B2 that associated with trans-3-methyl-2-hexenoic acid, a key component of human underarm odor. Second, we found two linked SNPs associated with the musk Galaxolide in a novel musk receptor, OR4D6, which is also the first human OR shown to drive specific anosmia to a musk compound. We noticed that SNPs detected for odor intensity were enriched with amino acid substitutions, implying functional changes of odor receptors. Furthermore, we also found that the derived alleles of the SNPs tend to be associated with reduced odor intensity, supporting the hypothesis that the primate olfactory gene repertoire has degenerated over time. This study provides information about coding for human body odor, and gives us insight into broader mechanisms of olfactory coding, such as how differential OR activation can converge on a similar percept.

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Lowry, Catherine A., and Leslie M. Kay. "Chemical Factors Determine Olfactory System Beta Oscillations in Waking Rats." Journal of Neurophysiology 98, no. 1 (July 2007): 394–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00124.2007.

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Recent studies have pointed to olfactory system beta oscillations of the local field potential (15–30 Hz) and their roles both in learning and as specific responses to predator odors. To describe odorant physical properties, resultant behavioral responses and changes in the central olfactory system that may induce these oscillations without associative learning, we tested rats with 26 monomolecular odorants spanning 6 log units of theoretical vapor pressure (estimate of relative vapor phase concentration) and 10 different odor mixtures. We found odorant vapor phase concentration to be inversely correlated with investigation time on the first presentation, after which investigation times were brief and not different across odorants. Analysis of local field potentials from the olfactory bulb and anterior piriform cortex shows that beta oscillations in waking rats occur specifically in response to the class of volatile organic compounds with vapor pressures of 1–120 mmHg. Beta oscillations develop over the first three to four presentations and are weakly present for some odorants in anesthetized rats. Gamma oscillations show a smaller effect that is not restricted to the same range of odorants. Olfactory bulb theta oscillations were also examined as a measure of effective afferent input strength, and the power of these oscillations did not vary systematically with vapor pressure, suggesting that it is not olfactory bulb drive strength that determines the presence of beta oscillations. Theta band coherence analysis shows that coupling strength between the olfactory bulb and piriform cortex increases linearly with vapor phase concentration, which may facilitate beta oscillations above a threshold.

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Israel, Shai, Eyal Rozenfeld, Denise Weber, Wolf Huetteroth, and Moshe Parnas. "Olfactory stimuli and moonwalker SEZ neurons can drive backward locomotion in Drosophila." Current Biology 32, no. 5 (March 2022): 1131–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.035.

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26

Orecchioni, Marco, Kouji Kobiyama, Holger Winkels, Yanal Ghosheh, Sara McArdle, Zbigniew Mikulski, Zhichao Fan, et al. "Olfactory receptor 2 (Olfr2) and its human ortholog OR6A2 expressed in macrophages drive NLRP3 inflammasome activation and exacerbate atherosclerosis in mice." Journal of Immunology 204, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2020): 68.22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.68.22.

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Abstract Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease of the arterial wall driven by macrophages and other immune cells. Olfactory receptors (Olfrs) are G-protein coupled receptors expressed in olfactory epithelium and are responsible for the sense of smell. We found that macrophages in the wall of atherosclerotic mouse aortas express some olfactory receptors including Olfr2, a specific receptor for an 8 carbon fatty-aldehyde called octanal. Octanal is detectable in food, mouse and human blood plasma, elevated by western diet, and partially derived from gut microbiota. Ligation of Olfr2 or its human orthologue OR6A2, expressed in human atherosclerotic plaque and in human monocyte-derived macrophages, is strongly pro-inflammatory, activates the NLRP3 inflammasome and, in synergy with LPS, induces secretion of IL-1β. Knockdown of Olfr2/OR6A2 in macrophages significantly reduced inflammatory cytokine secretion. To test the role of Olfr2 in atherosclerosis, we treated Apoe−/− mice with octanal or the Olfr2 antagonist citral. Octanal significantly exacerbated while citral significantly inhibited atherosclerosis. We generated Olfr2−/− mice by Crispr-Cas9. Ldlr−/− mice reconstituted with Olfr2−/− bone marrow developed ~50% smaller lesions on high cholesterol diet than littermate controls reconstituted with Olfr2+/+ bone marrow. Our findings suggest that small molecule inhibitors of Olfrs like OR6A2 are promising targets for drug development to prevent and treat atherosclerosis-based cardiovascular diseases.

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Large, Adam M., Nathan W. Vogler, Samantha Mielo, and Anne-Marie M. Oswald. "Balanced feedforward inhibition and dominant recurrent inhibition in olfactory cortex." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 8 (February 8, 2016): 2276–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1519295113.

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Throughout the brain, the recruitment of feedforward and recurrent inhibition shapes neural responses. However, disentangling the relative contributions of these often-overlapping cortical circuits is challenging. The piriform cortex provides an ideal system to address this issue because the interneurons responsible for feedforward and recurrent inhibition are anatomically segregated in layer (L) 1 and L2/3 respectively. Here we use a combination of optical and electrical activation of interneurons to profile the inhibitory input received by three classes of principal excitatory neuron in the anterior piriform cortex. In all classes, we find that L1 interneurons provide weaker inhibition than L2/3 interneurons. Nonetheless, feedforward inhibitory strength covaries with the amount of afferent excitation received by each class of principal neuron. In contrast, intracortical stimulation of L2/3 evokes strong inhibition that dominates recurrent excitation in all classes. Finally, we find that the relative contributions of feedforward and recurrent pathways differ between principal neuron classes. Specifically, L2 neurons receive more reliable afferent drive and less overall inhibition than L3 neurons. Alternatively, L3 neurons receive substantially more intracortical inhibition. These three features—balanced afferent drive, dominant recurrent inhibition, and differential recruitment by afferent vs. intracortical circuits, dependent on cell class—suggest mechanisms for olfactory processing that may extend to other sensory cortices.

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Gomez, G., and J. Atema. "Temporal resolution in olfaction: stimulus integration time of lobster chemoreceptor cells." Journal of Experimental Biology 199, no. 8 (August 1, 1996): 1771–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jeb.199.8.1771.

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The stimulus integration time of lobster olfactory receptor cells in situ was determined using extracellularly recorded spiking responses from receptor cells and on-line high-resolution measurement of odor square pulses. At a fixed odor concentration, odor steps of 200 ms duration elicited maximum responses; shorter odor steps did not drive the cells to their maximum response and longer odor steps added spikes but did not result in higher firing rates. Excitatory processes peaked within 220 ms of stimulus onset. At 160300 ms, stimulus intensity discrimination was most evident. Adaptation processes reduced response magnitude to near-zero levels within 1000 ms of stimulus onset. Olfactory receptor cells thus resolve odor peak onsets within the first few hundred milliseconds: this time window corresponds to the 45 Hz frequency of olfactory sampling (i.e. 'sniffing') as well as the rapid fluctuations in odor concentration that are common in natural odor plumes. The stimulus integration time of 200 ms may play a role in the filtering of information used by lobsters to orient to distant odor sources.

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Wilson, Donald A. "Binaral Interactions in the Rat Piriform Cortex." Journal of Neurophysiology 78, no. 1 (July 1, 1997): 160–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.1997.78.1.160.

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Wilson, Donald A. Binaral interactions in the rat piriform cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 160–169, 1997. Single-unit recordings were made from layer II/III anterior piriform cortex (aPCX) neurons in adult Wistar rats to examine odor response patterns to unilaterally and bilaterally delivered stimuli. Isoamyl acetate odor stimulation was presented either unilaterally through tubes inserted into the external nares, or bilaterally during unilateral olfactory bulb lidocaine infusions. Olfactory bulb multiunit or slow-wave activity was recorded simultaneously bilaterally to monitor selectivity of unilateral odor stimulation. The results demonstrate that 1) commissural input to aPCX neurons is sufficient to drive odor responses, and 2) aPCX neurons can be classified on the basis of spatial receptive field type. These receptive fields include cells that respond 1) selectively to ipsilateral stimulation, 2) selectively to contralateral stimulation, 3) to either ipsilateral or contralateral stimulation, and 4) selectively to bilateral stimulation. The potential functions of binaral convergence in the piriform cortex are discussed, and may include enhancement of perceived odor intensity and bilateral access to olfactory memory.

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30

Puopolo, Michelino, Bruce P. Bean, and Elio Raviola. "Spontaneous Activity of Isolated Dopaminergic Periglomerular Cells of the Main Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 94, no. 5 (November 2005): 3618–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00225.2005.

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We examined the electrophysiological properties of a population of identified dopaminergic periglomerular cells of the main olfactory bulb using transgenic mice in which catecholaminergic neurons expressed human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. After acute dissociation, living dopaminergic periglomerular cells were identified by a fluorescently labeled monoclonal antibody to PLAP. In current-clamp mode, dopaminergic periglomerular cells spontaneously generated action potentials in a rhythmic fashion with an average frequency of 8 Hz. The hyperpolarization-activated cation current ( Ih) did not seem important for pacemaking because blocking the current with ZD 7288 or Cs+had little effect on spontaneous firing. To investigate what ionic currents do drive pacemaking, we performed action-potential-clamp experiments using records of pacemaking as voltage command in voltage-clamp experiments. We found that substantial TTX-sensitive Na+current flows during the interspike depolarization. In addition, substantial Ca2+current flowed during the interspike interval, and blocking Ca2+current hyperpolarized the neurons and stopped spontaneous firing. These results show that dopaminergic periglomerular cells have intrinsic pacemaking activity, supporting the possibility that they can maintain a tonic release of dopamine to modulate the sensitivity of the olfactory system during odor detection. Calcium entry into these neurons provides electrical drive for pacemaking as well as triggering transmitter release.

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31

McDole, Brittnee, Rachel Berger, and Kathleen Guthrie. "Genetic Increases in Olfactory Bulb BDNF Do Not Enhance Survival of Adult-Born Granule Cells." Chemical Senses 45, no. 1 (September 28, 2019): 3–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjz058.

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Abstract Adult-born neurons produced in the dentate gyrus subgranular zone (SGZ) develop as excitatory hippocampal granule cells (GCs), while those from the subventricular zone (SVZ) migrate to the olfactory bulb (OB), where most develop as GABAergic olfactory GCs. Both types of neurons express TrkB as they mature. Normally ~50% of new olfactory GCs survive, but survival declines if sensory drive is reduced. Increases in endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in hippocampus, particularly with wheel running, enhance dentate GC survival. Whether survival of new olfactory GCs is impacted by augmenting BDNF in the OB, where they mature and integrate, is not known. Here, we determined if increasing OB BDNF expression enhances survival of new GCs, and if it counters their loss under conditions of reduced sensory activity. Neurogenesis was assessed under normal conditions, and following unilateral naris occlusion, in mice overexpressing BDNF in the granule cell layer (GCL). OB BDNF levels were significantly higher in transgenic mice compared to controls, and this was maintained following sensory deprivation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) cell birth dating showed that at 12–14 days post-BrdU, numbers of new GCs did not differ between genotypes, indicating normal recruitment to the OB. At later intervals, transgenic and control mice showed levels of GC loss in deprived and nondeprived animals that were indistinguishable, as was the incidence of apoptotic cells in the GCL. These results demonstrate that, in contrast to new dentate GCs, elevations in endogenous BDNF do not enhance survival of adult-born olfactory GCs.

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Moran, Andrew K., Thomas P. Eiting, and Matt Wachowiak. "Dynamics of Glutamatergic Drive Underlie Diverse Responses of Olfactory Bulb Outputs In Vivo." eneuro 8, no. 2 (March 2021): ENEURO.0110–21.2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/eneuro.0110-21.2021.

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Heinbockel, Thomas, Nora Laaris, and Matthew Ennis. "Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Main Olfactory Bulb Drive Granule Cell-Mediated Inhibition." Journal of Neurophysiology 97, no. 1 (January 2007): 858–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00884.2006.

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Main olfactory bulb (MOB) granule cells (GCs) express high levels of the group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR), mGluR5. We investigated the role of mGluRs in regulating GC activity in rodent MOB slices using whole cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. The group I/II mGluR agonist (±)-1-aminocyclopentane- trans-1,3-dicarboxylic acid (ACPD) or the selective group I agonist (RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (DHPG) depolarized (∼20 mV) and increased the firing rate of GCs. In the presence of ionotropic glutamate and GABA receptor antagonists, DHPG evoked a more modest depolarization (∼8 mV). In voltage clamp, DHPG, but not group II [(2S,2′R,3)-2-(2′,3′-dicarboxycyclopropyl)glycine, DCG-IV] or group III [L(+)-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid, L-AP4] mGluR agonists, induced an inward current. The inward current reversed polarity near the potassium equilibrium potential, suggesting mediation by closure of potassium channels. The DHPG-evoked inward current was unaffected by the mGluR1 antagonist ( S)-(+)-α-amino-4-carboxy-2-methylbenzeneacetic acid (LY367385), was blocked by the group I/II mGluR antagonist (α S)-α-amino-α-[(1 S,2 S)-2-carboxycyclopropyl]-9H-xanthine-9-propanoic acid (LY341495), and was absent in GCs from mGluR5 knockout mice. LY341495 also attenuated mitral cell-evoked voltage-sensitive dye signals in the external plexiform layer and mitral cell-evoked spikes in GCs. These results suggest that activation of mGluR5 increases GC excitability, an effect that should increase GC-mediated GABAergic inhibition of mitral cells. In support of this: DHPG increased the frequency of spontaneous GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents in mitral cells and LY341495 attenuated the feedback GABAergic postsynaptic potential elicited by intracellular depolarization of mitral cells. Our results suggest that activation of mGluR5 participates in feedforward and/or feedback inhibition at mitral cell to GC dendrodendritic synapses, possibly to modulate lateral inhibition and contrast in the MOB.

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Carson, C. "Axonal Dynactin p150Glued Transports Caspase-8 to Drive Retrograde Olfactory Receptor Neuron Apoptosis." Journal of Neuroscience 25, no. 26 (June 29, 2005): 6092–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0707-05.2005.

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35

Jung, Su Young, Dong Choon Park, Sung Su Kim, and Seung Geun Yeo. "Expression, Distribution and Role of Aquaporins in Various Rhinologic Conditions." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 16 (August 14, 2020): 5853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21165853.

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Aquaporins (AQPs) are water-specific membrane channel proteins that regulate cellular and organismal water homeostasis. The nose, an organ with important respiratory and olfactory functions, is the first organ exposed to external stimuli. Nose-related topics such as allergic rhinitis (AR) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been the subject of extensive research. These studies have reported that mechanisms that drive the development of multiple inflammatory diseases that occur in the nose and contribute to the process of olfactory recognition of compounds entering the nasal cavity involve the action of water channels such as AQPs. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between AQPs and rhinologic conditions, focusing on the current state of knowledge and mechanisms that link AQPs and rhinologic conditions. Key conclusions include the following: (1) Various AQPs are expressed in both nasal mucosa and olfactory mucosa; (2) the expression of AQPs in these tissues is different in inflammatory diseases such as AR or CRS, as compared with that in normal tissues; (3) the expression of AQPs in CRS differs depending on the presence or absence of nasal polyps; and (4) the expression of AQPs in tissues associated with olfaction is different from that in the respiratory epithelium.

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Liu, Shaolin, Jason L. Aungst, Adam C. Puche, and Michael T. Shipley. "Serotonin modulates the population activity profile of olfactory bulb external tufted cells." Journal of Neurophysiology 107, no. 1 (January 2012): 473–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00741.2011.

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Serotonergic neurons in the raphe nuclei constitute one of the most prominent neuromodulatory systems in the brain. Projections from the dorsal and median raphe nuclei provide dense serotonergic innervation of the glomeruli of olfactory bulb. Odor information is initially processed by glomeruli, thus serotonergic modulation of glomerular circuits impacts all subsequent odor coding in the olfactory system. The present study discloses that serotonin (5-HT) produces excitatory modulation of external tufted (ET) cells, a pivotal neuron in the operation of glomerular circuits. The modulation is due to a transient receptor potential (TRP) channel-mediated inward current induced by activation of 5-HT2A receptors. This current produces membrane depolarization and increased bursting frequency in ET cells. Interestingly, the magnitude of the inward current and increased bursting inversely correlate with ET cell spontaneous (intrinsic) bursting frequency: slower bursting ET cells are more strongly modulated than faster bursting cells. Serotonin thus differentially impacts ET cells such that the mean bursting frequency of the population is increased. This centrifugal modulation could impact odor processing by: 1) increasing ET cell excitatory drive on inhibitory neurons to increase presynaptic inhibition of olfactory sensory inputs and postsynaptic inhibition of mitral/tufted cells; and/or 2) coordinating ET cell bursting with exploratory sniffing frequencies (5–8 Hz) to facilitate odor coding.

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Giraldo, Diego, and Conor J. McMeniman. "Quantification ofAnopheles gambiaeOlfactory Preferences under Semi-Field Conditions." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2024, no. 4 (August 23, 2023): pdb.prot108304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot108304.

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Anopheles gambiaeis a highly anthropophilic (human-preferring) malaria vector that prefers to blood feed frequently and selectively on humans. This mosquito species exhibits a strong innate olfactory preference to seek out human scent over other animals, and certain humans over others—key behavioral traits with the potential to drive heterogeneity in biting risk and malaria transmission. Here, we describe the application of a large-scale, semi-field system in Zambia for the quantification ofAn. gambiaeolfactory preferences toward whole body odor sourced from individual humans. We detail steps for modifying one-person canvas tents to duct odor from sleeping humans into a central, semi-field flight cage arena that is securely screened. Using this system, we describe a protocol to perform two-choice olfactory preference assays with two human volunteers using laboratory-rearedAn. gambiaeand odor-guided thermotaxis assays that leverage infrared video tracking to quantify mosquito landings on heated targets baited with each body odor sample. This multichoice olfactory preference assay has the potential to be applied with expanded cohorts of humans to define the chemosensory basis ofAn. gambiaehost preference and interindividual differences in human attractiveness to mosquitoes and to be used to quantify the effects of protective measures such as personal and spatial repellents on mosquito landing behavior.

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Chen, Rui, David M. Irwin, and Ya-Ping Zhang. "Differences in Selection Drive Olfactory Receptor Genes in Different Directions in Dogs and Wolf." Molecular Biology and Evolution 29, no. 11 (July 19, 2012): 3475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mss153.

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Schoppa, N. E. "AMPA/Kainate Receptors Drive Rapid Output and Precise Synchrony in Olfactory Bulb Granule Cells." Journal of Neuroscience 26, no. 50 (December 13, 2006): 12996–3006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.3503-06.2006.

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40

Carey, Ryan M., William Erik Sherwood, Michael T. Shipley, Alla Borisyuk, and Matt Wachowiak. "Role of intraglomerular circuits in shaping temporally structured responses to naturalistic inhalation-driven sensory input to the olfactory bulb." Journal of Neurophysiology 113, no. 9 (May 2015): 3112–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00394.2014.

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Olfaction in mammals is a dynamic process driven by the inhalation of air through the nasal cavity. Inhalation determines the temporal structure of sensory neuron responses and shapes the neural dynamics underlying central olfactory processing. Inhalation-linked bursts of activity among olfactory bulb (OB) output neurons [mitral/tufted cells (MCs)] are temporally transformed relative to those of sensory neurons. We investigated how OB circuits shape inhalation-driven dynamics in MCs using a modeling approach that was highly constrained by experimental results. First, we constructed models of canonical OB circuits that included mono- and disynaptic feedforward excitation, recurrent inhibition and feedforward inhibition of the MC. We then used experimental data to drive inputs to the models and to tune parameters; inputs were derived from sensory neuron responses during natural odorant sampling (sniffing) in awake rats, and model output was compared with recordings of MC responses to odorants sampled with the same sniff waveforms. This approach allowed us to identify OB circuit features underlying the temporal transformation of sensory inputs into inhalation-linked patterns of MC spike output. We found that realistic input-output transformations can be achieved independently by multiple circuits, including feedforward inhibition with slow onset and decay kinetics and parallel feedforward MC excitation mediated by external tufted cells. We also found that recurrent and feedforward inhibition had differential impacts on MC firing rates and on inhalation-linked response dynamics. These results highlight the importance of investigating neural circuits in a naturalistic context and provide a framework for further explorations of signal processing by OB networks.

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Romashchenko, A. V., Р. Е. Kireeva, M. В. Sharapova, Т. A. Zapara, and A. S. Ratushnyak. "Learning-induced sensory plasticity of mouse olfactory epithelium." Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 22, no. 8 (January 3, 2019): 1070–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj18.452.

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Traditionally, studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory focus on the circuitry that interfaces between sensory inputs and behavioral outputs, such as the amygdala and cerebellum. However, evidence is accumulating that some forms of learning can in fact drive stimulusspecifc changes very early in sensory systems, including not only primary sensory cortices but also precortical structures and even the peripheral sensory organs themselves. In this study, we investigated the eﬀect of olfactory associative training on the functional activity of olfactory epithelium neurons in response to an indiﬀerent stimulus (orange oil). It was found that such a peripheral structure of the olfactory system of adult mice as the olfactory epithelium (OE) demonstrates experiencedependent plasticity. In our experiment, associative learning led to changes in the patterns of OE cell activation in response to orange oil in comparison with the control group and animals that were given odor without reinforcement. To interpret the results obtained, we compared the distribution of MRI contrast across the zones of OE in response to a conditioned odor in trained animals and in control animals that were given orange oil at three concentrations: original (used for conditioning), 4fold higher and 4fold lower. Since the OE activation patterns obtained coincided in the group of trained animals and controls, which were stimulated with orange oil at the 4fold higher concentration, it can be concluded that associative conditioning increased the sensitivity of the OE to the conditioned stimulus. The observed increase in OE response to orange oil may be the result of neurogenesis, i. e. the maturation of new olfactory neurons responsive to this stimulus, or the consequence of an increase in individual sensitivity of each OE neuron. Based on data of MRI contrast accumulation in mouse OE, the sensory plasticity way in learninginduced increase in sensitivity of OE to conditioned stimulus is more possible. Thus, the sensory plasticity of the OE plays a signifcant role in the formation of the neuronal response to the provision of an initially indiﬀerent odor and is part of the adaptive responses to the environmental changing.

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Sun, Xicui, Xiang Liu, Eric R. Starr, and Shaolin Liu. "CCKergic Tufted Cells Differentially Drive Two Anatomically Segregated Inhibitory Circuits in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb." Journal of Neuroscience 40, no. 32 (June 30, 2020): 6189–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.0769-20.2020.

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43

Gorin, M., C. Tsitoura, A. Kahan, K. Watznauer, D. R. Drose, M. Arts, R. Mathar, et al. "Interdependent Conductances Drive Infraslow Intrinsic Rhythmogenesis in a Subset of Accessory Olfactory Bulb Projection Neurons." Journal of Neuroscience 36, no. 11 (March 16, 2016): 3127–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/jneurosci.2520-15.2016.

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Fernandez-Aburto, Pedro Francisco, Scarlett E. Delgado, Raul Sobrero, and Jorge Mpodozis. "Social behaviour may drive asymmetries among accessory olfactory bulb subdomains: The case of octodontine rodents." IBRO Reports 6 (September 2019): S159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.503.

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45

Anggie, Cherish, and Jony Oktavian Haryanto. "Analysis of the Effect of Olfactory, Approach Behavior, and Experiential Marketing toward Purchase Intention." Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business 13, no. 1 (February 12, 2011): 85. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.5496.

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The drive of retail business competition is getting tighter and causing retailers to seek to entice consumers to be regular and faithful at their stores. Retailers need to understand consumer behavior in order to obtain what is desired by consumers. Therefore, consumer behavior needs to be studied considering various factors which can influence consumer decisions to buy a product. The emergence of BreadTalk in Indonesia in the bakery industry with a different concept bakery store has caused rapid development in this industry. One strategy used by BreadTalk to encourage consumers to visit, feel the different experience, and ultimately to increase consumer purchase intention is to use dimensional olfactory as one of the elements in the store ambience. With this phenomenon, this study aims to find the significant influence of the olfactory, approach behavior, experiential marketing toward purchase intention. Collecting data in this study was done by spreading questionnaires to students of the University of Pelita Harapan, who had visited and shopped at BreadTalk Supermal Karawaci. The questionnaires were distributed to 150 respondents. The variables that exist in the study are measured using the Likert scale. The sample collection technique used was a non-probability sampling technique of sampling with a purposive sampling method. The data are then processed by using reliability analysis, validity, and methods of structural equation modelling analysis. From the results of this study the significant influence from olfactory to 3 variables mentioned above can be seen.

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46

Gaines, Peter, Laurie Tompkins, Craig T. Woodard, and John R. Carlson. "quick-to-court, a Drosophila Mutant With Elevated Levels of Sexual Behavior, Is Defective in a Predicted Coiled-Coil Protein." Genetics 154, no. 4 (April 1, 2000): 1627–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/154.4.1627.

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Abstract Remarkably little is known about the molecular mechanisms that drive sexual behavior. We have identified a new gene, quick-to-court (qtc), whose mutations cause males to show high levels of male-male courtship. qtc males also show a novel phenotype: when placed in the presence of a virgin female, they begin courtship abnormally quickly. qtc mutations are striking in their specificity, in that many aspects of male sexual behavior are normal. We have cloned the qtc gene and found that it encodes a predicted coiled-coil protein and is expressed in the olfactory organs, central nervous system, and male reproductive tract.

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47

Perl, Ofer, Anat Arzi, Lee Sela, Lavi Secundo, Yael Holtzman, Perry Samnon, Arie Oksenberg, Noam Sobel, and Ilana S. Hairston. "Odors enhance slow-wave activity in non-rapid eye movement sleep." Journal of Neurophysiology 115, no. 5 (May 1, 2016): 2294–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.01001.2015.

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Most forms of suprathreshold sensory stimulation perturb sleep. In contrast, presentation of pure olfactory or mild trigeminal odorants does not lead to behavioral or physiological arousal. In fact, some odors promote objective and subjective measures of sleep quality in humans and rodents. The brain mechanisms underlying these sleep-protective properties of olfaction remain unclear. Slow oscillations in the electroencephalogram (EEG) are a marker of deep sleep, and K complexes (KCs) are an EEG marker of cortical response to sensory interference. We therefore hypothesized that odorants presented during sleep will increase power in slow EEG oscillations. Moreover, given that odorants do not drive sleep interruption, we hypothesized that unlike other sensory stimuli odorants would not drive KCs. To test these hypotheses we used polysomnography to measure sleep in 34 healthy subjects (19 women, 15 men; mean age 26.5 ± 2.5 yr) who were repeatedly presented with odor stimuli via a computer-controlled air-dilution olfactometer over the course of a single night. Each participant was exposed to one of four odorants, lavender oil ( n = 13), vetiver oil ( n = 5), vanillin ( n = 12), or ammonium sulfide ( n = 4), for durations of 5, 10, and 20 s every 9–15 min. Consistent with our hypotheses, we found that odor presentation during sleep enhanced the power of delta (0.5–4 Hz) and slow spindle (9–12 Hz) frequencies during non-rapid eye movement sleep. The increase was proportionate to odor duration. In addition, odor presentation did not modulate the occurrence of KCs. These findings imply a sleep-promoting olfactory mechanism that may deepen sleep through driving increased slow-frequency oscillations.

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Timmins, John J. B., Heinrich Kroukamp, Ian T. Paulsen та Isak S. Pretorius. "The Sensory Significance of Apocarotenoids in Wine: Importance of Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase 1 (CCD1) in the Production of β-Ionone". Molecules 25, № 12 (16 червня 2020): 2779. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25122779.

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Olfactory cues are key drivers of our multisensory experiences of food and drink. For example, our perception and enjoyment of the flavour and taste of a wine is primarily steered by its aroma. Making sense of the underlying smells that drive consumer preferences is integral to product innovation as a vital source of competitive advantage in the marketplace, which explains the intense interest in the olfactory component of flavour and the sensory significance of individual compounds, such as one of the most important apocarotenoids for the bouquet of wine, β-ionone (violet and woody notes). β-Ionone is formed directly from β-carotene as a by-product of the actions of carotenoid cleavage dioxygenases (CCDs). The biological production of CCDs in microbial cell factories is one way that important aroma compounds can be generated on a large scale and with reduced costs, while retaining the ‘natural’ moniker. The CCD family includes the CCD1, CCD2, CCD4, CCD7 and CCD8; however, the functions, co-dependency and interactions of these CCDs remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we review the classification, actions and biotechnology of CCDs, particularly CCD1 and its action on β-carotene to produce the aromatic apocarotenoid β-ionone.

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Jayaram, Viraaj, Aarti Sehdev, Nirag Kadakia, Ethan A. Brown, and Thierry Emonet. "Temporal novelty detection and multiple timescale integration drive Drosophila orientation dynamics in temporally diverse olfactory environments." PLOS Computational Biology 19, no. 5 (May 11, 2023): e1010606. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010606.

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To survive, insects must effectively navigate odors plumes to their source. In natural plumes, turbulent winds break up smooth odor regions into disconnected patches, so navigators encounter brief bursts of odor interrupted by bouts of clean air. The timing of these encounters plays a critical role in navigation, determining the direction, rate, and magnitude of insects’ orientation and speed dynamics. Disambiguating the specific role of odor timing from other cues, such as spatial structure, is challenging due to natural correlations between plumes’ temporal and spatial features. Here, we use optogenetics to isolate temporal features of odor signals, examining how the frequency and duration of odor encounters shape the navigational decisions of freely-walking Drosophila. We find that fly angular velocity depends on signal frequency and intermittency–the fraction of time signal can be detected–but not directly on durations. Rather than switching strategies when signal statistics change, flies smoothly transition between signal regimes, by combining an odor offset response with a frequency-dependent novelty-like response. In the latter, flies are more likely to turn in response to each odor hit only when the hits are sparse. Finally, the upwind bias of individual turns relies on a filtering scheme with two distinct timescales, allowing rapid and sustained responses in a variety of signal statistics. A quantitative model incorporating these ingredients recapitulates fly orientation dynamics across a wide range of environments and shows that temporal novelty detection, when combined with odor motion detection, enhances odor plume navigation.

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Hamid, Runa, Hitesh Sonaram Sant, and Mrunal Nagaraj Kulkarni. "Choline Transporter regulates olfactory habituation via a neuronal triad of excitatory, inhibitory and mushroom body neurons." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): e1009938. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009938.

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Choline is an essential component of Acetylcholine (ACh) biosynthesis pathway which requires high-affinity Choline transporter (ChT) for its uptake into the presynaptic terminals of cholinergic neurons. Previously, we had reported a predominant expression of ChT in memory processing and storing region of the Drosophila brain called mushroom bodies (MBs). It is unknown how ChT contributes to the functional principles of MB operation. Here, we demonstrate the role of ChT in Habituation, a non-associative form of learning. Odour driven habituation traces are laid down in ChT dependent manner in antennal lobes (AL), projection neurons (PNs), and MBs. We observed that reduced habituation due to knock-down of ChT in MBs causes hypersensitivity towards odour, suggesting that ChT also regulates incoming stimulus suppression. Importantly, we show for the first time that ChT is not unique to cholinergic neurons but is also required in inhibitory GABAergic neurons to drive habituation behaviour. Our results support a model in which ChT regulates both habituation and incoming stimuli through multiple circuit loci via an interplay between excitatory and inhibitory neurons. Strikingly, the lack of ChT in MBs shows characteristics similar to the major reported features of Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), including attenuated habituation, sensory hypersensitivity as well as defective GABAergic signalling. Our data establish the role of ChT in habituation and suggest that its dysfunction may contribute to neuropsychiatric disorders like ASD.

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