Статті в журналах: "Olfactometry"

1

McGinley, M. A., and C. M. McGinley. "Comparison of field olfactometers in a controlled chamber using hydrogen sulfide as the test odorant." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0225.

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A standard method for measuring and quantifying odour in the ambient air utilizes a portable odour detecting and measuring device known as a field olfactometer (US Public Health Service Project Grant A-58-541). The field olfactometer dynamically dilutes the ambient air with carbon-filtered air in distinct ratios known as “Dilutions-to-Threshold” dilution factors (D/Ts), i.e. 2, 4, 7, 15, etc. Thirteen US states and several cities in North America currently utilize field olfactometry as a key component of determining compliance to odour regulations and ordinances. A controlled environmental chamber was utilized, with hydrogen sulfide as the known test odorant. A hydrogen sulfide environment was created in this controlled chamber using an Advanced Calibration Designs, Inc. Cal2000 Hydrogen Sulfide Generator. The hydrogen sulfide concentration inside the chamber was monitored using an Arizona Instruments, Inc. Jerome Model 631 H2S Analyzer. When the environmental chamber reached a desired test concentration, test operators entered the chamber. The dilution-to-threshold odour concentration was measured using a Nasal Ranger Field Olfactometer (St Croix Sensory, Inc.) and a Barnebey Sutcliffe Corp. Scentometer. The actual hydrogen sulfide concentration was also measured at the location in the room where the operators were standing while using the two types of field olfactometers. This paper presents a correlation between dilution-to-threshold values (D/T) and hydrogen sulfide ambient concentration. For example, a D/T of 7 corresponds to ambient H2S concentrations of 5.7-15.6 μg/m3 (4-11 ppbv). During this study, no significant difference was found between results obtained using the Scentometer or the Nasal Ranger® (r = 0.82). Also, no significant difference was found between results of multiple Nasal Ranger® users (p = 0.309). The field olfactometers yielded hydrogen sulfide thresholds of 0.7-3.0 μg/m3 (0.5-2.0 ppbv). Laboratory olfactometry yielded comparable thresholds of 0.64-1.3 μg/m3 (0.45-0.9 ppbv). These thresholds are consistent with published values.

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2

Castillo, John S., Anthony J. Bellantuono, and Matthew DeGennaro. "Quantifying Mosquito Attraction Behavior Using Olfactometry." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2023, no. 10 (April 6, 2023): pdb.top107660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.top107660.

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When blood feeding from human hosts, female mosquitoes can transmit life-threatening pathogens to humans, including dengue virus, chikungunya virus, and Zika virus. Olfaction is the primary sense mosquitoes use to locate and differentiate hosts and studying it can lead to new strategies to reduce the risk of disease. To effectively study host-seeking behavior in mosquitoes, a repeatable, quantitative assay that isolates olfaction from other cues is critical for interpreting mosquito behavior. Here, we contribute an overview of methods and best practices for the study of mosquito attraction (or lack thereof) by using olfactometry to quantify behavior. In the accompanying protocols, we present an olfactory-based behavioral assay using a uniport olfactometer that measures mosquito attraction rate to specific stimuli. We include construction details, setup of the uniport olfactometer, details of the behavioral assay, and data analysis guidelines, as well as how to prepare the mosquitoes before their introduction into the olfactometer. This uniport olfactometer behavioral assay is currently one of the most reliable methods to study mosquito attraction to a single olfactory stimulus.

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3

Barczak, Radosław J., and Andrzej Kulig. "Comparison of different measurement methods of odour and odorants used in the odour impact assessment of wastewater treatment plants in Poland." Water Science and Technology 75, no. 4 (December 10, 2016): 944–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2016.560.

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The aim of this study was to compare sensory and analytical methods used to measure odour and odorants concentrations for odour impact assessment on municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). A range of sources and odour or odorants concentrations were used to compare the methods. Four different odours and odorants measurement methods were compared: field olfactometry using Nasal Ranger® field olfactometer, dynamic olfactometry according to PN-EN 13725:2007 standard, colorimetric assays (hydrogen sulphide, ammonia) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) methods (methanethiol, ethanethiol, dimethyl sulphide). Mechanical-biological and mechanical-biological-chemical WWTPs were chosen. Receptor points were selected inside of ‘closed’ facilities of the technological line (screening rooms, mechanical thickening and dewatering building) and downwind at ‘open’ facilities (collection chambers, sand trap, mechanical thickeners) which were the most significant regarding the potential for odour nuisance. By the research, it is not possible to specify explicit dependencies between results obtained from different research methods used in the odour impact assessment of WWTPs. A strong correlation (Pearson's correlation coefficient was equal R = 0.79) was determined only once between odour concentrations measured by dynamic olfactometry and methanethiol concentrations in the screen room at the WWTP No. 3.

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4

Kulig, Andrzej, Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski, and Marta Wiśniewska. "Application of Chemical Sensors and Olfactometry Method in Ecological Audits of Degraded Areas." Sensors 21, no. 18 (September 15, 2021): 6190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21186190.

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Mineral excavation is a common process throughout the world. The open pits remaining after the closure of a mine require well-considered and meticulous reclamation activities aimed at restoring the environmental properties of a given area. The inspections carried out in Poland indicate numerous irregularities in implementing the reclamation process. The research in this study was conducted in six measurement series and includes both chemical and olfactometry determinations by devices: multisensor portable gas detector and field olfactometer. Statistical analysis of the results obtained show high concentrations in ambient air of both chemical compounds (NH3, VOCs, H2S, CH3SH) and odour, excluding the possibility of occurrence in the pit of only waste types contained in the administrative decision on reclamation. In addition to the unpleasant odour, the listed compounds can have dangerous effects on the health and life of living organisms. This paper presents a suitable method of control and detection of irregularities in the conducted processes. The main advantage is the relatively low cost of purchasing sensors and field olfactometers compared to other devices, and the possibility to test the polluted air in situ, without the risk of chemical processes occurring during transport of gas samples to the laboratory.

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5

Polvara, Elisa, Baharak Essna ashari, Laura Capelli, and Selena Sironi. "Evaluation of Occupational Exposure Risk for Employees Working in Dynamic Olfactometry: Focus On Non-Carcinogenic Effects Correlated with Exposure to Landfill Emissions." Atmosphere 12, no. 10 (October 11, 2021): 1325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12101325.

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This work aims to evaluate the non-carcinogenic health effects related to landfill odor emissions, therefore focusing on workers involved in dynamic olfactometry. Currently, the most common technique to quantify odor emissions is dynamic olfactometry, a sensorial analysis involving human assessors. During the analysis, assessors are directly exposed, at increasing concentrations, to odor samples, and thus to the hazardous pollutants contained therein. This entails the need to estimate the associated exposure risk to guarantee examiners’ safety. Therefore, this paper evaluates the exposure risk for olfactometric examiners to establish the minimum dilution level to be adopted during the analysis of landfills’ odorous samples to guarantee panelists’ safety. For this purpose, an extensive literature review regarding the pollutants emitted by landfill odor sources was conducted, comparing compounds’ chemical concentrations and threshold limit values (TLVs) to calculate the Hazard Index (HI) and thus establish a minimum dilution value. The data collected indicate that a non-negligible non-carcinogenic risk exists for all landfill emissions considered. However, from the data considered, the minimum dilution factor to be adopted is lower than the typical odor concentration observed for these sources. Therefore, the olfactometric analysis of landfill samples can be generally conducted in safe conditions.

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6

Delahunty, Conor M., Graham Eyres, and Jean-Pierre Dufour. "Gas chromatography-olfactometry." Journal of Separation Science 29, no. 14 (September 2006): 2107–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jssc.200500509.

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7

Ishimaru, Tadashi, Takaki Miwa, Takefumi Shimada, and Mitsuru Furukawa. "Electrically Stimulated Olfactory Evoked Potential in Olfactory Disturbance." Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 111, no. 6 (June 2002): 518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000348940211100607.

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Olfactory evoked potential is considered a useful method of electrophysiological olfactometry for the diagnosis of olfactory disturbance. However, electrophysiological olfactometry is not as widely used as electrophysiological audiometry, such as the auditory brain stem response, because odor stimulation is difficult to perform. In contrast, electrical pulse stimulation is easy to perform, and its evoked potential is also easily recorded by the averaging method. We recorded olfactory evoked potentials from the scalp produced by electrical stimulation on the olfactory mucosa and investigated the relationship between this electrical olfactory evoked potential (EOEP) and the results of Toyoda and Takagi's perfumist's strip method (T&T) olfactometry, which is a standard Japanese means of psychophysical olfactometry. In EOEP-detectable cases, the detection and cognitive thresholds of T&T olfactometry were 1.32 ± 1.99 (mean ± SD; n = 10) and 3.02 ± 1.64 (n = 10), respectively. But in the undetectable cases, the thresholds were 4.67 ± 2.03 (n = 8; 5.8 means off the scale) and 5.80 ± 0.00 (n = 8), respectively. The differences between the T&T thresholds of EOEP-detectable and -undetectable cases were significant. We concluded that EOEP is suitable for electrophysiological olfactometry.

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8

Kitson, Jennifer, Monica Leiva, Zachary Christman, and Pamela Dalton. "Evaluating Urban Odor with Field Olfactometry in Camden, NJ." Urban Science 3, no. 3 (August 18, 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/urbansci3030093.

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Odor annoyance negatively impacts residents of communities adjacent to persistent nuisance industries. These residents, often with a high percentage of minority or otherwise marginalized residents, experience subjective and objective impacts on health and well-being; yet, reliable methods for quantifying and categorizing odors have been elusive. Field olfactometry is integral to the study of odor annoyance experienced by communities as it includes both qualitative (human perception) and quantitative (intensity measurement) dimensions of human odor experience and has been employed by municipalities in the U.S. to evaluate odor pollution levels. Cartographic visualization of odor data recorded using a field olfactometer offers further opportunity to evaluate potential patterns of odor annoyance, yet the use of field olfactometry and geographic information systems have not been frequently employed by geographers. By employing a mixed-methods approach to evaluate odor pollution, this study addresses the environmental justice context by quantifying and categorizing the presence of odor pollution in Waterfront South, a neighborhood in Camden, NJ previously identified for its disproportionate malodor burden. This study offers support to mixed methods research and the need for monitoring subjective and objective impacts in communities with compounding odor nuisance industries.

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9

Popp, Roland, Monika Sommer, Jürgen Müller, and Göran Hajak. "Olfactometry in fMRI studies: odor presentation using nasal continuous positive airway pressure." Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 64, no. 2 (June 30, 2004): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.55782/ane-2004-1503.

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We describe a method for generating and presenting olfactory stimuli in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies for humans. The olfactometer is based on principles of air dilution olfactometry and consists of a nasal mask and a nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure device, both normally used for patients suffering from obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The system allows online monitoring and recording of the subject's breathing pattern. Switching between different olfactory conditions can easily be synchronized with the inhalation phase and be controlled by a computer. Besides, switching occurs rapidly and without any optical, acoustic, thermal, or tactile cues for the subject. As an example of implementation we present a fMRI trial of olfaction using pleasant and unpleasant odor stimuli to induce different affective states in healthy subjects. The relatively inexpensive olfactometer is reliable and permits constant odor concentrations during the inherently prolonged imaging studies.

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10

Pacharra, Marlene, Stefan Kleinbeck, Michael Schäper, Christine I. Hucke, and Christoph van Thriel. "Sniffin’ Sticks and Olfactometer-Based Odor Thresholds for n-Butanol: Correspondence and Validity for Indoor Air Scenarios." Atmosphere 11, no. 5 (May 7, 2020): 472. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11050472.

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Threshold assessments for the reference odorant n-butanol are an integral part of various research, clinical, and environmental sensory testing procedures. However, the practical significance of a high or low threshold for n-butanol beyond a particular testing environment and procedure are often unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to determine between-method correlations and to investigate the association between the n-butanol threshold and perceptual/behavioral odor effects in natural breathing scenarios in 35 healthy adults. The thresholds for n-butanol derived from the Sniffin’ Sticks test and determined by the ascending limit dynamic dilution olfactometry procedure were significantly correlated (∣r∣ = 0.47). However, only the thresholds determined by olfactometry were significantly correlated to the odor detection of n-butanol in an exposure lab. Moreover, participants with a higher sensitivity for n-butanol in the olfactometer-based assessment rated ammonia, during a 75 min exposure, to be more unpleasant and showed better performance in a simultaneous 3-back task than participants with lower sensitivity. The results of this study suggest that beyond the strict parameters of a certain psychophysical procedure, the threshold for n-butanol can be a meaningful indicator of odor detection and effects in some cases.

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11

Meshalkina, Marina, Irina Moskvina, and Viktor Sushnikov. "Information measuring system for training assessors to determine the odour threshold using the dynamic olfactometry method." E3S Web of Conferences 383 (2023): 04072. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338304072.

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This article presents the results of training, selection and control of a group of assessors to determine the odour threshold. General recommendations of the European standard EN 13725: 2003 “Air quality － Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry” for the training, selection and supervision of a group of assessors were used in this work. A trained assessor team or panel is the odour measuring instrument. The dynamic olfactometry method was used to determine the concentration of odour in a gas sample. N-butanol was chosen as the odour sample. The experimental setup for the selection and training of a group of assessors to determine the odour threshold is a information measuring system. This information measuring system provides high accuracy and reliability of measurements. The authors chose the Scentroid SM 100 olfactometer and the Agilent 7800 A gas chromatography-mass spectrometer with a 5975C mass-selective detector as a mean of measuring in information system. The referenced value of odour threshold for n-butanol was set to 38 ppb for a panel of 8 selected n-butanol assessors. The number of steps in the dilution series was 6. The instrumental dilution range was 11 ppb to 145 ppb.

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12

Franke, W., F. B. Frechen, and S. Giebel. "H2S, VOC, TOC, electronic noses and odour concentration: use and comparison of different parameters for emission measurement on air treatment systems." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 9 (May 1, 2009): 1721–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.127.

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Odour measurement via olfactometry is expensive and has a low accuracy compared with chemical or physical methods. In addition, olfactometry is not suited for online monitoring. Hence, an accurate online method for emission measurement would be an enormous improvement. There are several options to more or less replace the offline olfactometry by online measurement available today. Most common are H2S-concentration as a single gas parameter and VOC and TOC as composite parameters. A fairly new development are multi sensor arrays, usually referred to as “electronic noses” which carry out non-specific gas measurement and deliver measurement data that can visualized as a fingerprint diagram. This paper outlines the use of these different parameters and compares the results to those gained via olfactometry of several case studies.

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13

Whittet, H. B., and R. Royston. "Cortical Evoked Response Olfactometry." Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 84, no. 7 (July 1991): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014107689108400707.

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14

Bestgen, Anne-Kathrin, Patrick Schulze, Lars Kuchinke, Boris Suchan, Thilo Derdak, Tobias Otto, Birger Jettkant, and Kirsten Sucker. "An extension of olfactometry methods: An expandable, fully automated, mobile, MRI-compatible olfactometer." Journal of Neuroscience Methods 261 (March 2016): 85–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.12.009.

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15

MOIO, LUIGI, and FRANCESCO ADDEO. "Grana Padano cheese aroma." Journal of Dairy Research 65, no. 2 (May 1998): 317–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022029997002768.

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The volatile concentrate obtained from Grana Padano cheese by vacuum distillation was fractionated by continuous liquid–liquid extraction into neutral and acid fractions. Both were analysed by high resolution gas chromatography (HRGC), HRGC–mass spectrometry, and HRGC–olfactometry. A total of 67 components were identified in the neutral extract (22 esters, 13 alcohols, 12 ketones, 6 aldehydes, 5 nitrogen-containing compounds, 3 lactones and 6 miscellaneous compounds) and 16 in the acid extract. Esters were the predominant constituents of the neutral fraction, whose major components were ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate. HRGC–olfactometry of the neutral compounds demonstrated that 23 were odour-active: ethyl butanoate, 2-heptanol, 3-methylthiopropanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ethyl hexanoate and nonanal being the most potent odorants. n-Butanoic and n-hexanoic acids were the main volatile free fatty acids identified in the acid extract as having an important odour with a high olfactometric index. The backbone of Grana Padano cheese aroma seemed to consist of these acids and 14 potent neutral odorants imparting fruity, green, nutty and coconut notes. The concentration of volatile components responsible for the fruity and green notes was inversely proportional to the length of ripening, whereas the concentration of volatile agents with spicy, nutty and earthy notes tended to increase during maturation. In a comparison of the olfactometric profile, the Grana Padano cheese aroma was found to be more complex than an imitation Grana Padano cheese produced with similar technology but outside the area of the genuine cheese. Some of the main metabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of cheese aroma are reviewed briefly to indicate the possible origin of the compounds identified.

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16

Leclaire, Elise, Roger Cantagrel, Laurent Maignial, Guillaume Snakkers, and Gérald Ferrari. "Contribution to characterisation of young Cognac aroma." OENO One 33, no. 3 (September 30, 1999): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.20870/oeno-one.1999.33.3.1025.

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<p style="text-align: justify;">This work relates our first result about the aroma description of new distilled Cognac spirits (without the ageing step in oak barrels) in terms of matching the sensory assessment, gas chromatography (GC) chemical analysis and GC-olfactometry. The wines were produced from vines growing in the Cognac allowed area (machine harvested grapes) and the double distillation « charentaise » in pot stills. The cellar masters of major Cognac companies selected ten spirits samples. The sensory panel proceeds to the overall aroma analysis in order to find the relevant odors descriptors. Then four spirits samples were selected on their remarkable overall aroma and were describe using the « top ten » descriptors. Afterwards GC and GC – olfactometry were use to estimate compound’s contribution to perceived aroma of those spirits. So we have trained, selected and evaluated panel members for olfactometry and we found some links between significant odors descriptors from either sensory analysis or olfactometry.</p>

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17

Schulz, T. J., and A. P. van Harreveld. "International moves towards standardisation of odour measurement using olfactometry." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 541–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0474.

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The general realisation that odour policy must be based on sound, scientific odour measurement techniques has resulted in recent major developments in olfactometry and its acceptance as a legitimate environmental assessment procedure. This article reviews progress in this field, in North America and Australasia, where policy tended to be based on the simple avoidance of nuisance around plants, and in Northern Europe, where the quantitative approach to odour policy has been more successful, with workable Europe-wide standards being developed. Extensive research and development, supported by interlaboratory testing programs, clearly demonstrated problems with repeatibility and reproducibility of testing results prior to 1995. This work identified the need for standardised olfactometry practices and better management of odour panel members. The widespread acceptance of forced choice dynamic olfactometry as the preferred measurement method is encouraging, although a practical internationally accepted standard for olfactometry will not be attained until testing results are ‘anchored’ to a standard reference material.

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18

Bibbs, Christopher S., Jedidiah Kline, Daniel L. Kline, Jim Estaver, Rudolph Strohschein, Sandra A. Allan, Phillip E. Kaufman, Rui-De Xue, and Christopher D. Batich. "Olfactometric Comparison of the Volatile Insecticide, Metofluthrin, Through Behavioral Responses of Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)." Journal of Medical Entomology 57, no. 1 (October 5, 2019): 17–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jme/tjz160.

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Abstract Testing behavioral response to insecticidal volatiles requires modifications to the existing designs of olfactometers. To create a testing apparatus in which there is no chemical memory to confound tests, we detail the technical aspects of a new tool with design influences from other olfactometry tools. In addition, this new tool was used to evaluate a novel formulation of metofluthrin for use as an outdoor residual treatment. After sourcing materials to prioritize glass and metal construction, a modular wind tunnel was developed that hybridizes wind tunnel and olfactometer specifications. Volatile contaminants were removed by strong ultraviolet light within the chamber before and between trials. Repellent trials were conducted with an experimental formulation of metofluthrin and a commercial formulation of esfenvalerate, prallethrin, and piperonyl butoxide (Onslaught Fast Cap) against Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Toxicant vapors were delivered with attractants from a lure with behavioral responses scored 20 min post-exposure. Upwind attraction to the attractant lure and the Onslaught Fast Cap plus lure resulted in 90 and 75% capture, respectively. In contrast, metofluthrin vapors resulted in less than 10% attraction, while also causing repellency, disorientation, knockdown, and mortality effects. Our findings demonstrated that an inert modular wind tunnel was functional for mitigating toxic secondary exposures of spatial repellents amidst complex behavioral analysis in mosquitoes. The resulting observations with formulated metofluthrin positively reinforce the merit of transitioning metofluthrin into expanded roles in mosquito management.

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Higuchi, Takaya, Weifang Li, Jing Geng, Gen Wang, and Kumiko Shigeoka. "A Collaborative Approach between Japan and China for Implementing Interlaboratory Evaluation of Olfactometry." Atmosphere 11, no. 2 (February 22, 2020): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11020221.

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Odor measurement is a crucial element of odor management and regulation. This paper introduced a collaborative implementation of interlaboratory evaluation of olfactometry between Japan and China. An international comparison of olfactometry using the triangular odor bag method was carried out for the first time between Japan and China in 2018. A total of 134 olfactometry laboratories (130 Japanese and 4 Chinese) participated in the test, and the odor index of the test odorant (dimethyl disulfide with a concentration of 10.7 ppm) was measured three times at each laboratory. In the interlaboratory evaluation, a reference value and repeatability and reproducibility standard deviations were determined on the basis of measurement results of 13 ‘excellent qualified laboratories’ designated by the Japan Association on Odor Environment. Evaluation results of trueness and precision of the 133 laboratories that conducted duplicate or triplicate measurements showed that 110 (108 Japanese and 2 Chinese) and 104 (102 Japanese and 2 Chinese) laboratories (82.7% and 78.2%) conformed to the criterion of trueness and precision, respectively, and 87 (86 Japanese and 1 Chinese) laboratories (65.4%) conformed to both. Based on the meaningful experiences in 2018, a continuous international collaboration between Japan and China in the field of olfactometry should be implemented for the improvement of the quality of olfactometry laboratories and the reliability of odor measurement in both countries.

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Higuchi, T., and J. Masuda. "Interlaboratory comparison of olfactometry in Japan." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 147–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0247.

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In 2000, 2001, and 2002, interlaboratory comparison of olfactometry was carried out in order to collect basic data for the establishment of a quality control procedure and the determination of quality criteria for the triangular odour bag method. In 2000, interlaboratory comparison was conducted by using a measurement method for samples taken at smoke stacks. On the other hand, the measurement method for samples taken at boundary lines was used for interlaboratory comparison in 2001. A total of seven olfactometry laboratories in Japan participated in each test, and mean values, repeatability standard deviations, reproducibility standard deviations, and standard deviations under intermediate conditions of detection threshold of ethyl acetate were calculated from the results. These values can be used in a quality control process of olfactometry. In 2002, interlaboratory comparison was carried out by using a measurement method for samples taken at smoke stacks. A total of 137 olfactometry laboratories in Japan participated in the test, and 69% of them lay within the permissible range of the odour index.

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Mannebeck, D., and H. Mannebeck. "Interlaboratory comparison of dynamic olfactometry in Central Europe 2000." Water Science and Technology 44, no. 9 (November 1, 2001): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0501.

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This paper presents the results of an interlaboratory comparison (ringtest) on olfactometry with 31 participants from four countries in Central Europe. The aim was to give evidence of the performance of dynamic olfactometry on the basis of the European Standard prEN 13725 (Draft) “Determination of odour concentration with dynamic olfactometry”. The test included the analysis of three individual substances (n-butanol, hydrogen sulphide, tetrahydrothiophen) as well as a natural odour mixture (coffee flavour) to compare mean values and the standard deviations of results for the investigated samples. It was confirmed that laboratories working in compliance with the requirements of the new standard achieve a significantly better repeatability and reproducibility than those that are not compliant.

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Ueno, H., S. Amano, B. Merecka, and J. Kośmider. "Difference in the odor concentrations measured by the triangle odor bag method and dynamic olfactometry." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 1339–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.112.

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‘The triangle odor bag method’, which has been adopted for the offensive odor control law in Japan, and the dynamic olfactometry defined by EN 13725 have been compared. The odor concentration measured by the triangle odor bag method tends to be higher than that of the dynamic olfactometry in the forced choice mode, while well agreed in the Yes/No mode olfactometry when the panel is the same. The difference can be minimized by applying the panel selection criterion of EN13725 to the triangle odor bag method. The European panel selection test is useful to negate the difference in the measurement equipments although the criteria seem to be strict considering the individual threshold data of n-butanol.

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23

Higuchi, T. "Estimation of uncertainty in olfactometry." Water Science and Technology 59, no. 7 (April 1, 2009): 1409–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.108.

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Estimation of uncertainty in odour measurement is essential to the interpretation of the measurement results. The fundamental procedure for the estimation of measurement uncertainty comprises the specification of the measurement process, expression of the measurement model and all influences, evaluation of the standard uncertainty of each component, calculation of the combined standard uncertainty, determination of a coverage factor, calculation of the expanded uncertainty and reporting. Collaborative study such as interlaboratory comparison of olfactometry yields performance indicators of the measurement method including repeatability and reproducibility. Therefore, the use of collaborative test results for measurement uncertainty estimation according to ISO/TS 21748 and ISO 20988 is effective and reasonable. Measurement uncertainty of the triangular odour bag method was estimated using interlaboratory comparison data from 2003 to 2007 on the basis of the simplest model of statistical analysis, and the expanded uncertainty of odour index ranged between 3.1 and 6.7. On the basis of the establishment of the estimation procedure for uncertainty, a coherent interpretation method for the measurement results will be proposed and more effective and practical quality control of olfactometry will be available.

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HIGUCHI, Takashi. "Latest Technical Trends on Olfactometry." Journal of Japan Association on Odor Environment 41, no. 5 (2010): 305. http://dx.doi.org/10.2171/jao.41.305.

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Nicolas, Serge, and Moustafa Bensafi. "A historical review of olfactometry." L’Année psychologique Vol. 121, no. 3 (September 15, 2021): 311–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/anpsy1.213.0311.

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Furukawa, Mitsuru, Michihiro Kamide, Takao Ohkado, and Ryozo Umeda. "Electro-Olfactogram (EOG) in Olfactometry." Auris Nasus Larynx 16, no. 1 (1989): 33–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(89)80005-7.

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27

Pawnuk, Marcin, Izabela Sówka, and Vincenzo Naddeo. "The Use of Field Olfactometry in the Odor Assessment of a Selected Mechanical–Biological Municipal Waste Treatment Plant within the Boundaries of the Selected Facility—A Case Study." Sustainability 15, no. 9 (April 25, 2023): 7163. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15097163.

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Odor management plans indicate the need to identify odor sources in waste management facilities. Finding the right tool for this type of task is a key element. This article covers a new approach for odor quantification and source identification at a selected waste management facility by coupling field olfactometry and the spatial interpolation method, such as inverse weighted distance. As the results show, this approach works only partially. Field olfactometry seems to be a suitable tool for odor identification that could be an instrument incorporated into odor management plans as it allowed for recognition of most odor-generating places at the selected facility, i.e., waste stabilization area, green waste storage area, and bioreactors. However, spatial distributions obtained by the selected interpolation method are characterized by high errors during cross-validation, and they tend to overestimate odor concentrations. The substantial weakness of the selected interpolation method is that it cannot handle points where the odor concentration is below the detection threshold. Therefore, the usefulness of such a method is questionable when it comes to odor management plans. Since field olfactometry is a reliable tool for odor measurements, further research into computational methods is needed, including advanced interpolation methods or dispersion modeling based on field olfactometry data.

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Newby, B. D., and M. A. McGinley. "Ambient odour testing of concentrated animal feeding operations using field and laboratory olfactometers." Water Science and Technology 50, no. 4 (August 1, 2004): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0235.

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The Missouri Air Conservation Commission regulations include regulations that limit the amount of acceptable odor from confined animal feeding operations (CAFOs). The regulations concerning odor designate the use of a scentometer as a screening tool. The rules dictate that if an odor is detectable by an investigator at a dilution ratio of 5.4 using a scentometer then an air sample should be collected and sent to an olfactometry laboratory for an odor panel to determine the detection threshold and the intensity of the odor sample. The detection thresholds are determined following ASTM E679-91 and EN13725. The intensity is determined following ASTM E544-99. If the olfactometry laboratory determined the detection threshold of the sample to be above seven, then the CAFO would be in violation. If the olfactometry laboratory determined the intensity level to be above a level equivalent to 225 ppm of n-butanol, then the source of odor would be in violation. The CAFO odor rules came under scrutiny by representatives of the largest hog producer in the State of Missouri. Specifically, they argued that the detection threshold limit of seven in the CAFO portion of the rule was too low for the rule to realistically identify a violation. This paper presents the results of a study to find the appropriate regulatory level of odor as determined by laboratory olfactometry. The study took place from November 2001 to October 2002. Samples were collected from field locations that exhibited odor produced by confined animal feeding operations and from areas exhibiting no apparent odor. The odors were categorized based upon the scentometer level at which the odors were detectable, and then samples were sent to an odor evaluation laboratory for analysis by olfactometry.

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29

Gąsior, Robert, and Krzysztof Wojtycza. "Sense of smell and volatile aroma compounds and their role in the evaluation of the quality of products of animal origin – a review." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 1 (January 1, 2016): 3–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0047.

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Abstract The aim of this article is to examine how the sense of smell and aroma compounds influence the quality of food of animal origin, and to review gas chromatography-olfactometry methods of volatile substances analysis that can help to promote regional animal products. Smell and smell-inducing compounds play an important role in human life. People have made use of aromatic herbs and spices for ages. The classification of smells was developed by, among others, Aristotle, Linnaeus, Zwaardemaker, as well as Amoore, the creator of the stereochemical theory of olfaction. Smell is also of exceptional importance in a consumer’s evaluation of food quality. Achievements in the area of chromatography, mass spectrometry and olfactometry have contributed to the development of tests for the content of volatile compounds in food materials, e.g. milk, cheese or meat. Analysis of these compounds is more and more often applied to regional products that are commonly characterised by different olfactory properties. The study’s results of raw meat of different animal species show that nutria meat and mutton differ the most from others. Apart from genetic factors, meat composition depends on feeding method, quality and type of fodder, method of cutting, meat seasoning, pH and temperature of processing. Chromatographic and olfactometric tests on animal products, in conjunction with chemometrics, can contribute to the development of reliable characteristics and help to identify the products’ origin. These tests are becoming an inseparable part of the policy of promotion of regional products with specific taste and olfactory properties.

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Nounah, Issmail, Malika Chbani, Bertrand Matthäus, Zoubida Charrouf, Ahmed Hajib, and Ina Willenberg. "Profile of Volatile Aroma-Active Compounds of Cactus Seed Oil (Opuntia ficus-indica) from Different Locations in Morocco and Their Fate during Seed Roasting." Foods 9, no. 9 (September 11, 2020): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods9091280.

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Volatile compounds from oils extracted from cactus seeds (Opuntia ficus-indica) of five regions of Morocco were analyzed by dynamic headspace-GC/MS. Aroma active compounds were characterized by olfactometry. A total of 18 compounds was detected with hexanal, 2-methyl propanal, acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetoin and 2,3-butanedione as most abundant. Olfactometric analysis showed that those compounds are aroma active; therefore, cactus seed oil flavor can be attributed to those compounds. Moreover, the effect of roasting of cactus seeds on the composition of volatile compounds in the oil was investigated. Especially the concentration of compounds known as products from the Maillard reaction increased significantly with roasting time such as furfural, furan, 3-methyl furan, 2-butanone, thiophene, 2, 3- dithiabutane, methyl pyrazine, 2-methyl pyrimidine, 2-metoxy phenol, dimethyl trisulfide and 5-methyl furfural.

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Nosova, Yana, Oleg Avrunin, and Valery Semenets. "BIOTECHNICAL SYSTEM FOR INTEGRATED OLFACTOMETRY DIAGNOSTICS." Innovative technologies and scientific solutions for industries, no. 1 (1) (September 1, 2017): 64–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30837/2522-9818.2017.1.064.

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32

Avrunin, Oleg, Natalja Shushlyapina, Yana Nosova, and Olga Bogdan. "Olfactometry diagnostic at the modern stage." Bulletin of the National Technical University «KhPI» Series: New solutions in modern technologies, no. 12 (1184) (April 19, 2016): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20998/2413-4295.2016.12.13.

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33

Suffet, I. H. (Mel), Yubin Zhou, and Tadeo Vitko. "How Does Dynamic Olfactometry Really Work?" Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, no. 2 (January 1, 2016): 394–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716821123062.

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34

Vakhrushev, S. G., and A. S. Smbatyan. "DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF DIFFERENT OLFACTOMETRY METHODS." Russian Otorhinolaryngology 82, no. 3 (2016): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18692/1810-4800-2016-3-48-53.

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35

Kobayashi, Masayoshi, Takaki Miwa, Yuichi Kurono, Ken-ichi Nibu, Shoji Matsune, Jun Uchida, Kenzo Tsuzuki, et al. "Multicenter Study of Modified Intravenous Olfactometry." Nihon Bika Gakkai Kaishi (Japanese Journal of Rhinology) 51, no. 4 (2012): 445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.7248/jjrhi.51.445.

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36

Furukawa, Mitsuru, Michihiro Kamide, Takaki Miwa, and Ryozo Umeda. "Importance of Unilateral Examination in Olfactometry." Auris Nasus Larynx 15, no. 2 (1988): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0385-8146(88)80016-6.

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37

Bi, Kexin, Dong Zhang, Tong Qiu, and Yizhen Huang. "GC-MS Fingerprints Profiling Using Machine Learning Models for Food Flavor Prediction." Processes 8, no. 1 (December 23, 2019): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010023.

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Food flavor quality evaluation is attracting continuous attention, but a suitable evaluation system is severely lacking. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/olfactometry (GC-MS/O) is widely used to solve the food flavor evaluation problem, but the olfactometry evaluation is unfeasible to be carried out in large batches and is unreliable due to potential issue of an operator or systematic laboratory effect. Thus, a novel fingerprint modeling and profiling process was proposed based on several machine learning models including convolutional neural network (CNN). The fingerprint template was created by the data analysis of existing GC-MS spectrum dataset. Then the fingerprint image generation program was applied for structuring the complex instrumental data. Food olfactometry result was obtained by a machine learning method based on CNN using fingerprint image as the input. The case study on peanut oil samples demonstrated the model accuracy of around 93%. By structure optimization and further dataset expansion, the whole process has the potential to be utilized by sensory laboratories for aroma analysis instead of humans.

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38

Kulig, Andrzej, Mirosław Szyłak-Szydłowski, and Marta Wiśniewska. "Application of Field Olfactometry to Monitor the Odour Impact of a Municipal Sewage System." Energies 15, no. 11 (May 30, 2022): 4015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15114015.

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Odorant emissions are associated with, among other things, wastewater transport in sewer networks; they contribute to air pollution and result in complaints from residents living close to emission sources. The critical location in terms of the formation of unpleasant odour compounds is the pressure line that connects the pumping station and the expansion well; this is where they are released into the atmosphere. This paper presents comprehensive results of olfactometric and chromatographic tests in the Polish city of Białystok using portable devices that allow for multiple determinations and instant results. The study attempts to investigate the relationship between odour and odorant concentrations and check the suitability of field olfactometry as a tool for the ongoing monitoring of the emission of noxious odours and for verifying complaints submitted by residents. Statistical analysis shows a very high correlation coefficient between cod and the concentrations of individual odorants, ranging from 0.82 to 0.91. This olfactometric research, mainly conducted in situ, can be an appropriate method for the ad hoc monitoring of processes in sewage networks. This method allows the detection of unwanted emissions of odours at individual points in the network in concentrations that are not detected by standard sensors but that nevertheless cause odour nuisances, complaints, and social conflict. The research results provide evidence in favour of the energetic usage of wastewater, which is in line with circular economy conception, since odour nuisance is one of its indicators.

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39

Ogihara, Hitomi, Masayoshi Kobayashi, Kohei Nishida, Masako Kitano, and Kazuhiko Takeuchi. "Applicability of the Cross-Culturally Modified University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test in a Japanese Population." American Journal of Rhinology & Allergy 25, no. 6 (November 2011): 404–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajra.2011.25.3658.

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Background The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) is a popular olfactory function test used throughout the world. In Japan, however, it is not widely used because it is written in English and some of the test odorants are unfamiliar to the Japanese population. Recently, a cross-culturally modified UPSIT was developed. This study was designed to determine if the Japanese version of the UPSIT (UPSIT-J) is effective in Japanese populations. Methods We administered the UPSIT-J to 50 normosmic Japanese subjects and 54 Japanese patients with known olfactory dysfunction. Subjects were also administered the Japanese standard olfactory threshold test (T&T olfactometry), the Odor Stick Identification Test for Japanese (OSIT-J) and i.v. olfactometry (the Alinamin test). Test results from the UPSIT-J and subjects’ opinions were compared with the standard Japanese tests of olfactory function. Results Most subjects reported that the UPSIT-J was easy and interesting compared with OSIT-J and easier and more interesting than the T&T olfactometry and Alinamin test. Identification rates for nine of the UPSIT-J odorants were found to be < 80% for normal subjects. UPSIT-J scores correlated with subjects’ self-reported levels of olfactory function (r s = 0.85), OSIT-J score (r s = 0.86), recognition threshold of the T&T olfactometry (r s = 0.80), and Alinamin test results (r s = 0.38 for latency; r s = 0.52 for duration time). Conclusion Although a cultural bias was detected for some test odorants, this study indicates that the UPSIT-J is effective for use in the clinic to assess olfactory function in the Japanese population.

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40

Bliss, P. J., T. J. Schulz, T. Senger, and R. B. Kaye. "Odour measurement - factors affecting olfactometry panel performance." Water Science and Technology 34, no. 3-4 (August 1, 1996): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1996.0475.

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To identify factors affecting olfactometry panel performance in the measurement of environmental odours, a data bank of odour threshold measurements including 923 individual panel tests on environmental odours and 145 tests on standards were analysed statistically. There is an evident decrease in olfactory sensitivity to environmental odours with age. The group threshold tends to be one step lower for a 25 year increase in average age of panel members for Type I odours (piggery, feedlot, landfill and mushroom composting) and for 36 years increase for Type II odours (sewage and industrial coke works). The threshold for N-butanol tends to be 1 step lower for an increase of 15 years in age. People who are over 40 years old exhibited a greater variation than younger people. Although there was a minor gender difference in the sensitivity to butanol standard, it was not statistically significant (mean natural logarithm butanol threshold was 3.65 for males and 3.84 for females). Similar minor differences were exhibited in Confidence Index (CI), 1.72 for females (std. dev. 0.73) and 1.81 for males (std. dev. 0.77). Using “guess and correct” as criterion to determine individual thresholds in the forced choice olfactometry, the mean natural logarithm of ppb butanol is 1.365 lower than that for “certain and correct”. The standard deviation for “guess” and “certain” criteria were 1.093 and 0.911 respectively. The “certainty” criterion gave a better repeatability than the “guess” criterion.

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41

Brattoli, Magda, Gianluigi De Gennaro, Valentina De Pinto, Annamaria Demarinis Loiotile, Sara Lovascio, and Michele Penza. "Odour Detection Methods: Olfactometry and Chemical Sensors." Sensors 11, no. 5 (May 16, 2011): 5290–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s110505290.

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42

HONMA, Yuriko, Nobukazu HIGASHI, Mitsuya SHIMODA, and Isao HAYAKAWA. "Development of GC-olfactometry by retronasal presentation." Journal of the agricultural chemical society of Japan 78, no. 6 (2004): 572–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/nogeikagaku1924.78.572.

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43

Schmidt, R., and W. S. Cain. "Making Scents: Dynamic Olfactometry for Threshold Measurement." Chemical Senses 35, no. 2 (December 4, 2009): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/chemse/bjp088.

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44

R. C. Brandt, M. A. A. Adviento-Borbe, H. A. Elliott, and E. F. Wheeler. "Protocols for Reliable Field Olfactometry Odor Evaluations." Applied Engineering in Agriculture 27, no. 3 (2011): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.37072.

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45

van Ruth, Saskia M. "Methods for gas chromatography-olfactometry: a review." Biomolecular Engineering 17, no. 4-5 (May 2001): 121–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1389-0344(01)00070-3.

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46

Philpott, C. M., A. Bennett, and G. E. Murty. "A brief history of olfaction and olfactometry." Journal of Laryngology & Otology 122, no. 7 (January 18, 2008): 657–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022215107001314.

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AbstractThe sense of smell has been a cause for speculation and fascination over the centuries. An appreciation of odours has been deeply rooted in many cultures, including ancient civilisations such as the Egyptians. The level of understanding of the anatomy and physiology of olfaction which our ancestors had was slight, and much remains to be discovered. This paper explores the progression of knowledge over the years to the present day. Particular emphasis is placed on odour classification and olfactometry, and on the techniques whereby great scientific minds have sought to quantify that human sense which is arguably least quantifiable. A review of some of the current methods of olfactometry is included within this remit.

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47

Vene, K., S. Seisonen, K. Koppel, E. Leitner, and T. Paalme. "A Method for GC–Olfactometry Panel Training." Chemosensory Perception 6, no. 4 (September 29, 2013): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12078-013-9156-x.

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48

Welge-Lüßen, A., M. Wolfensberger, G. Kobal, and T. Hummel. "Basics, Methods and Indications for Objective Olfactometry." Laryngo-Rhino-Otologie 81, no. 9 (September 2002): 661–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2002-34449.

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49

d’Acampora Zellner, Barbara, Paola Dugo, Giovanni Dugo, and Luigi Mondello. "Gas chromatography–olfactometry in food flavour analysis." Journal of Chromatography A 1186, no. 1-2 (April 2008): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2007.09.006.

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McGinley, Michael A., and Charles M. McGinley. "PRECISION OF OLFACTOMETRY AND ODOR TESTING RESULTS." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2006, no. 3 (January 1, 2006): 657–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864706783791001.

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